Characterization of Male Lineages in the Asháninka from Peru

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Characterization of Male Lineages in the Asháninka from Peru Characterization Of Male Lineages In the Asháninka From Peru Gonçalo Aragão da Fonseca Pinto Leite Genética Forense Departamento de Biologia 2018 Orientador Maria João Prata, Professor Associado, FCUP, I3S, IPATIMUP Coorientador Verónica Gomes, Junior Researcher, I3S, IPATIMUP Leonor Gusmão, Visiting Professor, UERJ Todas as correções determinadas pelo júri, e só essas, foram efetuadas. O Presidente do Júri, Porto, / / FCUP i Characterization of Male Lineages in the Asháninka from Peru FCUP ii Characterization of Male Lineages in the Asháninka from Peru Dissertação de candidatura ao grau de Mestre em Genética Forense submetida à Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido sob a orientação científica da Doutora Maria João Prata, da Doutora Verónica Gomes e da Doutora Leonor Gusmão. Dissertation for applying to a Master’s Degree in Forensic Genetics, submitted to the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto. This work was developed under the scientific supervision of Maria João Prata PhD, Verónica Gomes PhD and Leonor Gusmão PhD. FCUP iii Characterization of Male Lineages in the Asháninka from Peru FCUP iv Characterization of Male Lineages in the Asháninka from Peru FCUP i Characterization of Male Lineages in the Asháninka from Peru Agradecimentos À Professora Maria João, o seu apoio, incentivo e crença em mim, não só em momentos académicos, como pessoais, foram cruciais neste ano. Mais que uma orientadora, foi uma mentora para mim, e disto saio com um conhecimento científico muitíssimo reforçado e com um enorme orgulho em poder chamá-la de minha orientadora. Só me resta dizer “Obrigado por tudo e até breve”. À Verónica, obrigado por todo o conhecimento e sapiência que me transmitiste. Num ano em que tiveste uma mão cheia para guiar, arranjaste tempo e paciência para guiar todos nós o melhor possível, e por isso não te consigo agradecer o suficiente. Ficam as ajudas todas, os risos e acima de tudo, os conselhos. Muito obrigado! À Leonor, embora nunca tenhas estado presente fisicamente, sinto que é como se tivesses estado. Sempre pronta a ajudar e aconselhar, mesmo do outro lado do Atlântico. Obrigado por tudo o que fizeste por mim e até um dia! A todo o grupo de Genética Populacional, sempre pronto a ajudar no que fosse necessário, a fazer-me rir das maneiras mais únicas e a tranquilizar-me sempre que necessário. Não podia ter pedido um melhor grupo. Obrigado! A todos os meus amigos. Faculdade, secundário, infância, são todos especiais para mim e todos tiveram uma mão em fazer-me chegar aqui. Ficam os risos, lágrimas e histórias das melhores pessoas que alguma vez conheci. Um agradecimento especial ao Pedro Rosa e à Sara Sousa por todas as ajudas que me deram ao longo deste último ano, vocês foram cruciais neste caminho. A toda a minha família, em especial aos meus avós, Lurdes e António, por sempre terem acreditado em mim e estarem lá sempre que precisava. Não seria metade do que sou sem vocês. À minha mãe e ao António, por acreditarem, por me aturarem, por me possibilitarem isto, pelos sacrifícios e pelos sermões. Todas as vossas palavras e atos tivera importância. Devo a vocês a outra metade do que sou hoje. À minha irmã, Joana, por me aturar acima de tudo. És tudo aquilo que desejei numa irmã e espero que eu te inspire da mesma maneira que tu me inspiras. Esteja onde estiver, estarei sempre ao teu lado. FCUP ii Characterization of Male Lineages in the Asháninka from Peru À Rita, minha namorada, melhor amiga e parceira. Fizeste de mim uma pessoa melhor. Nunca teria conseguido fazer isto sem ti, a tua paciência, a tua boa vontade e o teu amor. E por isso tudo nunca irei deixar de te agradecer. Ao Zeus, o meu lobo. Nem dois anos estiveste comigo, mas nunca te irei esquecer. Obrigado por seres uma inspiração, pela tua amizade e pelas inúmeras memórias. Ficarás sempre no meu coração. Até sempre. Muito obrigado! FCUP iii Characterization of Male Lineages in the Asháninka from Peru Summary Over the course of the last decades, population genetics studies have persistently addressed the original colonization of the American continent. The numerous works until now performed, contributed to achieve a broad perspective on the peopling of the Americas. More recently, however, attention was focused in South America, where strong heterogeneity was found across current-day Native-American populations. Peru is home to many indigenous populations that have experienced variable degrees of admixture after the European colonization. Due to the peculiarities of the ecosystem region encompassed by nowadays Peru, many native communities are still fairly isolated from one another. In order to get a deeper insight into the history on Peruvian Amerindians, the paternal lineages of the Asháninka, one of the largest Peruvian ethnic groups, were characterized in this study. It involved 59 Asháninka males who were interrogated for 39 Y-SNPs. In order to expand the conventional characterization of Q-lineages, typically associated with Amerindians, a Multiplex Q was redeveloped incorporating Y-SNPs downstream to Q-M3, which is one of the widely assumed Amerindian founder lineages. The obtained results were analyzed taking into account the 27 Y-STRs profiles provide in a previous study (Tineo et al 2015). The majority (91%) of the Asháninka lineages belonged to haplogroup Q. The remaining chromosomes (9%) were ascribed to African or European ancestry, indicating that Asháninka are among the less admixed Native–American groups from South America. Within haplogroup Q, 65,3% of the Asháninka fell in sub-haplogroup Q-M3, 30,6% in sub-lineages within Q-M3, namely Q-Z19319 (4.1%), Q-Z19483 (2.0%) and especially Q-SA05 (24.5%), while only 4.1% were ascribed to sub-lineages upstream to M3, in particular Q-P36.2 and Q-M346. Concerning the Q-SA05 lineages, STR based evidence was obtained on the presence of two sub-clades downstream Q-SA05 in the Asháninka gene pool. Compared with other Amerindian populations, the Asháninka did not reveal special affinities with other native-American populations, including from Peru. Overall, and contrarily to the reported for Europe and Asia, where population genetic structure was highly correlated with geography and language, in South America Native populations neither language or geography accounted to explain the high heterogeneity observed across different populations . FCUP iv Characterization of Male Lineages in the Asháninka from Peru The detection of a STR-defined sub-branch of Q-M3 in Peruvian South- Americans together with finding out that Q-SA05 encompasses two sub-types in the Asháninka, led to anticipate that in the future a fine characterization of haplogroup Q will provide important insights into the complex history of current-day South-American native populations. FCUP v Characterization of Male Lineages in the Asháninka from Peru Resumo Nas últimas décadas, muitos estudos de genética populacional debruçaram-se sobre a colonização do continente americano. Os numerosos trabalhos até agora efetuados contribuíram para alcançar uma razoável perspetiva global quanto ao povoamento das Américas. Mais recentemente, porém, a atenção focou-se na América do Sul, caracterizada por grande heterogeneidade entre as populações nativas. No Peru, ainda existem atualmente muitas populações indígenas, pese embora terem sofrido graus variáveis de mistura após a colonização europeia. Devido à diversidade de ecossistemas que o Peru abrange, muitas dessas comunidades nativas estão bastante isoladas umas das outras. No sentido de obter uma melhor visão sobre a história dos ameríndios peruanos, neste estudo procedeu-se à caracterização das linhagens paternas dos Asháninka, um dos maiores grupos étnicos peruanos. O estudo envolveu 59 homens Asháninka que foram analisados quanto a 39 Y-SNPs. De forma a refinar o nível de caracterização convencional do haplogrupo Q, considerado um dos haplogroups fundadores nos ameríndios, foi atualizado um Multiplex Q previamente desenvolvido, incorporando novos Y-SNPs a jusante a Q-M3. Os resultados obtidos foram depois analisados tendo também em conta os perfis de 27 Y-STRs descritos num estudo anterior (Tineo et al 2015). A maioria das linhagens masculinas dos Asháninka (91%) pertencia ao haplogrupo Q, enquanto que as restantes (9%) tinham ascendência africana ou europeia, resultado que indica que os Asháninka estão entre os grupos indígenas da América do Sul menos miscigenados. Dentro do haplogupo Q, 65,3% dos Asháninka pertenciam ao sub-haplogrupo Q-M3, 30,6% a sub-linhagens dentro de Q-M3, nomeadamente Q-Z19319 (4,1%), Q-Z19483 (2,0%) e, em especial, Q-SA05 (24,5%), enquanto que apenas 4,1% foram classificados em dois sub-ramos a montante de M3, Q-P36.2 e Q-M346. No que respeita às linhagens Q-SA05, a conjugação de dados fornecidos por STRs permitiu detetar a presença de dois sub-clados a jusante Q-SA05 presentes no pool genético dos Asháninka. Comparativamente a outras populações ameríndias, os Asháninka não revelaram afinidades especiais com outras populações nativas americanas, inclusive do Peru. FCUP vi Characterization of Male Lineages in the Asháninka from Peru No geral, e contrariamente ao descrito para a Europa e Ásia, onde a estrutura genética das populações está fortemente correlacionada com a geografia e a língua, nas populações nativas da América do Sul nem a língua nem a geografia contribuem para explicar a elevada heterogeneidade populacional observada. A deteção em sul-americanos peruanos de um sub-ramo particular dentro de Q- M3 (definido com base nos perfis de STRs), juntamente com a observação de que Q- SA05 engloba dois sub-tipos de linhagens nos Asháninka (também de acordo com perfis de STRs), permite antever que no futuro uma caracterização mais detalhada do haplogupo Q pode fornecer informações importantes sobre a complexa história das populações nativas da América do Sul. FCUP vii Characterization of Male Lineages in the Asháninka from Peru Table of Contents Agradecimentos .................................................................................................................
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