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J:\2.2017\SKŁAD\KOREKTA OSTATECZNA\KIEĆNOWY.Vp Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty 16 (2017) 115 - 130 115 SALVATORE CAFISO1) CARMELO D'AGOSTINO2) MARIUSZ KIEÆ3) GIUSEPPINA PAPPALARDO4) SURROGATE MEASURE OF SAFETY FROM ROAD INSPECTION DATA - EXPERIMENTAL TEST ON POLISH ROADS WYKORZYSTANIE DANYCH Z KONTROLI BEZPIECZEÑSTWA RUCHU DROGOWEGO JAKO POŒREDNIEJ MIARY BEZPIECZEÑSTWA - BADANIA NA POLSKICH DROGACH STRESZCZENIE. Dyrektywa Europejska 2008/96/WE w sprawie ABSTRACT. The European Directive 2008/96/CE on Road zarz¹dzania bezpieczeñstwem infrastruktury drogowej k³adzie du¿y Infrastructures Safety Management gives great emphasis to nacisk na kontrolê stanu bezpieczeñstwa ruchu drogowego SI jako road Safety Inspections SI as tool for safety management of narzêdzia do zarz¹dzania bezpieczeñstwem istniej¹cej infra- existing roads. In this framework, development of surrogate struktury drogowej. W tym kontekœcie rozwój poœrednich miar measures of safety derived from data collected during safety bezpieczeñstwa ruchu na podstawie danych gromadzonych inspections can provide a source of information for risk podczas kontroli bezpieczeñstwa mo¿e stanowiæ Ÿród³o informacji assessment. Furthermore, SIs derived information seems to be do oceny ryzyka w ruchu drogowym. Wyniki kontroli bezpieczeñ- promising for road Agencies as a tool to prioritize measures and stwa mog¹ równie¿ stanowiæ Ÿród³o informacji dla administracji sections to treat. As a result of a research project funded by the drogowej do optymalizacji wyboru stosowanych œrodków poprawy European Union in 2004 and successful application in Italy, bezpieczeñstwa ruchu drogowego, a tak¿e wskazywania odcinków a Risk Index RI was developed and available as surrogate wymagaj¹cych interwencji. W tym celu wprowadzony zosta³ measure of safety for local two-lane rural roads. The procedure wskaŸnik ryzyka RI, jako poœrednia miara bezpieczeñstwa ruchu was adapted to the new Polish guideline for safety inspection drogowego dla lokalnych dróg zamiejskich jednojezdniowych and re-calibrated on the local crash type distribution. dwupasowych, który zosta³ opracowany we W³oszech w wyniku Experimental application on about 100 km of Polish two lane projektu badawczego finansowanego przez Uniê Europejsk¹ rural road shows a promising correlation between the RI and the w 2004 r. Stworzona metoda zosta³a dostosowana do nowych crash frequency. polskich wytycznych dotycz¹cych kontroli bezpieczeñstwa, a na- stêpnie skalibrowana z uwzglêdnieniem danych o wypadkach na drogach wojewódzkich, województwa ma³opolskiego w Polsce. Opisane w artykule badania przeprowadzone na odcinku oko³o 100 km jednojezdniowych dwupasowych dróg zamiejskich w Pol- sce wskazuj¹ na wystêpowanie zale¿noœci pomiêdzy wskaŸnikiem ryzyka RI, a czêstoœci¹ wypadków. S£OWA KLUCZOWE: analiza skupieñ, bezpieczeñstwo ruchu KEYWORDS: cluster analysis, European Directive, risk index, drogowego, Dyrektywa Europejska, kontrola stanu bezpie- safety inspection, safety performance function, surrogate czeñstwa, poœrednia miara bezpieczeñstwa ruchu, SPF. measures of safety. DOI: 10.7409/rabdim.017.008 1) University of Catania, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Piazza Universita, 2 - 95131 Catania, Italy; [email protected] 2) University of Catania, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Catania, Italy; [email protected] 3) Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków; [email protected] (*) 4) University of Catania, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Catania, Italy; [email protected] 116 Salvatore Cafiso, Carmelo D’agostino, Mariusz Kieæ, Giuseppina Pappalardo 1. WPROWADZENIE 1. INTRODUCTION Dyrektywa europejska 2008/96/WE [1] zobowi¹za³a pañ- The European Directive 2008/96/CE [1] requires member stwa cz³onkowskie do ustanowienia i wdro¿enia procedur states to establish and implement procedures related to dotycz¹cych m.in.: oceny wp³ywu na bezpieczeñstwo ruchu road safety impact assessments, road safety audits, the drogowego, audytu bezpieczeñstwa ruchu drogowego, management of road network safety and safety inspec- zarz¹dzania bezpieczeñstwem sieci drogowej inspekcjami tions. In the Directive, great emphasis was given to road bezpieczeñstwa oraz kontroli bezpieczeñstwa ruchu drogo- Safety Inspections (SIs) as an effective tool for the safety wego. W dyrektywie przywi¹zano du¿¹ wagê do kontroli management of existing roads stating: “Once road sec- bezpieczeñstwa ruchu drogowego (SI), jako skutecznego na- tions with a high accident concentration have been treated rzêdzia do zarz¹dzania bezpieczeñstwem istniej¹cych dróg, and remedial measures have been taken, safety inspec- stwierdzaj¹c ¿e: „Po odpowiednim oznakowaniu odcinków tions as a preventive measure should assume a more im- dróg o du¿ej koncentracji wypadków i wprowadzeniu œrod- portant role. Regular inspections are an essential tool for ków zaradczych nale¿y po³o¿yæ wiêkszy nacisk na kontrole preventing possible dangers for all road users, including bezpieczeñstwa jako œrodki zapobiegawcze. Regularnie vulnerable users”. Within the Article 6 “Safety Inspec- przeprowadzane kontrole s¹ podstawowym narzêdziem za- tions” it is, also, recognized that member states shall carry pobiegania zagro¿eniom dla u¿ytkowników dróg, w tym out safety inspections on existing roads in order to identify u¿ytkowników niechronionych …”. Zgodnie z artyku³em 6 the road safety related features and to prevent collisions. „Kontrola bezpieczeñstwa” stwierdzono równie¿, ¿e pañ- These inspections should be performed periodically and stwa cz³onkowskie przeprowadzaj¹ kontrole bezpieczeñstwa by a competent entity. Member states are also encouraged na istniej¹cych drogach w celu okreœlenia cech zwi¹zanych to apply this directive on other national roads, which are z bezpieczeñstwem ruchu drogowego i zapobiegania wypad- not part of the Trans - European Road Network. Two-lane kom. Kontrole powinny byæ przeprowadzane okresowo rural roads – that is, the class of highways investigated in i przez w³aœciwy podmiot. Zachêca siê równie¿ pañstwa this study – are the main part of the national and regional cz³onkowskie UE do stosowania tej dyrektywy w odniesie- road network in Poland that provides through and local niu do innych dróg krajowych, które nie nale¿¹ do Trans- traffic. The use of SIs is one of the measures to improve europejskiej Sieci Drogowej. Drogi zamiejskie jedno- traffic safety in Europe associated with the assessment of jezdniowe dwupasowe – czyli odcinki dróg analizowane the hazards for the existing elements of road infrastruc- w opisanych badaniach – stanowi¹ podstawow¹ czêœæ krajo- ture. SIs can be a source of information to prioritize treat- wej i regionalnej sieci drogowej w Polsce, która obs³uguje ments in road sections producing the highest accident ruch tranzytowy i lokalny. Wykorzystanie SI jest jednym reduction potential and/or the highest safety' benefit-cost z dzia³añ maj¹cych na celu poprawê bezpieczeñstwa ruchu ratio. Unfortunately, a guideline for carrying out road w Europie, na podstawie oceny zagro¿eñ dla istniej¹cych safety inspections [2], implemented in Poland, does not al- elementów infrastruktury drogowej. SI mog¹ byæ Ÿród³em low quantifying hazards resulting from conducted SIs. danych do wyboru œrodków poprawy bezpieczeñstwa ruchu Such possibility is introduced in a method developed in It- na odcinkach dróg o najwiêkszym potencjale redukcji wy- aly “Identification of Hazard Locations and Ranking of padków i/lub najwy¿szym stosunku korzyœci do kosztów. Measures to Improve Safety on Local Rural Roads” Niestety, wprowadzona instrukcja prowadzenia kontroli sta- (IASP) [3] in conjunction with Risk Index RI [4-7] to pre- nu bezpieczeñstwa ruchu drogowego w Polsce [2] nie po- dict frequency and severity of accidents by using SIs. zwala na iloœciowe oceny zagro¿eñ wynikaj¹cych z przepro- In order to describe problems mentioned above, this paper wadzonych kontroli. Taka mo¿liwoœæ zosta³a wprowadzona is divided into four main sections presenting: w opracowanej we W³oszech instrukcji, opisanej w „Identifi- cation of Hazard Locations and Ranking of Measures to • IASP procedure for road safety inspection, Improve Safety on Local Rural Roads” (IASP) [3], która • Hardware and Software tools for field inspection, w po³¹czeniu ze wskaŸnikiem ryzyka RI [4-7] s³u¿y do pre- • Risk Index RI as a surrogate measure of safety and dykcji czêstoœci i ciê¿koœci wypadków na podstawie wyni- application on two lane regional roads in Poland, ków kontroli bezpieczeñstwa ruchu drogowego. • Statistical correlations between RI and the expected W celu opisu powy¿szego problemu artyku³ zosta³ podzielo- crash frequency. ny na cztery czêœci przedstawiaj¹ce: Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty 16 (2017) 115 - 130 117 • Procedurê IASP prowadzenia kontroli bezpieczeñstwa 2. BACKGROUND OF SIs AND IASP ruchu drogowego; PROCEDURE • Aparaturê oraz oprogramowanie wykorzystywane do kontroli bezpieczeñstwa ruchu drogowego; A safety inspection SI is a formal examination of an exist- • WskaŸnik ryzyka RI jako poœredniej miary bezpiecze- ing road, in which an independent, qualified team reports ñstwa ruchu i jego zastosowanie na wojewódzkich, on the road's crash potential and safety performance. jednojezdniowych, dwupasowych drogach zamiej- Safety inspections are recognized as an effective tool for skich w Polsce; identifying potential hazards and are becoming an ac- • Zale¿noœæ pomiêdzy RI i oczekiwan¹ liczb¹ wypad- cepted practice in many agencies around the world. SIs are ków. considered as
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