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User's Guide Project: the Impact of Non-Native Predators On User’s Guide Project: The Impact of Non-Native Predators on Pollinators and Native Plant Reproduction in a Hawaiian Dryland Ecosystem SERDP project number: RC-2432 Principal Investigators: Christina T. Liang, USDA Forest Service Clare E. Aslan, Northern Arizona University William P. Haines, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Aaron B. Shiels, USDA APHIS Contributor: Manette E. Sandor, Northern Arizona University Date: 30 October 2019 Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202- 4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 10-30-2019 User’s Guide 01-02-2014 to 10-30-2019 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER User’s Guide. The Impact of Non-Native Predators on Pollinators and Native Plant Reproduction in a Hawaiian Dryland Ecosystem. 5b. GRANT NUMBER RC-2432 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER Liang, Christina T. (Lead Principal Investigator) RC-2432 Aslan, Clare E. 5e. TASK NUMBER Haines, William P. Shiels, Aaron B. 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER Sandor, Manette E. 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT USDA Forest Service NUMBER Pacific Southwest Research Station, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry RC-2432 60 Nowelo St Hilo, HI 96720 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) SERDP SERDP 4800 Mark Center Dr Suite 12D08 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT Alexandria, VA 22350-3605 NUMBER(S) RC-2432 12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT This User's Guide shares findings from a four-year research study (2015 -2019) titled “The Impact of Non-Native Predators on Pollinators and Native Plant Reproduction in a Hawaiian Dryland Ecosystem." The guide provides information to land and natural resource managers on: i) pollination of native plants by native and non-native insects, ii) interactions among non- native invasive predators and insect pollination of native plants, and iii) methods and experimental designs for measuring plant-pollinator interactions and predator suppression. 15. SUBJECT TERMS dryland tropical ecosystem, endangered species, Hawaiʻi, invasive species management, plant- animal interactions, Pōhakuloa Training Area, predators, pollination 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: U 17. LIMITATION 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON OF ABSTRACT OF PAGES Christina Liang a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (include area 123 U U U 65 code) 530-478-6240 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18 Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................... i I. Introduction and Purpose of Guide ........................................................................................................... 1 II. PTA Study Area, Focal Species, and Experimental Design ........................................................................ 3 III. Flower Visitation Observations ................................................................................................................ 7 In a Nutshell: ........................................................................................................................................... 7 General background ............................................................................................................................... 7 Methods ................................................................................................................................................. 9 Results .................................................................................................................................................. 14 Study conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 17 IV. Pollination Treatments .......................................................................................................................... 20 In a Nutshell: ......................................................................................................................................... 20 General background ............................................................................................................................. 20 Methods ............................................................................................................................................... 22 Results .................................................................................................................................................. 24 Study conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 25 V. Common Flower Visitors in Dryland Hawai’i .......................................................................................... 27 Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, and ants) ................................................................................................. 27 Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) .................................................................................................... 31 Diptera (flies) ........................................................................................................................................ 36 Hemiptera (true bugs and hoppers) ..................................................................................................... 37 VI. Monitoring of Arthropod Communities ................................................................................................. 39 In a Nutshell: ......................................................................................................................................... 39 General background ............................................................................................................................. 39 Methods ............................................................................................................................................... 39 Results .................................................................................................................................................. 40 Study conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 45 VII. Rodent Populations, Dynamics, and Suppression ................................................................................ 46 In a Nutshell: ......................................................................................................................................... 46 General background ............................................................................................................................. 46 Methods ............................................................................................................................................... 49 i Results .................................................................................................................................................. 51 Study conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 60 VIII. Ant Populations, Dynamics, and Suppression ..................................................................................... 62 In a Nutshell: ......................................................................................................................................... 62 General background ............................................................................................................................. 62 Methods ............................................................................................................................................... 62 Results .................................................................................................................................................. 66 Study conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 70 IX. Yellowjacket Population, Dynamics, and Suppression .......................................................................... 71 In a Nutshell: ......................................................................................................................................... 71 General background ............................................................................................................................
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