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Université Du Québec À Montréal Évaluation De UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL ÉVALUATION DE DEUX NOUVEAUX AGENTS DE LUTTE BIOLOGIQUE CONTRE LE PUCERON DE LA DIGITALE À BASSE TEMPÉRATURE MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE MAÎTRISE EN BIOLOGIE PAR YMILIE FRANCOEUR-PIN MAI 2019 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 - Rév.07-2011). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire,· diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies· de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l'auteur] conserve la· liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.» REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens à débuter mon mémoire en remerciant ceux et celles qui ont contribué à mon cheminement durant ma maîtrise. Quand j'ai débuté mon projet de recherche, je ne savais pas du tout ce qui m'attendais. Non seulement ais-je fais plusieurs belles rencontres, mais j'ai aussi tissé des liens durables avec des gens qui comme moi, se lançaient dans le monde de la biologie, à la recherche de nouvelles découvertes et de nouvelles passions. Ce projet m'a aussi permis de développer certaines qualités personnelles et compétences qui me suivront pour le reste de ma carrière. J'ai également développé mes habiletés en couture, bricolage et menuiserie (ce dont je ne m'attendais pas du tout). Maman et Dad, merci pour vos encouragements et votre soutien émotionnel lorsque je suis déménagée à Montréal. Alda, merci d'avoir été mon cobaye de présentation orale et de m'avoir écouté pendant des heures parler d'insectes. Merrick, merci de m'avoir appuyé durant mes hauts et mes bas puis de m'avoir convaincue de ne jamais abandonner. Je vous aime et ceci n'aurait jamais été possible sans vous. J'aimerais remercier mon directeur de recherche, Éric Lucas pour son encadrement, écoute, aide, et temps et sans qui ce mémoire n'aurait jamais vu le jour. Merci d'avoir été mon mentor, de m'avoir poussé à toujours penser plus loin et de m'avoir accueilli si chaleureusement parmi une équipe exceptionnelle. Marc, merci pour toute ton aide et ta patience lorsque j'avais des questions. Je n'ai jamais rencontré quelqu'un qui est si prêt à aider les gens de son entourage. J'aimerais également remercier Geneviève Labrie et Client Kelly qui ont pris le temps de lire mon proposé de recherche et pour 111 leurs avis et conseils. Merci également à toute l'équipe du laboratoire de lutte biologique pour votre aide et encouragements au cours de la réalisation de ce projet. DÉDICACE À ma mère Julie et à mon père Marcel, ma plus profonde reconnaissance. TABLES DES MATIÈRES LISTE DES FIGURES ............................................................................................. vivii LISTE DES TABLEAUX ......................................................................................... vvii LISTE DES SYMBOLES ET DES UNITÉS ........................................................... .ixx RÉSUMÉ ...................................................................................................................... x INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 CHAPITRE I ÉVALUATION DE DEUX AGENTS DE LUTTE BIOLOGIQUE POTENTIELS CONTRE LE PUCERON DE LA DIGITALE À BASSE TEMPÉRA TURE ........................................................................................................ 31 1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 32 1.2 Materials and methods ....................................................................................... 3 6 1.2.1 Insect rearing .......................................................................................... 36 1.2.2 Experiment on active flight capacity at low temperatures ...................... 38 1.2.3 Experiment on oviposition at low temperatures ..................................... 39 1.2.4 Experiment on larval voracity at low temperatures ................................ 40 1.2.5 Statistical analyses .................................................................................. 41 1.3 Results ............................................................................................................... 42 1.3.1 Active flight capacity at low temperature ............................................... 42 1.3 .2 Oviposition at low temperatures ............................................................. 44 1.3.3 Larval voracity at low temperatures ........................................................ 46 1.4 Discussion .......................................................................................................... 48 1.5 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ 53 CHAPITRE II LUTTE BIOLOGIQUE DU PUCERON DE LA DIGITALE À L'AIDE D'UN SYSTÈME DE PLANTE RÉSERVOIR AVEC EUPEODES AMERICANUS (DIPTERA : SYRPHIDAE) DANS DES SERRES EXPÉRIMENTALES ET COMMERCIALES ........................................................... 54 Vl 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 55 2.2 Materials and methods ....................................................................................... 58 2.2.1 Insect rearing .......................................................................................... 58 2.2.2 Evaluation of foxglove aphid control in experimental greenhouse ........ 58 2.2.3 Evaluation of foxglove aphid control in commercial greenhouse .......... 60 2.2.4 Statistical analyses .................................................................................. 61 2.3 Results ............................................................................................................... 62 2.3 .1 Evaluation of foxglove aphid control in experimental greenhouse ........ 62 2.3.2 Evaluation of foxglove aphids control in commercial greenhouse ......... 66 2.4 Discussion .......................................................................................................... 68 2.5 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ 73 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 74 APPENDICE A ARTICLE PUBLIÉ À L'ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE LUTTE BIOLOGIQUE (OILB) ........................................................................... 78 RÉFÉRENCES ............................................................................................................ 85 LISTE DES FIGURES Figure Page 1.1 Pourcentage d'individus ayant démontré un vol actif pour l'eupéode d'Amérique et la chamémyie glyphinivore à 12°C, 15°C et 18°C.............. 39 1.1 Délai moyen avant d'observer un vol actif pour l' eupéode d'Amérique et la chamémyie glyphinivore à 12°C, 15°C et 18°C ...................................... 39 1.2. Pourcentage de femelles ayant pondu des œufs sur une période de 7 jours pour l'eupéode d'Amérique et la chamémyie glyphinivore à 12°C, 15°C et 18°C............................................................................................................. 41 1.3 Nombre moyen d'œufs pondus sur une période de 7 jours par l'eupéode d'Amérique et la chamémyie glyphinivore à 12°C, 15°C et 18°C.............. 42 1.3 Nombre moyen d'œufs pondus sur une période de 7 et 14 jours par l'eupéode d'Amérique et la chamémyie glyphinivore à 12°C .................... 42 1.4 Consommation moyenne journalière de pucerons pour l' eupéode d'Amérique et la chamémyie glyphinivore à 12°C, 15°C et 18°C.............. 44 1.4 Consommation moyenne totale de pucerons pour l'eupéode d'Amérique et la chamémyie glyphinivore à 12°C, 15°C et 18°C .................................. 44 2.1 Évaluation du contrôle du puceron de la digitale en serre expérimentale... 58 2.2 Pentes de régression pour les blocs et traitements des tests en serre expérimentale............................................................................................... 60 2.3 Évaluation du contrôle du puceron de la digitale en serre commerciale.... 62 LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau Page 1.0 Seuils d'activité thermique pour le puceron de la digitale et les différents auxiliaires utilisés en lutte biologique . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 LISTE DES SYMBOLES ET DES UNITÉS CM Centimètre TM Marque oc Degré Celsius L Lumière 0 Obscurité ® Marque déposée RÉSUMÉ Au fil des années, il y a une augmentation de la demande chez les consommateurs canadiens pour des produits cultivés de manière plus équitable et sans résidus d'insecticides. C'est pourquoi des outils plus écologiques de gestion des problèmes d'insectes nuisibles
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