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Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the Neotropics

Anthony Raw

Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil. 45650-000

Last revised: 20 November 2004

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 1 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

ABSTRACT

Megachile is treated here as a single genus combining Megachile with Chalicodoma. In the Americas the genus occurs from Alaska and the mid latitudes of Canada to southern Chile and Argentina, but most species are tropical. They are important pollinators of many crops and other useful plants. Despite their economic and ecological importance, the biology of few species has been studied in detail because they are difficult to identify. The 395 species in the catalogue are allocated to 26 subgenera (including 9 Old World species introduced to the region during historical times). Summaries of information on each species‘ classification, biology and geographical distributions are given.

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 2 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

CONTENTS

Preface Erro! Indicador não definido. Introduction 5 Taxonomic review 5 Geographical distribution 7 Biology 9 Flower relationships 11 Identification 12 Presentation of data 13 Genus Megachile Latreille 15 Subgenus Acentron Mitchell 15 Subgenus Argyropile Mitchell 18 Subgenus Austromegachile Mitchell 19 Subgenus Callomegachile Michener 25 Subgenus Chelostomoides Robertson 26 Subgenus Chrysosarus Mitchell 29 Subgenus Cressoniella Mitchell 37 Subgenus Dasymegachile Mitchell 39 Subgenus Eutricharaea Thomson 41 Subgenus Gronoceras Cockerell 44 Subgenus Leptorachis Mitchell 44 Subgenus Litomegachile Mitchell 50 Subgenus Melanosarus Mitchell 51 Subgenus Moureapis Raw 53 Subgenus Neochelynia Schrottky 57 Subgenus Pseudocentron Mitchell 60 Subgenus Pseudomegachile Friese 71 Subgenus Ptilosaroides Mitchell 73 Subgenus Ptilosarus Mitchell 73 Subgenus Rhyssomegachile Mitchell 75 Subgenus Sayapis Titus 76 Subgenus Schrottkyapis Mitchell 80 Subgenus Stelodides Moure 81 Subgenus Trichurochile Mitchell 81 Subgenus Tylomegachile Mitchell 82 Subgenus Zonomegachile Mitchell 83 Fossil species 84 New World bees placed erroneously in Megachile 84 Nomina nuda 84 Appendix: Collection abbreviations 85 References 86

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 3 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Preface

This inventory is a labour of Sisyphus; it has no end. I have been compiling it for years. With 307 references and thousands of citations in the text it is a formidable task. Additional references are continually coming to light. Despite the unfinished state of the work, I have been persuaded that people will find it useful in its present state. In making it available I ask the reader to inform me of errors and omissions, which I shall be happy to include in the inevitable revisions. A major part of this investigation was made possible with an award from the Royal Society of London, which allowed me to spend a sabbatical at the University of Oxford. Visits to the British Museum (Natural History) were made possible with grants from the British Council and the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas [CNPq [Brazilian National Research Council]. CNPq also my financed visits to the Universidade Federal do Paraná in Curitiba, and the Museu Nacional and Instituto Osvaldo Cruz, both in Rio de Janeiro. The Smithsonian Institution provided a research grant to visit the National Collection in Washington and also the collections in the American Museum of Natural History, New York and the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. I am sincerely grateful to these Institutions for their support. I have received on loan more than 4,000 specimens of neotropical Megachile. The following entomologists have provided me with specimens which have been invaluable for this work. I thank Mr. M. C. Day and Mr. G. R. Else, British Museum (Natural History), London; Mr. C. O'Toole, University Museum, Oxford, England; Dr. R. M. McGinley, Smithsonian Institution; Dr. J. R. Rozen of the American Museum of Natural History, New York; Dr. R. B. Roberts, Rutgers University; Dr. C. D. Michener, University of Kansas; Dr. G. E. Bohart and Dr. Terry L. Griswold, Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory, U.S.D.A., Logan, Utah, U.S.A.; the late Dr. G. C. Eickwort, University of Cornell; Dr. W. E. LaBerge, Illinois Natural History Survey; Dr. G. Alayon García, Cuba; Dr. D. Roubik, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá; Dr. Edgar Ormachea Acurio, Universidade Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Peru; F. Fernández, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá; Sr. J.A. Rafael, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus and Dr. W. L. Overal, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belém and Padre Jesus Santiago Moure of the Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba. Dr. Claire Villemont of the Musée National de Histoire Naturelle, Paris kindly delivered by hand many of the types of Vachal. Mr. Christopher O'Toole of the Oxford University Museum and Dr. V. O. Becker of Brasilia have been of great assistance during this study. Since the catalogue has been made accessible on the www various colleagues have provided additional information. I thank Dr. Julio Gerano of Cuba and Dr. Steven Buchmann of TheBeeWorks, Arizona for their comments. Mr. Claus Rasmussen, Department of Entomology, University of Illinois has provided important information on Peruvian localities.

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 4 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Introduction

Members of the genus Megachile are among the best known bees (O‘Toole & Raw 1991). Here I have followed Michener et al (1994, 2000) and treated the group as a single genus combining Megachile with Chalicodoma. Most are called "leaf-cutter bees" because the females cut leaves and petals to line their nests. Others are the "mason bees" because they construct their nests with resin, mud or leaves chewed into pulp. The neotropical species are from half to three times the length of a honeybee. The aim of this inventory is to disentangle some of the great confusion that exists over the identification of the species of Megachile of the Neotropics. Identification to subgenus and knowledge of the geographical distributions of the members of the subgenus substantially reduces the number of options and assists identification to species or species group. I hope easier identification will stimulate studies on the bees‘ biology and enable researchers to better assess their roles as pollinators. For each species the subgenus is indicated, the valid name and changes of names are listed and information on the bee‘s biology and its geographical distribution are given. The subgenera are indicated to which 395 neotropical species belong, including 9 Old World species introduced to the region during historical times. Dalla Torre (1896) listed 92 neotropical species now included in the genus Megachile. Three neotropical species were erroneously placed at some time in the genus Megachile. Their present statuses are indicated below. There are also five nomina nudae. Nomenclatural questions of subgenus or species groups and of subspecies are not discussed. Species of Megachile can be placed with certainty in their correct subgenera only by examining the type specimens. Nonetheless, a number of authors have done so without stating the situation. In order to improve the authority of this work, to date I have examined 246 type specimens of neotropical Megachile. In all the cases where —Examined“ is stated I have seen the holotype. In those cases where I have not done so, the basis of my decision is clearly stated.

Taxonomic review

The genus Megachile was created by Latreille in 1802 and, as originally conceived, it was equivalent to the present family Megachilidae which comprises one of the largest groups of bees. Of the species which Latreille included in Megachile today only the European species, M. centuncularis and M. lagopoda remain. Very soon, various authors began to divide up Latreille‘s genus into new genera. The first were Anthidium by Fabricius (1804), Osmia and Stelis by Panzer (1806), Heriades by Spinola (1808) and Latreille, himself, proposed Coelioxys in 1809. Westwood (1840) designated the European species Apis centuncularis Linnaeus as the type of the genus Megachile. Lepeletier (1841) erected the genus Chalicodoma for the species whose body shape and mandibles differed from typical Megachile, but Mitchell (1934) returned it to the latter genus. Creightonella was created as a subgenus of Chalicodoma by Cockerell (1908a). Michener (1962) re-examined the

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 5 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Table 1. The extant species of Megachile of the Americas arranged by subgenus

Subgenus Restricted to Both Restricted Total Total neotropics realms to nearctic Americas neotropical

Acentron 21 1 22 22 Argyropile 2 6 8 2 Austromegachile 37 37 37 Callomegachile 4 4 4 Chelostomoides 16 1 17 34 17 Chrysosarus 51 51 51 Cressoniella 19 1 20 20 Dasymegachile 13 13 13 Eutricharaea 2 1 2 5 3 Gronoceras 1 1 1 Grosapis 1 1 0 Leptorachis 38 38 38 Litomegachile 1 5 6 1 Megachile 5 5 0 Megachiloides 59 59 0 Melanosarus 10 1 11 10 Moureapis 30 30 30 Neochelynia 17 17 17 Pseudocentron 68 2 3 73 70 Pseudomegachile 1 1 1 Ptilosaroides 2 2 2 Ptilosarus 15 15 15 Rhyssomegachile 3 3 3 Sayapis 21 3 6 30 24 Schrottkyapis 1 1 1 Stelodides 1 1 1 Trichurochile 3 3 3 Tylomegachile 6 6 6 Xanthosarus 15 15 0 Zonomegachile 3 3 3 Total 384 11 120 515 395 Percentage 74,6 2,1 23,3

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 6 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

groups and recognized the genus Megachile as "leaf-cutter bees" and Chalicodoma as "mason bees". However, on a global scale there are many exceptions which cast doubt on the division between Megachile and Chalicodoma. Therefore, in recent works Professor Michener (Michener et al 1994, Michener 2000) has combined the two taxa in a single genus and in the present work I have followed this concept of the genus. According to Professor Michener (2000: 67) cited 1,095 species of Megachile world- wide. I feel he was being cautious. At the start of the present work I compiled a list of 2,645 specific names. Professor Michener listed 366 species from the Americas (74% of the present total). In such a large genus, division into smaller, manageable groups is essential in pursuing the alpha taxonomy with any confidence. Progress has been made at this level with the erection of 53 subgenera (Michener op. cit). To date, 73 divisions have been proposed. With nearly 30 publications between 1926 and 1980, Professor T. B. Mitchell has made by far the greatest contribution to our knowledge of New World Megachile. He divided the American members into subgenera (Mitchell 1934, 1935, 1935b, 1936, 1937a, 1937b, 1937c, 1937d, 1943b, 1980) and, in so doing erected 18 of the Hemisphere‘s 30 subgenera. In his last work (Mitchell 1980) he divided the group into six genera, however, we still know little of the higher taxonomy of the group and these divisions are difficult to justify. All recent authors, including Professor Mitchell, cite numerous exceptions in their keys and Mitchell changed his opinion on the presence of some critical characters in several subgenera (notably Leptorachis) between 1943 and 1980. Some others have published important works on the neotropical members of the genus. The more notable are Schrottky (1913a), Friese (1911) and Hurd (1979). However, the neotropical species still present many taxonomic questions. The known distributions of several species are questionable. Examples are Megachile (Austromegachile) antiqua , M. (Austromegachile) exaltata , M. (Austromegachile) montezuma , M. (Chrysosarus) vestis , M. (Neochelynia) aegra , M. (Neochelynia) chichimeca, M. (Pseudocentron) prietana and M. (Sayapis) zaptlana. Even in Brazil there are some surprising distributions. M. (Acentron) eburneipes is recorded from southern states north to Mato Grosso and Minas Gerais and from Rio Grande do Norte. The data on these species suggest there has been inadequate collecting or patchy geographical distributions or misidentifications. To date, 515 species of the Americas have been allocated to 30 subgenera (Table 1). The neotropical species of Megachile comprise 395 species in 26 subgenera (Table 1). Hurd (1979) catalogued 133 members of the genus which occur in Canada and U.S.A. (as Megachile and Chalicodoma). Michener (2000) recognised 13 subgenera from North America of which 4 do not reach the Neotropics. Three are confined to the nearctic (Grosapis Mitchell, Megachiloides Mitchell and Xanthosarus Robertson), while the subgenus Megachile is holarctic. The monotypic subgenus Grosapis is nearctic, confined to the north of Mexico (Cockerell 1934: 3; Mitchell 1930: 292) and was not included in Dr. Hurd‘s inventory. The number of nearctic species now stands at 130 of which 11 also occur in the Neotropics. An additional 90 names in Megachile have been recorded from the Americas, but the whereabouts of the types are not known.

Geographical distribution

Megachile is found almost everywhere there are flowering plants. In the Americas the genus occurs from Alaska and the mid latitudes of Canada to southern Chile and Argentina and in the Andes up to 5,000 m altitude. There are species on the islands of southern California, almost all West Indian islands and Bermuda. The earliest known member of the genus is neotropical; from Miocene amber of the Dominican Republic (Engel 1999). The intensity of collecting neotropical Megachile is still very patchy so detailed interpretations of the species‘ geographical distributions are risky. In this inventory there are only 2 species recorded from Venezuela, 16 from Ecuador, 17 from the Guianas and 19 from Colombia (Table 2). Nonetheless, some generalizations can be made. Of the 516 species and 30 subgenera recorded from the Americas, 386 species (75%) and 17 subgenera are restricted to the neotropics (Table 1). Although 9 subgenera have members in both realms, only 11 species occur in both. Some typically neotropical subgenera, like Acentron, Cressoniella, Leptorachis, Melanosarus and Pseudocentron have few species in North America. Only 10 of Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 7 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

the 164 species in these five subgenera occur north of Mexico. (However, the type species of all five are the North American representatives.) Only two subgenera are well represented in both the Nearctic and Neotropics. The members of Chelostomoides are well represented in much of the Nearctic and in Central America and have followed the Andes to Peru. Only Sayapis, is common throughout the Hemisphere, occurring from Canada to Argentina.

Table 2. The distributions of 515 extant species of Megachile of the Americas by country and region

Number of species % of total recorded Canada 27 5đ2 U.S.A. 131 25đ4 Mexico 75 14đ6 C America 55 10đ7 West Indies 30 5đ8 Colombia 19 3đ7 Venezuela 2 0đ4 Trinidad 6 1đ2 Guianas 17 3đ3 Brazil 160 31đ0 Ecuador 16 3đ1 Peru 39 7đ6 Bolivia 62 12đ0 Paraguay 49 9đ5 Uruguay 4 0đ8 Argentina 72 14đ0 Chile 16 3đ1

Vagility The habit of numerous species of Megachile to nest in abandoned beetle burrows in wood and cracks in timberwork has allowed them great vagility and some are among the most widely dispersed of any bees. They occur on many oceanic islands, presumably because their nests were transported to them. Ten palaeotropical species have been introduced into the West Indies during historical times where they have established populations (Hurd 1979, Raw 1985 and data presented below). Undoubtedly the nests of these species were carried to the Caribbean on slave ships on the "Middle Passage". Nine species are African while M. lanata is an Indian species. Presumably the latter spread to East and West Africa by ship and crossed the Atlantic by the same means. Megachile is common on other islands. Numerous Asian and Australian species have reached Pacific islands (Michener 1965). Several subgenera occur on the Solomon Islands, but only two reach more easterly islands. Species of Eutricharaea and Callomegachile occur on the New Hebrides and New Caledonia, while Eutricharaea has reached Fiji, Samoa, the Ellice and Phoenix archipelagos, Tahiti and Hawaii. Michener (1965) suggested M. (Hackeriapis) mackayensis has probably been introduced in recent times to Lord Howe Island (650 km east of Australia). M. gentilis is native to western U.S.A. and has become established on Hawaii (Mitchell 1935: 24). The genus Megachile does not occur in New Zealand. Several species have been accidentally or deliberately introduced to new areas more recently. The Eurasian species, M. rotundata arrived, apparently accidentally, in U.S.A. in the 1940's (Hurd 1979) and is now widespread. In order to improve the pollination of alfalfa, it has been introduced into Chile (Stephen 1972), Australia (Winn 1988, Woodward 1994, 1996) and New Zealand (Donovan 1908).

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 8 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Biology

Nesting Biology Most species of Megachile use existing cavities in which they construct their nests. Various types of tubular cavities serve as nest sites. They include dead plant stalks, rolled leaves, spaces among rocks, termite tunnels and burrows in soil. Old beetle burrows in wood and holes in masonry are popular sites. The width of the cavity selected depends on the size of the bee, but most species use diameters of 10 mm to 20 mm. Several species accept artificial nests of bamboo canes, bored pieces of wood and drinking straws. A few excavate their own burrows in the soil, some use existing holes in the ground, while a number use either location. In contrast, some species of mason bees build an exposed nest attached to a wall or branch. Possibly the first recorded reference to the nesting biology of Megachile was by Réaumur‘s (1742) cited by Kirby (1802) and Jean-Henri Fabre (1915). Fabre‘s accounts of his own detailed observations on the biology of Megachile (1914, 1915) and other insects in southern France have fascinated naturalists for years. His books awakened my own curiosity in wild bees. Fabre gave the first detailed account of the use of trapnests to study the nesting biology of these bees. During the same period Ferton (1896, 1897) studied Megachile species in southern France and on Corsica. Despite the bees‘ economic and ecological importance and the relative ease of study, the biology of few species has been studied in detail. This is unfortunate as the readiness of many Megachile species to utilize trapnests and their fondness for suburban gardens enables the amateur entomologist to study their nesting biology with relative ease. Apparently the difficulties of identification have discouraged such investigations. Detailed studies have been conducted on M. brevis (Michener 1953) and M. umatillensis (Bohart & Youssef 1972) in U.S.A. and Krombein (1967) collected information on several species there. The present author studied the holarctic species, M. centuncularis in southern England (Raw 1988). The most detailed studies on neotropical species are those on M. concinna, M. zaptlana, M. rufipennis and M. lanata in Jamaica (Jayasingh & Freeman 1980, Raw 1984b, 1985). With hundreds of publications on its biology, physiology and management, by far the best-known species is M.. rotundata, the principal pollinator of alfalfa. Almost all leafcutter bees construct their nests by a similar method. A female selects a suitable tubular cavity where she constructs a series of cells end to end. For each cell she first cuts oval pieces of green leaves which she uses to form a cup which is the base of the cell. Next she lines the sides of the cavity with a number of layers of oval pieces. She then provisions the cell with food and lays an egg on its surface. Finally she cuts several leaf discs to seal the cell. The food the mother places in each cell is a paste of pollen and honey. The cell closure is positioned at a short distance from the food mass to allow space for the larva to grow. M. pugnata omits the cell linings and intercellular partitions. Rarely M. centuncularis omits the cell lining, the only construction being the leaf discs placed to separate the cells (Markowsky 1933). Many mason bees use mud and resin and others chewed leaves to build the partitions or even the entire cell. Generally several cells are constructed head to tail in the tunnel. The females of some species secrete lactones, esters and hydrocarbons in the Dufour's gland which are added to the provisions, but it is not known if they are germicides or nutritional supplements (Williams et al 1986). Megachile is much more efficient than most herbivorous insects in consuming the stored food. The growing larva assimilates 54-58% of the energy and 90% of the nitrogen in real growth (Waldauer 1968, Wightman & Rogers 1978, cited in Roubik 1989: 151 & 282). Having consumed the food reserve, the final instar larva defaecates and spins a cocoon. In warmer climates and in regions with longer summers, development from egg to emergence of the adult can be completed in about a month. In univoltine species the final larval instar, called the prepupa, hibernates or aestivates and development is completed shortly before emergence from the nest. Females of M. rotundata prefer trap-nests used by the previous generation to new tunnels. Apparently they detect aromas secreted left by the previous occupants rather than nest residues (Parker et al 1976). A nesting female of M. centuncularis recognizes her own nest as different from those of her conspecifics (Raw 1992). Among temperate species a female will normally live up to a month and produce up to 30 eggs. In warm weather she builds and provisions about one cell per day. Little detailed information is available on the detailed nesting behaviour of tropical species. Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 9 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

In many species the female is larger than the male and occupies a larger cell provided with a greater quantity of food. In a nest containing both sexes the mother bee commonly lays female eggs in the inner cells and males in the outer ones (Raw & O'Toole 1979). Many species are protandrous, with the adult males emerging a week before the females. As the cells lie head to tail in a narrow tunnel there is a question of how a bee towards the back of the nest can emerge when siblings block the exit. Presumably all bees nesting in tunnels behave as do M. centuncularis, Osmia rufa L, O. ceorulescens (L) and O. leiana (Kirby) (Raw 1972, 1988). When a bee towards the back awakens it chews through the partition and gains access to the cell in front. If that cell is occupied, the bee nips the occupant. When the bee in front starts to move the bee behind remains still. Activity of a bee is the signal to the bee behind to stop biting. When an emerging bee encounters a dead bee in the cell in front it bites the corpse and, as there is no response, it chews its way out pushing the remains behind it.

Mortality The female of a nesting bee provides the entire food supply for her offspring so she looks for a secure place to locate the nest. Nevertheless, this rich supply of food and the defenceless offspring suffer the attacks from numerous organisms. Predators and other organisms which kill the developmental stages of solitary bees are of three sorts. Cuckoo bees and some wasps and beetles kill the egg and eat the stored food. The parasitoid wasps, Leucospis, Melittobia, Monodontomerus and Tetrasticus and bee-flies attack later, killing the growing larva, the pupa or even the adult before the host can leave the cell. A third group, which includes dermestid and tenebrioid beetles and flies consume the stored food and apparently incidentally kill the bee larva. Many organisms have been recorded attacking Megachile. The bees are Coelioxys, Dioxys and Stelis. Wasps include Leucospidae (Leucospis), Eulophidae (Melittobia and Tetrasticus), Torymidae (Monodontomerus), Pteromalidae (Pteromalus, Dibrachys and Phaeacra), Sapygidae (Huarpea and Sapyga), Mutillidae (Dasymutilla), Chrysididae (Chrysis) and Ichneumonidae (Aritranis and Sphaeropthalma). Beetles are Dermestidae (Anthrenus, Trogoderma), Cleridae (Trichodes), Meloidae (Lytta and Nemognatha, Ptinidae (Ptinus) and Tenebrionidae (Tribolium, Aprostocetus, Phyllobeanus, Cryptolestes and Tenebrioides). Flies are Bombyliidae (Anthrax) and Tachinidae (Aritranis, Dibrachys and Phaenaera). Two moths have been found consuming the food in the cell (Plodia interpunctella (Huebner) - the Indian meal moth and Vitula edmandsae Rogonot - the dried fruit moth). Mites include Chaetodactylidae (Chaetodactylus), Saproglyphidae (Vidia) and Suidasiidae (Tortonia). The most common cuckoo bees attacking Megachile are members of the genus tip of the Coelioxys The abdomen of the female of Coelioxys is pointed with which, as first reported by Ferton, she pierces the wall or the cap of a cell of the bee to deposit an egg (illustrated in Roubik 1989: 167). The egg hatches quickly and generally before the host's egg. The first larval instar is agile and bears long sickle-like mandibles (Graenicher 1905, 1927, Baker 1971). The larva searches for the host bee‘s egg which it punctures with the mandibles and sucks dry. The second instar larva has normal mandibles and consumes the stored food of pollen mixed with honey which was provided for the host. The wasp, Sapyga pumila behaves like Coelioxys (Torchio 1972). The adult female pierces the cap of the cell with her ovipositor to lay her egg. Likewise, with its long sharp mandibles, the first instar larva destroys the bee‘s egg (and any other wasp‘s egg which may be present) before consuming the stored food. The eggs of clerid and meloid beetles are laid on flowers. The first instar larva of the beetle attaches itself to a foraging bee and is carried back to the nest (Eves & Johansen 1974). Several management techniques have been developed to diminish the attacks of predators on species of Megachile of economic importance as pollinators (Eves & Johansen 1974, Torchio 1972). The emergence trap utilizes the tendency for predators to emerge from the cells before their hosts. There are two types, both employing ultra-violet light which attracts the insects. The lamp is placed above a tray containing insecticide or oil or is located inside a box bearing small tubular openings with glue. In both, the predatory insect is trapped and killed before the host bee emerges. The method is said to be efficient in controlling predators in trap-nests that are brought indoors to overwinter. As the insects which attack the offspring of nesting bees do not construct their own nests they spend the night in safe cavities. A second control technique is the use of night station traps which are similar to trapnests provided for the host bees, but of a smaller diameter to

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 10 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

prevent the bees' entry. However, this technique must adversely affect the populations of small species of cavity nesting bees. Chalkbrood fungus (Ascosphaera species) attack the young stages of Megachile. In particular A. aggregata specifically attacks Megachilidae and is a serious cause of death of M. rotundata (Vandenberg & Stephen 1982). Several studies on Megachile and related taxa which construct nests comprising linear series of cells have revealed high rates of unidentified mortality of the developing brood (Danks 1971, Jayasingh & Freeman 1980, 1984b, 1985, 1988). When an adult female emerges from her natal nest, she must pass through all the cells in front of her and thus come into contact with the contents of all the cells including those in which her siblings died. This is an ideal situation for a pathogen to pass to the next generation. Various organisms attack adult Megachile, particularly when they are on flowers. These include conopid flies (Physocephala and Megaselia), crab-spiders (Thomisidae) and Strepsiptera.

Flower relationships

Flower Preferences Innumerable scattered publications refer to the flower taxa that Megachile species visit. Many of the bees are polylectic, visiting the flowers of various species of plants for food. For example, M. centuncularis in southern England averaged more than seven plant families per cell (Raw 1988). However, nesting females of polylectic species visit the flowers near their nests so they often collect most of their pollen from only a few plant taxa. Often they visit particular families of plants, like Compositae and Leguminoseae. Some species are more oligolectic, the bees restricting their choices to a particular species or genus. For example, M. gravita and M. pascoensis are oligolectic on Clarkia in western U.S.A. (MacSwain et al 1973). In the species which have been studied the males fly around the flowers frequented by the females looking for mates. The searches of some species seem to be more general, the males quartering the areas of flowering plants. In others the males hold territories around the plants in bloom which the females visit. In the West Indies, males of M. lanata are commonly hold territories at flowering Crotalaria (Raw 1984b).

Pollination Innumerable species of Megachile pollinate crops and wild plants like forest trees and other useful plants. They are especially common at species of Leguminosae, Compositae and Labiatae. Like all species of Megachilidae, nesting females carry pollen on the ventral side of the abdomen; an arrangement which facilitates the pollination of these flowers. In much of the world, species of Megachile are the major pollinators of alfalfa. The role played by Megachile in the pollination of this plant was first recognized by researchers in North America (Brand & Westgate 1909, Piper et al 1914, Aicher 1917, Sladen 1918a, Tysdale et al 1943). Undetermined species of Megachile tripped 84% of the flowers visited, whereas honeybees tripped only 1% (Tysdale 1940). In order to achieve a yield of 1,300 kilos of seed per hectare in the absence of other possible pollinators a density of 500 foraging females of pollinating Megachile species per hectare of flowering crop is recommended (Hobbs 1956). In most of U.S.A. M. rotundata is the most important pollinator, its presence resulting in yields of 2,200 kilos of seed per hectare; a twenty-fold difference over its absence. M. rotundata has been semi-domesticated and farmers are able to buy bees and receive advice on their care (Hobbs 1973). The use of M. rotundata in regions with a severe winter is complicated by the need to store the overwintering stages in frost-free conditions. However, in southern Alberta two native species, M. dentitarsus and M. perihirta, effectively fill the role (Hobbs & Lilly 1954). In hotter climates M. concinna is an efficient pollinator of alfalfa, the bees tripping on average 10 flowers per minute. An advantage of this species is that the developmental stages can survive high daily temperatures (>42oC) which kills the larva of M. rotundata in Arizona and Mexico (Butler & Wargo 1963). The effectiveness of these bees as pollinators was demonstrated by observations in an individual female of M. perihirta, which tripped 372 alfalfa flowers per foraging trip. Averaging 75 foraging trips per cell and 15 cells per nesting female, each foraging bee may thus trip 418,500 flowers to produce two kilos of seed (Hobbs 1956). An important revelation of these data is the high relative importance of the individual bee and, hence, the need to exercise Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 11 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

great care when applying pesticides on the crop so as not to kill the pollinators. M. rotundata is more vulnerable to most types of pesticide than are honeybees (possibly because they cut leaves as well as visiting the flowers). However, a few types are less harmful (Johansen et al 1963). M. rotundata has been used to pollinate alfalfa in glasshouses (Aubury & Rogers 1971). M. concinna is also a candidate as a pollinator in small enclosures, having nested successfully in a flight room of 12 m3 (Butler & Ritchie 1965).

Identification

Identification of the species of Megachile is difficult; a result of both the large numbers involved, the very fine differences which distinguish them and the frequent question with Hymenoptera of associating the two sexes. Unfortunately, the difficulties encountered in their identification have deterred useful investigation on the bees. As numerous species are important pollinators of many plants, botanists often collect the females. Males are less often collected, possibly because they fly more quickly and make only fleeting visits to flowers. Despite their acknowledged importance, citations in many publications are made only to generic level, reflecting the difficulties that exist in their identification (Table 3).

Table 3. Citations of Megachile species in recent surveys of Brazilian bees

Number Number not % not Publication identified identified identified

Cure et al 1992 4 2 33 Silveira & Cure 1993 2 3 60 Martins 1994 12 14 54 Schlindwein 1995 14 7 33 Alves dos Santos 1996 26 12 32 Carvalho & Bego 1996 6 9 60 Zanella 2000 8 10 56 Viana & Alves dos Santos 2002 36 28 44 Aguiar & Martins 2003 1 4 80 Zanella 2003 9 8 47 Faria-Mucci et al 2003 0 6 100 Rêgo et al 2000, Albuquerque et al 2001 0 10 100

In order to identify the members of this large group of superficially similar insects it is first necessary to determine the subgenera to which they belong. The two sexes of many species of Megachile are very different in appearance. Fortunately, many are adventive nesters so the nests are relatively easily obtained and the collector may rear both sexes from a nest. For several species, this method and the rare capture of a pair in copula have been the only means of associating the sexes. For identification, even to subgeneric level, the bees must be adequately prepared. In both sexes it is essential that the mandibles be opened to expose their inner surfaces. The fore and mid legs of the males must be sufficiently spread to allow examination of the lower surfaces. Determination of the subgenera of females is often difficult if the apex of the abdomen is not opened to allow examination of the sixth sternite. The simplest method to discover how to prepare the bee is to identify freshly caught specimens. Often pollen grains obscure the scopa of the female and must be removed before its structure can be examined. The most useful keys to the identification of subgenera of neotropical Megachile are those of Michener et al (1994) Michener (2000) and Silveira et al 2002.

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 12 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Presentation of data

Information from publications containing original data is included in this survey. However, citations in faunal lists based solely on literature searches have been excluded as most are repeats of the publications of others. For each species the original reference and all subsequent combinations of names are cited. Additional information on types is given in square brackets. For example, the country of the type locality was not always cited. The names of the collectors of the type specimens are given in curved brackets after the citation of the type locality.

Biological and taxonomic information The information on each species is summarized under nine headings. In addition, the references from which these data were derived are given with indications of the type each contains by the following symbols:- D = Geographical distribution. F = Flowers visited (including pollination studies). K = Keys to identification. L = Life history (including courtship and mating, development in the nest, sex ratios, dormancy and emergence, life-tables). M = Morphology and anatomy (including descriptions of intersexes and mimicry). N = Nesting (nest sites, nest architecture, building and provisioning cells, building materials). P = Predators (including inquiline bees, beetles and flies, predators on the developmental stages, predators on adult bees, fungal diseases and other pathogens). R = Redescription of the type sex or description of allotype. Adult female = (R-F); male (R- M) and both sexes = (R-FM). T = Taxonomic information (locations of types).

Geographical distribution All geographical distributions are cited by country. For the four largest countries subdivisions are cited where the collecting sites are known. ARGENTINA. The provinces and territories are: BA = Buenos Aires; CA = Catamarca; CB = Chubut; CD = Cordoba; ER = Entre Rios; LP = La Pampa; LR = La Rioja; ME = Mendoza; MI = Misiones; NE = Neuquen; TU = Tucuman. BRAZIL. The standard abbreviations for states and territories are: AC = Acre; AM = Amazonas; BA = Bahia; DF = Distrito Federal; ES = Espirito Santo; GO = Goias; MG = Minas Gerais; MS = Mato Grosso do Sul; MT = Mato Grosso; PA = Pará; PB = Paraiba; PR = Paraná; RJ = Rio de Janeiro; RN = Rio Grande do Norte; RO = Rondônia; RS = Rio Grande do Sul; SC = Santa Catarina; SP = São Paulo. CANADA. The provinces are: AL = Alberta; BC = British Columbia; MA = Manitoba; NF = Newfoundland; NS = Nova Scotia; NW = Northwest Territories; ON = Ontario; QU = Quebec; SA = Saskatchewan; YU = Yukon. JAMAICA. The parishes are: AN = St.Ann; AW = St. Andrew; CA = St.Catherine; CL = Clarendon; EL = St.Elizabeth; MA = Manchester; PO = Portland; ST = St.Thomas; TR = Trelawney. MEXICO. The states are: BC = Baja California; CA = Campeche; CH = Chihuahua; CO = Coahuila; CP = Chiapas; DU = Durango; GU = Guadalajara; HI = Hidalgo; JA = Jalisco; ME = Mexico City; MI = Michoacan; MO = Morelos; NA = Nayarit; NL = Nueva Leon; OA = Oaxaca; PU = Puebla; QR = Quintana Roo; SI = Sinaloa; SL = San Luis Potosi; SO = Sonora; TB = Tabasco; TM = Tamaulipas; VC = Vera Cruz; YU = Yucatan; ZA = Zacatecas. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. The states are: AK = Alaska; AL = Alabama; AR = Arkansas; AZ = Arizona; CA = California; CO = Colorado; DC = District of Columbia; FL = Florida; GA = Georgia; HI = Hawaii; ID = Idaho; IL = Illinois; IN = Indiana; IO = Iowa; KA = Kansas; LA = Louisiana; MA = Massachusetts; MD = Maryland; ME = Maine; MI = Michigan; MN = Minnesota; MO = Missouri; MT = Montana; NB = Nebraska; NC = North Carolina; ND = North Dakota; NH = New Hampshire; NJ = New Jersey; NM = New Mexico; NV = Nevada; NY = New York; OH = Ohio; OK = Oklahoma; OR = Oregon; PA = Pennsylvania, SD = South Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 13 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Dakota; TN = Tennessee; TX = Texas; UT = Utah; VA = Virginia; WA = Washington; WI = Wisconsin; WY = Wyoming.

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 14 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Genus Megachile Latreille Megachile Latreille 1802: 413. Type species: Apis centuncularis Linnaeus 1758: 575. Designation of Curtis 1828: 218. Anthophora Fabricius 1802: 434 (not Latreille). Type species: Apis centuncularis Linnaeus. Designation of Curtis 1828: 218. Chalicodoma Lepeletier 1841. Type species: Apis muraria Fabricius 1798. Designation of Girard 1879. (See Michener 1962: 20.). Synonymy of Michener et al 1994: 174, Michener 2000: 534. Chalicodoma Michener 1962: 17-29. Pasteels 1965: 342. Michener 1965: 187. Hurd 1979: 2072. Mitchell 1980: 30-35.

Subgenus Acentron Mitchell Megachile (Acentron) Mitchell 1934: 303 & 307. Type species: Megachile albitarsis Cresson. Original designation. Pseudocentron (Acentron) Mitchell 1980: 56. Megachile (Acentron) Michener et al 1994: 178. The subgenus at present includes 22 species of which one reaches U.S.A.

1. Megachile (Acentron) acculta Cockerell Megachile acculta Cockerell 1931c: 540. Female. Type locality: Chichenitza, Yucatan [Mexico]. Type repository: MCZ 16269. Examined. Megachile (Acentron) acculta : Ayala et al 1997: 454 (D). ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1932: 13 (K). DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: YU.

2. Megachile (Acentron) albitarsis Cresson Megachile albitarsis Cresson 1872: 263-264. Male. Type locality: Texas (Belfrage). Type repository: ANSP 2461. Examined. Megachile optiva Cresson 1872: 268. Female. Type locality: Texas (Belfrage). Type repository: ANSP 2445. Examined. Synonymy of Mitchell 1937b: 75. (Not M. optiva Provancher 1882: 232 [= M. (Megachile) relativa Cresson 1878].) Megachile newelli Cockerell 1908b: 262-263. Female. Type locality: Keatchie, Louisiana 8 July 1908 (W. Newell). Synonymy of Mitchell 1937b: 75. Megachile kallstroemiae Cockerell 1908b: 264. Female. Type locality: Mesilla Park, New Mexico, 27 July on Kallstroemia (Cockerell). Synonymy of Mitchell 1937b: 75. Megachile (Acentron) albitarsis Mitchell 1934: 303. Megachile kallstraemiae : Mitchell 1962: 165. (Misspelling). ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Robertson 1897: 350 (D, T); 1902: 49 (K as M. optiva); Cockerell 1914b: 432 (D, F, T as M. newelli); Cresson 1916: 110 (T), 126 (T); Graenicher 1930: 162 (D, F, L); Mitchell 1937b: 75-78 (R-FM, D, F); Hurd 1979: 2069 (D, F); 1962: 165-167 (D, F, L, R- FM); Moure 1948: 332 (K); Cane 1979: 127 (M); Ayala et al 1997: 454 (D). DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: BC; CA; CH; CP; DU; GU; JA; MI; NA; NL; OA; SI; SO; TM; VC; ZA. U.S.A.: AR; AZ; FL; GA; IN; LA; MI; MO; NC; NM; TX. FLOWERS. Polylectic; visits 28 genera including Leguminosae, Compositae and others. Asclepias, Aster, Bidens leucantha, Cassia, Cephalanthus, Chrysopsis, Coreopsis, Crotalaria, Croton linearis, Cyrilla, Eryngium, Flaveria, Gaillardia, Galactia, Helenium tenuifolium, Helianthus, Ilex, Kallstroemia grandiflora, Lespedeza repens, Liatris, Melanthera radiata, Melilotus, Morongia angustata, Phaseolus, Pycnanthemum hypsopifolia, Rhus, Rudbeckia amplexicaulis, Sabal palmetto, Solidago canadensis, Stokesia, Verbena, Verbesina encelioides, Xiris caroliana. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly from May to September in northern parts and March to November in the south. MORPHOLOGY. Articulations of hind leg.

3. Megachile (Acentron) arnaui Moure Megachile (Acentron) arnaui Moure 1948: 328. Male. Type locality: Tacanas, Tucuman, Argentina, January 1947 (J. M. Arnau). Type repository: UFPR. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: TU.

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 15 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

4. Megachile (Acentron) beniensis Cockerell Megachile beniensis Cockerell 1927a: 19-20. Male. Type locality: Huachi, Beni, Bolivia (W. M. Mann). Type repository: USNM 29088. Examined. Moure (1942: 308) considered this species a synonym of M. ((Leptorachis) paranensis Schrottky. Megachile (Leptorachis) beniensis : Mitchell 1934: 302. Synonym of Megachile costaricensis Friese 1921: 80, see Hedicke 1933: 43. Megachile (Acentron) beniensis : Raw 2002 # 7: 3. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Myers 1935: 137 (Trinidad, West Indies; apparently a misdetermination). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Beni- Huachu. BRAZIL: MT- Salobra.

5. Megachile (Acentron) breviuscula Smith Megachile breviuscula Smith 1879: 82. Female. Type locality: Orizaba, Mexico. Type repository: NHML 17a2498. Examined. The type is labelled "brevis" in F. Smith's hand. Megachile (Acentron) breviuscula : Ayala et al 1997: 454 (D). ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1905: 340 (K). DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: VC; Orizaba.

6. Megachile (Acentron) candida Smith Megachile candida Smith 1879: 82-83. Female. Type locality: Mexico. Type repository: NHML 17a2417. Examined. Megachile candidella Mitchell 1930: 206-207. Female. Type locality: Mexico. Type repository: ANSP 4149. Examined. Synonymy of Mitchell, pers. comm. in Michener 1954: 100 (D, F, L). Megachile (Acentron) candida : Mitchell 1934: 303. Megachile (Acentron) candidella : Mitchell 1934: 303. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1896: 286 (K); 1899a: 12 (D); 1905: 340 (K); 1949: 450; Cheesman 1929: 145 (D); Mitchell 1930: 206 (D, L); Schwarz 1934: 19 (D); Moure 1948: 332 (K); Ayala et al 1997: 454 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BELIZE: Prieta. COLOMBIA: Magdalena- Cerro Patron (4000 ft), Rio Frio, Sevilla. GUYANA: Kartabo. HONDURAS: Zamorano. MEXICO: CP; GU; SL; TB; VC; YU- Chichenitza; Rio Nautla. PANAMA: Barro Colorado Island, Cerro Cobre, Chiva Chiva, Corozal, Farfan, Juan Mina; Panamá- Old Panamá, Panamá City, Pedregal, Pueblo Nuevo, Taboga Island, Tocumen. TRINIDAD. FLOWERS. Elvira biflora, Melampodium divaricatum. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly most of the year.

7. Megachile (Acentron) civilis Mitchell Megachile civilis Mitchell 1930: 208-209. Female. Type locality: Villarrica, Paraguay, February 1923. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Acentron) civilis : Mitchell 1934: 303. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Moure 1948: 331, 334 (D, K); Silveira et al 2002: 211 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM; SP. PARAGUAY.

8. Megachile (Acentron) costaricensis Friese Megachile costaricensis Friese 1916: 341. Female. Type locality: San José (Schmidt) and San Mateo (Burgdorf), Costa Rica. Type repository: MNHU. The combination is based on a paratype female in USNM. Megachile (Acentron) costaricensis : Raw 2002 # 7: 3. Hedicke (1933: 43) suggests M. beniensis Cockerell is a synonym. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Friese 1921: 80 (N, L, P). DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA: San José. NESTING. In bamboo stems. Cells lined with leaf cuttings. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in July. PREDATORS. Possibly Coelioxys tectiformis.

9. Megachile (Acentron) dilatata Vachal Megachile dilatata Mitchell 1928: 344-346. Gynandromorph. Type locality: Corumbá, Brazil, April. Type repository: ANSP 4108. Examined. Megachile (Acentron) dilatata : Raw 2002 # 7: 3. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 211 (D). Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 16 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MS- Corumbá; MT; PR. MORPHOLOGY. Intersexes.

10. Megachile (Acentron) eburneipes Vachal Megachile eburneipes Vachal 1904: 13. Male. Type locality: Tucuman [Argentina], 20 Feb 1898 (Girard). Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Megachile bernardina Schrottky 1913a: 209-210. Male. Type locality: Jundiahy, São Paulo, [Brazil] November 1900. Type repository: MZSP. Examined. Type missing left hind tibia and tarsi. Megachile (Acentron) bernardina : Mitchell 1943b: 663. Megachile eburneipes Raw : 2002 # 7: 3. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Vachal 1909: 10 (K); Strand 1910: 538; Schrottky 1913b: 247 (D); Mitchell 1930: 205 (D, M); Moure 1948: 332 (K); Cure et al 1992: 231 (D); Zanella 2000: 590 (D as M. bernardina); Silveira et al 2002: 211 (D); Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 11 (D as M. bernardina); Zanella 2003: 234 (D as M. bernardina). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CA, La Rioja, TU. BRAZIL: BA- Conduru (Raw); MG- Viçosa; MS- Pedra Branca; MT; PR; RN- Serra Negra do Norte; RS; SP- Jundiaí.

11. Megachile (Acentron) florensis Mitchell Megachile florensis Mitchell 1943b: 671. New name. Megachile manaosensis Mitchell 1930: 203-204. Male. Type locality: Flores, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, 2 August 1924. Type repository: Meyer. (Presumably the citation "Flores" on the data label signifies that the specimen was collected on flowers.) (Not M. manaosensis Schrottky 1913a: 201. See Mitchell 1943b: 671.) Megachile (Acentron) florensis : Raw 2002 # 7: 3. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM- Manaus.

12. Megachile (Acentron) hastigera Moure Megachile (Acentron) hastigera Moure 1948: 330-331. Male. Type locality: Curitiba, [Paraná, Brazil] 19 November 1937 (J. S. Moure). Type repository: UFPR. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 211 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PR; RS.

13. Megachile (Acentron) illustris Mitchell Megachile illustris Mitchell 1930: 188-189. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães, MT], Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4142. Examined. Megachile (Acentron) illustris : Raw 2002 # 7: 3. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT.

14. Megachile (Acentron) itapuae Schrottky Megachile itapuae Schrottky 1908: 238. Female. Type locality: Encarnacion, Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP. A female determined by Schrottky and labelled "METATIPO" in MZSP is a member of this subgenus. Megachile (Acentron) itapuae : Raw 2002 # 7: 4. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Schrottky 1913a: 143 (K), 183 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: SP- Botucatú. PARAGUAY: Encarnacion.

15. Megachile (Acentron) lentifera Vachal Megachile lentifera Vachal 1909: 10. Male. Type locality: Rio Grande do Sul, Brésil. Type repository: Vachal collection, MNHN. Megachile limae Schrottky 1913a: 176-177. Female. Type locality: Jundiaí, São Paulo, [Brazil]. Type repository: MZSP. Synonymy of Moure 1941: 92 (D). Megachile morosa Mitchell 1930: 209-210. Female. Type locality: Buenavista, Bolivia. Type repository: Meyer. Synonymy of Mitchell 1943b: 663. Megachile (Pseudocentron) limae : Mitchell 1934: 303. Megachile (Acentron) lentifera : Mitchell 1943b: 663. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Schrottky 1913a: 142 & 144 (K); Mitchell 1930: 223 (D as M. limae); Moure 1942: 309, 1944a: 16 (D as M. limae); 1948: 332 (K); Sakagami et al 1967: 272 (D, L); Silveira et al 2002: 211 (D); Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 11 (D as M. limae). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA. BRAZIL: PR- São José dos Pinhais; MS; MT; PR; RS; SP- Vila Ema. Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 17 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly from November to May in Paraná.

16. Megachile (Acentron) manaosensis Schrottky Megachile manaosensis Schrottky 1913a: 201. Male. Type locality: Manaus, AM, Brazil. Type repository: MZSP. (Not M. manaosensis Mitchell 1930: 203. See Mitchell 1943b.) Megachile (Acentron) manaosensis : Raw 2002 # 7: 4. Schrottky considered this species to be similar to M. curvipes but it differs morphologically. Padre Moure (pers. comm.) suspects it is near M. civilis and M. verrucosa, both members of Acentron. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM.

17. Megachile (Acentron) pallipes Smith Megachile pallipes Smith 1879: 71. Male. Type locality: São Paulo [de Olivença], Amazon, [Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2445. Examined. Megachile pallidipes Dalla Torre 1896: 443. [New name, but not indicated as a replacement name. Evidently intended as a correction. Invalid emendation, D. B. Baker pers. comm]. Megachile (Acentron) pallipes : Moure 1948: 334. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM.

18. Megachile (Acentron) permunda Cockerell Megachile permunda Cockerell 1912d: 56. Male. Type locality: Natal, [RN], Brazil (W. M. Mann). Type repository: AMNH. Examined. Megachile (Acentron) permunda : Raw 2002 # 7: 4. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: RN.

19. Megachile (Acentron) tupinaquina Schrottky Megachile tupinaquina Schrottky 1913a: 202-203. Male. Type locality: Jundiaí, São Paulo. Type repository: MZSP ? Megachile (Acentron) tupinaquina : Moure 1948: 332 [key]. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: BA; GO- Goias; MG; MT; PB- João Pessoa (Raw); SP.

20. Megachile (Acentron) veraecrucis Cockerell Megachile veraecrucis Cockerell 1896: 285-286. Male. Type locality: San Rafael, Vera Cruz, Mexico, 18 June (C. H. T. Townsend). Type repository: USNM 9659. Examined. Megachile (Acentron) veraecrucis : Ayala et al 1997: 454 (D). ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1932: 13-15 (D, K). DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: VC; YU.

21. Megachile (Acentron) verrucosa Brèthes Megachile verrucosa Brèthes 1909: 255. Female. Type locality: San Bernardino, Paraguay (coll. K. Fiebrig). Type repository: Museo Nacional [presumably Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales —Bernardino Rivadavia“], Buenos Aires, Argentina. Megachile (Acentron) verrucosa Zanella 2000: 590. Megachile (Prionepistoma) verrucosa : Moure ms name. Prionepistoma is a nomen nudum (Silveira et al 2002: 204). ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Zanella 2003: 234 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: RN- Serra Negra do Norte. PARAGUAY.

22. Megachile (Acentron) villarricensis Mitchell Megachile villarricensis Mitchell. 1930: 207-208. Female. Type locality: Villa Rica, Paraguay. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Acentron) villarricensis : Mitchell 1934: 303. DISTRIBUTION. PARAGUAY.

Subgenus Argyropile Mitchell Megachile (Argyropile) Mitchell 1934: 302, 308. Type species: Megachile parallela Smith 1853. Original designation. Megachile (Argyropile) Mitchell 1937b: 46-47. Megachiloides (Argyropile) Mitchell 1980: 40.

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 18 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

The subgenus comprises eight north American species, two of which reach the neotropics in Mexico. Mitchell (1943a: 16) provided a key to the identification of the females of seven species.

1. Megachile (Argyropile ) flavihirsuta Mitchell Megachile flavihirsuta Mitchell 1930: 225-226. Male. Type locality: Guadalajara, Mexico, 14 Sept (McClendon). Type repository: ANSP 4126. Megachile (Argyropile) flavihirsuta : Mitchell 1937b: 46. DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: GU; HI; JA; MI; MO; NA; PU; SI; VC; ZA.

2. Megachile (Argyropile ) parallela Mitchell Megachile parallela Smith 1853: 191. Male. Type locality: Georgia [U.S.A.]. Type repository: NHML 17a2413. Megachile (Argyropile) parallela : Mitchell 1934: 302. Megachile facunda Cresson 1872: 266. Male. Type locality: Texas (Belfrage). Type repository: ANSP 2426. Synonymy of Cockerell 1913: 536. Megachile 6-dentata Robertson 1895: 125. Male. Type locality: Illinois. Synonymy of Cockerell 1913: 536. Megachile verbesinae Cockerell 1908b: 264-265. Female. Type locality: Rinconada, Upper Rio Grande, New Mexico, 26 September at Verbesina exauriculata (Cockerell). Synonymy of Mitchell 1944: 132. Megachile (Argyropile) parallela var. rita : Mitchell 1937b: 53. Female. Type locality: Mt. Santiago, California, 19 Sept 1926 on Ericameria parishii (P. H. Timberlake). Type repository: USNM 44251. Synonymy of Hurd 1979: 2066. Megachile (Argyropile) parallela var. reta : Mitchell 1943a: 16 (misspelling). Megachile (Argyropile) parallela parallela : Mitchell 1962: 159- 161 (D, F, L, R-FM). ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1905: 337 (R-M); 1915: 268 (D, F); W.P. Cockerell 1917: 191 (D); Robertson 1926: 378; 1929 (F as M. sexdentata); Mitchell 1928: 333 (M); 1937b: 48-53 (D, F, R-FM); 1941: 167 (D, F, M); 1943a: 12 (D); Graenicher 1930: 162 (D, F); Fischer 1951: 49-50 (N); Hurd 1979: 2066 (D, F, N); Parker 1981: 62, 65 (F). DISTRIBUTION. CANADA: BC. MEXICO: CH, CO; DU; HI; JA; MO; NA; OA; PU; SO; VC; ZA. U.S.A.: ND; IN; TX; AR;CA (to 4,000 ft); GA; IO; KA; MO; NC; OK. FLOWERS. Polylectic; visits 48 genera, including many Compositae. Agoseris, Asclepias, Aster, Baccharis, Boltonia, Brassica geniculata, Calycadenia multiglandulosa, Ceanothus, Centaurea melitensis, C. solstitialis, Cephalanthus, Chrysanthemum, Chrysothamnus, Cirsium, Clarkia williamsonii, Coreopsis grandiflora, C. lanceolata, C. tinctoria, Corethrogyne, Encelia farinosa, Ericameria parishii, Erigeron pygmaeus, Eriophyllum confertiflorum, Gaillardia pulchella, Gilia, Gossypium, Grindelia camporum, Gutierrezia californica, G. sarothrae, Haplopappus squarrosus, H. vernonioides, Helenium bigelovii, Helianthus annuus, H. atrorubens, H. gracilentus, H. nuttallii, H. petiolaris, Heliopsis, Hemizonia lobbii, H. wrightii, Heterotheca grandiflora, H. subaxillaris, Hypericum, Lepachys, Lotus scoparius, Malacothrix tenuifolia, Medicago, Melanthera parvifolia, Melilotus alba, Monarda punctata, Palafoxia linearis, Petalostemon, Phaseolus, Ratibida columnaris, Rudbeckia, Senecio douglasii, Silphium, Stephanomeria exigua, Verbena, Verbesina encelioides, Viquiera, Xanthocephalum, Zexmenia. Also reported as oligolectic on Asterae and Heliantheae. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly from June to September. NESTING. Excavates nest 5 cm deep in ground, but also accepts trapnests. Uses leaf-cuttings and entire leaves and leaflets of Spiraea vanhoutteii and Trifolium repens. MORPHOLOGY. Intersex.

Subgenus Austromegachile Mitchell Megachile (Austromegachile) Mitchell 1943b: 666. Type species: Megachile montezuma Cresson 1878. Original designation. Michener et al 1994: 149, Michener 2000: 550. Cressoniella (Austromegachile) Mitchell 1980: 63. Holcomegachile Moure 1953: 119. Type species: Megachile giraffa Schrottky 1913a. Original designation. Monotypic. Megachile (Holcomegachile) Michener et al 1994: 149. Synonymy of Michener 2000: 550. The 37 species in the subgenus range from Mexico to Argentina. A total of 21 are known from Brazil. One species occurs on St. Vincent (West Indies). Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 19 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

1. Megachile (Austromegachile) abnormis Mitchell Megachile abnormis Mitchell 1930: 271. Male. Type locality: Tapyta, Paraguay, November 1928. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Austromegachile) abnormis : Mitchell 1943b: 667. DISTRIBUTION. PARAGUAY.

2. Megachile (Austromegachile) anomala Schrottky Megachile anomala Schrottky 1902: 437. Female. Type locality: Jundiahy, S. Paulo [state], 2 February 1900 (M. Beron). Type repository: MZSP. Megachile campinensis Schrottky 1908: 236. Female. Type locality: Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. Type repository: MZSP. Synonymy of Schrottky 1913a: 164. Megachile minuscula Schrottky 1913a: 219. Male. Type locality: Marumbí (São Paulo ?), Brazil. Type repository: MZSP ? Synonymy of Moure 1941: 91. Megachile (Austromegachile) anomala anomala : Moure 1953: 114-115. Megachile (Austromegachile) anomala var. oligosticta Moure 1953: 113-114. Female. Type locality: Colopampa (1500 m) or Chulumani (1800 m), Yungas de La Paz, Bolivia. Type repository: Instituto Miguel Lillo, Tucuman, Argentina ? Megachile (Austromegachile) anomala var. weyrauchi Moure 1953: 114-115. Type locality: Huacapistana (1800 m), Valle del Chanchamayo (800 m) or Oreja-de-Capelo (1600 m), Peru (Dr. W.K. Weyrauch). Type repository: UFPR ? Moure (1953: 114) suggested this is a synonym of M. susurrans Haliday. Megachile (Austromegachile) oligostticta : Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 11 (D). Misspelling. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Schrottky 1913a: 139 (K); 1920: 32 (D); Michener 1954: 102 (D, L as M. (Austromegachile) recta). MZSP. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA. BOLIVIA: Colopampa (1500 m) and Chulumani (1800 m), Yungas de La Paz. BRAZIL: MG; PR; RJ- Itatiaia; SP- Ipiranga, Juquiá (MZSP). PANAMA: Chiriquí, El Volcan. PARAGUAY. PERU: Junin- Huacapistana (1800 m); Oreja-de- Capelo (1600 m); Valle del Chanchamayo (800 m). Schrottky's record (1920: 32) from Manaus should be confirmed. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly February to April.

3. Megachile (Austromegachile) antiqua Mitchell Megachile antiqua Mitchell 1930: 270. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães, MT], Brazil, January (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4121. Examined. Megachile (Austromegachile) antiqua : Mitchell 1943b: 667. Megachile (Austromegachile) antigua : Michener 1954: 102 (D, F, L). [Misspelling.] ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cure et al 1992: 231 (D); Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D); Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MG- Viçosa; MT; RS; SP. MEXICO: CP; JA; MO; NA. PANAMA: Barro Colorado. FLOWERS. Cornuta grandiflora. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in February & March.

4. Megachile (Austromegachile) constructrix Smith Megachile constructrix Smith 1879: 77-78. Female. Type locality: Villa Nova [Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2447. Examined. Megachile (Austromegachile) constructrix : Raw 2002 # 7: 4. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1905: 341 (D, K); Alfken 1930: 11 (D); Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Beni. BRAZIL: AM- Taracuá; PA.

5. Megachile (Austromegachile) corona Mitchell Megachile corona Mitchell 1930: 274-275. Female. Type locality: Buenavista, Bolivia. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Austromegachile) corona Mitchell 1943b: 667. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D); Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 11 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA. BRAZIL: MG, PR; SP.

6. Megachile (Austromegachile) donata Mitchell Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 20 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Megachile donata Mitchell 1930: 269. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães, MT], Brazil, January (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4129. Examined. Megachile (Austromegachile) donata : Mitchell 1943b: 667. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT.

7. Megachile (Austromegachile) exaltata Smith Megachile exaltata Smith 1853: 185-186. Male. Type locality: Rio Tapajoz, Brazil (H. W. Bates). Type repository: NHML 17a2458. Examined. Megachile (Holcomegachile) exaltata : Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). Megachile (Austromegachile) exaltata : Raw 2002 # 7: 4. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PA. MEXICO: JA.

8. Megachile (Austromegachile) facialis Vachal Megachile facialis Vachal 1908: 239-240. Female. Type locality: R. Mixiollo (1200 m), Huallaga, Peru. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Megachile (Austromegachile) facialis : Raw 2002 # 7: 4. DISTRIBUTION. PERU: Huanuco- Huallaga.

9. Megachile (Austromegachile) fiebrigi Schrottky Megachile fiebrigi Schrottky 1908: 234. Female. Type locality: São Paulo, Brazil. Type repository: MZSP. Megachile planiceps Friese 1909a: 237. Female. Type locality: S. Bernadino, Paraguay, 7 April (Fiebrig). Type repository: MNHU. Synonymy of Schrottky 1913a: 154. Megachile (Austromegachile) fiebrigi : Mitchell 1943b: 667. Megachile tergina Vachal 1908: 223 (December). Female. Type locality: Huallaga, Peru. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Synonymy of Raw 2002 # 7: 4. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Schrottky 1913a: 137 (K), 154-155 (D); Mitchell 1930: 273 (D); Moure 1942: 311 (D); Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA (northern parts). BRAZIL: AM; DF- Planaltina (Raw); MG; MS; MT- Chapada dos Guimarães, Salobra; RS; SP. PARAGUAY: Asunción; San Bernardino. PERU: HUANUCO [Ras]. Schrottky's record (1920: 32) from Manaus should be confirmed.

10. Megachile (Austromegachile) futilis Mitchell Megachile futilis Mitchell 1930: 254-255. Male. Type locality: Tapyta, Bolivia. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Austromegachile) futilis : Raw 2002 # 7: 5. DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Tapyta.

11. Megachile (Austromegachile) giraffa Schrottky Megachile giraffa Schrottky 1913a: 218. Male. Type locality: Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP ? Megachile anodonta Cockerell 1927a: 18. Male. Type locality: Reyes, Bolivia, October (W. M. Mann). Type repository: USNM 29084. Synonymy of Moure 1953: 120. Megachile (Holcomegachile) giraffa : Moure 1953: 120 (D). ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1927a: 13 (K as M. anodonta); Mitchell 1930: 263 (D as M. anodonta); Moure 1942: 312 (D); 1953: 120 (D); Posey 1983: 156 (D); Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BELIZE: Benque Viejo. BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz de la Sierra. BRAZIL: AC- Iquirí; MG; MS; MT- Bodoquena, Salobra; PA- Gorotire. HONDURAS. PARAGUAY.

12. Megachile (Austromegachile) habilis Mitchell Megachile habilis Mitchell 1930: 278-279. Female. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães, MT], Brazil, January (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4122. Examined. Megachile (Austromegachile) habilis : Mitchell 1943b: 667. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Moure 1942: 311 (D); 1953: 117 (D); Michener 1954: 102 (D, L); Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D); Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Buena Vista. BRAZIL: MG; MS; MT- Chapada dos Guimarães. COLOMBIA: Santa Marta; Mount San Lorenzo (2500 ft). MEXICO. PANAMA: Chorrera. PERU: Junin- Valle Chanchamayo (800 m). LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in May.

13. Megachile (Austromegachile) ignava Mitchell Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 21 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Megachile ignava Mitchell 1930: 279-280. Female. Type locality: Buenavista, Bolivia. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Austromegachile) ignava : Moure 1953: 117 (D, R-FM). ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. MZSP. DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Buenavista. BRAZIL: AM- Içana, São Gabriel; RO- Vila Rondônia (MZSP). LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly January and February.

14. Megachile (Austromegachile) incongrua Smith Megachile incongrua Smith 1879: 78. Female. Type locality: Tunantins [Amazonas, Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2501. Examined. Megachile (Austromegachile) incongrua : Raw 2002 # 7: 5. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM; PA.

15. Megachile (Austromegachile) insolens Mitchell Megachile insolens Mitchell 1930: 275-276. Female. Type locality: British Guiana, 28 April 1901 (Crew). Type repository: USNM 43094. Examined. Megachile (Austromegachile) insolens : Raw 2002 # 7: 5. DISTRIBUTION. GUYANA.

16. Megachile (Austromegachile) laevinasis Vachal Megachile laevinasis Vachal 1904: 13. Female. Type locality: Tucuman [Argentina]. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Megachile (Austromegachile) laevinasis : Raw 2002 # 7: 5. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: TU.

17. Megachile (Austromegachile) lamnula Vachal Megachile lamnula Vachal 1908: 227. Male. Type locality: Brésil (probablement provenant de Goyaz). Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN. Megachile (Austromegachile) lamnula : Mitchell 1943b: 667. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Schrottky 1913a: 218 (D); 1920: 29 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: GO; SP- Alto da Serra. PARAGUAY.

18. Megachile (Austromegachile) lenticula Vachal Megachile lenticula Vachal 1908: 244. Male. Type locality: Mapirí, Bolivia. Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN. Megachile (Austromegachile) lenticula : Mitchell 1943b: 667. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1912d: 54 (R-F, K); 1919: 218 (D); 1927a: 17 (D, K, R- M); Michener 1954: 102 (D, L); Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Beni; Mapirí; Riberalta, Cavinas. BRAZIL: RO- Porto Velho; RS. PANAMA: Barro Colorado. PERU: Pasco- Palacazu. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in March.

19. Megachile (Austromegachile) limata Vachal Megachile limata Vachal 1908: 226. Female. Type locality: Cayenne [Guyane Française]. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Megachile (Austromegachile) limata : Raw 2002 # 7: 5. DISTRIBUTION. GUYANE FRANÇAISE: Cayenne.

20. Megachile (Austromegachile) melanopoda Cockerell Megachile melanopoda Cockerell 1923a: 456-457. Male. Type locality: Issororo, N.W.D. British Guiana, 15 June 1915 (Bodkin). Type repository: Unknown. Megachile (Austromegachile) melanopoda : Raw 2002 # 7: 5. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Mitchell 1930: 263 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT- Chapada dos Guimarães. GUYANA.

21. Megachile (Austromegachile) minima Ashmead Megachile minima Ashmead 1900: 214. Male. Type locality: St. Vincent [West Indies]. Type repository: NHML 17a2494. Examined. Megachile (Austromegachile) minima : Raw 2002 # 7: 5. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Friese 1908b: 38 [female and male]. Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 22 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

DISTRIBUTION. ST. VINCENT.

22. Megachile (Austromegachile) montezuma Cresson Megachile montezuma Cresson 1878: 129. Male. Type locality: Mexico (Sumichrast). Type repository: ANSP 2431. Examined. Megachile (Austromegachile) montezuma Mitchell 1943b: 667. Moure 1953: 114 suggested this species may be a synonym of Megachile (Austromegachile) susurrans Haliday. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1912b: 26 (D, F); 1932: 14 (K); Cresson 1916: 124 (T); Mitchell 1930: 280 (D) (Misdetermination ?); Ayala et al 1997455 (D); Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA. BRAZIL: MT; SP. GUATEMALA: Quirigua. MEXICO: CP; JA; NA; SI. PARAGUAY.

23. Megachile (Austromegachile) orbiculata Mitchell Megachile orbiculata Mitchell 1930: 273-274. Female. Type locality: Buenavista, Bolivia. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Austromegachile) orbiculata : Mitchell 1943b: 667. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Moure 1953: 117 (D); Michener 1954: 102 (D, F, L); Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Buenavista; Chaparé. BRAZIL: AC; BA; MT- Chapada dos Guimarães; PA- Obidos; RO- Vila Rondônia (MZSP). PANAMA: Old Panamá. FLOWERS. Hibiscus tiliaceus. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in April.

24. Megachile (Austromegachile) paraensis Mocsary Megachile paraensis Mocsary 1887: 19. New name. Megachile vigilans Smith 1879: 77. Female. Type locality: Pará [Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2428. Examined. (Not M. vigilans Smith 1878: 5. Female. Type locality: As. Turcestania.) Megachile (Austromegachile) paraensis : Raw 2002 # 7: 5. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Schrottky 1913a: 218 (D, R-F). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PA.

25. Megachile (Austromegachile) philinca Cockerell Megachile philinca Cockerell 1912a: 176. Female. Type locality: Piura, Peru, February 1911 from nest (C. H. T. Townsend). Type repository: AMNH. Examined. Megachile (Austromegachile) philinca : Raw 2002 # 7: 5. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Mitchell 1930: 263 (D). DISTRIBUTION. ECUADOR: Guayaquil. PERU: Piura. NESTING. Lines cells with cut leaves.

26. Megachile (Austromegachile) recta Mitchell Megachile recta Mitchell 1930: 277-278. Female. Type locality: Buenavista, Bolivia. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Austromegachile) recta Mitchell 1943b: 667. Moure 1953: 113 placed Megachile recta in synonymy, considering it a dark form of M. anomala. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Buenavista.

27. Megachile (Austromegachile) rubicunda Smith Megachile rubicunda Smith 1879: 73-74. Male. Type locality: St. Paulo [de Olivença], on the Amazons [Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2450. Examined. Megachile (Austromegachile) rubicunda : Raw 2002 # 7: 5. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM.

28. Megachile (Austromegachile) sejuncta Cockerell Megachile sejuncta Cockerell 1927a: 20-21. Male. Type locality: Cavinas, Beni, Bolivia, January (W.M. Mann). Type repository: USNM 29091. Examined. Megachile (Austromegachile) sejuncta : Raw 2002 # 7: 5. Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 23 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1927a: 13 (K). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Beni.

29. Megachile (Austromegachile) semota Cockerell Megachile semota Cockerell 1927a: 22. Male. Type locality: Huachi, Beni, Bolivia, September (W. M. Mann). Type repository: MCZ 25439. Examined. Megachile (Austromegachile) semota : Mitchell 1943b: 667. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1927a: 13 (K); Mitchell 1930: 263 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Beni; Mapirí. BRAZIL: MS- Pedra Branca; MT- Chapada dos Guimarães; PA- Santarém.

30. Megachile (Austromegachile) subpallens Vachal Megachile subpallens Vachal 1908: 230-231. Female. Type locality: Pachitea, Peru. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Megachile (Austromegachile) subpallens : Raw 2002 # 7: 6. DISTRIBUTION. PERU: Pachitea; HUANUCO [Ras].

31. Megachile (Austromegachile) susurrans Haliday Megachile susurrans Haliday 1836: 320. Female. Type locality: São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Type repository: NHML 17a2476. Examined. Megachile (Austromegachile) susurrans : Moure 1953: 114. (Synonymies with M. montezuma Cresson and M. anomala Schrottky are suggested.) ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cruz Landim 1967: 204 (M); Cure et al 1992: 231 (D); Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D); Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 11 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: BA- Serra Bonita (800 m) (Raw), Una (Raw); MG- Viçosa; RS; SP. MORPHOLOGY. Thoracic salivary glands are described.

32. Megachile (Austromegachile) tepaneca Cresson Megachile tepaneca Cresson 1878: 128-129. Female. Type locality: Mexico (Sumichrast). Type repository: ANSP 2430. Examined. Megachile (Austromegachile) tepaneca : Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cresson 1916: 131 (T). DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: JA; NA.

33. Megachile (Austromegachile) trichrootricha Moure Megachile (Austromegachile) trichrootricha Moure 1953: 115-116. Female and male described. Type locality: Lima, Peru, January 1949 (P. Aguilar). Type repository: UFPR. (Some specimens from the type series are stored at the Entomological Museum of the Universidad Nacional Agraria de La Molina. C. Rasmussen pers. comm.) DISTRIBUTION. PERU: Lima.

34. Megachile (Austromegachile) tricosa Cockerell Megachile tricosa Cockerell 1927a: 21. Male. Type locality: Tumupasa, Bolivia, December (W.M. Mann). Type repository: USNM 29092. Examined. Megachile (Austromegachile) tricosa : Raw 2002 # 7: 6. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1927a: 13 (K). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Tumapusa.

35. Megachile (Austromegachile) trigonaspis Schrottky Megachile trigonaspis Schrottky 1913a: 191-192. Female. Type locality: Rincão, SP, Brazil. Type repository: MZSP. Examined. Megachile certa Mitchell 1930: 272. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães, MS], Brazil, January (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4120. Synonymy of Moure 1953: 116- 117 (D). Megachile egressa Mitchell 1930: 276-277. Female. Type locality: Tapyta, Paraguay. Type repository: Meyer. Synonymy of Moure 1942: 311. Megachile (Austromegachile) trigonaspis : Mitchell 1943b: 667. Megachile (Austromegachile) certa : Mitchell 1943b: 667. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Moure 1941: 96-98 (D, R- F); 1942: 311 (D); Michener 1954: 104 (D, L as M. certa); Graf 1967b: 131-133 (M); Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D). MZSP. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA. BOLIVIA: Buenavista. BRAZIL: GO- Jataí (MZSP); MG- Camisão; MS; MT- Chapada dos Guimarães, Salobra (MZSP); PR- Curitiba; SC- Nova Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 24 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Teutonia; SP- Rincão, Rio Claro. PANAMA: Valle de Anton. PARAGUAY: Abai, Tapyta. PERU: Valle Chanchamayo (800 m); JUNIN (Ras]. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly January to April. NESTING. Cells lined with leaf pieces. MORPHOLOGY. Anatomy of head glands.

36. Megachile (Austromegachile) turbulenta Mitchell Megachile turbulenta Mitchell 1930: 255-256. Male. Type locality: Buenavista, Bolivia. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Austromegachile) turbulenta Mitchell 1943b: 667. DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA.

37. Megachile (Austromegachile) xantholeuca Cockerell Megachile xantholeuca Cockerell 1927a: 14. Intersex [not female]. Type locality: Cavinas, Rio Beni, Bolivia, January (W. M. Mann). Type repository: USNM 29054. Examined. Megachile (Austromegachile) xantholeuca : Raw 2002 # 7: 6. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1927a: 12 (K). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Beni.

Subgenus Callomegachile Michener Chalicodoma (Callomegachile) Michener 1962: 21-22. Type species: Chalicodoma mystaceana Michener 1962: 22-24. Original designation. Michener 1965: 188-190. Mitchell 1980: 30. Chalicodoma (Carinella) Pasteels 1965: 447-449. Type species: Megachile torrida Smith 1853: 156. Original designation. Synonymy of Michener 2000: 550. Megachile (Callomegachile) Michener et al 1994: 149, Michener 2000: 550. Megachile (Carinula) (new name and new combination) Michener et al 1994: 149. Synonymy of Michener 2000: 550. Callomegachile at present comprises >70 species. Half occur in the East Indies, 24 are in Africa and there is one each in Australia and southern Europe. Four species have been introduced into the New World.

1. Megachile (Callomegachile) disjuncta (Fabricius) Apis disjuncta Fabricius 1781: 481. Type locality: Am. Mer. Ins. [West Indies]. Type repository: Unknown. Anthophora disjuncta Fabricius : 1804: 374. Trachusa disjuncta : Jurine 1807: 251. Megachile disjuncta : Lepeletier 1841: 331. Megachile (Pseudomegachile) disjuncta : Friese 1911: 207. Chalicodoma (Callomegachile) disjuncta : Pasteels 1965: 467-468 (D, R-FM). Michener 1965: 191. Megachile (Pseudomegachile) disjuncta : Raw 2002 # 7: 6. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Pagden 1934: 488-489 (D, N, P); Cockerell 1937b: 164 (D). DISTRIBUTION. Old World: INDIA. JAPAN. MADAGASCAR. MALAYSIA. REUNION. SEYCHELLES. New W orld: WEST INDIES. It is an Asian species, introduced to African and West Indian islands. FLOWERS. In Asia:- Crotalaria, Tephrosia. NESTING. Nests in existing cavities around buildings. Cells constructed of leaf pieces including Cassia alata, Crotalaria saltiana. PREDATORS. Melittobia hawaiiensis.

2. Megachile (Callomegachile) rufipennis (Fabricius) Apis rufipennis Fabricius 1793: 335. Female. Type locality: [St. Croix, West Indies]. Type repository: Kiel. Anthophora rufipennis : Fabricius 1804: 373. Trachusa rufipennis : Jurine 1807: 251. Megachile rufipennis : Latreille 1809: 166. Megachile atriceps Cresson 1865: 176. Female. Type locality: Cuba. Type repository: ANSP 2455. Synonymy of Moure 1960: 109 (D).

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 25 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Megachile nigriceps Friese 1903: 277. Type locality: Unknown. Type repository: MNHN. Synonymy of Pasteels 1965: 476. Megachile atriceps rukuruensis : Cockerell 1937b: 146. Male. Type locality: Valley of N. Rukuru, Karonga District, Nyasaland, 2000-4000 ft, 15-18 July 1910 (S. A. Neave). Synonymy of Pasteels 1965: 476. Megachile (Archimegachile) atriceps : Mitchell 1943b: 671. Chalicodoma (Callomegachile) rufipennis : Pasteels 1965: 476-478. Megachile (Callomegachile) rufipennis : Raw 2002 # 7: 6. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1905: 339 & 341 (K); 1935: 2 (D); Cresson 1916: 131 (T as M. atriceps); Alayo 1976: 23 (D); Jayasingh & Freeman 1980: 215-216 (N, P); Smith 1853: 188 (T). DISTRIBUTION. Old World: EAST AFRICA. ZAIRE: Katanga; Kivu; Kisangani. New W orld: CUBA: (rare) Habana, Pinar del Rio. GUADELOUPE. HAITI: Port-au-Prince. JAMAICA: AN; CA (locally common (Raw). MONTSERRAT. U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS: St. Croix. NESTING. Nests in beetle burrows in wood and trapnests of bored wood. Said to excavate own nest in rotten wood. PREDATORS. Suidasia and moulds. Mortality during the young stages in trapnests in Jamaica was 58%.

3. Megachile (Callomegachile) solitaria Smith Megachile solitaria Smith 1879: 80. Female. Type locality: St. Domingo [West Indies]. Type repository: NHML 17a2425. Megachile (Archimegachile) solitaria : Mitchell 1943b: 671. Pasteels 1965: 454-455 suggests this is synonym of M. (Carinella) torrida Smith, but (D.B. Baker pers. comm.) considers it to be a good species. Megachile (Callomegachile) solitaria : Raw 2002 # 7: 6. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1905: 338 (R-F), 341 (K); 1935: 14 (D). DISTRIBUTION. Old World: GHANA. LIBERIA. UGANDA. ZAIRE. New World: SANTO DOMINGO.

4. Megachile (Callomegachile) torrida Smith Megachile torridus Smith 1853: 156. Type locality: The Gambia (Rendall). Megachile (Megachile) torrida : Friese 1909b: 355 (D). Megachile torrida : Cockerell 1937b: 243 (D). Chalicodoma (Carinella) torrida : Pasteels 1965: 454-455. Megachile (Callomegachile) torrida : Raw 2002 # 7: 7. DISTRIBUTION. Old World: GAMBIA. GHANA. KENYA. LIBERIA. MALAWI. MOZAMBIQUE. NIGERIA. TOGO. UGANDA. SENEGAL. ZAIRE. ZAMBIA. ZIMBABWE. New World: SANTO DOMINGO.

Subgenus Chelostomoides Robertson Chelostomoides Robertson 1901: 231. Type species: Megachile rugifrons Smith 1854: 220 [= Megachile rufimanus Robertson 1891]. Subsequent designation (Mitchell 1938: 412). Oligotropus Robertson 1903: 168. Type species: Megachile campanulae Robertson 1903. Synonymy of Mitchell 1937a: 381. Gnathodon Robertson 1903: 168. Type species: Megachile georgicus Cresson 1878. Pre- occupied. Sarogaster Robertson 1918: 92. Proposed to replace Gnathodon Robertson. Synonymy of Mitchell 1937a: 381. Megachile (Chelostomoides) Mitchell 1934: 298, 306, 937d: 382-383 [redescriptions of female and male], 1943b: 664, 1956: 129-131, 1973: 6. Michener 1953: 1059, 2000: 553. Michener et al 1994: 149. Chalicodoma (Chelostomoides) Michener 1962: 20. Mitchell 1980: 35-39 [redescriptions of female and male]. Chelostomoidella Snelling 1990: 36-37. Type species: Megachile (Chelostomoides) spinotulata Mitchell 1934. Original designation. Synonymy of Michener The subgenus is most abundant in southwestern U.S.A., through Mexico and Central America. Seventeen species are neotropical, one of which also occurs in U.S.A. Three are West Indian, three have been collected in Colombia and one in Peru. R. R. Snelling (1990) redescribed the Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 26 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

subgenus and twenty species and also described five new species. Both he (1990: 5-8) and Mitchell (1956: 134-138) provided keys to the identification of members of the subgenus.

1. Megachile (Chelostomoides) abacula Cresson Megachile abacula Cresson 1878: 130-131. Female. Type locality: Mexico (Sumichrast). Type repository: ANSP 2437. Examined. Megachile (Oligotropus) gualanensis Cockerell 1912b: 27-28. Female. Type locality: Gualan, Guatemala (W.P. Cockerell). Type repository: USNM 54861. Examined. Synonymy of Snelling 1990: 25-26. Megachile (Chelostomoides) gualanensis : Mitchell 1934: 301. Megachile (Chelostomoides) abacula : Mitchell 1943b: 664. Chalicodoma (Chelostomoides) abacula : Snelling 1990: 25-26 (D, F, L, R-FM). ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. W. P. Cockerell 1912: 279 (D, N, P); Cresson 1916: 110 (T as M. gualanensis); Mitchell 1930: 177 (D); 1956: 135-136 (K); Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA: Guanacaste. HONDURAS. MEXICO: CP; AO; YU. GUATEMALA. NICARAGUA. FLOWERS. Andira inermis, Cordia collococca, Lonchocarpus costaricensis, Melanthera nivea, Phyllocarpus, Salvia. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly from September to April. NESTING. In mud walls. PREDATOR. Coelioxys sanguinosus.

2. Megachile (Chelostomoides) alucaba Snelling Chalicodoma (Chelostomoides) alucaba Snelling 1990: 26-27. Female. Type locality: 9.2 km W Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Type repository: LACM. Megachile (Chelostomoides) alucaba : Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: JA; MO; PU; SI; ZA. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in September and October.

3. Megachile (Chelostomoides) armaticeps Cresson Megachile armaticeps Cresson 1869: 296-297. Female. Type locality: Cuba. Type repository: GCH (no.527). Megachile (Sayapis) armaticeps : Krombein 1953b: 22, : Raw 2002 # 7: 7. Chalicodoma (Chelostomoides) armaticeps : Snelling 1990: 28. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Gundlach 1886: 164-165 (D, R-F); Cresson 1916: 12 (T); Alayo 1976: 23 (D). DISTRIBUTION. CUBA: Matanza, Oriente (a rare coastal species).

4. Megachile (Chelostomoides) asymmetrica (Snelling) Chalicodoma (Chelostomoides) asymmetrica Snelling 1990: 9-13. Male. Type locality: Oaxaca, Mexico, 8 Sept 1965 on Caesalpinia sclerocarpa (D. H. Janzen). Type repository: KANS. Megachile (Chelostomoides) asymmetrica : Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: JA, OA, QR; SL; YU. LIFE HISTORY. Adults collected in February, April and September.

5. Megachile (Chelostomoides) axyx (Snelling) Chalicodoma (Chelostomoides) axyx Snelling 1990: 32-33. Female. Type locality: Hacienda Comelco, 24 km NW Cañas, Costa Rica, 16 Feb 1972 on Andira inermis (E. R. Heithaus). Type repository: LACM. Megachile (Chelostomoides) axyx : Raw 2002 # 7: 7. DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA: Guanacaste. FLOWERS. Andira inermis, Byrsonima, Caesalpinia eriostachys, Dalbergia retusa, Gliricidia sepium, Lonchocarpus costaricensis, Myrospermum frutescens, Pterocarpus rohrii, Securidaca sylvestris, Simaruba glauca, Tabebuia rosea. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly from November to April.

6. Megachile (Chelostomoides) bipartita Smith Megachile bipartita Smith 1879: 83. Female. Type locality: Oaxaca, Mexico. Type repository: NHML 17a2471. Examined. Megachile (Chelostomoides) bipartita : Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1905: 340 (K). Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 27 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: OA.

7. Megachile (Chelostomoides) cartagenensis Mitchell Megachile cartagenensis Mitchell 1930: 176-177. Male. Type locality: Cartagena, Colombia, 30 October 1926 (George Salt). Type repository: NHML 17a2408. Examined. Megachile (Chelostomoides) cartagenensis : Mitchell 1934: 301. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Mitchell 1956: 137 (K). DISTRIBUTION. COLOMBIA.

8. Megachile (Chelostomoides) ecplectica (Snelling) Chalicodoma (Chelostomoides) ecplectica Snelling 1990: 35-36. Female. Type locality: 11.4 mi W Chilpancingo, 7700 ft elev., Guerrero, Mexico, 31 July 1969 (University of Kansas Mexican Expedition). Type repository: KANS. Megachile (Chelostomoides) ecplectica : Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: GU.

9. Megachile (Chelostomoides) haemotoxylonae Mitchell Megachile haemotoxylonae Mitchell 1930: 178-179. Female. Type locality: Mamatoco, Santa Marta, Colombia, 18 February 1927 (M. A. Carriker). Type repository: NHML 17a2403. Examined. Megachile (Chelostomoides) haemotoxylonae : Mitchell 1934: 301. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Mitchell 1956: 135 (K). DISTRIBUTION. COLOMBIA: Santa Marta. FLOWERS. Haematoxylon.

10. Megachile (Chelostomoides) izucara Cresson Megachile izucara Cresson 1878: 131. Male. Type locality: Mexico (Sumichrast). Type repository: ANSP 2438. Megachile (Chelostomoides) izucara : Mitchell 1934: 301. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cresson 1916: 121 (T); Ayala et al 1997: 455. DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO.

11. Megachile (Chelostomoides) jamaicae (Raw) Chelostomoides jamaicae Raw 1984a: 495. Female. Type locality: Port Royal Cemetery, Jamaica, 11 April 1974 (A. Raw). Type repository: OUM. Examined. Megachile (Chelostomoides) jamaicae : Raw 2002 # 7: 8. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Raw 1985: 2-13 (D, F, M). This rare species is similar to Megachile (Chelostomoides) abacula in general form and colour and in the shape of the clypeus. DISTRIBUTION. JAMAICA: AW. FLOWERS. Capparis ferruginea L.

12. Megachile (Chelostomoides) otomita Cresson Megachile otomita Cresson 1878: 123. Male. Type locality: Mexico (Sumichrast). Type repository: ANSP 2417. Examined. Megachile squamosa Friese 1916: 340. Male & Female. Type locality: San José, Costa Rica [females]/ Popayan, Colombia [male]. Type repository: Unknown. Synonymy of Mitchell 1930: 176 (D). Megachile knabi Cockerell 1919a: 215-216. Male. Type locality: Cordoba, Mexico, 20 Dec 1907 (F. Knab). Type repository: USNM 21685. Examined. Synonymy of Mitchell 1930: 176. Megachile (Chelostomoides) otomita : Mitchell 1934: 301. Chalicodoma (Chelostomoides) otomita : Snelling 1990: 19-20 (D, F, L). ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cresson 1916: 126 (T); Friese 1921: 80 (N, L, P as M. squamosa); Cockerell 1932: 13 (D, K); 1949: 450 (D, L); Mitchell 1956: 135 (K), 138 (K); Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BELIZE: Corozal. COLOMBIA: Antioquia, Valle; Popayan. COSTA RICA: Cartago, Guanacaste, San José; Mount Redonda. GUATEMALA. HONDURAS: Zamorano. MEXICO: CP; JA; MO, AO; QR; SL; TA; VC; YU- Chichenitza. FLOWERS. Acacia tenuiflora, Andira inermis, Aster, Leonurus, Lotus, Salvia, Triplaris americana. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly throughout the year. NESTING. In bamboo stems. Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 28 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

PREDATORS. Possibly Stelis costaricensis.

13. Megachile (Chelostomoides) peruviana Smith Megachile peruviana Smith 1879: 79. Female. Type locality: Peru. Type repository: NHML 17a2500. Examined. Megachile (Chelostomoides) peruviana : Mitchell 1943b: 664. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1949: 450 (D); Mitchell 1956: 135, 136 (K). DISTRIBUTION. PERU. HONDURAS: Zamorano.

14. Megachile (Chelostomoides) quadridentata Mitchell Megachile quadridentata Mitchell 1930: 177-178. Female. Type locality: Guadalajara, Mexico. Type repository: USNM. Chalicodoma (Chelostomoides) quadridentata : Snelling 1990: 20-21. Megachile (Chelostomoides) quadridentata : Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: GE, GU, JA, MO, OA, PU, SI, SL, VC, ZA. FLOWER. Caesalpinia sclerocarpa. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly throughout the year.

15. Megachile (Chelostomoides) rawi Engel Chelostomoides pedalis Raw 1984a: 494-495. Female. Type locality: Maryland, St. Andrew, Jamaica, 30 June 1972 (A. Raw). Type repository: OUM. Examined. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Raw 1985: 2-13 (D, F, M). Megachile (Chelostomoides) rawi : Engel 1999: 2. New name for Chelostomoides pedalis Raw. This rare species is the size, colour and approximate shape of M. (Neomegachile) pedalis Fox. DISTRIBUTION. JAMAICA: AW. FLOWER. Piscidia piscipula.

16. Megachile (Chelostomoides) reflexa (Snelling) Chalicodoma (Chelostomoides) reflexa Snelling 1990: 21-22. Male. Type locality: Estacion Biologia de Chamela, near San Patricio, Jalisco, Mexico, 12 May 1980 (S. H. Bullock). Type repository: LACM. Megachile (Chelostomoides) reflexa : Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: GE, JA, MO, NA, OA, PU, SI, SO. FLOWERS. Antigonum leptopus, Caesalpinia sclerosa, Cercidium, Lonchocarpus, Prosopis. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly throughout the year.

17. Megachile (Chelostomoides) texensis Mitchell Megachile (Chelostomoides) texensis Mitchell 1956: 132-133. Female. Type locality: Southmost, Cameron County, Texas, 13 April 1950 on Parkinsonia (Beamer, Stephen, Michener & Rozens). Type repository: USNM. Examined. Chalicodoma (Chelostomoides) texensis : Hurd 1979: 2076 (N, F, P). Megachile (Chelostomoides) texensis : Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Snelling 1990: 33-35 (D, F, R-FM). DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA: Guanacaste. MEXICO: CH; JÊ; PU; SO; VC; YU. U.S.A.: TX. FLOWERS. Agastache breviflora, Andira inermis, Caesalpinia eriostachys, Dalbergia retusa, Gliricidia sepium, Lonchocarpus costaricensis, Parkinsonia. All are Leguminosae. NESTING. Nest site: old beetle burrows of ramada. LIFE HISTORY. Flight records are from December to August.

Subgenus Chrysosarus Mitchell Megachile (Chrysosarus) Mitchell 1943b: 664. Type species: Megachile guaranitica Schrottky 1908. Original designation. Michener et al 1994: 149, Michener 2000: 553. Chrysosarus (Dactylomegachile) Mitchell 1980: 72. Megachile (Dactylomegachile) Mitchell 1943b: 670. Type species: Megachile parsonsiae Schrottky 1913. Original designation. Chrysosarus (Chrysosarus) Mitchell 1980: 72. Chrysosarus (Dactylomegachile) Mitchell 1980: 72. Synonymy of Michener 2000: 553.

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 29 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

This is primarily a southern subgenuswith only one species reaching Panamá. The 51 species range from Guyana and Peru to southern Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. To date 20 species are known from Argentina and 21 from Brazil. T. B. Mitchell (1943b) selected M. guaranitica as the type species of the subgenus because at that time it was the only species of the group in which the sexes had been associated. I have followed Professor Michener's suggestion that Dactylomegachile be incorporated into Chrysosarus. The separation of the subgenera on colour and size (used by Mitchell 1943 and Silveira et al 2002) do not hold for many of the species.

1. Megachile (Chrysosarus) acris Mitchell Megachile acris Mitchell 1930: 297-298. Female. Type locality: Villarrica, Paraguay. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Chrysosarus) acris : Raw 2002 # 7: 9. DISTRIBUTION. PARAGUAY: Villarrica.

2. Megachile (Chrysosarus) aequalis Mitchell Megachile aequalis Mitchell 1930: 246-247. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães, MT], Brazil, November (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4133. Examined. [Type missing antennae.] Megachile (Chrysosarus) aequalis : Mitchell 1943b: 666. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT.

3. Megachile (Chrysosarus) affabilis Mitchell Megachile affabilis Mitchell 1930: 301-302. Female. Type locality: Villarrica, Paraguay. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Chrysosarus) affabilis : Raw 2002 # 7: 9. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 11 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PR; SP- Santo Amaro. PARAGUAY: Villarrica, Tapyta.

4. Megachile (Chrysosarus) albopunctata Jörgensen Megachile albopunctata Jörgensen 1909: 225. Female. Type locality: Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina, December, Hoffmannseggia falcata. Type repository: Unknown. Megachile (Chrysosarus) albopunctata : Raw 2002 # 7: 9. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Jörgensen 1912a: 127 (F, T), 132 (K); 1912b: 310 (F). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CA- Andalgala, Halfín; ME- Chacras de Coria. FLOWERS. Clematis hilarii, Hoffmannseggia falcata, Larrea tridentata, Senecio pinnatus, Verbesina octantha.

5. Megachile (Chrysosarus) arctos Vachal Megachile arctos Vachal 1904: 11. Female. Type locality: Callanga and Lara, Peru. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Megachile (Chrysosarus) arctos : Raw 2002 # 7: 9. DISTRIBUTION. PERU.

6. Megachile (Chrysosarus) atricoma Vachal Megachile atricoma Vachal 1908: 224. Female. Type locality: Mapirí, Bolivia. Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN. Megachile (Chrysosarus) atricoma : Mitchell 1943b: 666. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1927a: 12-14 (D, K R-F); Mitchell 1930: 257 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Beni, Buenavista, Santa Cruz, Rio Mapirí. GUYANA.

7. Megachile (Chrysosarus) bella Mitchell Megachile bella Mitchell 1930: 249-250. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães, MT], Brazil, May (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4135. Examined. Megachile (Chrysosarus) bella : Mitchell 1943b: 666. Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D). Moure (1942: 310; 1943: 181) considered M. bella to be synonym of M.diversa. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MG; MT- Chapada dos Guimarães.

8. Megachile (Chrysosarus) binota Vachal Megachile binota Vachal 1908: 225. Female. Type locality: Mendoza [Argentina]. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Megachile (Chrysosarus) binota : Raw 2002 # 7: 9. Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 30 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: ME.

9. Megachile (Chrysosarus) botanicarum Cockerell Megachile botanicarum Cockerell 1923a: 453-454. Female. Type locality: Botanic Gardens, [Georgetown] British Guiana, 23 April 1915 (G. E. Bodkin). Type repository: NHML 17a2465. Examined. Megachile (Chrysosarus) botanicarum : Raw 2002 # 7: 9. DISTRIBUTION. GUYANA.

10. Megachile (Chrysosarus) breviata Vachal Megachile breviata Vachal 1908: 227. Female. Type locality: Lara, 4000m, Tucuman [Argentina] (Baer). Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN. Megachile (Chrysosarus) breviata : Raw 2002 # 7: 9. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA. BOLIVIA: Chinoli, La Paz.

11. Megachile (Chrysosarus) bruneriella Cockerell Megachile bruneriella Cockerell 1917b: 239-240. Male. Type locality: Carcaraña, Argentina (L. Bruner). Type repository: USNM 22906. Examined. Megachile (Chrysosarus) bruneriella : Raw 2002 # 7: 9. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CA.

12. Megachile (Chrysosarus) catamarcensis Schrottky Megachile catamarcensis Schrottky 1908: 237. Female. Type locality: Catamarca, Argentina. Type repository: MZSP ? Megachile guaranitica catamarcensis : Schrottky 1909b: 268. Megachile (Chrysosarus) catamarcensis : Moure 1947: 233-234. Megachile gomphrenae Friese 1908a: 63-65 (D, K, R-FM) (not M. (Pseudocentron) gomphrenae Holmberg 1886). Synonymy of Jörgensen 1912b: 310. Jörgensen 1912a: 124-125 considered Megachile collaris Friese to be the male of M. catamarcensis. Schrottky (1913a: 168) and Mitchell (1930: 248) considered M. catamarcensis to be a synonym of M. (Chrysosarus) guaranitica Schrottky. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Jörgensen 1912a: 124-125 (D, L, N, P), 132 & 135 (K); 1912b: 310 (F, L). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CA; ME; ST- Rio Carapari; TU. BRAZIL: SC- Blumenau; SP- Barbacena, Campinas, Jundiaí. Schrottky (1913a: 169) considered M. catamarcensis to be more typical of the Andean foothills. FLOWERS. Acacia furcata, Caesalpinia praecox, Circium lanceolatum, Convolvulus arvensis, Cuscuta racemosa, Cynara cordunculus, Hoffmannseggia, Hyalis argentea, Marrubium vulgare, Prosopis alpataco, P. campestris, P. strombulifera, Psoralea higuerilla, Senecio mendocinus and Sphaeralcea bonariensis. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly mid October to end of March. NESTING. Nests in bamboo canes and abandoned nests of Centris in old walls. The cell is 10mm long and 8mm wide. It is built of mud, lined with leaves and closed with mud. Leaves cut from Delphinium, Gladiolus, Papaver, rose and Malvaceae. PREDATOR. Coelioxys inconspicua.

13. Megachile (Chrysosarus) collaris Friese Megachile gomphrenae var. collaris Friese 1908a: 65. Male. Type locality: Mendoza [Argentina]. Type repository: Unknown. Megachile guaranitica var collaris : Jörgensen 1909: 213. Megachile (Chrysosarus) collaris : Mitchell 1943b: 666. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Jörgensen 1909: 213-214 (D, F, L, N, P). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: ME- Chacras de Coria, Pedregal, Potrerillos. PARAGUAY: Villa Morra. FLOWERS. Acacia furcata, Caesalpinia praecox, Circium lanceolatum, Convolvulus arvensis, Cuscuta racemosa, Hoffmannseggia, Hyalis argentea, Prosopis alpataco, P. campestris, P. strombulifera, Psoralea higuerilla, Senecio mendocinus and Sphaeralcea bonariensis. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly from November to March.

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 31 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

NESTING. Nests in cane thatch of houses and in abandoned cells of Centris in old walls. The cell is 10mm long and 8mm wide. It is built of mud, lined with leaves and closed with mud. Leaves cut from Delphinium, Gladiolus, Papaver, rose and Malvaceae. PREDATOR. Coelioxys inconspicua.

14. Megachile (Chrysosarus) compacta Smith Megachile compacta Smith 1879: 72. Female. Type locality: Santarém [Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2442. Examined. (Not M. compacta Pérez 1895. Type locality: Unknown. ) Megachile (Chrysosarus) compacta : Raw 2002 # 7: 9. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Alfken 1933: 305 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PA -Santarém.

15. Megachile (Chrysosarus) conferta Mitchell Megachile conferta Mitchell 1930: 292-293. Male. Type locality: Puno, Peru. Type repository: MCZ 16207. Examined. Megachile (Chrysosarus) conferta : Raw 2002 # 7: 10. DISTRIBUTION. PERU: PUNO.

16. Megachile (Chrysosarus) congruata Mitchell Megachile congruens Mitchell 1930: 248-249. Male. Type locality: Pedra Branca, Brazil, April (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4150. Examined. Megachile (Chrysosarus) congruata : Mitchell 1943b: 666. New name (Not M. congruens Friese 1903: 284. Ethiopia. [= Chalicodoma (Pseudomegachile) congruens (Pasteels 1965: 394.)] Megachile (Chrysosarus) congruens : Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: Uacarizal, MS- Corumbá, Pedra Branca; MT.

17. Megachile (Chrysosarus) conjugalis Mitchell Megachile conjugalis Mitchell 1930: 258. Female. Type locality: San Alberto, Rio Branco, Amazonas [Brazil]. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Chrysosarus) conjugalis : Raw 2002 # 7: 10. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM.

18. Megachile (Chrysosarus) contempta Mitchell Megachile contemptus Mitchell 1930: 259. Female. Type locality: Buenavista, Bolivia ? Type repository: Meyer. Megachile contempta Moure 1943: 175. (Emendation.) Megachile (Chrysosarus) contemptus : Mitchell 1943b: 666. Megachile (Chrysosarus) contempta : Michener 1954: 102 (D, L). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Buenavista. COLOMBIA: Magdalena- Rio Frio. PANAMA: Barro Colorado; Pueblo Nuevo. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in February & March.

19. Megachile (Chrysosarus) ctenophora Holmberg Megachile ctenophora Holmberg 1886: 144. Male. Type locality: Tandil, Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina. Type repository: Unknown. Megachile (Chrysosarus) ctenophora : Raw 2002 # 7: 10. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1908a: 63 (K), 68 (D, T); Jörgensen 1909: 224 (L, N, P); 1912a:126 (N), 128 (D, F, L, T), 133 & 135 (K); 1912b: 311 (F, L); Schrottky 1913b: 247 (D). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: BA; CA- Andalgala, Belem, Colpes, Joyango; ME; TU. URUGUAY. FLOWERS. Bulnesia retama, Calendula officinalis, Gourliacea decorticans, Hoffmannseggia falcata, Larrea tridentata, Marrubium vulgare, prosopis alba, Senecio pinnatus, Verbesina octantha. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly October to January. NESTING. Nests in galls on Duvana dependens. PREDATORS. Coelioxys inconspicuum, C. laudabilis.

20. Megachile (Chrysosarus) diversa Mitchell Megachile diversa Mitchell 1930: 261-262. Female. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães, MT], Brazil, April (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4127. Examined. Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 32 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Megachile gomphrenae var. rufula Friese 1908a: 64-65. not indicated. Type locality: Blumenau [Brazil]. Type repository: Unknown. Synonymy of Moure 1943: 180-181 (D). Jörgensen (1912a: 124) considered this to be a variety of M. guaranitica Schrottky. Megachile (Chrysosarus) diversa : Mitchell 1943b: 666. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MS; MT- Bodoquena, Chapada dos Guimarães, Salobra; PR- Artaza, Guayra, Porto Majoli; SC- Blumenau; SP- Batatais. PARAGUAY: Puerto Bertoni.

21. Megachile (Chrysosarus) expleta Mitchell Megachile expleta Mitchell 1930: 252-253. Male. Type locality: Tapyta, Paraguay. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Chrysosarus) expleta : Raw 2002 # 7: 10. DISTRIBUTION. PARAGUAY.

22. Megachile (Chrysosarus) fastidiosa Mitchell Megachile fastidiosa Mitchell 1930: 179-180. Female. Type locality: Buenavista, Bolivia. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Chrysosarus) fastidiosa : Raw 2002 # 7: 10. DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA.

23. Megachile (Chrysosarus) guaranitica Schrottky Megachile guaranitica Schrottky 1908: 236-237. Female. Type locality: Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP. Megachile guaranitica uruguayensis Schrottky 1908: 237. Female. Type locality: Uruguay. Type repository: Unknown. Synonymy of Unknown. Megachile gomphrenae var. ferrugineipes : Friese 1908a: 65. Male. Type locality: Jundiahy [Brazil]. Type repository: Unknown. Synonymy of Schrottky 1913a: 168. Megachile marcida Vachal 1908: 229-230. Female. Type locality: Mendoza/ Buenos Aires [Argentina]. (Date 15 November, but locality is not cited on type specimen.) Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Missing apical segment of left hind tarsis. Synonymy of Raw 2002: 10. Megachile guaranitica ferrugineipes : Schrottky 1909b: 268. Megachile (Chrysosarus) guaranitica : Mitchell 1943b: 664. Megachile (Chrysosarus) guaranitica : Raw 2002 # 7: 10. Schrottky (1913a: 168) considered M. (Chrysosarus) catamarcensis Schrottky, M. gomphrenae Friese and M. gomphrenae var. collaris Friese to be synonyms of M. guaranitica. M. guaranitica is a very variable species or species group. Friese (1908a) separated several species and varieties, whereas Schrottky (1913a) synonymized them. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Schrottky 1913a: 140, 142, 146 & 150 (K); 1913b: 247 (D), 251 (P); Moure 1943: 181 (D); Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: MI. BRAZIL: AM- Manaus; MS; PR- Guaira, Majoli; RS. PARAGUAY. URUGUAY. PREDATOR. Coelioxys inconspicua.

24. Megachile (Chrysosarus) impudens Mitchell Megachile impudens Mitchell 1930: 288-289. Female. Type locality: Cordova, Argentina (Davis). Type repository: MCZ 16204. Examined. Megachile (Chrysosarus) impudens : Raw 2002 # 7: 10. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: BA- Sierra de la Ventana; CD.

25. Megachile (Chrysosarus) infima Vachal Megachile infima Vachal 1908: 238-239. Female and male. Type locality: Mendoza [Argentina]. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Megachile (Chrysosarus) infima : Raw 2002 # 7: 10. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: ME.

26. Megachile (Chrysosarus) infinita Mitchell Megachile infinita Mitchell 1930: 204-205. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães, MT], Brazil, October (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4134. Examined. Megachile (Chrysosarus) infinita : Raw 2002 # 7: 10. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT.

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 33 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

27. Megachile (Chrysosarus) ivonensis Cockerell Megachile ivonensis Cockerell 1927a: 15-16. Female. Type locality: Ivon, Beni, Bolivia, February (W. M. Mann). Type repository: USNM 29085. Examined. Megachile (Chrysosarus) ivonensis : Mitchell 1943b: 666. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1927a: 13 (K); Mitchell 1930: 256 (D). MZSP; ROUBIK. DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Beni, Santa Cruz- Buenavista; Cavinas and Blancaflor. BRAZIL: RO, Suruí, Vila Rondônia (MZSP). COLOMBIA. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in January and February.

28. Megachile (Chrysosarus) jenseni Friese Megachile jenseni Friese 1906: 95. Sex not undicated. Type locality: Ch. de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina. Type repository: NMW. Megachile (Dactylomegachile) jenseni : Mitchell 1943b: 671. Hedicke (1933: 43) suggested this species is a synonym of M. (Dactylomegachile) vagata Vachal. Megachile (Chrysosarus) jenseni : Raw 2002 # 7: 11. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1908a: 63-68 (D, K), 65 (F, R-M), 68 (T); 1912: 364 (D); Jensen-Haarup 1908: 105 (D, F); Jörgensen 1909: 214 (D, F, L); 1912a: 127 (F, L), 132-135 (K); 1912b: 310-311 (F, L); Vachal 1909: 12 (K). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: ME- Chacras de Coria, Pedregal; Santa Rosa; NE. FLOWERS. Circium lanceolatum, Clematis hilarii, Cynara cardunculus, Delphinium, Hoffmannseggia falcaria/ falcata, Lycium argentinum, Senecio mendocinus, S. pinnatus, Taraxacum officinale. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly early October to mid June. NESTING. Nests in bamboo canes and abandoned nests of Centris in old walls. The cell is 10mm long and 8mm wide. It is built of mud, lined with leaves and closed with mud. Leaves cut from Delphinium, Gladiolus, Papaver, rose and Malvaceae. PREDATOR. Coelioxys inconspicua.

29. Megachile (Chrysosarus) levilimba Vachal Megachile levilimba Vachal 1908: 241. Female. Type locality: Goyaz, Brazil. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Megachile (Chrysosarus) levilimba : Raw 2002 # 7: 11. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: GO.

30. Megachile (Chrysosarus) lingulata Vachal Megachile lingulata Vachal 1908: 230. Female. Type locality: Mapirí, Bolivia. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Megachile (Chrysosarus) lingulata : Raw 2002 # 7: 11. DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Mapirí.

31. Megachile (Chrysosarus) melanopyga Schrottky Megachile guaranitica forma melanopyga Schrottky 1908: 237. Female. Type locality: Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP ? Synonymy of Schrottky ? (Not M. (Megachile) melanopyga Costa 1863: 45. Central Europe. [= M. hymenaea]. Synonymy of Dalla Torre 1896: 439.) (Not M. melanopyga Cockerell 1909: 304-305 Type locality: Lee County, Texas. (Not cited by Hurd 1979). Megachile (Chrysosarus) melanopyga : Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM; MG; PR.

32. Megachile (Chrysosarus) nigella Vachal Megachile nigella Vachal 1908: 223-224. Female. Type locality: Mendoza [Argentina]. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Megachile (Chrysosarus) nigella : Raw 2002 # 7: 11. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: ME.

33. Megachile (Chrysosarus) opifex Smith Megachile opifex Smith 1879: 71. Female. Type locality: São Paulo [de Olivença], Amazons [Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2446. Examined. Megachile (Chrysosarus) opifex : Raw 2002 # 7: 11. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM. Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 34 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

34. Megachile (Chrysosarus) pamperella Vachal Megachile pamperella Vachal 1908: 239. Female and male. Female designated here as lectotype. Type locality: Valley Parana, Argentina. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Megachile (Chrysosarus) pamperella : Raw 2002 # 7: 11. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA.

35. Megachile (Chrysosarus) parsonsiae Schrottky Megachile parsonsiae Schrottky 1913a: 197. Female not indiacted. Type locality: Argentina, Misiones/ Paraguay, Villa Encarnación ? Type repository: MZSP ? A male of Sayapis at MZSP is labelled —cotipo“ and —Megachile parsonsiae“ in Schrottky‘s hand. Megachile (Dactylomegachile) parsonsiae Mitchell 1943b: 670. Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D). Megachile (Chrysosarus) parsonsiae : Michener 2000: 553. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1908a: 63 (K), 65 (L, R-M); Jörgensen 1909: 214 (D, L, F); 1912a: 128 (D, F, L), 133 & 134 (K as M. simillima Smith mis-determinations). Cockerell 1914b: 428. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CA- Andalgala; ER; ME- Pedregal; MI. BRAZIL: RS; SP. PARAGUAY. FLOWERS. Bidens leucantha, Clematis hilarii, Grindelia pulchella, Hoffmannseggia, Hyalis argentea, Parsonsia mesostemon, Sphaeralcea bonariensis, Xinemedia microptera. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly early October to March.

36. Megachile (Chrysosarus) perspicua Mitchell Megachile perspicua Mitchell 1930: 289-290. Female. Type locality: Cordova, Argentina. Type repository: MCZ 16203. Examined. Megachile (Chrysosarus) perspicua : Raw 2002 # 7: 11. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CD.

37. Megachile (Chrysosarus) pseudanthidioides Moure Megachile pseudanthidioides Moure 1943: 183-186. Female. Type locality: Montenegro, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Type repository: UFPR. Megachile (Chrysosarus) pseudanthidioides : Raw 2002 # 7: 11. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cure et al 1992: 231 (D); Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MG- Viçosa; PR- Curitiba; RS- Montenegro; SP- Batatais (860 m), Jundiaí, Rio Claro.

38. Megachile (Chrysosarus) remigata Vachal Megachile remigata Vachal 1908: 227. Female. Type locality: Urubamba (3000 m), Peru. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Right mandible glued. Right antenna glued to right orbit. Megachile (Chrysosarus) remigata : Raw 2002 # 7: 11. DISTRIBUTION. PERU: Urubamba; CUSCO (Ras).

39. Megachile (Chrysosarus) riojanensis Mitchell Megachile riojanensis Mitchell 1930: 302. Female. Type locality: La Rioja, Argentina. Type repository: MCZ 16208. Examined. Megachile (Chrysosarus) riojanensis : Raw 2002 # 7: 11. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: LR.

40. Megachile (Chrysosarus) rubriventris Smith Megachile rubriventris Smith 1879: 75. Female. Type locality: Santarém [Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2438. Examined. Megachile (Chrysosarus) rubriventris : Raw 2002 # 7: 11. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1905: 340 (K). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PA -Santarém.

41. Megachile (Chrysosarus) ruficornis Smith Megachile ruficornis Smith 1853: 188. Female. Type locality: Brazil. Type repository: NHML 17a2435. Examined. Megachile (Chrysosarus) ruficornis : Raw 2002 # 7: 12. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Alfken 1930: 11 (D) [doubtful identification]. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM- Taracuá. Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 35 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

42. Megachile (Chrysosarus) rufiplantis Vachal Megachile rufiplantis Vachal 1904: 12. Female. Type locality: Lara [Tucuman, Argentina]. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Type worn. Megachile (Chrysosarus) rufiplantis : Raw 2002 # 7: 12. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: TU.

43. Megachile (Chrysosarus) tapytensis Mitchell Megachile tapytensis Mitchell 1928: 335-337. Male. Type locality: Tapyta, Paraguay, 25 November. Type repository: Unknown. Megachile (Chrysosarus) tapytensis : Mitchell 1943b: 666. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Moure 1943: 183 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PR- Paranaí. PARAGUAY: Tapyta, Villarrica. MORPHOLOGY. Intersex.

44. Megachile (Chrysosarus) trochantina Vachal Megachile trochantina Vachal 1909: 14. Male. Type locality: Mendoza [Argentina]. Type repository: Vachal collection, MNHN. Megachile (Chrysosarus) trochantina : Raw 2002 # 7: 12. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Jörgensen 1912a: 132 (D), 135 (K). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: ME.

45. Megachile (Chrysosarus) trucis Mitchell Megachile trucis Mitchell 1930: 251-252. Male. Type locality: Villarrica, Paraguay. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Chrysosarus) trucis : Raw 2002 # 7: 12. DISTRIBUTION. PARAGUAY.

46. Megachile (Chrysosarus) tuberculifera Schrottky Megachile tuberculifera Schrottky 1913a: 188. Female. Type locality: Campos de Jordão, São Paulo, Brazil, 2 March 1906. Type repository: MZSP. Examined. Megachile (Chrysosarus) tuberculifera : Raw 2002 # 7: 12. Megachile (Dactylomegachile) tuberculifera : Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D). Megachile (Prionepist.) tuberculifera : Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 12 (D). Prionepistoma is a nomem nudum (Silveira et al 2002. 204). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MG- Serra Caraçá (1380 m) (MZSP); RS; SP- Campos de Jordão.

47. Megachile (Chrysosarus) turpis Mitchell Megachile turpis Mitchell 1930: 253-254. Male. Type locality: Buenavista, Bolivia. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Chrysosarus) turpis : Mitchell 1943b: 666. DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA.

48. Megachile (Chrysosarus) vagata Vachal Megachile vagata Vachal 1908: 228-229. Female & male. Type locality: Mendoza [Argentina]. Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN. Megachile (Dactylomegachile) vagata : Mitchell 1943b: 671. Megachile (Chrysosarus) vagata : Raw 2002 # 7: 12. Hedicke (1933: 43) suggested M. jenseni Friese is a synonym of this species. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Vachal 1909: 12 (K); Jörgensen 1912a: 131 (T), 133 & 135 (K); Cockerell 1914b: 427 (T). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: BA; CA- Andalgala; LR; ME. FLOWERS. Verbesina octantha.

49. Megachile (Chrysosarus) varipes Vachal Megachile varipes Vachal 1908: 232. Female. Type locality: Urubamba, Peru. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Type missing left hind tíbia and tarsi. Megachile (Chrysosarus) varipes : Raw 2002 # 7: 12. DISTRIBUTION. PERU: Urubamba; CUSCO (Ras].

50. Megachile (Chrysosarus) vestis Mitchell

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 36 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Megachile vestis Mitchell 1930: 262. Female. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães, MT] Brazil, April (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4128. Examined. Megachile (Chrysosarus) vestis : Cockerell 1949: 450 (D). ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Moure 1943: 175 (D, R-F). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT- Chapada dos Guimarães; SP- Batatais. HONDURAS: Zamorano Agua Amarilla.

51. Megachile (Chrysosarus) vetula Vachal Megachile vetula Vachal 1904: 12. Female. Type locality: Lara [Tucuman, Argentina]. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Type with right mandible glued to head and left antenna and right flagellum glued to label. Clypeus broken. Megachile (Chrysosarus) vetula : Raw 2002 # 7: 12. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: TU.

Subgenus Cressoniella Mitchell Megachile (Cressoniella) Mitchell 1934: 302 & 307. Type species: Megachile zapoteca Cresson. Original designation. Megachile (Cressoniella) Mitchell 1935: 42. Cressoniella (Cressoniella) Mitchell 1980: 5, 63. All 20 species included in the subgenus are neotropical, one of which reaches southwestern U.S.A. Some of the Andean species occur at high altitudes.

1. Megachile (Cressoniella) antisanellae Cameron Megachile antisanellae Cameron 1903: 232-233. Male. Type locality: Antisanella [Ecuador] (11000 ft). Type repository: NHML 17a2454. Examined. Megachile (Cressoniella) antisanellae : Raw 2002 # 7: 13. DISTRIBUTION. ECUADOR.

2. Megachile (Cressoniella) arcus Mitchell Megachile (Cressoniella) arcus Mitchell 1930: 286. Male. Type locality: Santa Marta, Colombia, 9 January 1923 (M. A. Carriker). Type repository: NHML 17a2410. Examined. Megachile (Cressoniella) arcus : Mitchell 1934: 302. DISTRIBUTION. COLOMBIA: Magdalena- Mount San Lorenzo (7000 ft), Santa Marta.

3. Megachile (Cressoniella) atramentata Cockerell Megachile atramentata Cockerell 1917b: 238-239. Female. Type locality: Baia Blanca, Argentina (L. Bruner). Type repository: USNM 22905. Examined. Megachile (Cressoniella) atramentata : Raw 2002 # 7: 13. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA.

4. Megachile (Cressoniella) bidens Friese Megachile bidentata Smith 1853: 190-191. Male. Type locality: Mexico. Type repository: NHML 17a2416. Examined. (Not M. (Pseudocentron) bidentata (Fabricius).) Megachile bidens Friese 1911: 256. Replacement name. Dalla Torre (1896: 422) listed the species of both Fabricius and Smith but gave no new name. Megachile (Cressoniella) bidentata Smith : Ayala et al 1997: 455. Megachile (Cressoniella) bidens : Raw 2002 # 7: 13. DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO.

5. Megachile (Cressoniella) bisinua Vachal Megachile bisinua Vachal 1908: 233-234. Female. Type locality: Balzapampa, Ecuador. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Type missing flagellum of right antenna, left antenna glued to label, right mandible glued to specimen. Megachile (Cressoniella) bisinua : Raw 2002 # 7: 13. DISTRIBUTION. ECUADOR.

6. Megachile (Cressoniella) boliviensis Friese Megachile boliviensis Friese 1916: 340. Male. Type locality: Guayaquil, Ecuador or Bolivia (Alpengebeit) or San José (Schmidt) [Costa Rica] ? Type repository: NHMW 211. Megachile (Cressoniella) boliviensis : Mitchell 1934: 302. Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 37 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1921: 92 (D, R-F); Mitchell 1930: 285 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA./ COSTA RICA: San José, San Mateo.

7. Megachile (Cressoniella) compta Vachal Megachile compta Vachal 1908: 233. Female. Type locality: Buenos Aires, Argentina. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Megachile (Cressoniella) compta : Raw 2002 # 7: 13. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: BA.

8. Megachile (Cressoniella) ecuadoria Friese Megachile ecuadoria Friese 1904: 187. Female and male. Type locality: Ona, Ecuador (2000 m)/ Peru/ Bolivia/ Arica, northern Chile. Type repository: Unknown. Megachile (Cressoniella) ecuadoria : Raw 2002 # 7: 13. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Mitchell 1930: 287 (D, M). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA. CHILE: Arica. ECUADOR: Ona (2000 m). PERU: Matucana (7300 ft); APURIMAC (Ras); AREQUIPA (Ras); AYACUCHO (Ras); CUSCO (Ras); JUNIN (Ras); LIMA (Ras).

9. Megachile (Cressoniella) enceliae Cockerell Megachile enceliae Cockerell 1926a: 216. Female. Type locality: Tingo, Peru, 16-22 August 1925 at Encelia canescens (Cockerell). Type repository: AMNH. Examined. Megachile (Cressoniella) euceliae : Mitchell 1943b: 662 [misspelling]. DISTRIBUTION. PERU: AREQUIPA- Tingo.

10. Megachile (Cressoniella) flammiventris Vachal Megachile flammiventris Vachal 1908: 225. Female. Type locality: Arica, Chile. Type repository: Vachal collection, MNHN. Megachile (Cressoniella) flammiventris : Raw 2002 # 7: 13. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1926a: 216 (D). DISTRIBUTION. CHILE: Arica. PERU: AREQUIPA- Tingo [Ras]. FLOWERS. Encelia canescens.

11. Megachile (Cressoniella) fortuita Mitchell Megachile fortuita Mitchell 1930: 287-288. Female. Type locality: Peru, 19 December 1875. Type repository: MCZ 16206. Examined. Megachile (Cressoniella) fortuita : Raw 2002 # 7: 13. DISTRIBUTION. PERU.

12. Megachile (Cressoniella) fruticosa Mitchell Megachile fruticosa Mitchell 1930: 290. Female. Type locality: Colombia (G. F. Baker). Type repository: USNM 43093. Examined. Megachile (Cressoniella) fruticosa : Raw 2002 # 7: 13. DISTRIBUTION. COLOMBIA.

13. Megachile (Cressoniella) grandibarbis Pérez Megachile grandibarbis Pérez 1899: 107-108. Male. Type locality: Chile. Type repository: MNHN. Megachile rufohirta Friese 1904: 185-186. Sex not indiacted. Type locality: Arica, northern Chile (Standinger). Type repository: Unknown. Synonymy of Vachal 1909: 7. Megachile (Cressoniella) grandibarbis : Mitchell 1943b: 662. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1926a: 218 (D, R-F); Claude- Joseph 1926: 256-257 (D, N as M. rufohirta). DISTRIBUTION. CHILE: Arica, Arequipa, Temuco. PERU: AREQUIPA- Yura [Ras); AYACUCHO [Ras); CUSCO [Ras); JUNIN [Ras); LIMA [Ras); PUNO [Ras); TACNA [Ras); . FLOWERS. Oenothera, Godetia, Marrubium vulgare and Solanum. NESTING. Nests in old beetle burrows in dead branches and in the soil. There are about four contiguous cells per nest. Cuts leaves of [Noto]fagus dombeyi and [N.] obliqua.

14. Megachile (Cressoniella) guachalensis Cameron Megachile guachalensis Cameron 1903: 233. Female. Type locality: Hacienda Guachala (9217 ft) [Ecuador]. Type repository: NHML 17a2455. Examined. Megachile (Cressoniella) guachalensis : Raw 2002 # 7: 13. Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 38 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

DISTRIBUTION. ECUADOR.

15. Megachile (Cressoniella) latula Vachal Megachile latula Vachal 1908: 224. Female. Type locality: Mapirí, Bolivia. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Megachile (Cressoniella) latula : Raw 2002 # 7: 14. DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA.

16. Megachile (Cressoniella) minor Vachal Megachile minor Vachal 1908: 236. Female. Type locality: Mapirí, Bolivia. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Type labelled —veterna var. minor“. Megachile (Cressoniella) minor : Raw 2002 # 7: 14. DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA.

17. Megachile (Cressoniella) orcina Vachal Megachile orcina Vachal 1908: 223. Female. Type locality: Mendoza [Argentina]. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Megachile (Cressoniella) orcina : Raw 2002 # 7: 14. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA.

18. Megachile (Cressoniella) redondensis Mitchell Megachile redondensis Mitchell 1930: 291-292. Female. Type locality: Mount Redondo, Costa Rica, January 1903. Type repository: ANSP 4132. Examined. Megachile (Cressoniella) redondensis : Mitchell 1934: 302. DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA.

19. Megachile (Cressoniella) veterna Vachal Megachile veterna Vachal 1908: 235-236. Female. Type locality: Peru. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Megachile (Cressoniella) veterna : Raw 2002 # 7: 14. DISTRIBUTION. PERU.

20. Megachile (Cressoniella) zapoteca Cresson Megachile zapoteca Cresson 1878: 128. Female. Type locality: Mexico (Sumichrast). Type repository: ANSP 2428. Examined. Megachile tuxtla Cresson 1878: 128. Male. Type locality: Mexico or San José, Costa Rica ? (Sumichrast). Type repository: ANSP 2429. Synonymy of Mitchell 1934: 302. Megachile (Cressoniella) zapoteka : Mitchell 1934: 302 (misspelling). Cressoniella (Cressoniella ) zapoteca : Mitchell 1980: 63 [figure]. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1912b: 25 (D, R-F); 1919a: 214-215 (R-M as M. tuxtla); 1949: 450 (D); Cresson 1916: 134 (T), 133 (as M. tuxtla); Mitchell 1930: 287 (D as M. tuxtla); 1935: 42-44 (D, R-FM); Hurd 1979: 2055 (D, F). DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA: San José. GUATEMALA: Guatemala City; Antigua. HONDURAS: Agua Amarilla. MEXICO: HI; JA; ME; MI; MO; NA; OA; PU; SO; VC; ZA. U.S.A.: AZ. FLOWERS. Asclepias, Helenium, Lathyrus, Melilotus, Monarda.

Subgenus Dasymegachile Mitchell Megachile (Dasymegachile) Mitchell 1943b: 669-670. Type species: Megachile saulcyi Guerín. Original designation. Cressoniella (Dasymegachile) Mitchell 1980: 63. Cressoniella (Chaetochile) Mitchell 1980: 63. Type species: Megachile golbachi Schwimmer, in Mitchell 1980. Original designation and monotypy. Synonymy of Michener 2000: 555. The 13 members of the subgenus are mostly restricted to the Andes and are several are found at high altitudes.

1. Megachile (Dasymegachile) australis Durante and Abrahamovich. Durante and Abrahamovich 2002: 361-366. Female. Type locality: Valle Tunel, southwestern Santa Cruz province, Argentina (49o 23' S; 72o 56' W). Type repository: Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: SC. Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 39 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

2. Megachile (Dasymegachile) chilensis Spinola Megachile chilensis Spinola 1851: 178. Female. Type locality: Chile. Type repository: Unknown. Synonym of M. saulcyi Guérin, see Alfken 1904: 141. Megachile (Dasymegachile) chilensis : Raw 2002 # 7: 14. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Delfin 1900: 20 (D); Cockerell 1905: 338 (R-F); 1926a: 216 (D); Friese 1910: 644, 660 (D, L, P); Schrottky 1913b: 247 (D); Herbst 1917: 267-269 (D, R- FM); 1921: 104 (D). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CB; NE. CHILE: Coquimbo; Santiago; Talcahuano; Valdivia- Rancagua. PERU: AREQUIPA- Tingo, Yura (Ras). FLOWERS. Encelia canescens, Mesembryanthemum. PREDATOR. Coelioxys brevicaudata ?

3. Megachile (Dasymegachile) cinerea Friese Megachile cinerea Friese 1905: 137. Sex not indicated. Type locality: Santiago (Philippi)/ Concepcion (Herbst), Chile. Type repository: Vienna. Megachile (Dasymegachile) cinerea : Raw 2002 # 7: 14. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Vachal 1909: 8 (K). DISTRIBUTION. CHILE.

4. Megachile (Dasymegachile) coquimbensis Ruiz Megachile coquimbensis Ruiz 1938: 151. Type locality: Bano del Toro, Chile. Type repository: Col. San Pedro Notasio, Santiago, Chile. Megachile (Dasymegachile) coquimbensis : Raw 2002 # 7: 14. DISTRIBUTION. CHILE.

5. Megachile (Dasymegachile) eumelanotricha Moure Megachile (Dasymegachile) eumelanotricha Moure 1956: 103. Female. Type locality: Illimani (4700 m), Bolivia, January to April 1950 (W. Forster). Type repository: SMM. DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Illimani (4500-5000m). PERU: Putumayo- Puno (3900 m).

6. Megachile (Dasymegachile) garleppi Friese Megachile garleppi Friese 1904: 186-187. Sex not indicated. Type locality: Callanga and Vilcanota, Peru and Arica, Chile. Type repository: NHMW. Megachile (Dasymegachile) garleppi : Mitchell 1943b: 670. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1914d: 310 (D). DISTRIBUTION. CHILE: Arica. PERU: CUSCO- Callang, Vilcanota; LIMA- San Bartolomé.

7. Megachile (Dasymegachile) golbachi (Schwimmer) Cressoniella (Chaetochile) golbachi Schwimmer, in Mitchell 1980: 87-92. Megachile (Dasymegachile) golbachi : Michener 2000: 555. Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D). Megachile (Chaetochile) golbachi : Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 11 (D). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CA; JU- LaQuiaca. BRAZIL: RS.

8. Megachile (Dasymegachile) kuscheli Moure Megachile Kuscheli Moure 1956: 105-106. Female. Type locality: Bolivia. Type repository: SMM. Megachile (Dasymegachile) kuscheli : Raw 2002 # 7: 14. DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: La Paz (3600-4000m), Laquepalca (3850m), Suaqui (3820m).

9. Megachile (Dasymegachile) melanotricha Spinola Anthidium melanotricha Spinola 1851: 179. Female and male ! Type locality: Chile. Type repository: IZUT. Megachile (Dasymegachile) melatronicha : Raw 2002 # 7: 14. DISTRIBUTION. CHILE.

10. Megachile (Dasymegachile) piurensis Cockerell Megachile piurensis Cockerell 1911a: 288-289. Female. Type locality: Piura, Peru, March 1911 (C. H. T. Townsend). Type repository: MCZ/ USNM 55684 ? Megachile (Dasymegachile) piurensis : Mitchell 1943b: 670. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1926a: 215 (D, R-F). Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 40 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

DISTRIBUTION. PERU: PIURA.

11. Megachile (Dasymegachile) saulcyi Guérin-Méneville Megachile saulcyi Guérin-Méneville 1845: 450. Sex not indicated. Type locality: Chile. Type repository: Unknown. Megachile (Dasymegachile) saulcyi : Mitchell 1943b: 669. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Vachal 1909: 8 (K); Claude-Joseph 1926: 250-252 (D, M, N); Ruiz 1937: 168 (D). DISTRIBUTION. CHILE: Coquimbo; Santiago. FLOWERS. Alstroemia ligia, A. versicolor, Senecio adenotrichus, S. glabra, S. hualtata, Stachys, Teucrium bicolor. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in November. NESTING. Nests in burrows in soil and old walls and in abandoned nests of sphecid and eumenid wasps. Cuts leaves of Amaranthus, Muehlenbeckia sagittifolia and Robinia and petals of Acanthus mollis, Althaea rosea and Lavatera grandiflora. MORPHOLOGY. Larva described.

12. Megachile (Dasymegachile) semirufa Sichel Megachile semirufa Sichel 1867: 150. Female and male. Type locality: Chile. Type repository: NMW. Megachile (Dasymegachile) semirufa : Mitchell 1943b: 670. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1905: 338 (R); Vachal 1909: 7 (K). DISTRIBUTION. CHILE. PERU.

13. Megachile (Dasymegachile) tucumana Vachal Megachile tucumana Vachal 1908: 241-242. Female and male. Female designated here as lectotype. Type locality: Lara (4000m), Tucuman [Argentina]. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Left mandible glued. Megachile (Dasymegachile) melatronicha : Raw 2002 # 7: 15. DISTRIBUTION. CHILE.

Subgenus Eutricharaea Thomson Megachile (Eutricharaea) Thomson 1872: 228. Type species: Apis argentata Fabricius. Gnathocera Provancher 1882: 232 (not Kirby). Type species: Gnathocera cephalica Provancher. Synonymy of Mitchell 1934: 297. Megachile (Paramegachile) Friese 1898: 198. Type species: Apis argentata Fabricius. Synonymy of Mitchell 1934: 298. Megachile (Paramegalochila) Schulz 1906: 71. Emendation. Synonymy of Hurd 1979: 2057. Androgynella Cockerell 1911b: 313-314. Type species: Megachile detersa Cockerell. Monotypic and original designation. Synonymy of Hurd 1979: 2057. Megachile (Eutricharaea) Mitchell 1934: 304. Megachile (Neoeutricharaea) Rebmann 1967: 36. Type species: Megachile rotundata (F). Original designation. Synonymy of Hurd 1979: 2057. Eutricharaea is an Old World group at present numbering some 140 species. More than one third (54) are African, 36 are Australian, 15 range from the East Indies to Taiwan and 12 occur on Pacific islands. Two occur in Europe. Five species have been introduced into the New World; three to the West Indies and two to U.S.A. Parker (1978) provided a key to the identification of the three North American species.

1. Megachile (Eutricharaea) concinna Smith Megachile concinna Smith 1879: 79-80. Female. Type locality: St. Domingo [West Indies]. Type repository: NHML 17a2421. Examined. Megachile (Eutricharaea) concinna : Mitchell 1943b: 671. Megachile (Eutricharaea) argentata Hurd 1954: 94 (D, F) and Krombein 1958: 244. Misidentification, see Mitchell 1962: 121. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1905: 341 (K); Friese 1902: 199 (D); Gowdey 1926: 99 (D); Wolcott 1948: 869 (D, F); Mitchell 1962: 121-122 (D, F, R-FM); Butler & Ritchie 1963: 153-157 (F, L, P); Butler & Wargo 1963: 201-206 (D, F, L, N, P); Pasteels 1965: 239- 240 (D, R- F); Parker & Bohart 1966: 97 (D, N); Krombein 1967: 326-327 (L, N, P); Baker 1975: 657 (P);

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 41 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Parker 1978: 61- 64 (K); Hurd 1979: 2057 (D, F, N); Jayasingh & Freeman 1980: 215-216 (F, L, N, P); Raw 1984a: 500-502 (F, L, N, P); Raw 1985: 13 (D); Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). DISTRIBUTION. Old World: CHAD. GHANA. SENEGAL. New World: JAMAICA: widespread, but more numerous in drier areas. MEXICO: JA; SO. PUERTO RICO: Main island, Mona. SANTO DOMINGO. U.S.A.: Most states from FL and AL north to PA, OH, KA and UT and west to CA and WA. Probably introduced from Africa to the West Indies during the slave trade. "Presumably introduced from West Indies [to U.S.A. and Mexico] after World War II" (Hurd 1979: 2057). FLOWERS. Polylectic. Visits 27 genera of plants in U.S.A. including Acacia, Asclepias, Aster, Baccharis, Bidens, Centromadia pungens, Citrus, Croton californicus, Euphorbia albomarginata, Heliotropium aculeatum, H. curassavicum, Hemizonia pungens, Ipomaea, Lepidium, Lippia, Lotus purshianus, Medicago sativa, Melilotus alba, M. indica, Onobrychis vicaefolia, Polygonum aubertii, Prosopis, Raphanus sativus, Senecio, Sicyos, Tamarix, Trifolium repens, Vernonia, Wislizenia refracta. In Jamaica both sexes visit Tribulus cistoides, Alternanthera ficoides, Bidens pilosa and species of Heliotropium, Tephrosia, Sida. In Puerto Rico the bees visited Moringa oleifera and Pisonia albida. On alfalfa bees tripped on average 10 flowers per minute. LIFE HISTORY. Developmental period is 3 to 6 weeks depending on temperatureat. The developmental stages can survive higher daily temperatures (>42oC) than thgose of M. rotundata and occur in hotter climates. Adults are active April to September in much of U.S.A., March to October in Florida throughout the year in Jamaica. Males fly quickly around flowers searching for females. NESTING. Adventive nester in disused beetle borings and nail holes in wood, mortar cracks of buildings, folds of cloth, old stems of Sambucus and trapnests. In Jamaica bees also used old nests of Sceliphron assimile, disused toredo worm borings in wood and wooden trapnests and lined the nest with cuttings of Cassia leaves and flower bracts of Bougainvillea. In U.S.A. leaves cut from alfalfa. Nests averaged 4.4 cells (maximum 16). Cells averaged 5.6 mm wide. Foraging trips were 10 - 20 min. PREDATORS. In U.S.A. - Anthrax cintalapa, Coelioxys moesta, Nemognatha lurida, Tetrasticus megachilidis, Trogoderma. In Jamaica - Melittobia sp. nr. hawaiiensis, Suidasia mites and dermestid beetles. Developmental survival in Jamaica was 49% to 52% with the Melittobia species responsible for 62% of nest deaths. In cells built in old nests of Sceliphron assimile it was 42%.

2. Megachile (Eutricharaea) derelictula Cockerell Megachile derelictula Cockerell 1937a: 112-113. Male. Type locality: Barbados [West Indies] 15 April (J. Ogilvie). Type repository: AMNH. Examined. Megachile (Eutricharaea) derelictula : Mitchell 1943b: 671. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Pasteels 1965: 237-239 (D, R-F). DISTRIBUTION. Old World: MALI. NIGERIA. SENEGAL. New W orld: BARBADOS. ST. LUCIA.

3. Megachile (Eutricharaea) multidens Fox Megachile multidens Fox 1891: 345. Sex not indicated. Type locality: Jamaica. Type repository: ANSP 10402/ USNM 1863 ? Megachile (Eutricharaea) multidens : Mitchell 1943b: 671. Megachile tenuicornis Cockerell 1937b: 241-242. Male. Type locality: Elisabethville, Katanga, Belgian Congo, 11-17 September (L. Ogilvie). Synonymy of Pasteels 1965: 240. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Crawford 1914: 132 (D, R-F & M); Gowdey 1926: 100 (D); Cresson 1928: 69 (T); Pasteels 1965: 240-241 (D, R-M). DISTRIBUTION. Old World: WEST AFRICA. ZAIRE: Katanga. New World: DOMINICA. JAMAICA.

4. Megachile (Eutricharaea) rotundata (F) Apis pacifica Panzer 1798: 16. Female. Type locality: Unknown. Type repository: Unknown. Megachile pacifica Walkenaer 1802: 140. Anthophora pacifica Illiger 1806: 114. Male. Type locality: Unknown. Type repository: Unknown. Megachile argentata var. pacifica Spinola 1806: 142. Sex not indicated. Type locality: Unknown. Type repository: Unknown. Synonymy of Friese ?

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 42 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Megachile imbecilla Gerstaecker 1869: 359. Female. Type locality: Unknown. Type repository: Unknown. Synonymy of Friese ? and Mitchell 1962: 122. Megachile (Paramegachile) rotundata Friese 1911: 178 (D, F, P). Megachile (Eutricharaea) rotundata Stephen & Torchio 1961: 85-93 (D, L, N). Megachile (Eutricharaea) pacifica Hurd 1967: 5 (R-F). Not Apis rotundata Fabricius 1787: 303. Sex not indicated. Type locality: Unknown. Type repository: Unknown. [= M. (Megachile) centuncularis (L)]. (See Hurd 1967: 5.) Most studies on the species have been published under the name M. rotundata (F). Roberts (1974: 190-192) applied to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to recognize a neotype and the name Apis rotundata Fabricius for the species. However, the latter is a synonym of M. (Megachile) centuncularis (Hurd 1967: 5 (L)). See resumé of Hurd 1979: 2058. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. As a result of its economic importance and wide range it is the best known member of the genus. Hurd (1979: 2057-2059 (D, F, P) lists seven publications on taxonomy, 46 on biology and two on morphology. Selected references are:- Baker 1975: 657 (P); Daly 1952: 210-211 (D); Eves & Johansen 1974: 1-13 (L, P); Gerber & Akre 1969: 1-36; Hobbs 1968: 781-784 (P); 1973: 1-30 (D, N, L); Holm & Skou 1972: 169- 180; Hurd 1954: 93-95 (D, F); 1967: 3-10 (T); Johansen et al 1963: 1-11 (F); Johansen & Eves 1973 (P); Klostermeyer et al 1973: 536-548 (N); Krombein 1948: 14 (D); Krunik & Hinks 1972: 889-893 (L); Mitchell 1962: 122- 124 (D, F, L, R-FM); Nelson et al 1972: 153- 156 (L); Nielsen & Bohart 1967: 415-418 (M); Pankiw & Siemens 1974: 1003-1008 (D); Parker 1978: 61-64 (K); 1979: 90-94 (P); 1983: 62-68 (L, P); 1984: 113-117 (P); Parker & Bohart 1966: 97 (D, N, P); Parker & Tepedino 1982: 407-410 (L); Peterson et al 1992 (P); Rothschild 1979: 392-401 (L); Stephen 1981 (N, P); Stephen & Osgood 1965 (N); Stephen & Torchio 1961: 85-93; Stephen & Undurraga 1976: 81-87 (P); Szabo & Smith 1972: 157-165 (L); Torchio 1972a: 1- 22 (P); 1972b: 23-29 (P); 1978: 412-419 (P). Other references are cited in Wightman & Rogers 1978 (D, N); Hurd 1979: 2058-2059 (F, L, M, N, P). DISTRIBUTION. Originally palaearctic occurring in Turkey, Iran and south-eastern Europe. It was first recorded in North America from Rosemont, Virginia by Mitchell (1937: 417) and apparently spread quickly, and has reached Washington DC (1948), Missouri and Texas (1952) and California (1954). It has since been introduced into Chile (Stephen 1972), Australia (Winn 1988, Woodward 1994, 1996), New Zealand, (Donovan 1980) Sweden and Denmark. In Canada the range is largely limited to those parts with a minimum temperature of 20o C for > 350 daylight hours per year, but reaches 55oN in British Columbia and Alberta. CANADA: BC, AL, SA, MA. U.S.A.: MA, PA to VI and west and south to WA, OR, KA, MO, TX and CA. CHILE. ARGENTINA. AUSTRALIA. NEW ZEALAND. FLOWERS. The most important pollinator of alfalfa in most of the Americas. In western U.S.A about 25% of the cost of alfalfa production is spent on the management of M. pacifica for pollination. In North America it also visits 14 other genera. Asclepias, Centromadia pungens, Chicorium intybus, Cosmos, Euphorbia albomarginata, Heliotropium curassavicum, Lotus corniculatus, Medicago sativa, Melilotus alba, Phacelia ramosissima, Polygonum aubertii, Senecio douglasii, Solidago, Veronica. In the Palaearctic it visits Reseda odorata, Sedum reflexum and Centaurea species. It is more susceptible than honeybees to most pesticides used on alfalfa. Previously application of insecticides killed many bees, but integrated pest management has significantly reduced bee deaths. Use of the insecticide trichlorfon to alfalfa fields did not affect the numbers of bees present, but reduced the numbers of cells they provisioned. NESTING. Nests in hollow twigs, beetle tunnels in wood, Old nests of Sceliphron, etc. Bees do not excavate tunnels. Readily uses trap-nests with tunnels 5-7 mm diameter (usually trap-nests of 6.4 mm diameter are provided) and is now semi- domesticated. The trap-nests are placed in shelters designed for the exigencies of climate and predators. Nest shelters 3m tall X 6 m long containing 60,000-80,000 nest holes are recommended. Nests successfully in insectaries in cavities 4.0mm to 6.2 mm diameter. The nesting female carries leaf pieces representing 17% and food loads 23% of her body weight. Uses leaves of alfalfa, sunflower, etc. The cell is about 8 mm long and composed of 15 leaf pieces. In warm weather a female builds and provisions about one cell per day. The adult female lives up to one month and produces up to 30 cells and eggs in 4-7 nests with female offspring located towards the back of each nest. Sex ratio is about 1 female: 2 males, but depends on cell diameter with more or only males in narrower nests. LIFE HISTORY. Univoltine in the northern part of its range (where adults fly from June to August) and multivoltine elsewhere. The start and end of the females' flight activity is

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 43 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

negatively correlated firstly with temperature and then with light intensity. The egg hatches in 2-3 days and development is completed in one month. Prepupae enter diapause, but emergence of adults is less synchronized after diapause temperatures below 5oC and above 15oC. Emergence is protandrous, with most males appearing about one week before females. Diapause is genetically influenced (on the maternal side). Sex ratio in an insectary was 1F: 2 M. Attempts have been made to rear them on artificial diets. PREDATORS. In North America many native predators of local bees now attack M. pacifica. These include:- Anthrax irroratus, Anthrenus verbasci, Ascosphaera, Attagenus picens, Coelioxys funeraria, C. gilensis, C. moesta, C. novomexicana, C. octodentata, C. sodalis, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Dibrachys cavus, D. maculipennis, Leucospis affinis, Melittobia acasta, M. chalybii, M. hawaiiensis, Monodontomerus montivagus, M. obscurus, Nemognatha lurida, N. lutea, Plodia interpunctella, Pteromalus venustus, Ptinus californicus, Sapyga pumila, Stelis (Pavostelis) montana, Tenebrioides mauritanicus, Tetrasticus albipes, T. megachilidis, Trichodes ornatus, Trilobium audax, T. brevicornis, T. madens, Trogoderma glabrum, T. granarium, T. inclusum, T. simplex, T. sternale, T. variabile, Vitula edmandsae. In Europe:- Coelioxys rufocaudata, Melittobia acasta. The first instar larva of Sapyga pumila kills the egg or young larva of the bee. Up to 78% of the bees' offspring are killed. Management for alfalfa pollination includes opening nests and incubating cells in closed rooms to stimulate emergence of predators which are killed before the bees emerge. Management also includes treatment of cells containing bees with repellents to deter attacks by Monodontomerus and Tetrasticus and open cells with fungicide to reduce the incidence of chalkbrood. Several methods have been devised to control the populations of Sapyga pumila. X- radiography has been used to detect predators and diseases inside the nest. M. pacifica is rather less susceptible to some pesticides than honeybees. MORPHOLOGY. Detailed examination of external morphology of adult male and female. Sexual differentiation in second instar larva.

Subgenus Gronoceras Cockerell Gronoceras Cockerell 1907: 65. Type species: Megachile wellmani Cockerell 1907: 66-67 (= Megachile bombiformis Gerstaecker). Original designation. Megachile (Gronoceras)) Mitchell 1943b: 671. Gronoceras Cockerell 1935: 1. Chalicodoma (Gronoceras Michener 1962: 20. Mitchell 1980: 30. Gronoceras is an African subgenus comprising 24 species. There is one report of an introduction to the New World which Professor Mitchell considered doubtful (pers. comm.).

Megachile (Gronoceras) felina (Gerstaecker) Megachile felina Gerstaecker 1857. Female. Type locality: Mossambique. Megachile (Megachile) felina : Friese 1909b: 347 (D). Megachile gnathocera : Stadelmann 1897: 26. Synonymy of Friese 1909b: 347. Gronoceras felina : Cockerell 1933b: 130. Megachile (Gronoceras) felina : Mitchell 1943b: 671 (D). Chalicodoma (Gronoceras) felina : Pasteels 1965: 527-529 (D, R- FM). ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1935: 3 (D). DISTRIBUTION. The species is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa. There is also one doubtful report from Jamaica. Professor Mitchell stated that the species had been collected there, but later (pers. comm. 1973) he considered this record to be erroneous.

Subgenus Leptorachis Mitchell Megachile (Leptorachis) Mitchell 1934: 303, 308. Type species: Megachile petulans Cresson. Original designation. Michener et al 1994: Michener 149, 2000: 559. Megachile (Leptorachis Mitchell 1937b: 58-59. Pseudocentron (Leptorachis) Mitchell 1980: 56. Pseudocentron (Leptorachina) Mitchell 1980: 56. Type species: Megachile laeta Smith. Original designation and monotypy. Synonymy of Michener 2000: 559.

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 44 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Pseudocentron (Grafella) Mitchell 1980: 56. Type species: Pseudocentron (Grafella) crotalariae Schwimmer in Mitchell 1980: 82. Monotypy and original description. Synonymy of Michener 2000: 559. There are at present 38 species in the subgenus distributed throughout the neotropics. One species is West Indian. The type species reaches U.S.A.

1. Megachile (Leptorachis) aetheria Mitchell Megachile aetheria Mitchell 1930: 229-230. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães, MT], Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4152. Examined. Megachile (Leptorachis) aetheria : Mitchell 1934: 302. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Moure 1942: 309 (D); 1948: 325 (K); Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D); Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 11 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MG; MT- Chapada dos Guimarães, Salobra; PR; RS; SP.

2. Megachile (Leptorachis) angularis Mitchell Megachile angularis Mitchell 1930: 234-235. Female. Type locality: Label illegible. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Leptorachis) angularis : Mitchell 1934: 302. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D); Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 11 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: RS.

3. Megachile (Leptorachis) anisitsi Schrottky Megachile laeta anisitsi Schrottky 1908: 237-238. Female. Type locality: Asunción, Paraguay (Anisits). Type repository: MZSP. Examined. Megachile friesei Schrottky 1902: 439 (in part). One of the paratypes of M. friesei Schrottky is a specimen of M. anisitsi Schrottky (Moure 1943: 169-170). Megachile flabellata Vachal 1909: 14. Male. Type locality: Jatahy (Goyaz) [Jataí, Goias, Brazil]. Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN. Synonymy of Schrottky 1913a: 173 and Moure 1943: 169. Megachile hilarimorpha Strand 1910: 542. Male. Type locality: Paraguay. Type repository: Synonymy of Schrottky 1920: 21 and Moure 1943: 169. Megachile (Leptorachis) anisitsi : Mitchell 1943b: 663. None of the above authors mentions that he had seen the types of the species placed in synonymy and it is doubtful that the specimens had been examined. Moure (1943) considered M. laeta Smith and M. anisitsi Schrottky to be separate species. The species is tentatively placed in this subgenus based on the synonymy suggested by Moure. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1912d: 61 (D); Schrottky 1913a: 141 (K), 173-174 (D, R-FM); 1920: 22-23 (R- FM); Mitchell 1930: 184 (D as M. hilarimorpha); Moure 1943: 169 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: GO- Jataí; MS- Corumbá, Pedra Branca; MT- Bodoquena, Chapada dos Guimarães; PR- Curitiba, Paraná; RJ- Itatiaia; RO- Porto Velho; SP- Batatais (860m), Franca, Rio Claro. PARAGUAY.

4. Megachile (Leptorachis) aureiventris Schrottky Megachile aureiventris Schrottky 1902: 441. Female. Type locality: Jundiahy, S. Paulo [state], Brazil, 1897 (Schrottky). Type repository: MZSP. Examined. Megachile (Leptorachis) aureiventris : Mitchell 1943b: 663. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Schrottky 1913a: 141 & 144 (K), 175 (D, R-F); Moure 1948: 326 (K); Graf 1967a: 127-130 (M); 1967b: 131-133 (M); Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: DF- Brasilia (Raw), Planaltina (Raw); MG; PR; RS; SP- Campinas, Ipiranga, Jundiaí. MORPHOLOGY. Anatomy of head glands.

5. Megachile (Leptorachis) bridarollii Moure Megachile (Leptorachis) bridarollii Moure 1947: 234-235. Male. Type locality: Rio Carapari/ Carapan ?, Salta, Argentina, 22 Jan 1945 (G. Williner). Type repository: cited as Colegio Máximo de San José, but it is in UFPR. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: ST.

6. Megachile (Leptorachis) capra Schrottky

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 45 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Megachile capra Schrottky 1913a: 214-215. Male. Type locality: Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil, January 1900. Type repository: MZSP. Examined. Megachile (Leptorachis) capra : Mitchell 1943b: 663. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: SP.

7. Megachile (Leptorachis) chrysophila Cockerell Megachile chrysophila Cockerell 1896: 284-285. Female. Type locality: San Rafael, Vera Cruz, Mexico, 20 June. Type repository: AMNH. Examined. Megachile (Leptorachis) chrysophila : Mitchell 1943b: 663. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1912b: 25 (D); Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). DISTRIBUTION. GUATEMALA: Antigua. MEXICO: TA; VC.

8. Megachile (Leptorachis) colombiana Mitchell Megachile colombiana Mitchell 1930: 227-229. Male. Type locality: Cerro Patron, Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia (4000 ft), 12 September 1927 (Salt). Type repository: NHML 17a2478. Examined. Megachile (Leptorachis) colombiana : Mitchell 1934: 302. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Moure 1948: 325 (K). DISTRIBUTION. COLOMBIA: Magdalena- Cerro Patron, Rio Frio (4000 ft); Mount San Lorenzo, Santa Marta (4500 ft).

9. Megachile (Leptorachis) crotalariae (Schwimmer) Pseudocentron (Grafella) crotalariae Schwimmer in Mitchell 1980: 82-86. Female. Type locality: Vila Velha [Paraná] Brazil, 30 November 1965 (T. B. Mitchell and V. Graf). Type repository: USNM. Examined. Megachile (Leptorachis) crotalaria : Michener 2000: 559. Megachile (Grafella) crotalariae : Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D). ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 11 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PR; SP.

10. Megachile (Leptorachis) curta Cresson Megachile curta Cresson 1865: 178-179. Male. Type locality: Cuba. Type repository: GCH. Megachile curta var. tibialis : Cresson 1869: 296. Female. Type locality: Cuba. Type repository: GCH. Megachile salti Mitchell 1927a: 51-54. Female. Type locality: Soledad, Cuba, 25 May 1925 (G. Salt). Type repository: MCZ 15706. Examined. Synonymy of Genaro 1998: 151 (D). Megachile (Leptorachis) curta : Mitchell 1934: 302. Megachile (Leptorachis) salti : Raw 2002 # 7: 15. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Gundlach 1886: 163-164 (D); Fox 1891: 346 (D, R-FM); Ashmead 1900: 302 (D); Gowdey 1926: 99 (D); Alayo 1976: 23 (D); Genaro 1998: 151 (D). DISTRIBUTION. CUBA: Oriente and west of island (rare). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. JAMAICA: AW; PO. MEXICO: QR. In some characters this rather small species resembles Pseudocentron and the subgeneric placement of this species is not easy but it is probably a Leptorachis species.

11. Megachile (Leptorachis) emendata Mitchell Megachile emendata Mitchell 1930: 236-237. Female. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães, MT], Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4154. Examined. Megachile (Leptorachis) emendata : Mitchell 1934: 302. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT.

12. Megachile (Leptorachis) falcidentata Moure and Silveira Megachile (Leptorachis) falcidentata Moure and Silveira 1992: 177-180. Female. Type locality: [Highway] BR 174; ZF 3, km 23, Amazonas, Brazil 16/4/1986 (A.C. Oliveira). Type repository: Moure Collection, UFPR. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM.

13. Megachile (Leptorachis) friesei Schrottky Megachile friesei Schrottky 1902: 439-440. Female. Type locality: Jundiay, S. Paulo, Brazil, 1900 (M. Beron). Type repository: MZSP. Megachile helicitarsis Schrottky 1913a: 206-207. Male. Type locality: Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil, 25 January 1900. Type repository: MZSP. Synonymy of Schrottky 1920: 23. Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 46 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Megachile (Leptorachis) friesei : Mitchell 1943b: 663. One of the paratypes of M. friesei Schrottky is a specimen of M. (Leptorachina) anisitsi Schrottky (Moure 1943: 169- 170). ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Schrottky 1913a: 141 (K), 148 (K as M. helicitarsis); Friese 1916: 297 (D- misdetermination ?); Moure 1941: 92-3 (D, R-M); 1948: 325 (K); Urban 1963: 21-29 (M); Silveira & Cure 1993: 50 (D); Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: DF- Brasilia (Raw), Planaltina (Raw); GO- Goias (Raw); MG, Ibitipoca; SP. PARAGUAY. (COSTA RICA misdetermination ?). FLOWERS. Crotalaria paulina. MORPHOLOGY. Thoracic musculature.

14. Megachile (Leptorachis) hypoleuca Cockerell Megachile hoffmanseggiae var. hypoleuca Cockerell 1927b: 395. Female. Type locality: La Rioja, Argentina (Giacoxelli). Type repository: USNM 55483. Examined. Megachile (Leptorachis) hypoleuca : Raw 2002 # 7: 15. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: LR.

15. Megachile (Leptorachis) immanis Mitchell Megachile immanis Mitchell 1930: 230-231. Female. Type locality: Buenavista, Bolivia. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Leptorachis) immanis : Mitchell 1934: 302. DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA.

16. Megachile (Leptorachis) inconstans Mitchell Megachile inconstans Mitchell 1930: 233-234. Female. Type locality: Buenavista, Bolivia. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Leptorachis) inconstans : Mitchell 1934: 302. DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA.

17. Megachile (Leptorachis) indigoferae Mitchell Megachile indigoferae Mitchell 1930: 221. Female. Type locality: Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia, 1 January 1927 (Salt). Type repository: NHML 17a2407. Examined. Megachile (Leptorachis) indigoferae : Mitchell 1934: 302. DISTRIBUTION. COLOMBIA: Magdalena.

18. Megachile (Leptorachis) intergradus Mitchell Megachile intergradus Mitchell 1928: 339-344. Female. Type locality: Corumbá, Brazil, April (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4107. Examined. Megachile (Leptorachis) intergradus : Mitchell 1943b: 663. Moure (1943: 169) considered this species to be a synonym of Megachile anisitsi. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Mitchell 1928: 339 (D); 1930: 184 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz, Buenavista (450m). BRAZIL: MS- Corumbá, Pedra Branca; MT- Chapada dos Guimarães. MORPHOLOGY. Intersexes.

19. Megachile (Leptorachis) laeta Smith Megachile laeta Smith 1853: 186. Female. Type locality: Brazil, Rio Tapajoz (H. W. Bates). Type repository: NHML 17a2432. Examined. Pseudocentron (Leptorachina) laeta : Mitchell 1980: 56. Megachile (Leptorachis) laeta : Michener 2000: 559. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Alfken 1930: 10 (D); Graf 1967a: 127- 130 (M); 1967b: 131-133 (M); Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM- Apipica; BA; DF- Brasilia (Raw), Planaltina (Raw); GO- Goias (Raw); MG; PA- Tapajos; SP. MORPHOLOGY. Anatomy of head glands.

20. Megachile (Leptorachis) lorenziensis Mitchell Megachile lorenziensis Mitchell 1930: 184-185. Female. Type locality: Mount San Lorenzo, Santa Marta, Colombia, 4500ft. 1 January 1923 (M. A. Carriker). Type repository: NHML 17a2466. Examined. Megachile (Leptorachis) lorenziensis : Mitchell 1943b: 663.

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 47 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Mitchell used lorensiensis in his description and lorenziensis in his key. As first reviser (1943) he used lorenziensis for this species. DISTRIBUTION. COLOMBIA: Cincinnati, Santa Marta (2500 ft).

21. Megachile (Leptorachis) luteipes Friese Megachile luteipes Friese 1908a: 69. Male. Type locality: Mendoza, Argentina, November. Type repository: Unknown. Megachile (Leptorachis) luteipes : Raw 2002 # 7: 15. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1908a: 64 (K). Jörgensen 1909: 215 (D, F, L); 1912a: 134 (K). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: ME- Chacras de Coria; Pedregal. FLOWERS. Hoffmannseggia falcata. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in November and December.

22. Megachile (Leptorachis) numerus Mitchell Megachile numerus Mitchell 1930: 235-236. Female. Type locality: Buenavista, Bolivia. Type repository: Mitchell cites the Meyer collection, but a female at USNM (58068) is labelled type. Megachile (Leptorachis) numerus : Mitchell 1934: 302. DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA.

23. Megachile (Leptorachis) paranensis Schrottky Megachile paranensis Schrottky 1913a: 215-216. Male. Type locality: Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP ? Megachile (Leptorachis) paranensis : Moure 1942: 308-309 (D). ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Michener 1954: 100 (D, L); Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: BA; MS; MT- Salobra. PARAGUAY. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in April.

24. Megachile (Leptorachis) parata Mitchell Megachile parata Mitchell 1930: 231-232. Female. Type locality: Buenavista, Bolivia. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Leptorachis) parata : Mitchell 1934: 302. DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA.

25. Megachile (Leptorachis) paulistana Schrottky Megachile paulistana Schrottky 1902: 440-441. Female. Type locality: São Paulo [state], Brazil. Type repository: MZSP. Examined. [Type is missing right antenna and right fore leg.] Megachile subita Mitchell 1930: 232-233. Female. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães, MT], Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4153. Examined. Synonymy of Mitchell 1943b: 663. Megachile (Leptorachis) paulistana : Mitchell 1943b: 663. Schrottky (1913a: 215-216) believed M. paranensis Schrottky to be the male of this species. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Ihering 1904: 469-470 (N); Schrottky 1913a: 143 (K), 184-185 (D, R-F); 1913b: 247 (D); Moure 1941: 94 (R-F); 1948: 325-326 (K); Michener 1954: 100 (D, L); Zanella 2000: 590 (D); Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D); Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 11 (D); Zanella 2003: 234 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: BA; DF- Brasilia (Raw); MG; MT; PR; RN- Serra Negra do Norte; RS; SP- Campinas, Ipiranga, Itú, Jundiaí, São José do Rio Pardo. PANAMA: Panamá- Chilibre, Tocumen. PARAGUAY. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly November to May. NESTING. Nest of rolled leaves among books in a library.

26. Megachile (Leptorachis) perochracea Cockerell Megachile perochracea Cockerell 1913: 369-370. Female. Type locality: Guayaquil, Ecuador (Buchwald). Type repository: USNM 18387. Examined. Megachile (Leptorachis) perochracea : Raw 2002 # 7: 15. DISTRIBUTION. ECUADOR.

27. Megachile (Leptorachis) petulans Cresson Megachile petulans Cresson 1878: 127. Male. Type locality: North Carolina (Morrison). Type repository: ANSP 2451. Examined.

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 48 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Megachile mexicana Cresson 1878: 127-128. Female ? Type locality: Mexico (Sumichrast). Type repository: ANSP 2427. Synonymy of Mitchell 1937b: 59. Megachile (Leptorachis) petulans : Mitchell 1934: 306. Megachile mexicanum : Schwarz 1934: 19 (emendation). ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Robertson 1902: 49 (R-F); 1903: 172-173 (K); Cockerell 1914c: 362 (D); Cresson 1916: 127 (T), 1916: 123 as M. mexicana (type as female ?); 1932: 14 (D); Graenicher 1930: 163 (D, F, L); Mitchell 1937b: 59-63 (D, F, L, R-FM); 1962: 163-165 (D, F, L, R-FM); Moure 1948: 325 (K); Michener 1954: 101 (D, L); Hurd 1979: 2068 (D, F); Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: YU- Chichenitza. PANAMA: Barro Colorado. U.S.A.: NJ west to ND and NB, south to FL and AZ. FLOWERS. Polylectic; visits 59 genera, especially of Compositae, Leguminosae and Labiatae. In U.S.A:- Achillea, Apocynum, Asclepias, Aster, Baptisia, Bidens leucantha, Blephilia, Brauneria, Buddleia, Campanula rotundifolia, Cassia, Cephalanthus, Chamaechrista, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Cicuta, Cirsium, Coreopsis stellata, Crotalaria, Desmodium, Eryngium, Flaveria, Galactia, Gerardia, Grindelia, Helenium, Helianthus atrorubens, Houstonia purpurea, Hydrolea, Hypericum, Hyptis, Ilex, Koellia, Lespedeza repens, Liatris, Lobelia, Ludwigia, Lycopus, Lythrum, Melanthera parvifolia, Melilotus alba, Nepeta, Pastinaca, Phaseolus lunatus, Poinsettia cyathophora, Polygonum, Psoralea, Pycnanthemum, Rhododendron, Rhus, Rubus, Rudbeckia, Sabal palmetta, Senecio, Silphium, Solidago, Strophostyles, Tephrosia, Trifolium, Verbena, Verbesina, Vernonia blodgettii, V. glauca, Vicia. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly from May to September in northern parts of its range and throughout the year in southern Florida and Panamá.

28. Megachile (Leptorachis) phaseoli Moure Megachile (Leptorachis) phaseoli Moure 1977: 21-22. Female. Type locality: Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil. 5.4.1974 (V. O. Becker). Type repository: UFPR. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: DF- Brasilia (Raw), Planaltina (Raw); GO; MG- Sete Lagoas; MT- Vale dos Sonhos (Raw), Xavantina (Raw). Although this species was described from Minas Gerais State, it is more common in Goias and Mato Grosso where it largely replaces M. aureiventris. The females of the two species are very similar but the males are more easily separated (Raw, pers. obs).

29. Megachile (Leptorachis) portalis Cockerell Megachile portalis Cockerell 1913: 370-371. Female. Type locality: Guayaquil, Ecuador (Buchwald). Type repository: AMNH. Examined. Megachile (Leptorachis) portalis : Mitchell 1943b: 663. The enlarged apical tooth of the mandible of the type is similar to Acentron making this a borderline species between the two subgenera. DISTRIBUTION. ECUADOR: Guayaquil.

30. Megachile (Leptorachis) propinqua Smith Megachile propinqua Smith 1879: 74-75. Female. Type locality: Ega [Tefé,] Tapajos and Tunantins [Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2666. Examined. The specimen is labelled proxima Smith and, presumably, Smith changed the published name to avoid synonymy with M. proxima Smith 1870: 177 from India [= Chalicodoma (Pseudomegachile) lanata (F)]. Megachile (Leptorachis) propinqua : Raw 2002: # 7: 15. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Alfken 1930: 11 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM-Tunantins; BA-Iguaçú (300 km W Salvador), R. Paraguaçu; PA-Tapajos.

31. Megachile (Leptorachis) psenopogoniaea Moure Megachile (Leptorachis) psenopogoniaea Moure 1948: 326-327. Male. Type locality: Batatais, SP (P. F. S. Pereira) and Vila-Ema, SP (A. A. Barbiellini) [Brazil] March 1943. Type repository: UFPR. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: SP.

32. Megachile (Leptorachis) quadrata Vachal Megachile quadrata Vachal 1909: 5. Male. Type locality: Buenos Aires [Argentina] 9 December 1900. Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN. Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 49 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Megachile (Leptorachis) quadrata : Moure 1948: 322. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: BA.

33. Megachile (Leptorachis) rava Vachal Megachile rava Vachal 1908: 235. Female. Type locality: Santa Cruz, Brazil. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. The metasoma of a Cressoniella is glued to the type ! Megachile (Leptorachis) rava : Raw 2002 # 7: 15. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL.

34. Megachile (Leptorachis) rubricrus Moure Megachile (Leptorachis) rubricrus Moure 1948: 323-325. Male. Type locality: Bodoquena, MT, Brazil (Oct 1943), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil (Nov 1943) and Tacanas, Tucuman, Argentina (Jan 1947). Type repository: MZSP. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: SA- Rosario de Lerma; TU. BRAZIL: MS; MT- Bodequena; SP- Rio Claro. PARAGUAY: San Pedro- Cororo, Rio Ypune.

35. Megachile (Leptorachis) schmidti Friese Megachile schmidti Friese 1916: 343. Male. Type locality: San José, Costa Rica (Schmidt). Type repository: Unknown. Megachile (Leptorachis) schmidti : Mitchell 1943b: 663. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1921: 80 (D); Michener 1954: 100 (D, L). DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA. PANAMA: Chiriquí- Potrerillos. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in May.

36. Megachile (Leptorachis) separata Schrottky Megachile separata Schrottky 1913a: 186. Female. Type locality: Rincão, SP, Brazil. Type repository: MZSP. Megachile (Leptorachis) separata : Moure 1945: 413. Moure (1943: 187) considered this to be a synonym of M. paulistana Schrottky 1902. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Moure 1941: 94 (R-F). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA. BRAZIL: SP- Franca, Rincão. URUGUAY.

37. Megachile (Leptorachis) tenuitarsis Schrottky Megachile tenuitarsis Schrottky 1920: 25-26. Sex not indicated. Type locality: Campinas, SP, Brazil. Type repository: MZSP. Megachile (Leptorachis) tenuitarsis : Moure 1944a: 16. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Schrottky 1920: 201; Moure 1948: 325 (K); Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D); Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 11 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MG; RS; SP.

38. Megachile (Leptorachis) zexmeniae Cockerell Megachile zexmeniae Cockerell 1912b: 24-25. Female. Type locality: Quirigua, Guatemala at Zexmenia virgulta Klatt (W.P. Cockerell). Type repository: AMNH. Examined. Megachile (Leptorachis) zexmeniae : Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: CP. GUATEMALA.

Subgenus Litomegachile Mitchell Megachile (Litomegachile) Mitchell 1934: 301, 308. Type species: Megachile brevis Say. Original designation. Megachile (Litomegachile) Mitchell 1935: 9-11. Six species in the subgenus occur in southern Canada and U.S.A. and one is questionably South American. One species, Megachile gentilis Cresson 1872, has become established on Hawaii, probably in recent times (Mitchell 1935: 24).

Megachile (Litomegachile) buchwaldi Mitchell Megachile (Litomegachile) buchwaldi Mitchell 1943b: 662. Type locality: Callanga, Peru. Type repository: Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. PERU: CUSCO- Callanga.

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 50 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

This is an unusual case. Not only is the bee greatly separated from its subcongeners, Professor Mitchell (op. cit.) cited the name as —Megachile buchwaldi (anon)“. He gave no indication of a description having been published or a type selected.

Subgenus Melanosarus Mitchell Megachile (Melanosarus Mitchell 1934: 303. Type species: Megachile xylocopoides Smith. Original designation. Megachile (Melanosarus Mitchell 1937b: 78-79. Pseudocentron (Melanosarus Mitchell 1980: 56. Ten of the eleven species currently recognized in the subgenus range throughout the neotropics. M. xylocopoides Smith 1853 occurs in southwestern U.S.A. Three species have been recorded from the West Indies.

1. Megachile (Melanosarus) aequilibra Vachal Megachile aequilibra Vachal 1908: 225. Female. Type locality: Palmar, Ecuador/ Mapirí, Bolivia. Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN. Examined. Megachile (Melanosarus) aequilibra : Raw 2002 # 7: 22. DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA. ECUADOR.

2. Megachile (Melanosarus) bahamensis Mitchell Megachile bahamensis Mitchell 1927a: 47-48. Female. Type locality: Mangrove Cay, Andros, Bahamas, 1 August 1904. Type repository: MCZ 15716. Examined. Megachile (Melanosarus) bahamensis : Krombein 1953b: 21-22. Megachile (Melanosarus) floridensis Mitchell 1934: 349-352. Male. Type locality: Miami, Florida, 10 June 1927 (S. Graenicher). Type repository: USNM 44243. Examined. Synonymy of Krombein 1953b: 21 (D, L). ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Graenicher 1930: 162 (D, F, L as M. morio); Mitchell 1937b: 80 (D, R-M as M. floridensis); 1962: 169-171 (D, F, L, R-FM). DISTRIBUTION. BAHAMAS: Andros, Bimini, Cat Island, New Providence. U.S.A: FL- Miami, Key West, No Name Key, Stock Island, Palm Beach. FLOWERS. Bidens leucantha, Flaveria, Melanthera brevifolia and Poinsettia cyathophora. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly from late February to late September in southern Florida and to late October in the Bahamas.

3. Megachile (Melanosarus) brasiliensis Dalla Torre Megachile brasiliensis Dalla Torre 1896: 422. New name. Megachile denticulata Smith 1853: 185. Male. Type locality: Brazil; Rio Tapajoz (H. W. Bates). Type repository: NHML 17a2448. Examined. (Not M. denticulata Fairmaire, Ferret & Galliner 1847: 453. Type locality: Abyssinia; Madagascar.) Synonymy ? Megachile nigridorsis Vachal 1908: 243. Male. Type locality: Rivière du Kourou, Guyane Française. Type repository: MNHN. Synonymy of Raw 2002 # 7: 22. Megachile brancoensis Mitchell 1930: 187-188. Female. Type locality: Pedra Branca, Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4141. Synonymy of Raw 2002 # 7: 22. Megachile (Melanosarus) brancoensis : Mitchell 1934: 303. Megachile (Melanosarus) brasiliensis : Raw 2002 # 7: 22. Combination by association. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1912d: 61 (D); 1927a: 13 & 17 (D, K); Schrottky 1920: 25 (D); Alfken 1930: 11 (D); Moure 1942: 309 (D); Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D); Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 12 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA; Beni; Buenavista, Cavinas; Chaparo. BRAZIL: AM- Carino, Tefé, Jacareanga; Caracaraí (Rio Branco); MS- Pedra Branca; MT- Cáceres, Chapada dos Guimarães, Salobra; PA- Tapajos; RO- Porto Velho, Guajará Mirim; RS; SP-Salobras.

4. Megachile (Melanosarus) densa Mitchell Megachile densa Mitchell 1930: 257. Female. Type locality: La Rioja, Argentina. Type repository: MCZ 16205. Examined. Megachile (Melanosarus) densa : Raw 2002 # 7: 22. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: LR.

5. Megachile (Melanosarus) nigripennis Spinola

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 51 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Megachile nigripennis Spinola 1841: 143. Female. Type locality: Cayenne, French Guiana. Type repository: IZU, Torino. Megachile hypocrita Smith 1853: 184-184. Female. Type locality: Pará [Brazil] (H. W. Bates). Type repository: NHML 17a2460. Synonymy of Raw 2002 # 7: 22. Megachile totonaca Cresson 1878: 117. Female. Type locality: Mexico (Sumichrast). Type repository: ANSP 2422. Synonymy of Raw 2002 # 7: 22. Megachile proserpina Schrottky 1908: 233-234. Female. Type locality: Asunción, Paraguay (Anisits). Type repository: MZSP ? Synonymy of Schwarz 1934: 21. [= Megachile nudiventris Schrottky 1902: 439. Type locality: Unknown. Type repository: MZSP ? (Not M. (Pseudocentron) nudiventris Smith 1853: 186 [see Schrottky 1913a: 156.) Megachile fumicosta Strand 1910: 526. Male. Type locality: Asunçión, Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay. Type repository: Unknown. Synonymy of Mitchell 1934: 303. Megachile vernoniae Schrottky 1913a: 248. Male. Type locality: Assumpção/ Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay, Vernonia. Type repository: MZSP Unknown. Synonym of Megachile fumicosta Strand, see Schrottky 1920: 24. Megachile infecta Vachal 1908: 226. Male. Type locality: Pachitea, Peru. Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN. Synonymy Unknown. Megachile (Melanosarus) proserpina : Mitchell 1943b: 663. Megachile (Melanosarus) nigripennis : Raw 2002 # 7: 22. Combination by association. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Vachal 1909: 17 (K as M. infecta); Schrottky 1913a: 137 (K), 156 (D), 203 (R-M as M. fumicosta); 1920: 32 (D) M. proserpina; Cresson 1916: 133 (T); Friese 1916: 297 (D); Cheesman 1929: 144 (D); Cockerell 1919: 219 (K as M. aequilibra); 1923b: 1 (T); 1927a: 13-17 (D, K), 13 & 15 (D, K as M. hypocrita); Mitchell 1930: 187 (D as M. proserpina, M. totonaca and M. vernoniae); Schwarz 1934: 21-22 (D, R-M as M. totonaca); Michener 1954: 100 (D, L as M. proserpina); Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D); Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D). MZSP. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: MI. BOLIVIA: Beni- Ivon; Buenavista. BRAZIL: AM- Manaus; MG; MS- Pedra Branca; MT- Chapada dos Guimarães; PA; SP- Jundiaí, Marumbí, Paraná, Praia do Barro, Praia das Cigarras, Ipiranga, Itatiba, Rincão (MZSP), Rio Feio, São Paulo. COSTA RICA: Escazu, Guante, San José. ECUADOR. EL SALVADOR. FRENCH GUIANA. GUATEMALA. MEXICO: JA- Chamela; QR- Felipe Corilloro; TA- Victoria; YU- Chichenitza. PANAMA: Barro Colorado; Taboga Is; Isla Coiba, Valle de Anton. PARAGUAY: Asuncion; Cororo- Rio Ypane, Puerto Bertoni, San Pedro. PERU- HUANUCO (Ras]. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly February to April in São Paulo state and February & March in Panamá.

6. Megachile (Melanosarus) pullata Smith Megachile pullata Smith 1879: 74. Female. Type locality: Ega [=Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil] (H. W. Bates). Type repository: NHML 17a2431. Examined. Megachile (Melanosarus) pullata : Raw 2002 # 7: 22. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Mitchell 1930: 257 9D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM- Tefé; PA- Santarém.

7. Megachile (Melanosarus) reliqua Mitchell Megachile reliqua Mitchell 1930: 260. Female. Type locality: Buenavista, Bolivia. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Melanosarus) reliqua Mitchell 1934: 303. DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA.

8. Megachile (Melanosarus) sedula Smith Megachile sedula Smith 1879: 79. Female. Type locality: St. Domingo [West Indies]. Type repository: NHML 17a2418. Examined. Megachile (Melanosarus) sedula : Mitchell 1934: 303. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1902: 200 (D); Cockerell 1905: 339 (K). DISTRIBUTION. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. HAITI- Port-au-Prince.

9. Megachile (Melanosarus) singularis Cresson Megachile singularis Cresson 1865: 177-178. Male. Type locality: Cuba. Type repository: GCH. Megachile maura Cresson 1865: 179. Female. Type locality: Cuba. Type repository: ANSP 2421. Examined. Genaro 1998: 151. Megachile (Melanosarus) maura : Mitchell 1934: 303.

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 52 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Megachile carlotensis Mitchell 1927a: 55-57. Male. Type locality: Mina Carlota, Trinidad Mts. Cuba, 1500 ft, on flowers of Neuroloena limbata ( G. Salt). Type repository: MCZ 15705. Synonymy of Genaro 1998: 151, Raw 2002 # 7: 22. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Dewitz 1881: 197 (D); Gundlach 1886: 164 (D); Cresson 1916: 123, 130 (T); Mitchell 1927a: 57 (D, F); Wolcott 1948: 869 (D); Alayo 1976: 23 (D, T). DISTRIBUTION. CUBA: Cienfuegos, Habana, Oriente, Pinar del Rio (rare), Isla de Piños, Nueva Gerona. Wolcott (1948) doubted the authenticity of the record of this species from Puerto Rico. FLOWERS. Neuroloena limbata.

10. Megachile (Melanosarus) strenua Smith Megachile strenua Smith 1879: 73. Male. Type locality: São Paulo [de Olivença], Amazons, [Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2473. Examined. Megachile (Melanosarus) strenua : Raw 2002 # 7: 23. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Schrottky 1920: 33 (D, R-M). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM; PA- Santarém.

Subgenus Moureapis Raw Megachile (Moureapis) Raw 2002 # 7: 23. New name. Pseudocentron (Moureana) Mitchell 1980: 56. Type species: Megachile anthidioides Radozkowsky 1874: 147. [Monotypic]. Pre-occupied by Moureana Zajciw 1967: 527. Type species: Moureana unicolor Zajciw 1967. By original designation. Megachile (Pseudocentron) anthidioides Mitchell 1943b: 664. Megachile (Moureana) Michener et al 1994: 149, Michener 2000: 561. Megachile (Willinkella) anthidioides Laroca et al 1982: 98. Replacement name; pre-occupied. Megachile (Acentrina) Schlindwein 1995: 97 & 98. Acentrina is a nomem nudum corresponding to Moureapis (Silveira et al 2002. 204). The 30 species of the subgenus ranges from Mexico to Argentina. eighteen are known from Brazil. Of the species now included in Moureapis seven previously belonged to the subgenus Pseudocentron and three belonged to Leptorachis.

1. Megachile (Moureapis) adempta Cockerell Megachile adempta Cockerell 1931c: 538-539. Female. Type locality: Chichenitza, Yucatán, Mexico (Bequaert). Type repository: MCZ 16266. Examined. Megachile (Moureana) adempta : Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). Megachile (Moureapis) adempta : Raw 2002 # 7: 23. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1932: 13-14 (K). DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: YU.

2. Megachile (Moureapis) agilis Smith Megachile agilis Smith 1879: 73. Male. Type locality: St. Paulo [de Olivença] on the Amazons, Brasil. Type repository: NHML 17a2449. Examined. Megachile (Moureapis) agilis : Raw 2002 # 7: 23. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM.

3. Megachile (Moureapis) ampla Mitchell Megachile ampla Mitchell 1930: 212-213. Female. Type locality: Buenavista, Bolivia. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Leptorachis) ampla : Mitchell 1943b: 663. Megachile (Moureapis) ampla : Raw 2002 # 7: 23. DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Buenavista. BRAZIL: AC- Rio Branco valley; RO- Vila Rondônia (MZSP). PERU: LORETO- Putumayo, Mocoa (600m).

4. Megachile (Moureapis) angusta Mitchell Megachile angusta Mitchell 1930: 241-242. Male. Type locality: Prieta, Republic of Honduras, 5 April 1924. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Moureana) angusta : Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). Megachile (Moureapis) angusta : Raw 2002 # 7: 23. DISTRIBUTION. HONDURAS. MEXICO: CA; HI.

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 53 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

5. Megachile (Moureapis) anthidioides Radoszkowski Megachile anthidioides Radoszkowski 1874: 147. Female. Type locality: Brazil, Amazonia. Type repository: St. Petersburg ? Megachile (Pseudocentron) anthidioides : Mitchell 1943b: 664. Pseudocentron (Moureana) anthidioides : Mitchell 1980: 56. [Type species; monotypic]. Megachile (Willinkella) anthidioides : Laroca et al 1982: 98. (Pre-occupied.) Megachile (Moureapis) anthidioides : Raw 2002 # 7: 23. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Gerstaecker 1863: 147 (R- F); Schrottky 1902: 437-438 (D, L, R-FM); 1913a: Schrottky 1913a: 142 (K), 180 (D), 246 (D); 1920: 22 (D); Cockerell 1905: 341 (K); Friese 1908a: 63 (K), 64 (D, L); 1911: 265 (R-F); 1916: 298 (D) (misdetermination ?); Jensen-Haarup 1908: 105 (F); Jörgensen 1912a: 124 (D), 133 & 134 (K); 1912b: 310 (D); Alfken 1930: 11 (D); Mitchell 1930: 238 (D); Silveira & Cure 1993: 50 (D); Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D); Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 12 (D). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: BA; ER- Paraná, LP- Santa Rosa; ME- Mendoza; MI. BRAZIL: BA- Iguaçú (300 km W Salvador); MG- Barbacena, Ibitopoca; PR; RJ- Itatiaia, RS- Neu Wurtemburg; SC- Blumenau, Nova Teutônia, SP- Alto da Serra, Barbacena, Campinas, Campos de Jordão, Jundiaí, São Paulo, Rincão, Rio Feio, Vila Ema, Vitória de Botucatú. PARAGUAY: Alto Paraná, Puerto Bertoni, Villarrica. COSTA RICA: San José (misdetermination ?). FLOWERS. Senecio. LIFE HISTORY. In Mendoza adults are active November to January. Megachile anthidioides Cockerell 1936: 250. Holmberg 1903: 434. Friese 1906: 31. Strand 1909: 228; 1910: 526. Moure 1944c: 40. None of the above authors mentioned seeing the type of Radoszkowski's species. The discussion on this species is included under M. macularis Dalla Torre.

6. Megachile (Moureapis) apicipennis Schrottky Megachile apicipennis Schrottky 1902: 442-443. Female. Type locality: Belém, S. Paulo [state], January 1908 (Bicego). Type repository: MZSP. Mitchell synonymised this name with M. (Sayapis) squalens Haliday. Megachile (Moureapis) apicipennis : Raw 2002 # 7: 23. Megachile (Acentrina) apicipennis : Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 11 (D). Acentrina is a nomem nudum (Silveira et al 2002. 204). Megachile (Willinkella) apicipennis : Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 12 (D). Preoccupied. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Ihering 1904: 470 (N); Schrottky 1913b: 251 (P); Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PR; RS; SP. NESTING. Nested in an earth bank. Cells were 11 mm long and 6.5 mm wide and their walls constructed of very fine clay with a polished finish. MORTALITY. Coelioxys chrysocephala emerged from a cell. C. pirata.

7. Megachile (Moureapis) atahualpa Schrottky Megachile nudiventris atahualpa Schrottky 1913a: 156. Female. Type locality: Peru. Type repository: MZSP. Examined. Megachile (Moureapis) atahualpa : Raw 2002 # 7: 24. DISTRIBUTION. PERU.

8. Megachile (Moureapis) barbiellinii Moure Megachile barbiellinii Moure 1944a: 17. Female. Type locality: Praia das Cigarras, São Sebastião, SP, Brazil (30.11.1942). Type repository: UFPR. Megachile (Moureapis) barbiellinii : Raw 2002 # 7: 24. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: SP.

9. Megachile (Moureapis) benigna Mitchell Megachile benigna Mitchell 1930: 214-215. Female. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães, MT], Brazil. Type repository: ANSP 4138. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) benigna : Mitchell 1943b: 663. Megachile (Moureapis) benigna : Raw 2002 # 7: 24. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT- Chapada dos Guimarães, SP- Monte Alegre.

10. Megachile (Moureapis) continua Mitchell Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 54 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Megachile continua Mitchell 1930: 239-240. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães, MT], Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4156. Examined. Megachile (Leptorachis) continua : Mitchell 1943b: 663. Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D). Megachile (Moureapis) continua : Raw 2002 # 7: 24. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT- Chapada dos Guimarães.

11. Megachile (Moureapis) digna Mitchell Megachile digna Mitchell 1930: 240-241. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães, MT], Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4144. Examined. The type is lacking left antenna, left fore and hind wing, left mid and hind leg and metasoma. Megachile (Moureapis) digna : Raw 2002 # 7: 24. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT- Chapada dos Guimarães.

12. Megachile (Moureapis) electrum Mitchell Megachile electrum Mitchell 1930: 223-224. Female. Type locality: Villarrica, Paraguay, October 1923. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Pseudocentron) electrum : Mitchell 1934: 303. Megachile (Moureapis) electrum : Raw 2002 # 7: 24. DISTRIBUTION. PARAGUAY.

13. Megachile (Moureapis) felicis Mitchell Megachile felicis Mitchell 1930: 216-217. Female. Type locality: Tapyta, Paraguay, November 1925. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Moureapis) felicis : Raw 2002 # 7: 24. DISTRIBUTION. PARAGUAY.

14. Megachile (Moureapis) irritans Smith Megachile irritans Smith 1879: 82. Female. Type locality: Orizaba, Mexico. Type repository: NHML 17a2481. Examined. Megachile (Moureana) irritans : Ayala et al 1997: 455. Megachile (Moureapis) irritans : Raw 2002 # 7: 24. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1905: 340. DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: VC.

15. Megachile (Moureapis) macularis Dalla Torre Megachile macularis Dalla Torre 1896: 437. New name for Megachile maculata Smith 1853: 160. Female. Examined. Type locality: Port Natal; Fernando Po. (Not M. maculata Smith 1853: 170-171. Female. Type locality: Western Australia. Type repository: NHML 17a2305. Examined.) Megachile anthidioides Smith 1879: 78-79. Female. Examined. Type locality: Paraná. Type repository: NHML 17a2441. Synonymy of Cockerell 1933a: 373-374. Megachile (Moureapis) maculata : Raw 2002 # 7: 24. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL.

16. Megachile (Moureapis) nigromixta Cockerell Megachile nigromixta Cockerell 1919: 215. Male. Type locality: Mexico (O. F. Baker). Type repository: USNM 21684. Examined. Megachile (Moureana) nigromixta : Ayala et al 1997: 455. Megachile (Moureapis) nigromixta : Raw 2002 # 7: 25. DISTRIBUTION. GUATEMALA. MEXICO: TM.

17. Megachile (Moureapis) nigropilosa Schrottky Megachile nigropilosa Schrottky 1902: 435. Female. Type locality: Jundiay, S. Paulo [state], Brazil (Schrottky). Type repository: MZSP. Megachile (Moureapis) nigropilosa : Raw 2002 # 7: 25. Megachile (Acentrina) nigropilosa : Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 11 (D). Acentrina is a nomem nudum (Silveira et al 2002. 204). ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Schrottky 1913a: 143 (K); Sakagami et al 1967: 272 (D, L); Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PR; RS; SP- Jundiaí. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly from January to May in Paraná.

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 55 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

18. Megachile (Moureapis) nudiventris Smith Megachile nudiventris Smith 1853: 186. Female. Type locality: Brazil. Type repository: NHML 17a2427. Examined. (Not M. nudiventris Schrottky 1902 [= M. (Melanosarus) nigripennis Spinola].) Megachile jurujubensis Cockerell 1927b: 394. Female. Type locality: Jurujuba, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 6 January 1920 (E. G. Holt). Type repository: AMNH. Examined. Synonymy of Raw 2002 # 7: 25. Megachile (Moureapis) nudiventris Raw 2002 # 7: 25. Megachile (Pseudocentron) nudiventris : Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 12 (D). ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1912d: 54 (K); Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PR; RJ; RS.

19. Megachile (Moureapis) pampeana Vachal Megachile pampeana Vachal 1908: 238. Female. Type locality: River Parana, Argentina. Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN. Megachile (Moureapis) pampeana : Silveira et al 2002: 213. Megachile (Acentrina) pampeana : Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 11 (D). Acentrina is a nomem nudum (Silveira et al 2002. 204). ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Vachal 1909: 13 (K). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: Rio Parana. BRAZIL: RS.

20. Megachile (Moureapis) paraxanthura Cockerell Megachile paraxanthura Cockerell 1914b: 428-429. Male. Type locality: Cordova, Argentina (O. W. Thomas). Type repository: NHML 17a2470. Examined. Megachile (Leptorachis) paraxanthura : Mitchell 1943b: 663. Megachile (Moureapis) paraxanthura : Raw 2002 # 7: 25. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Mitchell 1930: 241 (D). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CD. BRAZIL: DF- Brasilia (Raw); ES- Santa Teresa; MT- Vale dos Sonhos (Raw). PARAGUAY: Villarrica.

21. Megachile (Moureapis) pleuralis Vachal Megachile pleuralis Vachal 1908: 237-238. Male and Female. Type locality: Colonia Hansa, Brazil/ Buenos Aires [Argentina]. Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN. Megachile (Moureapis) pleuralis : Silveira et al 2002: 213. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Vachal 1909: 5 (K). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA/ BRAZIL.

22. Megachile (Moureapis) prudens Mitchell Megachile prudens Mitchell 1930: 238-239. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães, MT], Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4155. Examined. Megachile (Moureapis) prudens : Raw 2002 # 7: 25. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT.

23. Megachile (Moureapis) pseudopleuralis Schrottky Megachile pseudopleuralis Schrottky 1913a: 190. Female. Type locality: Jaguará, MG, Brazil. Type repository: MZSP. Examined, labelled "HOLOTIPO". Megachile (Moureapis) pseudopleuralis : Raw 2002 # 7: 25. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MG; RS. PARAGUAY: Puerto Bertoni.

24. Megachile (Moureapis) pyrrhogastra Cockerell Megachile pyrrhogastra Cockerell 1913: 368-369. Female. Type locality: Guayaquil, Ecuador (Buchwald). Type repository: AMNH. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) pyrrhogastra : Mitchell 1943b: 663; Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 12 (D). Megachile (Moureapis) pyrrhogastra : Raw 2002 # 7: 25. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MG- Jagura; PR. ECUADOR: Guayaquil.

25. Megachile (Moureapis) santaremensis Mitchell Megachile santaremensis Mitchell 1930: 194-195. Female. Type locality: Santarém, Brazil. Type repository: ANSP 4145. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) santaremensis : Mitchell 1943b: 664. Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 56 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Megachile (Moureapis) santaremensis : Raw 2002 # 7: 25. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PA -Santarém.

26. Megachile (Moureapis) stenodesma Schrottky Megachile stenodesma Schrottky 1913a: 182. Female. Type locality: Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay. Type repository: IOC. Megachile stenodema Schrottky 1913b: 248 (misspelling). Megachile (Moureapis) stenodesma : Silveira et al 2002: 213. DISTRIBUTION. PARAGUAY: Puerto Bertoni.

27. Megachile (Moureapis) sterilis Mitchell Megachile sterilis Mitchell 1930: 211-212. Female. Type locality: Cordova, Argentina (Davis). Type repository: MCZ 16211. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) sterilis : Mitchell 1943b: 664. Megachile (Moureapis) sterilis : Raw 2002 # 7: 26. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CD.

28. Megachile (Moureapis) sumichrastii Cresson Megachile sumichrastii Cresson 1878: 129-130. Male. Type locality: Mexico (Sumichrast). Type repository: ANSP 2433. Examined. Megachile (Moureana) sumichrastii : Ayala et al 1997: 455. Megachile (Moureapis) sumichrastii : Raw 2002 # 7: 26. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cresson 1916: 131 (T). DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO.

29. Megachile (Moureapis) trepida Mitchell Megachile trepida Mitchell 1930: 213-214. Female. Type locality: Cerro Patron, Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia, 4000 ft. 12 November 1927 (Salt). Type repository: NHML 17a2469. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) trepida : Mitchell 1943b: 664. Megachile (Moureapis) trepida : Raw 2002 # 7: 26. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: RO- Vilhena. COLOMBIA: Magdalena- Cerro Patron (4000 ft), Rio Frio; Santa Marta, Vista Nieve (5000 ft). FLOWERS. Begonia.

30. Megachile (Moureapis) viator Mitchell Megachile viator Mitchell 1930: 215-216. Female. Type locality: San José, Costa Rica, 25 June 1903 (J.C. Crawford). Type repository: USNM 43096. Examined. Megachile (Moureapis) viator : Raw 2002 # 7: 26. DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA. FLOWERS. Dahlia.

Subgenus Neochelynia Schrottky Neochelynia Schrottky 1920: 187. Type species: Neochelynia paulista Schrottky 1920. Megachile (Neomegachile) Mitchell 1934: 302, 306. Type species: Megachile chichimeca Cresson. Original designation. Michener et al 1994: 149. Synonymy of Michener 2000: 562. Cressoniella (Neomegachile) Mitchell 1980: 63. The subgenus includes 17 species. They range from southern U.S.A. to Paraguay.

1. Megachile (Neochelynia) aegra Mitchell Megachile aegra Mitchell 1930: 283-284. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães, MT], Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4137. Examined. Megachile (Neomegachile) aegra : Mitchell 1934: 302. Megachile (Neochelynia) aegra : Raw 2002 # 7: 26. Mitchell 1943b: 662 suggested aegra is the male of chichimeca Cresson, but see Hurd (1979: 2055). ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Mitchell 1935: 40-41 (D, R-M); Michener 1951: 1173 (D); Hurd 1979: 2055 (D).

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 57 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

DISTRIBUTION. GUATEMALA: Los Amatos. GUYANA: Georgetown. BRAZIL: MT- Chapada dos Guimarães. The distribution of this species is improbable. U.S.A.: TX- near San Antonio.

2. Megachile (Neochelynia) alta Mitchell Megachile alta Mitchell 1930: 284-285. Female. Type locality: Costa Rica. Type repository: ANSP 4125. Examined. Megachile (Neomegachile) alta : Mitchell 1934: 302. Megachile (Neochelynia) alta : Raw 2002 # 7: 26. DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA.

3. Megachile (Neochelynia) bicarinis Vachal Megachile bicarinis Vachal 1909: 7. Male. Type locality: Pachitea, Peru. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Megachile (Neochelynia) bicarinis : Raw 2002 # 7: 26. DISTRIBUTION. PERU: HUANUCO- Pachitea.

4. Megachile (Neochelynia) bodkini Cockerell Megachile bodkini Cockerell 1923a: 452-453. Female. Type locality: Issororo, NWD, British Guiana, Dec 1918 (G. E. Bodkin). Type repository: NHML 17a2461. Examined. Megachile (Neochelynia) bodkini : Raw 2002 # 7: 26. DISTRIBUTION. TRINIDAD. GUYANA.

5. Megachile (Neochelynia) brethesi Schrottky Megachile Brethesi Schrottky 1909a: 220. Female. Type locality: Asuncion, Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP ? Megachile atricostifera Strand 1910: 534. Female. Type locality: Unknown. Type repository: Unknown. Synonymy of Schrottky 1913a: 194. Megachile (Neochelynia) brethesi : Raw 2002 # 7: 27. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Schrottky 1913a: 145 (K), 194 (D, R-F); Martins 1994: 230; Zanella 2000: 590 (D); Silveira et al 2002: 213. Aguiar & Martins 2003: 213 (D); Zanella 2003: 234 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: BA- Casa Nova; DF- Brasilia (Raw), Planaltina (Raw); GO- Goias (Raw); MG; PB- Mamanguape; RN- Serra Negra do Norte; SP. PARAGUAY: Asuncion.

6. Megachile (Neochelynia) chichimeca Cresson Megachile chichimeca Cresson 1878: 130. Female. Type locality: Mexico (Sumichrast). Type repository: ANSP 2434. Examined. Megachile disparipennis W. P. Cockerell 1917: 192. Female. Type locality: Point Isabel, Texas, U.S.A. Type repository: USNM 23133. Synonymy of Mitchell 1935: 39. Megachile (Neomegachile) chichimeca : Mitchell 1934: 302. Megachile (Neochelynia) chichimeca : Raw 2002 # 7: 27. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cresson 1916: 115 (T); Cockerell 1932: 13 (K); Mitchell 1935: 39- 40 (D, R-F); Michener 1954: 99-100 (D, F, L); Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D); Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT. MEXICO: JA; MI; MO; NA; PU; QR; SI; SO; TA; VC; YU. PANAMA: Canal Zone- Corozal, Juan Mina, Rio Pescado; Old Panamá. U.S.A.: TX. FLOWERS. Cuphea balsamona, Cornuta grandiflora, Elvira biflora, Hibiscus tiliaceus. LIFE HISTORY. In Panamá adults fly January to September.

7. Megachile (Neochelynia) clara Mitchell Megachile clara Mitchell 1930: 281. Male. Type locality: Prieta, Honduras. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Neomegachile) clara : Ayala et al 1997: 455. Megachile (Neochelynia) clara : Raw 2002 # 7: 27. DISTRIBUTION. HONDURAS. MEXICO: HI; VC.

8. Megachile (Neochelynia) coelioxoides Cresson Megachile coelioxoides Cresson 1878: 130. Male. Type locality: Mexico (Sumichrast). Type repository: ANSP 2435. Examined. (Not M. coelioxoides Schrottky 1909a [=M. (Sayapis) coelioxiformis Schrottky 1910].) Megachile (Neomegachile) coelioxoides : Mitchell 1934: 302. Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 58 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Megachile (Sayapis) coelioxoides Mitchell 1943b: 664. Cresson 1878 (not Schrottky 1909a). Megachile (Neochelynia) coelioxoides : Raw 2002 # 7: 27. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cresson 1916: 115 (T); Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: JA; NA.

9. Megachile (Neochelynia) fumata Mitchell Megachile fumata Mitchell 1930: 293-295. Female. Type locality: Guapiles, Costa Rica. Type repository: ANSP 4131. Examined. Megachile (Neochelynia) fumata : Raw 2002 # 7: 27. DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA.

10. Megachile (Neochelynia) paulista Schrottky Megachile (Neochelynia) paulista Schrottky 1920. Female ? Type locality: S. Paulo, Brasil. Type repository: Unknown. Megachile uniformis Mitchell 1928: 349-351. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães, MT], Brazil, January (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4110. Examined. Synonymy of Michener 2000: 562. (Not M. uniformis Alfken 1934: 154-155. Egypt.] Megachile (Neomegachile) uniformis : Mitchell 1934: 302. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: BA; GO- Goias; MG; MT- Chapada dos Guimarães; SP. MORPHOLOGY. Intersex female described.

11. Megachile (Neochelynia) pedalis Fox Megachile pedalis Fox 1891: 347. Male. Type locality: Kingston, Jamaica. Type repository: ANSP 10403. Examined. Megachile liguanensis Cockerell 1912c: 486. Female. Type locality: Liguanea Plain, Kingston, Jamaica, Nov-Dec 1911 (Mrs. C. T. Brues). Type repository: AMNH. Examined. Synonymy Unknown. Megachile (Neomegachile) pedalis : Raw 1984a: 495. Megachile (Neochelynia) pedalis : Raw 2002 # 7: 27. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Gowdey 1926: 100 (D); 10 (D as M. liguanensis); Cresson 1928: 70 (T); Raw 1985: 2-13 (D, L, M, F). DISTRIBUTION. JAMAICA. The species occurs on the plains and the coast. FLOWERS. Cassia emarginata, Ipomaea pescaprae, Portulaca sp., Sesuvium portulacastrum, Croton linearis, Bidens pilosa. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly throughout the year. NESTING. The adults are active for most of the year.

12. Megachile (Neochelynia) perpunctata Cockerell Megachile perpunctata Cockerell 1896: 286-287. Female. Type locality: San Rafael, Vera Cruz, Mexico, 18 March (C. H. T. Townsend). Type repository: USNM 58111. Examined. Megachile (Neomegachile) perpunctata : Ayala et al 1997: 455. Megachile (Neochelynia) perpunctata : Raw 2002 # 7: 27. DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: VC.

13. Megachile (Neochelynia) praecipua Mitchell Megachile praecipua Mitchell 1930: 282-283. Female. Type locality: Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia, 8 May 1927 (Salt). Type repository: NHML 17a2468. Examined. Megachile (Neochelynia) praecipua : Raw 2002 # 7: 27. DISTRIBUTION. COLOMBIA: Magdalena.

14. Megachile (Neochelynia) rodriguesi Moure Megachile rodriguesi Moure 1943: 173. Female. Type locality: Batatais, Estado de São Paulo, November 1941. Type repository: UFPR. Megachile (Neochelynia) rodriguesi : Raw 2002 # 7: 28. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: SP- Batatais.

15. Megachile (Neochelynia) rufobarbata Cockerell Megachile rufobarbata Cockerell 1936: 250-251. Female. Type locality: Plu Ruimveldt, British Guiana, 19 December 1935 (J. Ogilvie). Type repository: AMNH. Examined. Megachile (Neochelynia) rufobarbata : Raw 2002 # 7: 28. DISTRIBUTION. GUYANA. Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 59 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

16. Megachile (Neochelynia) stomatura Cockerell Megachile stomatura Cockerell 1917b: 237-238. Male. Type locality: Trinidad, West Indies, 6 June (Aug. Busck). Type repository: USNM 22903. Examined. Megachile (Neomegachile) stomatura : Mitchell 1934: 302. Megachile (Neochelynia) stomatura : Raw 2002 # 7: 28. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1923a: 453, 458 (D, P, R-F). DISTRIBUTION. GUYANA: Berbice. TRINIDAD. NESTING. Disused borings in timber. PREDATION. Coelioxys rostrata.

17. Megachile (Neochelynia) zernyi Alfken Megachile zernyi Alfken 1933: 306-307. Female. Type locality: Taperinha (near Santarém), Brazil, 21-31 July (H. Zerny). Type repository: NHMW. Megachile (Neochelynia) zernyi : Raw 2002 # 7: 28. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PA; SP.

Subgenus Pseudocentron Mitchell Megachile (Pseudocentron) Mitchell 1934: 304, 307. Type species: Megachile pruina Smith. Original designation. Pseudocentron Mitchell 1934: 303 & 307, 1937b: 63. Sandhouse 1943: 593. Michener 1944: 265, 266, 268. Mitchell 1980: 56. Pseudocentron (Pseudocentron) Mitchell 1980: 56. This is the largest subgenus in the Americas which currently includes 73 species. They range from North Carolina to Argentina and central Chile. Two are restricted to U.S.A. and eight or nine are West Indian.

1. Megachile (Pseudocentron) agrestis Mitchell Megachile agrestis Mitchell 1930: 197-198. Male. Type locality: Cordoba, Argentina. Type repository: MCZ 16200. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) agrestis : Raw 2002 # 7: 28. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CD.

2. Megachile (Pseudocentron) alleni Mitchell Megachile poeyi alleni Mitchell 1927a: 48-51. Male. Type locality: Mangrove Cay, Andros, Bahamas, 1 August 1904 (Allen, Barbour & Bryant). Type repository: MCZ 15715. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) poeyi alleni : Krombein 1953b: 21 (D). Megachile (Pseudocentron) alleni : Raw 2002 # 7: 28. DISTRIBUTION. ANGUILLA. BAHAMAS: Bimini, Cat Island, Concepcion, Eleuthera, Grand Bahama, Long Island, New Providence, Water Cay, Gun Cay. FLOWERS. Croton linearis, Bidens pilosa, Cosmos sulphurea, Spilanthes urens, Mikania microntha. LIFE HISTORY. Adults are active for most of the year (February to November).

3. Megachile (Pseudocentron) alopecura Cockerell Megachile alopecura Cockerell 1923b: 2. Male. Type locality: Victoria, Mexico, 16 March. Megachile (Pseudocentron) alopecura : Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). Type repository: USNM 25580. Examined. DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: TM.

4. Megachile (Pseudocentron) animosa Cockerell Megachile animosa Cockerell 1931c: 539. Female. Type locality: Chichenitza, Yucatán, Mexico (Bequaert). Type repository: MCZ 16256. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) animosa : Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1932: 13 (K). DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: YU.

5. Megachile (Pseudocentron) argentina Friese

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 60 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Megachile argentina Friese 1906: 95. Female ? Type locality: Santa Rosa, Ch. de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina. Type repository: WNHM. Megachile argentina versicolor Friese 1906: 96. Megachile (Pseudocentron) argentina : Mitchell 1934: 303. The type locality of the subspecies versicolor is also Mendoza, Argentina and Jörgensen (1909) recorded the species from Pedregal so the subspecific status is doubtful. It may be a variety of M. argentina or a separate species (Mitchell 1930: 199 (D)). (If the latter, it must be renamed - qv. M. (Megachile) versicolor Smith 1844 of Europe). ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1908a: 63 (K), 65-66 (R-M); Jensen-Haarup 1908: 105 (F, N); Jörgensen 1909: 214 (D, F, L); 1912a: 125 (L, T),126 (N), 132 & 134 (K); 1912b: 309, 310 (F, L, D, P). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CA, ME (3000m-4000m), Puente del Inca, Cerro Navarro, Catamarca; Pedregal; San Juan; Chacras de Coria. PERU: LIMA; CUSCO (Ras). FLOWERS. Acacia furcata, Atamisquea emarginata, Anthemis cotula, Baccharis salicifolia, Caesalpinia praecox, Circium lanceolatum, Clematis hilarii, Convolvulus arvensis, Cucurbitella scaberrima, Cuscuta racemosa, Grindelia pulchella, Hoffmannseggia falcaria, Hyalis argentea, Lycium gracile, Monedula, Marrubium vulgare, Pascalia glauca, Patagonium gilliesii, Prosopis alpataco, P. campestris, P. strombulifera, Proustia ilicifolia, Psoralea higuerilla, Salvia gilliesii, Senecio mendocinus, S. pinnatus, Sphaeralcea bonariensis, Telesperma scabriosoides, Ximenedia microptera and Zuccagnia punctata. NESTING. Nests in the ground, in thatch of houses and in galls on Duvana dependens. Lines cells with cut leaves and with petals of Caesalpinia, Cassia aphylla and Larrea. The cell is plugged with mud. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly from October to mid May. PREDATORS. Coelioxys inconspicua.

6. Megachile (Pseudocentron) aricensis Friese Megachile aricensis Friese 1904: 187. Male. Type locality: Arica, northern Chile. Type repository: Unknown. Megachile (Pseudocentron) aricensis : Mitchell 1943b: 664 by association. Mitchell (op.cit.) considered this to be a junior synonym of M. furcata Vachal (1909), which is considered below to be a distinct species. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1912a: 175 (D, F). DISTRIBUTION. CHILE: Arica. PERU. Pacific coast of northern Peru to northern Chile. Michener's records from Panamá (1954: 101) may be erroneous. FLOWERS. Philibertella flava (Meyer).

7. Megachile (Pseudocentron) asuncicola Strand Megachile asuncicola Strand 1910: 530. Female. Type locality: Asuncion, Paraguay. Type repository: Unknown. Megachile asuncicola mediomicans : Strand 1910: 531. Sex not indicated. Type locality: Paraguay. Type repository: Unknown. Megachile (Pseudocentron) asuncicola : Mitchell 1934: 303. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Mitchell 1930: 209 (D); Moure 1944a: 16; Zanella 2000: 591 (D); Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PB- São João de Cariri; RN- Serra Negra do Norte. PARAGUAY: Asuncion.

8. Megachile (Pseudocentron) aurata Mitchell Megachile aurata Mitchell 1930: 222-223. Female. Type locality: Juanfé [Juanjui], Peru. Type repository: USNM. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) aurata Mitchell 1934: 303. DISTRIBUTION. PERU: SAN MARTIN- Juanjui.

9. Megachile (Pseudocentron) aurea Mitchell Megachile aurea Mitchell 1930: 244. Male. Type locality: Buenavista, Bolivia. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Pseudocentron) aurea : Mitchell 1943b: 663. DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Buenavista. BRAZIL: PA- Santarém (MZSP).

10. Megachile (Pseudocentron) azteca Cresson

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 61 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Megachile azteca Cresson 1878: 119. Male. Type locality: Mexico (Sumichrast). Type repository: ANSP 2456. Examined. Megachile rhodopus Cockerell 1896: 287-287. Male/ Female. Type locality: San Rafael, New Mexico, 18 June. Type repository: AMNH. Examined. Synonymy of Mitchell 1930: 196 (D). Megachile (Pseudocentron) azteca : Mitchell 1943b: 663. The citations of M. rhodopus have been by Cockerell (1896, 1899, 1919, 1932) and Friese (1911). The type locality of the male is New Mexico. Cockerell (1896) also described a female collected in Brazil under this name but it is a member of the subgenus Moureapis (examined by A. Raw). ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1905: 340 (K); 1932: 14 (K as M. rhodopus); Friese 1911: 245 (R-F); 1921: 80 (D); Cresson 1916: 112 (T); 1932: 14 (K); Michener 1954: 101 (D, L); Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA: San José, Mount Redovuto. MEXICO: CH; JA; NA; VC- San Rafael. PANAMA: Canal Zone- Chiva Chiva. U.S.A.: NM. Records from Bolivia and Brazil under M. rhodopus are questionable. NESTING. March-June. In Panamá adults fly in July. FLOWERS. Compositae.

11. Megachile (Pseudocentron) baeri Vachal Megachile Baeri Vachal 1904: 12-13. Female. Type locality: Lara [Tucuman, Argentina]. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) baeri : Raw 2002 # 7: 28. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: TU.

12. Megachile (Pseudocentron) banksi Mitchell Megachile banksi Mitchell 1930: 220. Female. Type locality: Canal Zone, Ancón, Panamá. Type repository: MCZ 16202. Examined. Megachile petulans abnegata Cockerell 1931: 538. Female. Type locality: Chichenitza, Yucatan, Mexico (Bequaert). Type repository: MCZ 16267. Synonymy of Mitchell 1943b: 663. Megachile (Pseudocentron) banksi : Mitchell 1934: 303. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1932: 13 (K) abnegata; Michener 1954: 101 (D, L); Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: YU- Chichenitza. PANAMA: Canal Zone; Ancon. COLOMBIA: Magdalena- Rio Frio. FLOWERS. Antigonum leptopus, Tribulus cistoides. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in August.

13. Megachile (Pseudocentron) barbatula Smith Megachile barbatula Smith 1879: 70. Male. Type locality: Ega [=Tefé] on the Amazons [Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2452. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) barbatula : Raw 2002 # 7: 28. A paralectotype male at OUM is labelled "barbata Smith, Ega, Braz.", but the published name is to avoid synonymy with M. barbata Smith (1853) from South Africa. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM.

14. Megachile (Pseudocentron) bidentata (Fabricius) Andrena bidentata Fabricius 1775: 377. Male. Type locality: Amer. Bor. Type repository: NHML ? Apis bidentata Gmelin (in Linnaeus) 1790: 2793. Anthophora bidentata Fabricius 1804: 381. (Not M. bidentata Smith 1853.) (Not M. bidentata Walckenaer 1802: 135. Europe [= Coelioxys quadridentata L 1758].) Megachile (Pseudocentron) bidentata : Mitchell 1934: 303. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1905: 339 (K); Mitchell 1937b: 73-74 (R-M). DISTRIBUTION. Central American or West Indian. Mitchell (1937b: 73) considered the type locality cited to be in error. NESTING. Said to nest on stones.

15. Megachile (Pseudocentron) binotulata Dalla Torre Megachile binotulata Dalla Torre 1896: 422. New name. Megachile binotata Lucas 1856: 777. Female. Type locality: Cuba. Type repository: Unknown. (Not M. binotata Guérin 1845. = M. (Pseudocentron) luctifera Spinola.

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 62 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Megachile binotatula : Friese 1920: 51 [misspelling]. (Not M. binotatula Alfken 1924: 14. Takao, Formosa [Taiwan]). ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cheesman 1929: 144 (D). DISTRIBUTION. CUBA. MARTINIQUE. MEXICO. PANAMA: Gorgona Is.

16. Megachile (Pseudocentron) botucatuna Schrottky Megachile botucatuna Schrottky 1913a: 212-213. Male. Type locality: Victoria de Botucatú, Est. do São Paulo, [Brazil], 15 Oct 1900. Type repository: MZSP. Megachile arabilis Mitchell 1930: 201-202. Sex not indicated. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães, MT] Brazil. Type repository: ANSP 4140/ 4145 ? Synonymy of Mitchell 1943b: 664. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) arabilis : Mitchell 1934: 303. Megachile (Pseudocentron) botucatuna : Mitchell 1943b: 664. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MG; MT- Chapada dos Guimarães; SP- Botucatú.

17. Megachile (Pseudocentron) burmeisteri Friese Megachile burmeisteri Friese 1908a: 68. Sex not indicated. Type locality: Pedregal, Mendoza or Buenos Aires, Argentina ? Type repository: NHMW. Megachile (Pseudocentron) burmeisteri : Mitchell 1943b: 663. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1908a: 63-64 (K); Jensen-Haarup 1908: 106 (F); Jörgensen 1909: 215 (F, L); 1912a: 130 (D, F, L), 133 & 134 (K); 1912b: 311-312 (F, L); Vachal 1909: 7 (K); Cockerell 1919a: 221 (D); Mitchell 1930: 225 (D). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: BA, ME, Pedregal; Carcaraña. PARAGUAY: Sapucay. FLOWERS. Atamisquea emarginata, Grindelia pulchella, Hoffmannseggia falcaria, H. falcata, Medicago sativa (alfalfa), Psoralea higuerilla and Ximenedia microptera. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly mid October to end of May.

18. Megachile (Pseudocentron) cordialis Mitchell Megachile (Pseudocentron) cordialis Mitchell 1943b: 664. New name for Megachile cordovensis Mitchell 1930: 189-190. Female. Type locality: Cordoba, Argentina. Type repository: MCZ 16209. Examined. (Not M. corduvensis Schrottky 1909a.) The face of the female is extraordinary for a species of Pseudocentron; it more resembles that of Chelostomoides. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CD. BRAZIL: MS; MT.

19. Megachile (Pseudocentron) crassipes Smith Megachile crassipes Smith 1879: 71-72. Male. Type locality: St. Paulo [de Olivença] on the Amazons [Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2453. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) crassipes : Raw 2002 # 7: 28. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1927a: 13, 17 (D, K). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Tumupasa. BRAZIL: AM- São Paulo de Olivença; RO- Suruí Reserve (Raw). ECUADOR: Napo Pastazo- Coca. PERU: MADRE DE DIOS- Avispas; Amazonas- Montenegro.

20. Megachile (Pseudocentron) curvipes Smith Megachile curvipes Smith 1853: 187. Male. Type locality: Brazil. Type repository: OUM. Examined. Megachile fossoris Smith 1879: 75-76. Female. Type locality: Santarém [Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2429. Examined. Synonymy of Moure 1941: 93. Megachile fossoris leucocentra : Schrottky 1908: 236. Female. Type locality: Asuncion, Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP. Synonymy of Moure 1941: 93. Megachile leucocentra : Schrottky 1913a: 164. Megachile fossoris leucocentra : Schrottky 1913a: 164. Megachile (Pseudocentron) curvipes : Mitchell 1943b: 664. Megachile (Pseudocentron) curviceps : Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 12 (Misspelling). Schwarz (1934) separated the females of M. curvipes and M. fossoris. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Schrottky 1908: 236 (D), 1913a: 147 (D), 200 (D); 1913b: 247 (D); 1920: 22 (D, R-F as M. fossoris); Strand 1909: 234 (D); Vachal 1909: 17 (D, K); Cockerell 1912d: 61 (D); 1919a: 221 (D); 1932: 14 (K as M. leucocentra); Friese 1916: 297 (D); Mitchell 1930: 192 (D, M) 196 (D as M. fossoris); 1941: 166-167 (D, M); Schwarz 1934: 20-21 (D, K, T); Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 63 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

1934: 19-21 (D, K as M. fossoris); Moure 1942: 307-308 (D), 1944a: 15 (D); Michener 1954: 101 (D, F, L); Cruz Landim 1967: 201-202, 204 (M); 1968: 119; 1973: 209-213; Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: MI. BRAZIL: AM- Manaus; BA; DF- Brasilia (Raw), Planaltina (Raw); GO- Goias (Raw), Rio das Antas (Raw); MG; MS- Pedra Branca; MT- Chapada dos Guimarães (Raw), Salobra; PA- Santarém (Raw); PR- Curitiba; RO- Porto Velho; RS; SP- Vila Ema. COLOMBIA: Magdalena- Rio Frio. COSTA RICA: San José. PANAMA: Canal Zone- Barro Colorado Island, Tocumen. PARAGUAY: Asuncion, Misiones, Sapucay, Villarrica. FLOWERS. Melampodium divaricatum. LIFE HISTORY. In Panamá adults fly in February & July. [See botucatuna.] MORPHOLOGY. Intersex. Thoracic salivary glands are described.

21. Megachile (Pseudocentron) dalmeidai Moure Megachile dalmeidai Moure 1944b: 118-120. Female. Type locality: Fazenda Bom Jesus, Monte Alegre (750 ms), SP, Brazil, 14-27 October 1942. Type repository: MZSP 104.428. Examined. [Type missing metasoma.] Megachile (Pseudocentron) dalmeidai : Raw 2002 # 7: 28. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: SP: Monte Alegre.

22. Megachile (Pseudocentron) davisi Mitchell Megachile davisi Mitchell 1930: 219. Female. Type locality: Cordoba, Argentina. Type repository: MCZ 16210. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) davisi : Raw 2002 # 7: 29. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CD.

23. Megachile (Pseudocentron) deceptrix Smith Megachile deceptrix Smith 1879: 81. Female. Type locality: St. Domingo [West Indies]. Type repository: NHML 17a2423. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) deceptrix : Mitchell 1943b: 664. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1905: 341 (K). DISTRIBUTION. SANTO DOMINGO.

24. Megachile (Pseudocentron) delectus Mitchell Megachile delectus Mitchell 1930: 217. Female. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães, MT], Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4148. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) delectus : Raw 2002 # 7: 29. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT.

25. Megachile (Pseudocentron) electra Mitchell Megachile electrum Mitchell 1930: 223-224. Female. Type locality: Villarrica, Paraguay, October 1923. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Pseudocentron) electrum : Mitchell 1934: 303; Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 12. Megachile (Moureapis) electra : Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D). DISTRIBUTION. PARAGUAY: Villarrica.

26. Megachile (Pseudocentron) elongata Smith Megachile elongata Smith 1879: 80. Male. Type locality: St. Domingo [West Indies]. Type repository: NHML 17a2467. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) elongata : Mitchell 1943b: 664. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1902: 199 (R-F); Cockerell 1905: 341 (K); Crawford 1914: 132 (D); Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: JA; SI; SO; MI; NA; TA. SANTO DOMINGO.

27. Megachile (Pseudocentron) framea Schrottky Megachile framea Schrottky 1913a: 211. Male. Type locality: Jundiahy [= Jundiaí, SP, Brazil], November 1900. Type repository: MZSP. Examined, labelled "HOLOTIPO". [Type missing left mid leg, left hind tibia and tarsi. Right antenna and left flagellum attached to card.] Megachile (Pseudocentron) framea : Sakagami, Laroca and Moure 1967: 272-273 (D, L). ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D); Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 12. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PR- São José dos Pinhais; RS; SP-Jundiaí. Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 64 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly November to May.

28. Megachile (Pseudocentron) furcata Vachal Megachile furcata Vachal 1909: 10. Male. Type locality: Chihuahua, Mexico. Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN. Megachile (Pseudocentron) furcata : Mitchell 1934: 303. Cockerell (1924: 548) considered this species to be a junior synonym of M. sidalceae Cockerell, but see below. Mitchell (1934: 303) and Michener (1954: 101 (D, L)) considered it to be a junior synonym of M. aricensis Friese which is occura along the coasts of Peru and Chile. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Mitchell 1930: 192-193 (D, R-F); Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). DISTRIBUTION. COLOMBIA: Magdalena- Rio Frio, Clenaga, Tucurinca. MEXICO: CH; SI. PANAMA: Canal Zone- Ancón, Balboa; Panamá- Camarón, Old Panamá, Panamá City, Pueblo Nuevo. FLOWERS. Tribulus cistoides. LIFE HISTORY. In Panamá adults fly almost all the year.

29. Megachile (Pseudocentron) gomphrenae Holmberg Megachile gomphrenae Holmberg 1886: 140. Female. Type locality: La Tinta, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Type repository: Unknown. (Not M. gomphrenae Friese 1908a [= M. (Chrysosarus) catamarcensis Schrottky 1908]. Megachile gomphrenae var. saltensis : Friese 1908a: 64-65. Sex not indicated. Type locality: Salta, Argentina. Type repository: Unknown. Synonymy of Unknown. Megachile saltensis Schrottky 1909b: 268. New status. Megachile (Pseudocentron) gomphrenae Mitchell 1934: 303. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Jensen-Haarup 1908: 105 (F); Jörgensen 1909: 213 (D, F, L, N); 1912a: 124 (T); Friese 1911: 267 (D, F, L); Schrottky 1913a: 178-180 (D, R-FM); 1913b: 247 (D); Cockerell 1917b: 240 (D). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: BA- La Tinta; ME- Pedregal, Carcaraña, Chacras de Coria, Potrerillos. URUGUAY. FLOWERS. Gomphrena sericea, Cirsium lanceolatum and Senecio. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly November to March. NESTING. Nests in thatch of houses.

30. Megachile (Pseudocentron) gomphrenoides Vachal Megachile gomphrenoides Vachal 1908: 236-237. Female. Type locality: Argentina. Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN. Megachile (Pseudocentron) gomphrenoides : Moure 1947: 232. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Schrottky 1920: 33 (D). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: ST- Rio Carapari.

31. Megachile (Pseudocentron) hamatipes Cockerell Megachile hamatipes Cockerell 1923a: 455-456. Male. Type locality: Bel Air, Lamaha, East Coast, British Guiana (Bodkin). Type repository: NHML 17a2464. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) hamatipes : Raw 2002 # 7: 29. DISTRIBUTION. GUYANA.

32. Megachile (Pseudocentron) hieronymi Friese Megachile hieronymi Friese 1906: 96. Female. Type locality: Mendoza/ Cordoba, Argentina. Type repository: MHNW. Megachile (Pseudocentron) hieronymi : Raw 2002 # 7: 29. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1908a: 63-64 (K), 67 (L); Jensen-Haarup 1908: 105-106 (F); Jörgensen 1912a: 128 (F, L), 133 & 135 (K); 1912b: 311 (D, F). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CA; CD; ME; NE. FLOWERS. Baccharis serratula, Bidens leucantha, Circium lanceolata, Grindelia pulchella, Hoffmannseggia falcata, Hyalis argentea, Lycium argentinum, L. chilense, Marrubia vulgare, Patagonium gilliesii, Psoralea higuerilla, Senecio albicaulis, S. mendocinus, S. pinnatus, Ximenedia microptera. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly early October to mid May.

33. Megachile (Pseudocentron) hoffmanseggiae Jörgensen Megachile hoffmanseggiae Jörgensen 1912a: 130-131. Female. Type locality: Mendoza, Argentina. Type repository: Museu La Plata. Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 65 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Lithurgus rufiventris Friese 1908a: 61-62. Male. Type locality: Mendoza, Argentina. Synonymy of Jörgensen 1912a: 124. Megachile (Pseudocentron) hoffmanseggiae : Mitchell 1943b: 663. Megachile (Pseudocentron) rhodosara Moure 1947: 232-233. Female. Type locality: Copayan, Catamarca, Argentina, Jan 1941 (Schafer). Type repository: UFPR. Synonymy of J.S. Moure (pers. comm). ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Jörgensen 1912a: 133 (K); 1912b: 309 (D, F, L); Cockerell 1919: 221 (D); Mitchell 1930: 203 (D). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: ME- Pedregal, Chacras de Coria, Carcaraña. BRAZIL. FLOWERS. Auracantha, Caesalpinia praecox, Convolvulus arvensis, Cynara cardunculus, Grindelaria pulchella, Hoffmannseggia falcata, Hyalis argentea, Larrea divaricata, Lippia lycioides, Lycium gracilis, Medicago sativa, Opuntia sulphurea, Pascalia glauca, Salvia gilliesii, Senecio mendocinus, S. pinnatus, Verbena bonariensis. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly November to January.

34. Megachile (Pseudocentron) holomelaena Cockerell Megachile holomelaena Cockerell 1917b: 238. Female. Type locality: Chubut, Patagonia [Argentina] (W. F. H. Rosenberg). Type repository: USNM 22904. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) holomelaena : Raw 2002 # 7: 29. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CB.

35. Megachile (Pseudocentron) holosericea (Fabricius) Apis holosericea Fabricius 1793: 336. Female. Type locality: America Meridionalis Insularis. Type repository: Zool. Mus. Copenhagen. Anthophora holosericea : Fabricius 1804: 373. Anthophora holosericea : Illiger 1806: 113. Trachusa holosericea : Jurine 1807: 251. Megachile holosericea : Cockerell 1906b: 105. Megachile (Pseudocentron) holosericea : Moure 1960: 110 (D). Moure (1960: 110) listed this as a species, but cited it as a subspecies of poeyi in the text. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Friese 1911: 273. DISTRIBUTION. PUERTO RICO: Rio Pedras, Mona (as M. vitracii). Moure (1960) gives type locality as "Lesser Antilles", but the species is known only from Puerto Rico.

36. Megachile (Pseudocentron) huascari Cockerell Megachile huascari Cockerell 1912c: 486-487. Female. Type locality: Huascaray, Peru, 6500 ft. Sept 21 (C. H. T. Townsend). Type repository: AMNH. Examined. The apical margin of the clypeus is thickened and impunctate, but it is not notched as in Moureapis species. The inner tooth of the mandible is truncate as in M. anthidioides Radoszkowski. Megachile (Pseudocentron) huascari : Raw 2002 # 7: 29. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1917b: 239 (K). DISTRIBUTION. PERU: HUANUCO.

37. Megachile (Pseudocentron) imperator Mitchell Megachile imperator Mitchell 1930: 185-186. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães, MT], Brazil. Type repository: ANSP 4136. Examined. The type lacks left fore leg and left mid tibia and tarsi. Megachile (Pseudocentron) imperata : Mitchell 1933: 303. Misspelling. Megachile (Pseudocentron) imperator : Mitchell 1943b: 663. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT.

38. Megachile (Pseudocentron) indulgens Mitchell Megachile indulgens Mitchell 1930: 224. Female. Type locality: Cordoba, Argentina. Type repository: MCZ 16201. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) indulgens : Raw 2002 # 7: 29. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CD.

39. Megachile (Pseudocentron) inscita Mitchell Megachile inscita Mitchell 1930: 196-197. Male. Type locality: Pedra Branca, Brazil. Type repository: ANSP 4146. Examined. Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 66 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Megachile (Pseudocentron) inscita : Mitchell 1934: 303. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT- Pedra Branca.

40. Megachile (Pseudocentron) jerryrozeni Genaro 2003 Megachile (Pseudocentron) jerryrozeni Genaro 2003: 286-289. Female. Type locality: Cayman, West Indies. Type repository: USNM. DISTRIBUTION. Grand Cayman Island and Cayman Brac, West Indies.

41. Megachile (Pseudocentron) joergenseni Friese Megachile jörgenseni Friese 1908a: 66. Female. Type locality: Mendoza, Argentina. Type repository: NHMW. Megachile jeorgenseni : Schrottky 1913b: 247 [misspelling]. Megachile joergenseni : Schrottky 1913b: 251 (emendation). Megachile (Pseudocentron) joergenseni : Raw 2002 # 7: 29. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1908a: 63 (K); Jensen-Haarup 1908: 105 (F); Jörgensen 1912a: 125-126 (L, N, T), 132 (K); 1912b: 309, 310 (F, L, P). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: ME. FLOWERS. Baccharis salicifolia, Cirsium, Clematis hilarii, Cucurbitella scaberrima, Grindelia pulchella, Hoffmannseggia, Hyalis argentea, Lippia lycioides, Lycium gracile, Marrubium vulgare, Senecio pinnatus, Taraxacum officinale, Verbena aspera, Ximenedia microptera. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly mid October to mid June. NESTING. Nests in bamboo, canes of thatch and galls on Duvana dependens. PREDATORS. Coelioxys inconspicua.

42. Megachile (Pseudocentron) jundiana Schrottky Megachile jundiana Schrottky 1913a: 204. Male. Type locality: Jundiahy [Jundiaí, SP, Brazil], January 1900. Type repository: MZSP. Synonymy of Moure (1943: 171-172) based on gynandromorph females. Megachile (Pseudocentron) jundiana : Mitchell 1943b: 663. Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: SP-Jundiaí.

43. Megachile (Pseudocentron) leucopogonites Moure Megachile (Pseudocentron) leucopogonites Moure 1944a: 17. Female. Type locality: Vila Ema, São Paulo, Brazil. Type repository: UFPR. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: SP.

44. Megachile (Pseudocentron) lissotate Moure Megachile (Pseudocentron) lissotate Moure 1943: 187-189. Female. Type locality: Bodoquena, MT, Brazil. Type repository: UFPR. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Moure 1945: 414; Zanella 2000: 591 (D); Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D); Zanella 2003: 234 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MG; MS; MT; PB- São João de Cariri; RN- Serra Negra do Norte; SP-Batatais.

45. Megachile (Pseudocentron) lobitarsis Smith Megachile lobitarsis Smith 1879: 76. Male. Type locality: St. Paulo [de Olivença], on the Amazons [Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2444. Examined. Megachile sexies Vachal 1909: 9. Male. Type locality: Guyane Française. Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN. Synonymy suggested by Vachal (1909: 9). Megachile (Ptilosarus) lobitarsis : Michener 1954: 103 (D, L). (Erroneous listing). Megachile (Pseudocentron) lobitarsis : Raw 2002 # 7: 30. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Dominique 1898: 61 (D); Bodkin 1918: 303 (D); Cheesman 1929: 145 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM- São Paulo de Olivença; BA- Itabuna (Raw), Una (Raw). FRENCH GUIANA. GUYANA. PANAMA: Taboga Is. LIFE HISTORY. In Panamá adults fly in September.

46. Megachile (Pseudocentron) luctifera Spinola Megachile luctifera Spinola 1841: 142. Female. Type locality: Cayenne [French Guiana]. Type repository: IZU Torino.

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 67 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Megachile flavitarsata Smith 1853: 183-184. Male. Type locality: St. Vincent's [West Indies]. Type repository: NHML 17a2443. Examined. Synonymy of Genaro 1998: 151 (D). Megachile binotata Guérin 1845: 450. Female. Type locality: St. Thomas [West Indies]. Type repository: SMM. Synonymy of Genaro 1998: 151 (D). Megachile barbadensis Cockerell 1937a: 111-112. Male. Type locality: Barbados [West Indies], 15 April. Type repository: USNM 55482. Examined. Synonymy of Genaro 1998: 151 (D). Megachile (Pseudocentron) luctifera : Mitchell 1943b: 664. Megachile (Pseudocentron) barbadensis : Mitchell 1943b: 663. Megachile (Pseudocentron) binotata : Mitchell 1943b: 663. Megachile binottata : Guiglia & Pasteels 1961: 20. Misspelling. Megachile (Pseudocentron) flavitarsata : Raw 2002 # 7: 29. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cresson 1865: 196 [Author did not see a specimen from Cuba]; Friese 1908b: 38 (D); Ashmead 1900: 213, 214 (D); Cockerell 1905: 341 (K), 1936: 249 (D), 1937a: 111, (D)1938: 280 (D); Crawford 1914: 132, 133 (D); Beatty 1944: 172 (D, L). DISTRIBUTION. BARBADOS. DOMINICA. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. FRENCH GUIANA. GRENADA. ST. VINCENT and Canouan (Grenadines). SURINAM. UNITED STATES VIRGIN ISLANDS: St. Croix, St.Thomas.

47. Megachile (Pseudocentron) morio Smith Megachile morio Smith 1853: 189. Female. Type locality: United States (E. Doubleday). Type repository: NHML 17a2414. Examined. (Not M. morio Graenicher 1930: 162 [=M. (Melanosarus) bahamensis Mitchell]. See Mitchell 1934: 351-352. Megachile (Pseudocentron) morio : Mitchell 1937b: 72-73 (D, R-F). Mitchell (1937) observed that M. floridensis Mitchell "was at first erroneously identified as M. morio Smith". Apparently the latter is known only from the type series and may be from Mexico or the West Indies. Hurd 1979: 2068 suggested it is "Probably a form of pruina." ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1905: 339 (K). Friese 1916: 297 (D). DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA: San José. U.S.A.: CA, FL. The record from Brazil is very doubtful. FLOWERS. Bidens leucantha, Melanthera brevifolia, Poinsettia cyathophora.

48. Megachile (Pseudocentron) neutra Vachal Megachile neutra Vachal 1908: 237. Female. Type locality: Buenos Aires, Argentina. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) neutra : Raw 2002 # 7: 30. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: BA.

49. Megachile (Pseudocentron) obliqua Mitchell Megachile obliqua Mitchell 1930: 218-219. Female. Type locality: British Guiana, 16 April 1901. Type repository: USNM 43095. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) obliqua : Raw 2002 # 7: 30. DISTRIBUTION. GUYANA.

50. Megachile (Pseudocentron) perenensis Cockerell Megachile perenensis Cockerell 1919a: 219-220. Female. Type locality: Perenes [Perené] Valley, Peru, 2000-3000 ft. Type repository: USNM 21690. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) perenensis : Raw 2002 # 7: 30. DISTRIBUTION. PERU: JUNIN- Perené.

51. Megachile (Pseudocentron) perita Mitchell Megachile perita Mitchell 1930: 202-203. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães, MT], Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4147. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) perita : Mitchell 1934: 303. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT.

52. Megachile (Pseudocentron) poeyi Guérin Megachile poeyi Guérin 1845: 450. Female. Type locality: Cuba. Type repository: SMM. Megachile velhoensis Mitchell 1930: 199-200. Male. Type locality: Porto Velho, Brazil (Mann and Baker). Type repository: MCZ 16199. Incorrect locality (Dr. Oliver Flint, USNM, pers. comm.). Examined. Synonymy of Raw 2002 # 7: 30. Megachile (Pseudocentron) velhoensis : Mitchell 1934: 303. Megachile (Pseudocentron) poeyi : Mitchell 1934: 303. Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 68 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Megachile (Pseudocentron) holosericea poeyi. Synonymy of Moure 1960: 110. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cresson 1865: 177 (D, N, P); Dewitz 1881: 197 (D); Gundlach 1886: 162-163 (D); Fox 1891: 345 (D); Ashmead 1900: 302 (D); Cockerell 1905: 341 (K); 1912c: 486 (D); Gowdey 1926: 100 (D); Mitchell 1927a: 57 (D, F); Myers 1935: 137; Wolcott 1948: 869 (D); Raw 1985: 2-13 (D, F, L, M); Alayo 1976: 23 (D). DISTRIBUTION. CUBA: (widespread and abundant) Cienfuegos, La Milpa, Soledad. JAMAICA: AW; SC; CL; EL; ST; TR (on plains and near coast). Wolcott (1948) doubted the authenticity of the record of this species from Puerto Rico. The records from Anguilla and Trinidad are probably erroneous. A series from Bahamas "agrees in coloration with typical poeyi Guérin from Cuba and Jamaica" (Krombein 1953). FLOWERS. Bidens pilosa, Caseria aculeata, Cosmos sulphurea, Croton linearis, Mikania microntha, Neuroloena limbata, Psidium cattleyanum, Spilanthes urens, Vernonia neuthaefolia. LIFE HISTORY. Adults are active for most of the year (Feb to Nov). NESTING. Males fly around flowers of Bidens pilosa searching for females. Nest of leaf pieces under stones (Cuba) and in a beetle burrow in a dead branch (Jamaica). PREDATORS. Leucospis poeyi (Cuba). Probably Coelioxys assumptionis (Jamaica).

53. Megachile (Pseudocentron) pollinosa Spinola Megachile pollinosa Spinola 1851: 178. Female. Type locality: Central Chile. Type repository: IZUT ? Megachile erinacea Schletterer 1890: 227. Male. Type locality: Unknown. Synonymy of Friese 1905: 138. Megachile (Pseudocentron) pollinosa : Mitchell 1934: 303. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1905: 338 (R-F); Friese 1905: 138-139 (D, L); Vachal 1909: 14 (K); Herbst 1917: 268 (D); Claude-Joseph 1926: 247-249 (L, M, N); Mitchell 1930: 199 (D); Ruiz 1937: 168 (D); Moure 1951: 41 (D). DISTRIBUTION. CHILE: Coquimbo; Concepcion; Patagonia; Rancagua; Santiago; Valdivia. FLOWERS. Compositae, Umbelliferae and Oenothera. NESTING. Nests in the ground under stones and in abandoned nests of sphecid and eumenid wasps and of Centris. Cuts leaves of Aristolochia maqui, Cestrum palqui, Robinia. Several contiguous cells are built. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly December to February. MORPHOLOGY. Larva described.

54. Megachile (Pseudocentron) prietana Mitchell Megachile prietana Mitchell 1930: 191-192. Male. Type locality: Prieta, Honduras, 7 April 1924. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Pseudocentron) prietana : Mitchell 1943b: 663. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1949: 450 (D); Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: RS. HONDURAS: Prieta, Zamorano.

55. Megachile (Pseudocentron) pulchra Smith Megachile pulchra Smith 1879: 70. Female. Type locality: St.Paulo [de Olivença], on the Amazons [Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2439. Examined. Megachile pulchra cachoeirensis : Schrottky 1920: 31-32. Female. Type locality: Porto Cachoeira, Espirito Santo, April 1912. Type repository: MZSP. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) pulchra : Mitchell 1943b: 664. The specimen labelled paralectotype of pulchra Smith in OUM is a member of the subgenus Chrysosarus. Moure (1945: 411) suggests M. cachoeirensis Schrottky may be an Austromegachile species (coll. BRAZIL: SP- Praia do Barro). ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1905: 339 (K); Schrottky 1920: 31 (D); Mitchell 1930: 191 (D); Michener 1954: 101 (D, L); Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz- Buenavista. BRAZIL: AM- São Paulo de Olivença; ES- Porto Cachoeira; MG; PA- Santarém; RO- Suruí reserve; SP. PANAMA: Barro Colorado. LIFE HISTORY. In Panamá adults fly in March. Cockerell 1905: 340; 1914d: 310. Moure 1945: 410-411.

56. Megachile (Pseudocentron) pyrrhotricha Cockerell Megachile pyrrhotricha Cockerell 1913: 369. Female. Type locality: Guayaquil, Ecuador (Buchwald). Type repository: AMNH. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) pyrrhotricha : Mitchell 1943b: 663. Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 69 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1927a: 13-14 (D, K). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Beni, Rio Mapirí. ECUADOR: Guayaquil.

57. Megachile (Pseudocentron) rubricata Smith Megachile rubricata Smith 1853: 187. Female. Type locality: [Tefé, AM] Brazil. Type repository: NHML 17a2437. Examined. Megachile hilaris Smith 1879: 72-73. Male. Type locality: Santarém [Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2637. Examined. Synonymy of ? Megachile clavispinis Vachal 1909: 14. Male. Type locality: Brazil "Goiaz ?". Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN. Synonymy of ? Megachile (Pseudocentron) rubricata : Raw 2002 # 7: 30. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM- Tefé; DF- Brasilia (Raw); GO; PA- Santarém. Two of the paratypes were determined by Moure (1943: 170) as males of Megachile hilaris Smith.

58. Megachile (Pseudocentron) sanctipauli Schrottky Megachile sanctipauli Schrottky 1913a: 205. Male. Type locality: São Paulo, Brazil. Type repository: MZSP ? Megachile (Pseudocentron) sanctipauli : Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: SP.

59. Megachile (Pseudocentron) scapularis Vachal Megachile scapularis Vachal 1908: 234-235. Female and male. Type locality: Female from Mapirí, Bolivia and male from Pachitea, Peru. Type repository: Vachal collection, MNHN. Megachile (Pseudocentron) scapularis : Raw 2002 # 7: 30. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Vachal 1909: 17 (K). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Beni- Ivon; Mapirí. PERU: HUANUCO- Pachitea.

60. Megachile (Pseudocentron) staudingeri Friese Megachile staudingeri Friese 1905: 139. Male ? Type locality: Arica, Chile/ Peru/ Ecuador. Type repository: NHMW. Megachile (Pseudocentron) standingeri : Raw 2002 # 7: 30. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Vachal 1909: 15 (K). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Chinoli, Potosi. CHILE: Valparaiso. ECUADOR. PERU: JUNIN- Huancayo (3100 m) (Ras]. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly from December to March.

61. Megachile (Pseudocentron) stilbonotaspis Moure Megachile (Pseudocentron) stilbonotaspis Moure 1945: 413. Female. Type locality: Vila Ema, São Paulo, [Brazil.] March 1944. Type repository: UFPR. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MS; MT- Bodoquena; SP- Vila Ema.

62. Megachile (Pseudocentron) subcingulata Moure Megachile (Pseudocentron) subcingulata Moure 1945: 411. Female. Type locality: Praia do Barro, São Paulo, [Brazil], 11 May 1944. Type repository: UFPR. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: SP.

63. Megachile (Pseudocentron) terrestris Schrottky Megachile terrestris Schrottky 1902: 441-442. Female. Type locality: Belém, S. Paulo [state], Brazil, January 1898 (Bicego). Type repository: MZSP. (Not M. terrestris Cockerell 1908b: 260-261 [= M. (Sayapis) mellitarsis Cresson 1878].) Megachile rectipalma Vachal 1909: 10-11. Male. Type locality: Goyaz, Brésil. Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN. Synonymy of ? Megachile andromorpha Schrottky 1913a: 174-175. Female. Type locality: Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP ? Synonymy of ? Megachile chapadiana Mitchell 1928: 346-349. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães, MS,] Brazil, November (H. H. Smith). ANSP 4109. Examined. Synonym of M. jundiana, see Mitchell 1943b: 664; Moure 1943: 170-171. Megachile (Pseudocentron) chapadiana : Mitchell 1934: 303. Megachile (Pseudocentron) terrestris : Moure 1943: 171-172. Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 70 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Schrottky 1913a: 144 (K); Mitchell 1930: 193 (D as M. chapadiana); Sakagami et al 1967: 272 D, L); Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D); Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 12 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz- Buenavista. BRAZIL: DF- Brasilia (Raw), Rio Maranhão (Raw); GO- Goias (Raw); MG; MT; PR- São José dos Pinhais; RS; SP. PARAGUAY: Asuncion. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in April and May in Paraná.

64. Megachile (Pseudocentron) timida Mitchell Megachile timida Mitchell 1930: 194. Female. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães, MT], Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4145. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) timida : Raw 2002 # 7: 30. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT.

65. Megachile (Pseudocentron) tributa Vachal Megachile tributa Vachal 1909: 15. Male. Type locality: Buenos Aires [Argentina]. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) tributa : Raw 2002 # 7: 31. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: BA.

66. Megachile (Pseudocentron) una Vachal Megachile una Vachal 1909: 17. Male. Type locality: Buenos Aires [Argentina]. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Right hind leg broken at knee. Megachile (Pseudocentron) una : Raw 2002 # 7: 31. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: BA.

67. Megachile (Pseudocentron) variplantis Vachal Megachile variplantis Vachal 1909: 9. Male. Type locality: Mendoza [Argentina]. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) variplantis : Raw 2002 # 7: 31. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: ME.

68. Megachile (Pseudocentron) vincta Vachal Megachile vincta Vachal 1908: 239. Female. Type locality: Arica, Chile. Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN. Megachile (Pseudocentron) vincta : Mitchell 1943b: 664. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1913: 368 (D). DISTRIBUTION. CHILE: Arica. ECUADOR: Guayaquil. PERU: LIMA [Ras].

69. Megachile (Pseudocentron) virescens Cockerell Megachile virescens Cockerell 1912d: 55. Female. Type locality: Baixa Verde, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (Mann). Type repository: AMNH. Examined. Megachile (Pseudocentron) virescens : Raw 2002 # 7: 31. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1927a: 13-15 (D, K). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Espia, Rio Bopi. BRAZIL: RN- Baixa Verde.

70. Megachile (Pseudocentron) vitracii Pérez Megachile vitracii Pérez 1884: 237. Female. Type locality: Guadeloupe [West Indies]. Type repository: MNHN. Megachile vitraci : Friese 1911: 264. Misspelling. Megachile vitrasi : Wolcott 1948: 869. Misspelling. Megachile (Pseudocentron) vitracii : Moure 1960: 110 (D). ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Friese 1908b: 38 (D). DISTRIBUTION. GUADELOUPE. Reports from Puerto Rico and Mona Island are probably based on misidentifications.

Subgenus Pseudomegachile Friese Chalicodoma (Pseudomegachile) Friese 1899: 36. Type species: Megachile ericetorum Lepeletier. Designation of Alfken 1933.

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 71 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Megachile (Archimegachile) Alfken 1933: 56. Type species: Megachile flavipes Spinola 1838. Synonymy of Michener 2000: 563. Megachile (Neglectella) Pasteels 1965: 431. Type species: Megachile armaticeps Friese 1909. Synonymy of Michener 2000: 563. Megachile (Dinavis) Pasteels 1965: 549. Type species: Megachile muansae Friese 1911. Synonymy of Michener 2000: 563. Megachile (Xenomegachile) Rebmann 1970: 44. Type species: Megachile albocincta Radoszkowski 1874. Synonymy of Michener 2000: 563. Chalicodoma (Pseudomegachile) Michener 1962: 20. Hurd 1979: 2076. Mitchell 1980: 30. Most of the 43 species of the subgenus are African while some reach neighbouring regions of Europe and the Near East. One Indian species, M. lanata occurs in coastal regions of East Africa, Madagascar and in the West Indies.

Megachile (Pseudomegachile) lanata (Fabricius) Apis lanata Fabricius 1775: 385. Female. Type locality: Americae meridionalis Insulis [West Indies]. Type repository: Kiel. Apis lunata : Gmelin 1790: 2772. Misspelling. Apis purpurea Christ 1791: 168. Siberien. Synonymy of Dalla Torre 1986: 435. Anthophora lanata : Fabricius 1804: 372. Trachusa lanata : Jurine 1809: 251. Megachile lanata : Latreille 1809: 166. Megachile proxima Smith 1870: 177. India. Synonymy of Friese 1911: 305. Megachile lanata var minhlensis Gribodo 1884: 352. Type locality: Unknown. Synonymy of Friese 1911: 305. Megachile martindalei Fox 1891: 344-345. Male. Type locality: Kingston, Jamaica (W. J. Fox and C. W. Johnson). Type repository: USNM (Fox Collection), not the female in ANSP (no. 10404) as cited by Cresson 1928: 69 (see Moure 1960). Synonymy of Moure 1960: 108-109. Megachile (Archimegachile) lanata : Mitchell 1943b: 671. Chalicodoma (Pseudomegachile) lanata : Pasteels 1965: 402, 404. Chalicodoma (Archimegachile) lanata : Raw 1984b: 503. Megachile (Pseudomegachile) lanata : Raw 2002 # 7: 31. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. (Most citations are as Megachile lanata); Bingham 1897: 483- 484 (D); Ashmead 1900: 213 (D); Friese 1908b: 38 (D as M. martindalei); Bodkin 1918: 303 (D); Gowdey 1926: 99-100 (D); Cockerell 1937b: 192 (D); 1938: 280 (D); Wolcott 1948: 869 (D, F); Mitchell 1962: 181-182 (D, R-FM); Kapil et al 1970: 449-458 (D, F, L, N); Alayo 1976: 24 (D); Hurd 1979: 2076 (D, N); Jayasingh & Freeman 1980: 215-216 (L, N, P); Raw 1984b: 503 (F, L, M, N, P); 1985: 13 (D, F, L, M). DISTRIBUTION. Old World: BURMA. INDIA. MADAGASCAR. REUNION. SRI LANKA. New World: CUBA. JAMAICA: all parishes (Raw). GUYANA. PUERTO RICO: Barceloneta, Dorado, Mayagues, Trujillo Alto, Rio Piedras, Yabacoa, along north coast to Isabela. ST. LUCIA (Raw). ST. VINCENT. TRINIDAD (Raw). TOBAGO (Raw). U.S.A.: FL. FLOWERS. New World: Borreria verticillata, Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria juncea, C. spectabilis. Old World: Acacia arabica, Cajanus cajan, C. indica, Crotalaria juncea, C. spectabilis, Ipomaea [sweet potato], Luffa aegyptica, Medicago sativa, Trifolium alexandricum. LIFE HISTORY. In the Punjab, northern India adults are active from early August to November with more than one generation per year and overwinter as prepupae. In the West Indies adults fly throughout the year. Males hold territories around flowering Cajanus cajan and Crotalaria plants. NESTING. In the Punjab summer cells are located in the soil in banks of irrigation canals and built of leaf pieces of Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria juncea, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Phaseolus aureus and Rhynchosia aurea. Overwintering cells are built of mud in cracks in walls, folds of curtains, etc. In Jamaica all nests are built of mud in cracks and on horizontal, protected surfaces of buildings, and in old nests of Sceliphron assimile. Sometimes resin is placed around the nest entrance. PREDATORS. In Jamaica developmental survival was 50% with Melittobia sp. nr. hawaiiensis responsible for 33% of the nest deaths. In cells built in old nests of Sceliphron assimile it was only 30% and the Melittobia species killed 71%. Some larvae were killed by Anthrax irroratus.

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 72 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Subgenus Ptilosaroides Mitchell Cressoniella (Ptilosaroides) Mitchell 1980: 63. Type species: Megachile neoxanthoptera Cockerell. Original designation and monotypy. Megachile (Ptilosaroides) Michener et al 1994: 149, Michener 2000: 564. Megachile (Rhysochile) cfr. cara (Morato & Campos 2000). Rhysochile is a nomem nudum. This small subgenus is confined to South America. Its members are superficially similar to Ptilosarus but lack the special scopal adaptations of that subgenus.

1. Megachile (Ptilosaroides) neoxanthoptera Cockerell Megachile xanthoptera Schrottky 1913a: 198. Female. Type locality: Hohenau, Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP. (Not M. xanthoptera Schletterer 1891: 8-10. Central Africa. [= M. rufipes (F) synonymy of ?]. See Cockerell 1933c: 152-153.) Cressoniella (Ptilosaroides) neoxanthoptera : Mitchell 1980: 63. Megachile (Ptilosaroides) neoxanthoptera : Michener et al 1994: 149. (D). ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Schrottky 1913b: 248 (D); Mejdalani et al 2002: 215-224 (M); Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM- Tefé; MG; MT- Cáceres; RJ- São Bento; RO- Fte. P. de Beira; SC- Nova Teutônia; SP. PARAGUAY. MORPHOLOGY. Minicry of leafhopper Teletusa limpida (Signoret) mimics several species of Megachilidae.

2. Megachile (Ptilosaroides) pilosa Smith Megachile pilosa Smith 1879: 77. Female. Type locality: Fonteboa, on the Amazons [Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2457. Examined. The type is lacking the right hind leg and the tarsi of the right fore leg. Megachile (Ptilosarus) pilosa : Mitchell 1943b: 668. Megachile (Ptilosaroides) pilosa : Raw 2002 # 7: 32. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Mitchell 1930: 266 (D); Michener 1954: 102 (D, L); Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz- Buena Vista. BRAZIL: AM; MS; MT- Chapada dos Guimarães. PANAMA: Panamá- Tocumen; Colon, Valle de Anton. LIFE HISTORY. In Panamá adults fly November to April.

Subgenus Ptilosarus Mitchell Megachile (Ptilosarus) Mitchell 1943b: 667. Type species: Megachile bertonii Schrottky. Original designation. Cressoniella (Ptilosarus) Mitchell 1980: 63. This subgenus of 15 species ranges from Mexico to Paraguay.

1. Megachile (Ptilosarus) acerba Mitchell Megachile acerba Mitchell 1930: 266-267. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães, MT], Brazil, December (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4132. Examined. Megachile (Ptilosarus) acerba : Mitchell 1943b: 668. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Michener 1954: 102 (D, L). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT. PANAMA: Panamá- Pueblo Nuevo. LIFE HISTORY. In Panamá adults fly in June.

2. Megachile (Ptilosarus) ardua Mitchell Megachile (Ptilosarus) ardua Mitchell 1930: 268. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães, MT], Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4124. Examined. Megachile (Ptilosarus) ardua : Raw 2002 # 7: 32. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT; RS.

3. Megachile (Ptilosarus) aurantipennis Cockerell Megachile aurantipennis Cockerell 1912b: 26-27. Male. Type locality: Quirigua, Guatemala, 11 February 1912 (W. P. Cockerell). Type repository: USNM 23282. Examined. Megachile (Ptilosarus) aurantipennis : Mitchell 1943b: 668. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1927a: 14 (D); 1932: 13 (K). DISTRIBUTION. GUATEMALA. Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 73 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

4. Megachile (Ptilosarus) bertonii Schrottky Megachile bertonii Schrottky 1908: 235. Female. Type locality: Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP ? Megachile bertoni Mitchell 1928: 335 (misspelling) (M). Megachile (Ptilosarus) bertonii : Mitchell 1943b: 667. Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D). Cressoniella (Ptilosarus) bertonii : Mitchell 1980: 63. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Schrottky 1913a: 146 (K), 198-199 (R-FM); Mitchell 1928: 335 (D); Moure 1942: 310 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz- Buenavista. BRAZIL: MG; MS- Salobra; MT- Chapada dos Guimarães; PR- Guaicurús, Majoli; SP. PARAGUAY. MORPHOLOGY. Intersex.

5. Megachile (Ptilosarus) bidentis Cockerell Megachile bidentis Cockerell 1896: 288-289. Male (not female). Type locality: San Rafael, Vera Cruz, Mexico (C. H. T. Townsend). Type repository: AMNH. Examined. In the description Cockerell mentions the presence of a scopa, but the specific name suggests that he examined a male - as the type is. Megachile (Ptilosarus) bidentis Mitchell 1943b: 668. DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: VC. FLOWERS. Bidens. NESTING. March.

6. Megachile (Ptilosarus) blanda Mitchell Megachile blanda Mitchell 1930: 247-248. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães, MT], Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4134. Examined. (Not M. (Eutricharaea) blanda Rebmann 1967: 44. Luxor, Egypt) Megachile (Ptilosarus) blanda : Raw 2002 # 7: 32. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT.

7. Megachile (Ptilosarus) cara Mitchell Megachile cara Mitchell 1930: 263-264. Male. Type locality: Buenavista, Bolivia. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Ptilosarus) cara : Mitchell 1943b: 668. DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA.

8. Megachile (Ptilosarus) diodontura Cockerell Megachile diodontura Cockerell 1922a: 365-366. Male. Type locality: Zaruma, Ecuador, October 1915 (F. W. Rohwer). Type repository: AMNH. Examined. Megachile (Ptilosarus) diodontura : Raw 2002 # 7: 32. DISTRIBUTION. ECUADOR.

9. Megachile (Ptilosarus) leucostomella Cockerell Megachile leucostomella Cockerell 1927a: 20. Male. Type locality: Huachi, Beni, Bolivia, September (W. M. Mann). Type repository: USNM 29089. Examined. Megachile (Ptilosarus) leucostomella : Raw 2002 # 7: 32. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1927a: 13 (K); Mitchell 1930: 266 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Beni; Santa Cruz- Buenavista.

10. Megachile (Ptilosarus) microdontura Cockerell Megachile microdontura Cockerell 1927a: 19. Male. Type locality: Rurrenabaque, Bolivia, October (W. M. Mann). Type repository: USNM 29087. Examined. Megachile (Ptilosarus) microdontura : Mitchell 1943b: 668. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1927a: 13 (K); Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA. BRAZIL: MT.

11. Megachile (Ptilosarus) microsoma Cockerell Megachile microsoma Cockerell 1912d: 55-56. Male. Type locality: Porto Velho, Rio Madeira, Brazil (Mann & Baker). Type repository: AMNH. Examined. Megachile (Ptilosarus) microsoma : Mitchell 1943b: 668. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1912c: 487 (D); 1927a: 13-14 (D, K); Mitchell 1930: 266 (D); Moure 1942: 310 (D). Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 74 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Beni- Esperanza, Rio Beni, Rurrenabaque; Tumupasa. BRAZIL: AM- Manaus; MT- Chapada dos Guimarães; PA- Santarém; PR- Castelhanos; RO- Porto Velho.

12. Megachile (Ptilosarus) mobilis Mitchell Megachile mobilis Mitchell 1930: 264-265. Male. Type locality: Buenavista, Bolivia. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Ptilosarus) mobilis : Raw 2002 # 7: 32. DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA.

13. Megachile (Ptilosarus) oblita Vachal Megachile oblita Vachal 1908: 232-233. Female. Type locality: Mapirí, Bolivia. Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN. Megachile (Ptilosarus) oblita : Raw 2002 # 7:32. DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA.

14. Megachile (Ptilosarus) pulchriventris Cockerell Megachile pulchriventris Cockerell 1923a: 454. Female. Type locality: Issororo, NWD, British Guiana, Dec 1918 (G. E. Bodkin). Type repository: NHML 17a2463. Examined. Megachile (Ptilosarus) pulchriventris Mitchell 1943b: 668. DISTRIBUTION. GUYANA.

15. Megachile (Ptilosarus) xanthura Spinola Megachile xanthura Spinola 1853: 86. Sex not indicated. Type locality: Para ? Brazil. Type repository: IZUT. Megachile (Ptilosarus) xanthura : Raw 2002 # 7: 32. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Vachal 1908: 244 (D, K); Strand 1909: 234 (D); Schrottky 1913a: 144 (K), 186-187 (R-F); Friese 1923: 5 (D); Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Mapirí. BRAZIL: AM- Manaus; PA. ECUADOR. FRENCH GUIANA. PARAGUAY.

Subgenus Rhyssomegachile Mitchell Cressoniella (Rhyssomegachile) Mitchell 1980: 63. Type species: Megachile simillima Smith. Original designation and monotypy. Megachile (Rhyssomegachile) Michener 2000: 564. The three members of this subgenus occur in Guyana and the Amazon Basin.

1. Megachile (Rhyssomegachile) kartaboensis Mitchell Megachile kartaboensis Mitchell 1930: 299-300. Female. Type locality: Kartabo, British Guiana, July-August 1920 (W. M. Wheeler). Type repository: MCZ 16212. Examined. Megachile (Rhyssomegachile) kartaboensis : Raw 2002 # 7: 33. DISTRIBUTION. GUYANA.

2. Megachile (Rhyssomegachile) simillima Smith Megachile simillima Smith 1853: 185. Female. Type locality: Para [Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2456. Examined. Cressoniella (Rhyssomegachile) simillima : Mitchell 1980: 63. Megachile (Rhyssomegachile) simillima : Michener 2000: 564. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D). (Friese‘s record (1908a: 65) from Argentina, cited by Jensen-Haarup (1908: 105) and others = M. (Dactylomegachile) parsonsiae Schrottky 1913 after Jörgensen 1912a: 128 and Cockerell 1914b: 428.) The female labelled simillima Smith at OUM is a Pseudocentron species. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AC- Iquirí; AM- Tefé; PA- Jacareagua; RO- Pimenta Bueno. PERU: Puerto Maldonado. This species is apparently confined to the southwestern region of the Amazon basin.

3. Megachile (Rhyssomegachile) stabilis Mitchell

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 75 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Megachile stabilis Mitchell 1930: 298-298. Female. Type locality: Buenavista, Bolivia. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Rhyssomegachile) stabilis : Raw 2002 # 7: 33. DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA.

Subgenus Sayapis Titus Gnathocera Provancher 1882: 232/ 1883: 689, 716 Type species: Gnathocera cephalica Provancher [= Megachile (Sayapis) pugnata Say] (Not Gnathocera Kirby 1825; Coleoptera.) Ceratias Robertson 1903: 172. Type species: Megachile pugnata Say. (Not Ceratias Kroy 1845 [fish].) Sayapis Titus 1905: 154. New name for Gnathocera and Ceratias. Megachile (Sayapis Mitchell 1934: 298, 308. Eumegachile (Sayapis) Mitchell 1980: 46 & 51-55. Durante & Diaz 1996: 327. Of the 30 species in the subgenus, 6 are restricted to North America. The 24 neotropical species range from Mexico to Argentina including the West Indies. M. dentipes has been recorded from U.S.A. to Argentina and M. zaptlana from Mexico and Jamaica to Paraguay. With such unusually wide distributions more than one species may be present under each name.

1. Megachile (Sayapis) addubitans Cockerell Megachile addubitans Cockerell 1931c: 537-538. Female. Type locality: Chichenitza, Yucatan (Bequaert). Type repository: MCZ 16268. Examined. Megachile (Sayapis) addubitans : Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1932: 13 (K). DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: YU.

2. Megachile (Sayapis) apora Krombein Megachile (Sayapis) apora Krombein 1953b: 22-24. Male. Type locality: South Bimini Island, Bahamas, 6 August 1951 (C. and P. Vaurie). Type repository: AMNH. Examined. DISTRIBUTION. BAHAMAS: Bimini, Concepcion Island.

3. Megachile (Sayapis) bernadinensis Strand Megachile bernadinensis Strand 1910: 527. Male. Type locality: San Bernardino, Paraguay (Fiebrig). Type repository: Unknown. Megachile (Sayapis) bernadinensis : Raw 2002 # 7: 33. DISTRIBUTION. PARAGUAY.

4. Megachile (Sayapis) bigibbosa Friese Megachile bigibbosa Friese 1908a: 66. Female. Type locality: Tucuman, Argentina. Type repository: Unknown. Megachile cylindrica forma bigibbosa : Schrottky 1913b: 247. Megachile (Sayapis) bigibbosa : Raw 2002 # 7: 33. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1908a: 63 (K); Jörgensen 1912a: 125 (T); 132 (K). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CA, ME, ST, TU. PREDATORS. Coelioxys litoralis.

5. Megachile (Sayapis) bomplandensis Durante Eumegachile (Sayapis) bomplandensis Durante 1996: 329. Female. Type locality: Bompland, Misiones, Argentina, 2. 2. 1911 (Jörgensen ). Type repository MLP. Megachile (Sayapis) bomplandensis : Raw 2002 # 7: 33. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: MI.

6. Megachile (Sayapis) cruziana Mitchell Megachile cruziana Mitchell 1930: 181-182. Male. Type locality: Buenavista, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 450 m. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Sayapis) cruziana : Mitchell 1934: 301. DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz.

7. Megachile (Sayapis) curitibana Moure

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 76 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Megachile (Sayapis) curitibana Moure 1943: 178. Female. Type locality: [Curitiba, Brazil] not cited by author. Type repository: UFPR. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PR.

8. Megachile (Sayapis) curtipilis Vachal Megachile curtipilis Vachal 1909: 11. Male. Type locality: Urubamba, Peru. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Megachile (Ptilosarus) curtipilis : Raw 2002 # 7: 32. DISTRIBUTION. PERU: CUSCO- Urubamba.

9. Megachile (Sayapis) cylindrica Friese Megachile cylindrica Friese 1906: 96. Female. Type locality: Santa Rosa, Argentina. Type repository: Unknown. Megachile (Sayapis) cylindrica : Moure 1943: 177 (D), Raw 2002 # 7: 34. Eumegachile (Sayapis) cylindrica : Durante & Diaz 1996: 329. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1908a: 63 (K), 66 (D, R-F); Jensen-Haarup 1908: 105 (D); Jörgensen 1912a: 125-126 (D, L, N, P, T), 132 (K); 1912b: 309 (P). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CA, ME, ST, TU. BRAZIL: SP- Batatais. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly late October to end of March. NESTING. Nests in galls on Duvana dependens. Cells built of mud and leaves cut from Caesalpinia, Cassia aphylla and Larrea. PREDATORS. Coelioxys laudabilis, C. litoralis.

10. Megachile (Sayapis) dentipes Vachal Megachile dentipes Vachal 1909: 12. Male. Type locality: Mendoza [Argentina]. Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN. Megachile melochiae Schrottky 1913a: 205-206. Male. Type locality: Encarnacion, Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP. Synonymy of Moure 1942: 307 (D). Megachile poculifera Cockerell 1919: 217. Male. Type locality: Mexico (Baker). Type repository: USNM 21687. Examined. Synonymy of Mitchell 1930: 182-183 (D). Megachile (Sayapis) dentipes : Mitchell 1934: 301. Megachile ypirangensis Moure 1941: 94. (Not Schrottky 1913a: 194). Synonymy of Moure 1953: 122. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Jörgensen 1912a: 132 (D), 134 (K); Cockerell 1914b: 427-428 (R-M); 1923b: 1 (D); 1924: 548 (D as M. poculifera); 1928: 171 (D); 1932: 12-13 (D, K); Mitchell 1937c: 178-180 (D, R-M); Moure 1942: 307 (D); Michener 1954: 101-102 (D, F, L); Hurd 1979: 2070 (D); Martins 1994: 230; Zanella 2000: 591 (D); Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D); Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 12 (D); Zanella 2003: 234 (D). Rebêlo et al 2003: 274 (D). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CO, ME, MI. BRAZIL: BA- Casa Nova; GO- Goiânia; MA- Alcântara; MG; MS- Salobra; MT; PB- São João de Cariri; PR- Paranaí, Ponta Grossa; RJ- Niteroi; RN- Serra Negra do Norte; RS- Estejo; SP- Itápolis. MEXICO: Guaymas; VC; YU- Chichenitza, Medellin. PANAMA: Old Panamá, Panamá City; Balboa. PARAGUAY: Encarnacion. PERU: HUANUCO- Tingo Maria (670m). U.S.A.: TX. FLOWERS. Triplaris. LIFE HISTORY. In Panamá adults fly from December to March. I believe there are two or more sibling species recorded under the name of dentipes.

11. Megachile (Sayapis) frugalis Cresson Megachile frugalis Cresson 1872: 266. Male. Type locality: Texas (G.W. Belfrage). Type repository: USNM 1780. Examined. Megachile (Sayapis) frugalis : Mitchell 1934: 301. Megachile frugalis atrescens : Cockerell 1931c: 537. Male. Type locality: Chichenitza, Yucatan [Mexico] (Bequaert). Type repository: MCZ 16264. DISTRIBUTION. GUATEMALA. There are four subspecies, one of which reaches the Neotropics. MEXICO: BC. CO; YU. U.S.A.: AZ. U.S.A.: PA, NJ south to FL west to TX, AZ and southern CA (Mojave Desert; Los Angeles); CO. FLOWERS. Visits 9 genera of plants. Asclepias tuberosa, Croton, Erigeron, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Helianthus, Lotus, Marrubium vulgare, Monarda puncata, Opuntia, Parkinsonia, Perezia microcephala, Tephrosia virginiana, Verbesina encelioides.

12. Megachile (Sayapis) inimica Cresson Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 77 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Megachile inimica Cresson 1872: 267. Female. Type locality: Texas (Belfrage). Type repository: ANSP 2459. Megachile (Sayapis) inimica : Mitchell 1934: 301. Robertson 1897: 350 (R-F) considered M. (Sayapis) inimica Cresson and . (Sayapis) sayi Cresson to be synonyms. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cresson 1878: 120 (T); 1916: 120 (T); Cockerell 1903b: 215 (D, F); 1905: 308 (D, F); 1905a: 308 (D as M. heterodonta); Graenicher 1930: 162-163 (D, F, L); Mitchell 1937c: 189-192 (D, F, L, R- FM); Krombein 1967: 332-334 (L, N); Hurd 1979: 2071 (D, F). FLOWERS. Polylectic, visits 38 genera including many Compositae and Leguminosae. Arctium, Aster, Bidens, Blephilia, Brauneria, Cephalanthus, Chrysopsis mariana, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Cleome, Coreopsis stellata, Gilia, Gutierrezia californica, Haplopappus, Helenium, Helianthus petiolaris, Heliopsis helianthoides, Heterotheca, Kallstroemia grandiflora, Lepachys, Liatris, Lythrum, Marrubium vulgare, Melilotus alba, Penstemon, Petalostemon, Pycanthanemum, Rudbeckia, Silphium, Solidago, Strophostyles, Teucrium, Verbena macdougali, Verbesina encelioides, Vernonia fasciculata, V. glauca, Vicia, Viguiera, Zexmenia. Bidens leucantha, Borrichia frutescens, Crotalaria pumila, Chrysothamnus, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Haplopappus arborescens, Heterotheca grandiflora, Grindelia camporum, Senecio douglasii, Solidago. LIFE HISTORY. In southern Florida adults fly from early February to May and in November. There are three subspecies, two of them confined to the nearctic.

Megachile (Sayapis) inimica inimica Cresson Megachile (Sayapis) inimica inimica Mitchell 1962: 174-176 (D, F, L, R-FM). ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Krombein 1967: 331-332 (L, N, P); Hurd 1979: 2070 (D, F); Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). DISTRIBUTION. U.S.A.: FL to TX & AZ. MEXICO. GUATEMALA. FLOWERS. Visits 16 genera including Achyranthes, Avicennia, Bidens leucantha, Borrichia frutescens, Coccoloba, Crotalaria pumila, Helenium, Heliopsis, Heterotheca, Lacinaria punctata, Melilotus, Ocimum, Salvia ballotaeflora, Sphaeralcea, Vitex negundo, Ximensia encelioides. NESTING. Nests in holes in mesquite trees and fence posts. Also uses trap-nests. Lines nest with leaves of Monisia pallida and plugs entrance with agglutinated sand. [Frohlich & Parker 1983: 196-197 state that this subspecies does not line its cells.] PREDATOR. Melittobia chalybii. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly from February to April. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Hurd 1979: 2070 (D, F). Krombein 1967: 331-332 (L, N, P).

13. Megachile (Sayapis) laqueata Cockerell Megachile laqueata Cockerell 1919: 220. Female. Type locality: Ecuador (C.F. Baker). Type repository: USNM 21691. Examined. Megachile (Sayapis) laqueata : Raw 2002 # 7: 34. DISTRIBUTION. ECUADOR.

14. Megachile (Sayapis) mendozana Cockerell Megachile cornuta Smith 1879: 78. Female. Type locality: Mendoza [Argentina]. Type repository: NHML 17a2459. Examined. Synonymy of Cockerell 1914b: 428. (Not M. cornuta Latreille 1805. Europe [= Osmia cornuta (Latreille) 1809.) Megachile mendozana Cockerell 1907: 50. New name for M. cornuta Smith. Megachile rhinoceros Friese 1908a: 68. Male. Type locality: Mendoza, Argentina (Burmeister). Synonymy of Jörgensen 1912a: 128, Cockerell 1914b: 428 and Durante & Diaz 1996: 331. (Not M. rhinoceros Mocsary 1892: 131. China.] Megachile verticalis : Friese 1920: 52. New name for M. rhinoceros Friese. Megachile (Sayapis) mendozana : Mitchell 1943b: 664. Moure 1943: 176-177 (K). Raw 2002 # 7: 33. Eumegachile (Sayapis) mendozana : Durante & Diaz 1996: 331. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1905: 341 (K as M. cornuta); 1917b: 240 (D); 1919: 218 (D); Friese 1906: 97 (D); 1908a: 63- 64 (K), 68 (D, R-M, T); Jensen-Haarup 1908: 106 (F); Jörgensen 1909: 215 (F, L); 1912a: 128 (D, F, L), 133 & 135 (K); 1912b: 311 (F); Strand 1909: 234 (D); Vachal 1909: 16 (K as M. rhinoceros). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CA, ME- Chacras de Coria; ST; Carcarana, Santa Rosa. PARAGUAY. Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 78 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

FLOWERS. Anthemis cotula, Bidens leucantha, Circium lanceolatum, Hoffmannseggia falcaria, Hyalis argentea. Senecio mendocinus, S. pinnatus. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly November to mid May.

15. Megachile (Sayapis) mutaticeps Cockerell Megachile mutaticeps Cockerell 1923a: 457-458. Female. Type locality: Berbice, Courantyne Coast, British Guiana, Aug 1915 (Bodkin). Type repository: NHML 17a2436. Examined. Megachile (Ptilosarus) mutaticeps : Michener 1954: 103 (D, L). (Erroneous listing). ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cheesman 1929: 145 (D). Megachile (Sayapis) mutaticeps : Raw 2002 # 7: 34. DISTRIBUTION. PANAMA: Taboga Is. GUYANA: Berbice. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in September. NESTING. Nests in abandoned borings in timber.

16. Megachile (Sayapis) obdurata Mitchell Megachile obdurata Mitchell 1930: 180-181. Male. Type locality: Villarrica, Paraguay, 1 January 1923. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Sayapis) obdurata : Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D). ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 12 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: RS. PARAGUAY: Villarrica.

17. Megachile (Sayapis) opsiphanes Moure Megachile (Sayapis) opsiphanes Moure 1943: 179-180. Female. Type locality: Batatais, São Paulo, Brazil (860 m). Type repository: UFPR. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: SP.

18. Megachile (Sayapis) planula Vachal Megachile planula Vachal 1908: 228. Female. Type locality: Mapirí, Bolivia. Type repository: MNHN. [Type lost ?] Megachile coelioxoides Schrottky 1909a: 220. Female ? Type locality: Puerto Beroni, Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP. (Not M. (Sayapis) coelioxoides Cresson 1878.) Synonymy of Durante & Diaz 1993: 94. Megachile coelioxiformis : Schrottky 1910: 540. New name for M. coelioxoides Schrottky. Megachile polyodonta Cockerell 1927a: 18. Male. Type locality: Huachi, Beni, Bolivia, September (W. M. Mann). Type repository: USNM 29086. Examined. Synonymy of Moure 1948: 323 (D). Megachile (Sayapis) coelioxiformis : Mitchell 1943: 664. Raw 2002 # 7: 34. Eumegachile (Sayapis) planula : Durante & Diaz 1996: 331. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Schrottky 1913a: 142 & 150 (K), 180-181 (D, R-FM); Mitchell 1930: 282 (D); Moure 1942: 312 (D, R-M); 1948: 323 (D); 1953: 122 (D); Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: MI; TU- Tacanas. BOLIVIA: Beni; Mapirí. BRAZIL: AC- Iquirí; MS- Corumbá; MS; MT- Chapada dos Guimarães, Salobra (MZSP); PR- Foz de Iguaçú. PARAGUAY:- Puerto Beroni.

19. Megachile (Sayapis) quadrispinosella Strand Megachile quadrispinosella Strand 1910: 526-527. Female. Type locality: Asuncion, Paraguay, November-December 1904. Type repository: Unknown. Megachile (Sayapis) quadrispinosella : Raw 2002 # 7: 34. DISTRIBUTION. PARAGUAY: Asuncion.

20. Megachile (Sayapis) santiaguensis Durante Eumegachile (Sayapis) santiaguensis Durante 1996: 334. Female. Type locality: Bompland, Misiones, Argentina, 2. 2. 1911 (Jörgensen ). Type repository MLP. Megachile (Sayapis) santiaguensis : Raw 2002 # 7: 34. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: MI.

21. Megachile (Sayapis) squalens Haliday Megachile squalens Haliday 1836: 320. Female. Type locality: São Paulo, Brazil. Type repository: NHML 17a2477. Examined. Schrottky (1913a: 195) and Mitchell (1930: 240) considered M. (Moureapis) apicipennis (q.v.) Schrottky to be a synonym. Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 79 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Megachile (Leptorachis) squalens : Mitchell 1943b: 663. Megachile (Pseudocentron) squalens : Moure 1947: 231-232 (D). Megachile (Sayapis) squalens : Raw 2002 # 7: 34. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Schrottky 1913a: 195-197 (D, R-F); Moure 1942: 309 (D); Michener 1954: 100 (D, L). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: ST- Rio Carapari. BRAZIL: MT- Chapada dos Guimarães; RS; SC- Colônia Hansa; SP- Guaicurús, Ipiranga. PANAMA: Colon, Valle de Anton. PARAGUAY: Tapyta. LIFE HISTORY. In Panamá adults fly in April.

22. Megachile (Sayapis) suspecta Vachal Megachile suspecta Vachal 1909: 12-13. Male. Type locality: Buenos Aires [Argentina]. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Megachile (Sayapis) suspecta : Raw 2002 # 7: 35. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: BA.

23. Megachile (Sayapis) ypirangensis Schrottky Megachile ypirangensis Schrottky 1913a: 194-195. Female. Type locality: Ipiranga, São Paulo [Brazil]. Type repository: MZSP. Megachile (Sayapis) ypirangensis : Mitchell 1943b: 664. Raw 2002 # 7: 35. Eumegachile (Sayapis) ypirangensis : Durante & Diaz 1996: 330. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: SP.

24. Megachile (Sayapis) zaptlana Cresson Megachile zaptlana Cresson 1878: 130. Female. Type locality: Mexico (Sumichrast). Type repository: ANSP 2436. Examined. Megachile (Sayapis) : zaptlana Mitchell 1934: 301. Megachile (Chelostomoides) : zaptlana Michener 1953: 1058-1059 (D, M, N). ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cresson 1916: 134 (T); Cheesman 1929: 145 (D); Mitchell 1930: 184 (D); Michener 1954: 102 (D, L); Jayasingh & Freeman 1980: 215-216 (N, P); Raw 1984b: 502 (L, N, P); 1985: 2-13 (D, F, M, N, P); Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). DISTRIBUTION. COLOMBIA: Magdalena -Rio Frio. JAMAICA: CA; CL; EL; MA; a lowland species. MEXICO: CH; JA; NA; MI; OA; PU; QR; SI; SO; VC. PANAMA: Canal Zone- Farfan, Patilla Point; Panamá- Camaron, Taboga Is. PARAGUAY: Villarrica. FLOWERS. Bidens pilosa, Cassia emarginata, Cosmos sulphurea, Prosopis chilensis and species of Emilia and Heliotropium. NESTING. In Jamaica bees nested in disused beetle burrows (129 nests found in a single fence post). Nests averaged 5.7 cells each and cells averaged 19.9 mm long and 9.8 mm wide. Intercellular partitions were built, but the long walls of the cells were not lined. In Panamá nested in mound of Amitermes foreli Wasmann [cited as A. medius]. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly from September to March in Panamá and from June to November (Jamaica). Males fly around nest sites and flowers of Bidens pilosa apparently searching for females. PREDATORS. In Jamaica, mortality of young in nests ranged from 28% in the presence of Anthrax irroratus to 58% in the presence of Melittobia sp. nr. hawaiiensis. Other predators in Jamaica are Amobia floridensis, Suidasia and Crematogaster. Nasutitermes also kills the nest occupants. MORPHOLOGY. Larva described.

Subgenus Schrottkyapis Mitchell Eumegachile (Schrottkyapis Mitchell 1980: 46. Type species: Megachile assumptionis Schrottky 1908: 233 (not 1913a: 153). Original designation and monotypy. The subgenus comprises a single species.

Megachile (Schrottkyapis) assumptionis Schrottky Megachile assumptionis Schrottky 1908 (April): 233. Female and male. Type locality: Asuncion, Paraguay, 22 January 1906 (Anisits). Type repository: MZSP ? Megachile armigera Friese 1908a (May): 69. Female. Type locality: Villa Rica, Paraguay (Burgdorf). Type repository: Unknown. Synonymy of Schrottky 1913a: 153. Megachile (Sayapis) assumptionis : Mitchell 1943b: 664. Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 80 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Eumegachile (Schrottkyapis) assumptionis : Mitchell 1980: 46. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1908a 63 (K); Schrottky 1913a: 136 & 146 (K); Martins & Dealmeida 1994 (N); Almeida et al 1997: 344-352 (F, N); Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: DF (Raw); MG. PARAGUAY: Asuncion, Villarrica.

Subgenus Stelodides Moure Megachile (Stelodides) Moure 1953: 123-124. Type species: Megachile euzona Pèrez. Original designation and monotypy. Chalicodoma (Stelodides) Michener 1962: 20. Chrysosarus (Stelodides) Mitchell 1980: 72. The subgenus comprises a single species.

Megachile (Stelodides) euzona Pèrez Megachile euzona Pèrez 1899: 105-106. Male. Type locality: Valparaiso, Chile (M. Porter). Type repository: MNHN. Megachile philippii Friese 1905: 139-140. Sex not indicated. Type locality: Santiago, Chile (Philippi). Type repository: Unknown. Synonymy of Vachal 1909: 8. Anthidium euzona : Friese 1925: 42. Anthidium philippi : Friese 1925: 42. Megachile (Stelodides) euzona : Moure 1953: 124 (D). Chrysosarus (Stelodides) euzona : Mitchell 1980: 72. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Claude-Joseph 1926: 254-255 (L, M, N). DISTRIBUTION. CHILE: Aconcagua, Hacienda Las Mercedes; Pemehue (1650m); San Bernardo; Santiago. NESTING. Nest in old beetle galleries in wood. Cuts petals of Althaea rosea, Clarkia pulchella and Lavatera grandiflora. FLOWERS. Alstroemeria, Cichorium intybus, Hibiscus and Medicago sativa (alfalfa). LIFE HISTORY. Development lasts six weeks. Prepupa overwinters in cocoon. Adults fly in November and December. MORPHOLOGY. Larva described.

Subgenus Trichurochile Mitchell Cressoniella (Trichurochile) Mitchell 1980: 63. Type species: Megachile thygaterella Schrottky. Original designation and monotypy. Megachile (Trichurochile) Michener 2000: 566. The three members of this subgenus range from northern Argentina to central Brazil.

1. Megachile (Trichurochile) gracilis Schrottky Megachile gracilis Schrottky 1902: 435-436. Female. Type locality: Jundiay [=Jundiaí], São Paulo, 28 January 1900 (Beron). Type repository: MZSP. Examined. [Type missing fore tibiae and tarsi, right mid tibia and tarsi and left hind tarsi.] Megachile (Trichurochile) gracilis : Raw 2002 # 7: 35. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Ihering 1904: 470 (N); Schrottky 1913a: 138 (K); Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MG; SP. NESTING. Nest lined with cut leaves. The cell is 12 mm long and 5 mm wide.

2. Megachile (Trichurochile) lachnopyga Moure Megachile lachnopyga Moure 1941: 94-96. Male. Type locality: Curitiba (900 m), Paraná [Brazil]. Type repository: Claretiano collection. Megachile lachnopyga var. langei : Moure 1941: 96. Male. Type locality: Rio Baraguí, Curitiba, Paraná (Rodolfo Lange). Type repository: Claretiano collection. Synonymy of Moure 1943: 186. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PR- Curitiba; SP.

3. Megachile (Trichurochile) thygaterella Schrottky

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 81 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Megachile thygaterella Schrottky 1913a: 220-221. Male. Type locality: Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP. Megachile anthidioides Schrottky 1919 (in part). Synonymy of Moure 1943: 186. Cressoniella (Trichurochile) thygaterella : Mitchell 1980: 63. Megachile (Trichurochile) thygaterella : Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: DF- Brasilia (Raw); SP. PARAGUAY: Puerto Bertoni.

Subgenus Tylomegachile Mitchell Megachile (Tylomegachile) Moure 1953: 120-121. Type species: Megachile orba Schrottky. Original designation and monotypy. Michener et al 1994: 149, Michener 2000: 566. Cressoniella (Tylomegachile Mitchell 1980: 63. The six species at present included in the subgenus occur in widespread localities: Mexico, Costa Rica, St. Vincent (West Indies), Colombia, Peru and Paraguay.

1. Megachile (Tylomegachile) eulaliae Cockerell Megachile eulaliae Cockerell 1917b: 239-240/ Cockerell 1919a: 218-219. Female. Type locality: Santa Eulalia, Peru, 18 January 1913 (C. H. T. Townsend). Type repository: USNM 21689. Examined. Megachile (Tylomegachile) eulaliae : Raw 2002 # 7: 35. DISTRIBUTION. PERU.

2. Megachile (Tylomegachile) hamata Mitchell Megachile hamata Mitchell 1930: 295-296. Female. Type locality: Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia, 26 December 1926 (Salt). Type repository: NHML 17a2472. Examined. Megachile (Tylomegachile) hamata : Raw 2002 # 7: 35. DISTRIBUTION. COLOMBIA: Magdalena- Rio Frio, Santa Marta. FLOWERS. Machaerium humboldtiarum.

3. Megachile (Tylomegachile) orba Schrottky Megachile orba Schrottky 1913a: 214. Male. Type locality: Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP. Megachile pseudocoelioxys Schrottky 1920: 28-29. Female. Type locality: Franca, São Paulo state, Brazil, January 1903. Type repository: MZSP. Examined. Synonymy of Moure 1953: 121. Megachile nuda Mitchell 1930: 296-296. Female. Type locality: Pedra Branca, Brazil. Type repository: ANSP 4130. Synonymy of Moure 1953: 121. (Not M. nuda Rayment 1935. Australia. [= Chalicodoma (Hackeriapis) nuda]. Designation of Michener 1965: 198.) Megachile (Tylomegachile) orba : Moure 1953: 121; Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D). Megachile (Ptilosarus) orba : Michener 1954: 102 (D, F, L). (Erroneous listing). Cressoniella (Tylomegachile) orba : Mitchell 1980: 63. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Mitchell 1930: 255 (D); Zanella 2000: 591 (D); Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 12 (D); Rebêlo et al 2003 (D), Zanella 2003: 234 (D). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: MI- Iguazú. BOLIVIA: Buenavista. BRAZIL: BA- Salvador (Raw); DF- Brasilia (Raw); MA- Barreirinhas; MG; MS- Corumbá, Pedra Branca; MT- Bodoquena, Camisão, Chapada dos Guimarães (Raw); PR- Curitiba, Iguaçú; RN- Serra Negra do Norte; RS; SP- Batatais, Franca (MZSP), Guarulhos, Onda Verde, Rio Claro, São Paulo. COLOMBIA: Magdalena- Rio Frio. PANAMA: Canal Zone- Juan Mina. PERU: Tingo Maria (670 m). FLOWERS. Cornuta grandiflora, Machaerium humboldtiarum. LIFE HISTORY. In Panamá adults fly in June.

4. Megachile (Tylomegachile) simplicipes Friese Megachile simplicipes Friese 1921: 93. Sex not indicated. Type locality: San José, Costa Rica, 1913 (Schmidt). Type repository: Unknown. Megachile nigrolateralis Cockerell 1919: 217-218. Female. Type locality: Mexico (Baker). Type repository: USNM 21688. Synonymy of Mitchell 1930: 295. (Not M. lachesis nigrolateralis Cockerell 1914a: 279. Phillippines [= Creightonella lachesis (Smith) 1861]. Megachile atrolateralis : Cockerell 1927c: 5. New name for M. nigrolateralis Cockerell 1914a). Cressoniella (Tylomegachile) simplicipes : Mitchell 1980: 63. Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 82 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Megachile (Tylomegachile) simplicipes : Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1949: 450 (D). DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: CH; JA; MO; NA; OA; SI. COSTA RICA. HONDURAS: Zomorano. LIFE HISTORY. April to July.

5. Megachile (Tylomegachile) toluca Cresson Megachile toluca Cresson 1878: 129. Male. Type locality: Mexico (Sumichrast). Type repository: ANSP 2432. Megachile (Tylomegachile) toluca : Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cresson 1916: 132 (T). DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: JA; ME; NA; OA; PU; SO; VC.

6. Megachile (Tylomegachile) tridentata Ashmead Megachile tridentata Ashmead 1900: 213. Male. Type locality: St. Vincent, [West Indies]. Type repository: NHML 17a2424. Examined. Megachile (Tylomegachile) tridentata : Raw 2002 # 7: 35. Ashmead (1900) states he is "not certain whether it was taken on this island or on Grenada." ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Friese 1908a: 38 (D). DISTRIBUTION. ST. VINCENT.

Subgenus Zonomegachile Mitchell Chrysosarus (Zonomegachile) Mitchell 1980: 72. Type species Megachile mariannae Dalla Torre 1896: 438. Original designation and monotypy. Megachile (Zonomegachile) Michener 2000: 568. This subgenus is difficult to associate with any other, though it bears some similarities with Chrysosarus. Two species are Amazonian and one is from the cerrados of central Brazil.

1. Megachile (Zonomegachile) gigas Schrottky Megachile gigas Schrottky 1908: 235-236. Female. Type locality: São Paulo state, Brazil. Type repository: MZSP. Megachile (Acentron) gigas : Moure 1948: 332-334 (R-M). Megachile (Zonomegachile) gigas : Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D). ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Schrottky 1913a: 139 (K), 167 (D, R-F). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: DF (Raw); MG; SP.

2. Megachile (Zonomegachile) moderata Smith Megachile moderata Smith 1879: 74. Female. Type locality: Ega [= Tefé, AM, Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2430. Examined. Megachile mariannae Dalla Torre 1896: 438. New name proposed in error for "Megachile moderata Smith 1853". Chrysosarus (Zonomegachile) mariannae : Mitchell 1980: 72. Megachile (Zonomegachile) moderata : Raw 2002 # 7: 37. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1927a: 13, 15 (D, K). DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Beni. BRAZIL: AM- Tefé.

3. Megachile (Zonomegachile) nigribarbis Vachal Megachile nigribarbis Vachal 1909: 6. Male. Type locality: Matto Grosso, Brésil. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Megachile (Zonomegachile) nigribarbis : Raw 2002 # 71: 37. M. nigribarbis may prove to be the male of M. moderata. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT.

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 83 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Fossil species

Megachile (Chalicodomopsis) glaesaria Engel Megachile (Chalicodomopsis) glaesaria Engel 1999: 4-7. Female. Type locality: Miocene amber of Dominican Republic. Type repository: Morone Amber Collection, Turin, Italy.

New World bees placed erroneously in Megachile

Centris analis (Fabricius) Apis analis Fabricius 1775: 384. Type locality: South America. Anthophora analis Fabricius 1804: 375. Megachile ? analis Dalla Torre 1896: 419. (Not M. analis Nylander 1852: 275. New name for M. apicalis Nylander 1848: 257. Northern Europe and the Alps. (Not M. (Eutricharaea) apicalis Spinola 1808.)

Trichothurgus dubius (Sichel) Megachile dubia Sichel 1867: 150. Type locality: Chile. Lithurgus dubius Vachal 1904: 11. Trichothurgus dubius Moure 1949: 271.

Trichothurgus herbsti (Friese) Megachile herbsti Friese 1905: 138. Female. Type locality: Rancagua, Chile, December 1903 (P. Herbst). Lithurgus muticus Herbst 1918: 176. Synonymy of Moure 1949: 274. Trichothurgus herbsti Moure 1949: 274-277.

Nomina nuda 1. Megachile (Leptorachis) atritegulis Moure ms in Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 11. 2. Megachile costalis Pérez (in Dominique) 1898: 65. 3. Megachile fuliginata Pérez 1898: 61. Bull. Sci. Nat. Ouest France. 4. Megachile (Moureapis) moureana Silveira et al 2002: 213; Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 11. 5. Megachile valdiviana Delfin 1900: 20. Departamento de Talcahuano, Chile.

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 84 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

Appendix: Collection abbreviations

Where additional information has been gleaned from specimen labels the abbreviation of the collection is cited.

AMNH - American Museum of Natural History, New York, U.S.A. ANSP - Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, U.S.A. BBSL - Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, U.S.A. CAS - California Academy of Science, Los Angeles, U.S.A. GCH - Gundlach Collection, Havana, Cuba IOC - Instituto Osvaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil IZUT - Turin, Italy Kiel - $$ MCZ - Museum of Comparative Zoology, University of Harvard, U.S.A. MNHN - Musée National de Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France MNHU - Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin, Germany Morato - Elder Morato, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil MPEG - Museu Paraense de Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil MZSP - Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil NMD - National Museum, Dublin, Ireland NHML - Natural History Museum, London, England NHMW - Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria OUM - Oxford University Museum, England Ras - Claus Rasmussen, Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana, USA. RAW - Collection of Anthony Raw Roubik - D. W. Roubik, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama. SMM - State Museum of München, Germany UFPR - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil KANS - University of Kansas, U.S.A. USNM - United States National Museum, Washington, DC. U.S.A. ZMC - Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 85 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br

References

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Anthony Raw, 2004. Leafcutter and Mason Bees: a Biological Catalogue of the Genus Megachile of the 97 Neotropics. www.webbee.org.br