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The Struggle for Indigenous Representation in Canadian National Parks: the Case of the Haida Totem Poles in Jasper

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The Struggle for Indigenous Representation in Canadian National Parks: the Case of the Haida Totem Poles in Jasper Journal of Indigenous Research Full Circle: Returning Native Research to the People Volume 8 Issue 2020 March 2020 Article 1 March 2020 The Struggle for Indigenous Representation in Canadian National Parks: The Case of the Haida Totem Poles in Jasper Jason W. Johnston Thompson Rivers University, [email protected] Courtney Mason Thompson Rivers University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/kicjir Recommended Citation Johnston, Jason W. and Mason, Courtney (2020) "The Struggle for Indigenous Representation in Canadian National Parks: The Case of the Haida Totem Poles in Jasper," Journal of Indigenous Research: Vol. 8 : Iss. 2020 , Article 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26077/7t6x-ds86 Available at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/kicjir/vol8/iss2020/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Indigenous Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Struggle for Indigenous Representation in Canadian National Parks: The Case of the Haida Totem Poles in Jasper Cover Page Footnote To the Indigenous participants and the participants from Jasper National Park, thank you. Without your knowledge, passion and time, this project would not have been possible. While this is only the beginning, your contributions to this work will lead to a deeper understanding and appreciation for the complexities of the issues surrounding Indigenous representation in national parks. This article is available in Journal of Indigenous Research: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/kicjir/vol8/iss2020/1 Johnston and Mason: The Struggle for Indigenous Representation in Canadian National Parks The Struggle for Indigenous Representation in Canadian National Parks: The Case of the Haida Totem Poles in Jasper National parks hold an important place in the identities of many North Americans. They protect some of the most beautiful landscapes on the planet and are home to a wide variety of wildlife species. Every year millions of national and international tourists visit Canadian national parks to take in the immense beauty and to learn about Canadian histories. National parks play an important role in preserving vital ecosystems, however that was not the original intention behind the creation of these protected spaces. Early national parks, including Jasper National Park (JNP), were designed to promote nation building and increase railway profits through making these areas more attractive to tourists (Binnema and Niemi, 2006). While borders of the national parks in the Canadian Rockies were altered on several occasions to accommodate resource-extraction industries, these parks were originally promoted as “pure,” “untouched” wildernesses (Mason, 2014). Therein lies the source of many issues that would develop over the 20th century which denied the reality that diverse Indigenous groups actively managed and relied on these lands since time immemorial. In order to achieve the ideal “empty” landscapes that railway companies and national park officials promoted to tourists, park officials began to forcibly remove Indigenous peoples from their traditional lands inside these newly established parks (Snow, 2005). Ironically, tourism industries also provided opportunities for local Indigenous Published by DigitalCommons@USU, 2020 1 Journal of Indigenous Research, Vol. 8 [2020], Iss. 2020, Art. 1 groups to return to their territories. For example, Nakoda Elders and leaders strategically built relations with tourism entrepreneurs and local politicians as active participants in regional tourism economies. These relations ensured that local peoples regained access to sacred sites and traditional territories that were redefined as the Rocky Mountain parks (Mason, 2014). JNP is one of the oldest (established in 1907) and largest national parks in the Canadian Rockies, spanning 11,228 square kilometers. In a contemporary context, JNP management has a unique set of challenges, but also many opportunities to work with local Indigenous peoples (MacLaren, 2007). While our research examines a number of issues found in the Rocky Mountains park’s educational programming, in this article we focus on one particular representational challenge, the Haida totem pole that sits at the center of the town of Jasper. The pan-Indianism that homogenizes Indigenous cultures in Jasper is further endorsed by the Haida totem pole, which promotes northwestern coastal Indigenous cultures that have no traditional connection to the region (Johnston, 2018). Meanwhile, there is nothing to acknowledge local Indigenous cultures. This is token representation of Indigeneity is misleading for visitors to the park. Indigenous cultures and histories presented through interpretive programming and signage from non-Indigenous perspectives can form large gaps in knowledge as Indigenous peoples are not consulted about what aspects of their cultures should, or could, be shared. Guided by Indigenous Methodologies https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/kicjir/vol8/iss2020/1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26077/7t6x-ds86 2 Johnston and Mason: The Struggle for Indigenous Representation in Canadian National Parks (Smith, 1999; Kovach, 2009), this research was based on 18 personal interviews with management of Jasper National Park (Table 1) and an informal body of Indigenous representatives referred to as the Jasper Indigenous Forum (Table 2). Table 1 Name Position with Jasper National Park Greg Deagle Administrative Assistant for the Indigenous (Métis) Affairs Unit Mark Young Indigenous Affairs Manager (Swampy Cree) Gloria Keyes-Brady Interpretation and Information Centre Coordinator Brian Catto Interpretation Coordinator Joshua Ibelshauser Information Centre Coordinator (former (Algonquins of Greater Golden Indigenous Interpreter) Lake First Nation) Alan Fehr Field Unit Superintendent for the Jasper Field Unit Jasper National Park Management Participants Table 2 Name Nation/Ancestry Barry Wesley Bighorn Chiniki Stoney/Nakoda John Wesley (Elder) Bighorn Chiniki Stoney/Nakoda Seona Abraham Bighorn Chiniki Stoney/Nakoda Charlie Abraham (Elder) Bighorn Chiniki Stoney/Nakoda Raymond Cardinal Sucker Creek First Nation and Paul First Nation Christopher Gall Métis Nation of BC Laurian Gladue Kelly Lake Cree Nation George Lampreau Simpcw First Nation Christina Plante (Elder) Métis and Cree Loretta Belcourt Lac Ste. Anne Métis William Snow Stoney/Nakoda Nation Rick Ouellet Descendant of John Moberly Jasper Indigenous Forum Participants Published by DigitalCommons@USU, 2020 3 Journal of Indigenous Research, Vol. 8 [2020], Iss. 2020, Art. 1 We address the following questions in this short article: 1) why is the history and presence of a totem pole in JNP problematic; and 2) how can relations be improved between local Indigenous groups and park management to take advantage of educational opportunities that will benefit numerous groups? Problems with Indigenous Representation in Jasper JNP management currently collaborates with 26 Indigenous communities who have traditional ties to park lands. These communities make up the JIF, an unofficial advisory committee that provides input to park management. Although park management works with many diverse groups, Indigenous representation in JNP is severely lacking. The park histories, that are shared, overwhelmingly profile European narratives. These highlight European explorers and discoveries, while simultaneously glossing over the rich Indigenous histories of the park. The interpretive and educational programming that attempt to address aspects of local Indigenous histories and cultures are done so from a Eurocentric point of view (Youdelis, 2016). This serves to perpetuate stereotypes of Indigenous cultures and histories, such as the idea that all Indigenous peoples are the same, interacting with Europeans in the same ways, without distinct cultures or languages. As was common in tourism industries throughout Canada, these forms of homogenization of Indigenous peoples through general statements about their cultures and simplified representations caused considerable harm to Indigenous communities https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/kicjir/vol8/iss2020/1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26077/7t6x-ds86 4 Johnston and Mason: The Struggle for Indigenous Representation in Canadian National Parks (Snow, 2005; Mason, 2015). Rather than acknowledging their distinctiveness, these token Eurocentric perspectives undervalue Indigenous histories in Canada and fail to embrace the vast diversity of Canada’s Indigenous peoples. The Haida Totem Pole in Jasper exemplifies these issues. The Totem Poles When JNP was established, the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway brought in the first Haida totem pole, known as the Raven Totem Pole. This pole stood for almost one hundred years before being replaced by the Two Brother Totem Pole in 2011. The basic origins of the first pole are known, but the mindset of those who erected it is not clear. Parks in the past were primarily tourism focused and Indigenous art was certainly a draw for tourists (Mason, 2015). Especially during the first few decades of the 20th century, the desire of tourists to experience Indigenous art and culture fueled a global industry where misrepresentation, misappropriation and theft were common (Deloria, 1998). Totem poles were prized representations of Western North American Indigenous cultures and consequently were regularly targets of these
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