DOCSLIB.ORG

Handbook of Native Woody Plants of the United States

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Handbook of Native Woody Plants of the United States Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. HANDBOOK O FvN A T I V E WOODY PLANTS OF_THE UNITED STATES by William R. Van Dersal Biologist t Section of Wildlife Management PREPARED FOR THE TECHNICIANS OF THE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE SCS-TP-11 July, 1936 United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library Advancing Access to Global Information for Agriculture • FOB^ORD If the excellence of two and a half years of operation 1 a3 done anything for us as a Service, it has proven .now absolutely right our leader, Dr. Bennett, has been in his insistence upon a program wherein all practicable measures for the control of erosion are closely co- ordinated into a single land-use plan worked out on the particular farm on which it is to be applied. In the execution of this program it is but natural that we should have gained a clearer understanding of one of its cardinal principles, the maximum possible restoration of the vegetative cover of the soil. Some of our early projects were conducted seemingly on the assumption that this principle applied only to crop and forage plants, though most of them soon conceded a place in the urogram to certain trees, ^ow the project without its forester is rare, and woodland management has long since taken its rightful place in our operations More recently a Section of Wildlife Management has been added to our operating units, but is already active in planting large numbers of shrubs. Because this great group of plants of high erosion control potentialities heretofore has been almost wholly neglected, the new Section is certain to become increasingly important as additional biologists are found to carry on its work. All of these men, biologists and foresters alike, are being called upon to prepare planting lists of a wide variety of woody stock, yet even before the first spadeful of sod was scalped from the steep Wisconsin hillsides of old Project No. 1 the need was keenly felt for a reliable source to which the harassed technician might turn for information con- cerning the characteristics of the plants he would use. No such source existed short of a complete botanical library, which, of course, was not available to any field office. Thus was born a tendency to rely too much on a limited number of well-known species which we recognize as being a temporary situation to be corrected .as soon as possible. I feel, therefore, that while Dr. Van Dersal has kept the needs of his own section uppermost in mind during the preparation of this Handbook, he has performed a distinct service for our organization as a whole by bringing together for the first time the existing information pertinent to our needs in using woody plants. I commend his work to the careful study of all technicians having occasion to employ such vegetation, and earnestly hope that it will stimulate a more varied and bettor balanced planting program throughout the Service. C. 3. Manifold, Chief Division of Conservation Operations .258 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS At the suggestion of Mr. Ernest G.« Holt, Head of the Section of Wild- life Management, Soil Conservation Service, and advised and encouraged by him, the author undertook the compilation of this list. The stimulating cor- respondence during 1935 > his relentless and constructive criticism in 193&, and his always thoughtful efforts to ensure that the author did not get side- tracked in his zeal to work out the problems have, more than anything else, made this work possible. In the preparation of the list a great deal of data has been found in the various publications and mimeographed pamphlets written by Mr. W. L. McAtee, of the Biological Survey. His work is so well known and authorita- tive in the field of bird foods as to make any adequate treatment of the subject impossible without frequent reference to his material, while his stimulating conversations have aided a great deal in this undertaking. "Important Western Browse Plants", by William A. Dayton, of the U. S. „-* Forest Service, has supplied very valuable information pertinent to characters and forage values of southwestern woody species. It is much to be regretted that this admirable publication is no longer in print. Valuable suggestions and ideas with respect to the use of woody species for erosion control, have been offered by Professor M. L, Fernald, of Harvard University, Mr. Alfred Render, Mr. E. J. Palmer, and Dr. Hugh M. Raup, of the Arnold Arboretum; and by Dr. H. A, Gleason, Dr. W, H. Camp, specialist on the Ericaceae, and Mr, E. J. Alexander, collaborator with Dr. J. K. Small, of the New York Boto.nical Garden. Discussions with Mr. A, C. Molntyro, Regional Forester, of the Soil Conservation Service, proved also of much help. Mr. E. P. Killup, of the U. S. National Herbarium, has been ready always to assist in the botanical work. To all of these men the author wishes to express his thanks. 2. It is with the utmost appreciation of the courtesy and help given "willingly at every opportunity by the Biological Survey, that the author acknowledges the particular efforts of Mr. Clarence Cottam, Head of the Section of Food-Habits, and his assistants Miss Evelyn Knappen, Mr. F. M. Uhlor , and Mr. Neil Hotchkiss. The contribution of the nap of plant growth regions by Mr. F. L. Mulford, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, is gratefully acknowledged. As reproduced here, many changes and alterations in the boundary lines appear for the first time. Without any doubt, the great importance of Mr. Mulford 's work will .be increasingly recognized not only by agriculturalists, horti- culturalists, and landscape gardeners, but by botanists as well. The author, therefore, feels very keenly the kindness of Mr. Mulford in permitting the use of his revised map in this publication. William R. Van Dorsal Washington, D. C., May, 1936 3 INTRODUCTION As every soil conservationist knows, there is a very definite rela- tion between the density of the plant cover on the soil, the amount of soil lost through erosion, and the productivity of that soil. These three func- tions vary with each other in a regular and direct manner, and there is no reason to believe that they have not always done so. Soil is partly formed by vegetation, and vegetation is in good part a product of the soil. Taking the hint from our observation of natural conditions, we must expect to direct our efforts at erosion control toward revegetation, since it is known that erosion starts with the destruction of the plant cover, and that the kind and density of vegetation is more important in influencing run-off and erosion than is steepness of slope or intensity of rainfall. * For our purposes there are two kinds of vegetation which we may util- izc-permancnt and temporary. Under our present agricultural system we are concerned with the proper manipulation of cultivated crops in such a manner as to keep the maximum of cover on the soil as much of the time as we can. Such manipulated cultivable crops fall into the temporary class of vegetation. The p ermanent class includes plants which arc permitted to remain on the ground without disturbance except to gather from them such periodic crops as they may produce. It is the purpose of this paper to consider in partic- ular the woody species, which can be utilized to aid in controlling erosion, and to examine some of the qualifications justifying their use in a planting program. Coincidental with the comparatively sudden demand by the Soil Conservation Service for millions of shrubs and trees to plant for erosion control, there has arisen an equally great demand for information about the *Data from U. S. Forest Service, Intermontane Station, Ogden, Utah. k species to be planted. It has become necessary to know where a species will grow, what soils it prefers, what degree of drought or moisture it can endure, the nature and extent of its root-system, its susceptibility to insects and diseases, its weediness, its relation to other species, its use to the land- owner as a crop plant, and its value as food or cover for wildlife. Such information, approaching any degree of completeness, is remarkably difficult to get, and if it exists, must bo laboriously assembled, bit by bit end piece by piece, from many different and sometimes surprising sources, although botanists, nurserymen, landscape gardeners, horticultural! ft s , foresters and seedsmen have been gradually accumulating data of this sort for a very long time. It would therefore be absurd to say that we know* nothing of the uses to which the bulk of our trees and shrubs can be put. The mere fact that a species has been described and named tells us at once that something is known about it. However, we still lack much information that would make for more intelligent use of our native plants. WOODY PLANT REQUIREMENTS FOR EROSION CONTROL PLANTING Many workers arc of the opinion that a plant with a large root system will necessarily be the best one to hold soil in place. This idea is so uni- versally held that it may not be amiss to review briefly just what takes place when a soil is eroded, especially by water. In doing this, we may obtain a clearer picture cf how erosion can be prevented by planting vegeta- tion. In exceptional and rare instances, subterranean washing may take place but under ordinary conditions, the washing away of soil happens at the surface. It is the movement of soil particles downhill in water or into the air as dust that we wish to prevent.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Stillingia: a Newly Recorded Genus of Euphorbiaceae from China
    Phytotaxa 296 (2): 187–194 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/pt/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.296.2.8 Stillingia: A newly recorded genus of Euphorbiaceae from China SHENGCHUN LI1, 2, BINGHUI CHEN1, XIANGXU HUANG1, XIAOYU CHANG1, TIEYAO TU*1 & DIANXIANG ZHANG1 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China * Corresponding author, email: [email protected] Abstract Stillingia (Euphorbiaceae) contains ca. 30 species from Latin America, the southern United States, and various islands in the tropical Pacific and in the Indian Ocean. We report here for the first time the occurrence of a member of the genus in China, Stillingia lineata subsp. pacifica. The distribution of the genus in China is apparently narrow, known only from Pingzhou and Wanzhou Islands of the Wanshan Archipelago in the South China Sea, which is close to the Pearl River estuary. This study updates our knowledge on the geographic distribution of the genus, and provides new palynological data as well. Key words: Island, Hippomaneae, South China Sea, Stillingia lineata Introduction During the last decade, hundreds of new plant species or new species records have been added to the flora of China. Nevertheless, newly described or newly recorded plant genera are not discovered and reported very often, suggesting that botanical expedition and plant survey at the generic level may be advanced in China. As far as we know, only six and eight angiosperm genera respectively have been newly described or newly recorded from China within the last ten years (Qiang et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation State Changes in the Course of Shrub Encroachment in an African Savanna Since About 1850 CE and Their Potential Drivers
    Received: 14 September 2019 | Revised: 10 November 2019 | Accepted: 5 December 2019 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5955 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Vegetation state changes in the course of shrub encroachment in an African savanna since about 1850 CE and their potential drivers Ximena Tabares1,2 | Heike Zimmermann1 | Elisabeth Dietze1 | Gregor Ratzmann3 | Lukas Belz4 | Andrea Vieth-Hillebrand5 | Lydie Dupont6 | Heinz Wilkes4 | Benjamin Mapani7 | Ulrike Herzschuh1,2,8 1Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Abstract Germany 1. Shrub encroachment has far-reaching ecological and economic consequences in 2 Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, many ecosystems worldwide. Yet, compositional changes associated with shrub Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany 3Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, encroachment are often overlooked despite having important effects on ecosys- Berlin, Germany tem functioning. 4 Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the 2. We document the compositional change and potential drivers for a northern Marine Environment, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Namibian Combretum woodland transitioning into a Terminalia shrubland. We use Germany a multiproxy record (pollen, sedimentary ancient DNA, biomarkers, compound- 5GFZ German Research Centre for specific carbon ( 13C) and deuterium ( D) isotopes, bulk carbon isotopes ( 13Corg), Geosciences, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, δ δ δ Potsdam, Germany grain size, geochemical properties) from Lake Otjikoto at high taxonomical and 6 MARUM – Centre for Marine temporal resolution. Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany 3. We provide evidence that state changes in semiarid environments may occur on a 7Department of Geology, University of scale of one century and that transitions between stable states can span around Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia 80 years and are characterized by a unique vegetation composition.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com10/09/2021 12:24:23AM Via Free Access 2 IAWA Journal, Vol
    IAWA Journal, Vol. 26 (1), 2005: 1-68 WOOD ANATOMY OF THE SUBFAMILY EUPHORBIOIDEAE A comparison with subfamilies Crotonoideae and Acalyphoideae and the implications for the circumscription of the Euphorbiaceae Alberta M. W. Mennega Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Utrecht University branch, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 es Utrecht, The Netherlands SUMMARY The wood anatomy was studied of 82 species from 34 out of 54 genera in the subfamily Euphorbioideae, covering all five tribes recognized in this subfamily. In general the woods show a great deal of similarity. They are charac­ terized by a relative paucity of vessels, often arranged in short to long, dumbbell-shaped or twin, radial multiples, and by medium-sized to large intervessel pits; fibres often have gelatinous walls; parenchyma apotracheal in short, wavy, narrow bands and diffuse-in-aggregates; mostly uni- or only locally biseriate rays, strongly heterocellular (except Hippomane, Hura and Pachystroma). Cell contents, either silica or crystals, or both together, are nearly always present and often useful in distinguishing between genera. Radiallaticifers were noticed in most genera, though they are scarce and difficult to trace. The laticifers are generally not surrounded by special cells, except in some genera of the subtribe Euphorbiinae where radiallaticifers are comparatively frequent and conspicuous. Three ofthe five tribes show a great deal of conformity in their anatomy. Stomatocalyceae, however, stand apart from the rest by the combination of the scarcity of vessels, and mostly biseriate, vertically fused and very tall rays. Within Euphorbieae the subtribe Euphorbiinae shows a greater vari­ ation than average, notably in vessel pitting, the frequent presence of two­ celled parenchyma strands, and in size and frequency of the laticifers.
    [Show full text]
  • ESTUDOS MORFOLÓGICOS E FILOGENÉTICOS DE Sebastiania Spreng
    SARAH MARIA ATHIÊ DE SOUZA ESTUDOS MORFOLÓGICOS E FILOGENÉTICOS DE Sebastiania Spreng. (HIPPOMANEAE, EUPHORBIACEAE) RECIFE – PE 2011 SARAH MARIA ATHIÊ DE SOUZA ESTUDOS MORFOLÓGICOS E FILOGENÉTICOS DE Sebastiania Spreng. (HIPPOMANEAE, EUPHORBIACEAE) Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Botânica da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco – PPGB/UFRPE, como requisito para obtenção do título de Mestre em Botânica. Orientadora: Profª. Dra. Margareth Ferreira de Sales Co-Orientador: Prof. Dr. André Laurênio de Melo Co-Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcos José da Silva RECIFE – PE 2011 Ficha catalográfica S729e Souza, Sarah Maria Athiê de Estudos morfológicos e filogenéticos de Sebastiania Spreng. (Hippomaneae, Euphorbiaceae) / Sarah Maria Athiê de Souza. -- 2011. 152 f.: il. Orientadora: Margareth Ferreira de Sales. Dissertação (Mestrado em Botânica) – Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Biologia, Recife, 2011. Inclui anexo, apêndice e referências. 1. Cladística 2. Morfologia 3. Euphorbioideae 4. Taxonomia I. Sales, Margareth Ferreira de, orientadora II. Título CDD 582 ESTUDOS MORFOLÓGICOS E FILOGENÉTICOS DE Sebastiania Spreng. (HIPPOMANEAE, EUPHORBIACEAE) SARAH MARIA ATHIÊ DE SOUZA ORIENTADORA:_____________________________________________________ Profª Drª Margareth Ferreira de Sales Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE Dissertação defendida e aprovada pela banca examinadora em: ___/___/___ ___________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Marccus Vinícius da
    [Show full text]
  • SABONET Report No 18
    ii Quick Guide This book is divided into two sections: the first part provides descriptions of some common trees and shrubs of Botswana, and the second is the complete checklist. The scientific names of the families, genera, and species are arranged alphabetically. Vernacular names are also arranged alphabetically, starting with Setswana and followed by English. Setswana names are separated by a semi-colon from English names. A glossary at the end of the book defines botanical terms used in the text. Species that are listed in the Red Data List for Botswana are indicated by an ® preceding the name. The letters N, SW, and SE indicate the distribution of the species within Botswana according to the Flora zambesiaca geographical regions. Flora zambesiaca regions used in the checklist. Administrative District FZ geographical region Central District SE & N Chobe District N Ghanzi District SW Kgalagadi District SW Kgatleng District SE Kweneng District SW & SE Ngamiland District N North East District N South East District SE Southern District SW & SE N CHOBE DISTRICT NGAMILAND DISTRICT ZIMBABWE NAMIBIA NORTH EAST DISTRICT CENTRAL DISTRICT GHANZI DISTRICT KWENENG DISTRICT KGATLENG KGALAGADI DISTRICT DISTRICT SOUTHERN SOUTH EAST DISTRICT DISTRICT SOUTH AFRICA 0 Kilometres 400 i ii Trees of Botswana: names and distribution Moffat P. Setshogo & Fanie Venter iii Recommended citation format SETSHOGO, M.P. & VENTER, F. 2003. Trees of Botswana: names and distribution. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 18. Pretoria. Produced by University of Botswana Herbarium Private Bag UB00704 Gaborone Tel: (267) 355 2602 Fax: (267) 318 5097 E-mail: [email protected] Published by Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET), c/o National Botanical Institute, Private Bag X101, 0001 Pretoria and University of Botswana Herbarium, Private Bag UB00704, Gaborone.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Wood Anatomy to Identify Poisonous Plants: Charcoal Of
    Research Article Poisonous tambotie from Sibudu’s Middle Stone Age hearths Page 1 of 9 Use of wood anatomy to identify poisonous plants: AUTHORS: Charcoal of Spirostachys africana Sandra J. Lennox1,2 Marion Bamford2,3 Spirostachys africana Sond. (tamboti/tambotie) is a woodland tree that is often found near water. It has AFFILIATIONS: a poisonous and purgative latex. The archaeological site of Sibudu, a rock shelter in KwaZulu-Natal, has 1School of Geosciences, evidence, from well-preserved charcoal and seeds, of past environments and wood use from approximately University of the Witwatersrand, 77–38 thousand years ago (ka). As their uses and environmental indicators are different, it is critical to Johannesburg, South Africa confidently distinguish among the three anatomically similar woods of the Euphorbiaceae: Spirostachys 2 DST–NRF Centre of Excellence africana, Sclerocroton integerrimus and Shirakiopsis elliptica. A detailed anatomical study of reference in Palaeosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, and archaeological charcoal shows that xylem vessel width increases proportionally as vessel frequency Johannesburg, South Africa decreases, from Spirostachys africana, Sclerocroton integerrimus to Shirakiopsis elliptica. Crystals 3Evolutionary Studies Institute, of calcium oxalate are present in ray cells of Spirostachys africana, whereas silica bodies are present in University of the Witwatersrand, ray cells of Sclerocroton integerrimus and Shirakiopsis elliptica. Using these features, the presence of Johannesburg, South Africa Spirostachys africana was confirmed amongst hearth charcoal of the Spotty Camel layer, with an age of approximately 58 ka and of the Mottled Deposit occupational layer, with an age of approximately 49 ka. The CORRESPONDENCE TO: presence of this charcoal, collected from ancient fireplaces or sieved from surrounding sediments, implies Sandra Lennox that people at Sibudu understood and used this poisonous tree to their advantage.
    [Show full text]
  • SISTEMÁTICA DO GÊNERO Gymnanthes Sw. (HIPPOMANEAE, EUPHORBIACEAE)
    LUCIANA DOS SANTOS DIAS DE OLIVEIRA SISTEMÁTICA DO GÊNERO Gymnanthes Sw. (HIPPOMANEAE, EUPHORBIACEAE) RECIFE, FEVEREIRO DE 2014. UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL RURAL DE PERNAMBUCO DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA/ÁREA DE BOTÂNICA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BOTÂNICA SISTEMÁTICA DO GÊNERO Gymnanthes Sw. (HIPPOMANEAE, EUPHORBIACEAE) Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco – PPGB/UFRPE, como requisito para obtenção do título de Doutor em Botânica. ORIENTADORA: Dra. Margareth Ferreira de Sales/UFRPE CO-ORIENTADORES: Dr. André Laurênio de Melo/UAST Dr. Marcos José da Silva/UFG. RECIFE, FEVEREIRO DE 2014. Ficha catalográfica O48s Oliveira, Luciana dos Santos Dias de Sistemática do gênero Gymnanthes Sw. (Hippomaneae, Euphorbiaceae) / Luciana dos Santos Dias de Oliveira. – Recife, 2014. 207 f. : il. Orientadora: Margareth Ferreira de Sales. Tese (Doutorado em Botânica) – Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Biologia, Recife, 2014. Inclui referências, anexo(s) e apêndice(s). 1. Actinostemon 2. Revisão 3. Taxonomia vegetal I. Sales, Margareth Ferreira de, orientadora II. Título CDD 581 II SISTEMÁTICA DO GÊNERO Gymnanthes Sw. (HIPPOMANEAE, EUPHORBIACEAE) LUCIANA DOS SANTOS DIAS DE OLIVEIRA ORIENTADORA: Profa. Dra. Margareth Ferreira de Sales Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco – UFRPE Tese defendida e aprovada pela banca examinadora em: / / Dr. Ricardo Secco Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi – MPEG Titular Profa. Dra. Maria Iracema Bezerra Loiola Universidade Federal do Ceará – UFC Titular Profa. Dra. Maria Teresa A. B. Vital Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco – UFRPE Titular Profa. Dra. Carmen Sílvia Zickel Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco – UFRPE Titular Profa. Dra. Maria Jesus Nogueira Rodal Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco – UFRPE Suplente Profa. Dra.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Essential Oils on the Release of TNF-Α and CCL2 by LPS-Stimulated THP-1 Cells
    plants Article Effect of Essential Oils on the Release of TNF-α and CCL2 by LPS-Stimulated THP-1 Cells Maria Graça Miguel 1,* , Carina Isabel da Silva 1, Luana Farah 2, Fernão Castro Braga 2 and Ana Cristina Figueiredo 3 1 Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Departamento de Química e Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; [email protected] 2 Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, 31.270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; [email protected] (L.F.); [email protected] (F.C.B.) 3 Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM Lisboa), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal (CBV), DBV, C2, Piso 1, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Plants and their constituents have been used to treat diverse ailments since time immemo- rial. Many plants are used in diverse external and internal formulations (infusions, alcoholic extracts, essential oils (EOs), etc.) in the treatment of inflammation-associated diseases, such as those affecting the respiratory tract or causing gastrointestinal or joint problems, among others. To support the tradi- tional uses of plant extracts, EOs have been assessed for their alleged anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of EOs on the release of cytokines and chemokines has been much less reported. Considering their traditional use and commercial relevance in Portugal and Angola, this study evaluated the effect of EOs on the in vitro inhibition of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human acute monocytic leukemia cells (THP-1 cells).
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Studies on Salicornioideae
    Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Department of Biosciences, Plant Biology Finnish Museum of Natural History LUOMUS, Botany Unit University of Helsinki TAXONOMIC AND PHYLOGENETIC STUD- IES ON SALICORNIOIDEAE (AMARAN- THACEAE) Mikko Piirainen ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented for public examination with the permission of the Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences of the Univer- sity of Helsinki in the Nylander hall at Botanical Museum (Unionin- katu 44), Helsinki, on December 13 2017 at 12 o'clock noon. Helsinki 2017 Supervised by: Prof. emer. Pertti Uotila Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Finland Members of thesis advisory committee: Dr. Soili Stenroos Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Finland Dr. Henry Väre Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Finland Reviewed by: PhD Kelly Shepherd Western Australian Herbarium, Kensington, Australia PhD Maarten Christenhusz, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Plant Gateway Ltd, Surrey, U.K. Examined by: Dr. Samuli Lehtonen Department of Biology, University of Turku, Finland Custos: Prof. Jaakko Hyvönen Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki. Finland ISBN 978-951-51-3631-2 (paperback) ISBN 978-951-51-3632-9 (PDF) http://ethesis.helsinki.fi Unigrafia Helsinki 2017 CONTENTS LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS .................................................. 4 ABSTRACT .............................................................................................. 5 TIIVISTELMÄ ........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • CBD Fourth National Report Which Will Play an Important Role in Highlighting This
    BOTSWANA FOURTH NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONVENTION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY May 2009 BOTSWANA GOVERNMENT CONTENTS CONTENTS I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................... VI CHAPTER 1 – OVERVIEW OF BIODIVERSITY STATUS, TRENDS AND THREATS ..........................1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................1 1.2 THE OVERALL PICTURE ..................................................................................................................2 1.2.1 Botswana’s unique biodiversity.......................................................................................................2 1.2.1.1 Unique areas ............................................................................................................................................2 1.2.1.2 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) ...................................................................................................................5 1.2.1.3 Species diversity ......................................................................................................................................6 1.2.1.4 Agrobiodiversity ......................................................................................................................................7 1.2.2 Biodiversity conservation status......................................................................................................8
    [Show full text]
  • The International Timber Trade
    THE INTERNATIONAL TIMBER TRADE: A Working List of Commercial Timber Tree Species By Jennifer Mark1, Adrian C. Newton1, Sara Oldfield2 and Malin Rivers2 1 Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University 2 Botanic Gardens Conservation International The International Timber Trade: A working list of commercial timber tree species By Jennifer Mark, Adrian C. Newton, Sara Oldfield and Malin Rivers November 2014 Published by Botanic Gardens Conservation International Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, Richmond, TW9 3BW, UK Cover Image: Sapele sawn timber being put together at IFO in the Republic of Congo. Photo credit: Danzer Group. 1 Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................ 3 Summary ................................................................................................................. 4 Purpose ................................................................................................................ 4 Aims ..................................................................................................................... 4 Considerations for using the Working List .......................................................... 5 Section Guide ...................................................................................................... 6 Section 1: Methods and Rationale .......................................................................... 7 Rationale - Which tree species are internationally traded for timber? .............
    [Show full text]
  • Audeoudia Haltica Meyr. (Pyralidae: Phycitinae) in „Springenden" Teilfrüchten Von Spirostachys (Excoecaria) Africana Sonder (Euphorbiaceae)
    Arb. phys. angew. Ent. Berlin-Dahlem, Band I, 1934-, Nr. 2. 163 Audeoudia haltica Meyr. (Pyralidae: Phycitinae) in „springenden" Teilfrüchten von Spirostachys (Excoecaria) africana Sonder (Euphorbiaceae). Von "W. Speyer, Zweigstelle Stado der Biologischen Eeichsanstalt. (Mit 10 Textfiguren.) Es ist schon wiederholt beschrieben worden, daß manche Samen,. Früchte, Gallen und Kokons durch Bewegungen der in ihnen versteckt lebenden Insektenlarven zum Tanzen oder Springen gebracht werden. Am bekanntesten sind die sogenannten „springenden Bohnen" (semillas brincadoras, frijol saltador, jumping beans, devil's beans) aus Mexiko ge- worden, da sie wiederholt als wunderbare Sehenswürdigkeiten, in neuerer Zeit sogar als eine Art Gesellschaftsspiel (mit gedruckter Spielregel in Deutsch, Englisch und Französisch) von Mexiko nach Europa gebracht worden sind. Es handelt sich hierbei um die Teilfrttchte von Sebastiana pavoniniana Müller d'Arg., einer Euphorbiacee, deren Milchsaft von den Indianern als Pfoilgift benutzt wird. Bereits im vorigen Jahrhundert haben sich mehrere Forscher mit den springenden mexikanischen Bohnen beschäftigt (vgl. Lucas, Riley, Buchen au und Ascherson). Die Larve im Innern der tanzenden Früchte wurde als Tortriciden-Kaupe erkannt, der Falter als Garpocapsa saltüans Westw. beschrieben. Jetzt hat Dampf (1928), veranlaßt durch eine auf irrtümlicher Übersetzung des englischen Wortes bean beruhende Quarantänevorschrift der Republik Kuba, die springenden SebasUana-Te'ü- friichte erneut untersucht. Unter anderem konnte er feststellen, daß der Wickler nach dem Bau seiner Kopulationsorgane nicht zum Genus Garpo- capsa sondern zu Grapholitha gehört und daher den Namen Grapholitha sattitans Westw. tragen muß. Bei Dampf findet man weitere Literatur, die sich auf springende Früchte usw. bezieht, angegeben. D a m p f (a. a. 0.) führt noch 4 andere Lepidopteren auf, deren Larven springende Be- wegungen ausführen.
    [Show full text]