Htp Y Šulmānu: Dos Conceptos Para Los Intercambios De Regalos En El Reino Nuevo En Las Cartas De El-Amarna

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Htp Y Šulmānu: Dos Conceptos Para Los Intercambios De Regalos En El Reino Nuevo En Las Cartas De El-Amarna UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA TESIS DOCTORAL Htp y šulmānu: dos conceptos para los intercambios de regalos en el Reino Nuevo en las Cartas de El-Amarna MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Emma Perazzone Rivero Director José-Ramón Pérez-Accino Picatoste Madrid © Emma Perazzone Rivero, 2021 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA TESIS DOCTORAL Htp y šulmānu. Dos conceptos para los intercambios de regalos en el Reino Nuevo en las Cartas de El-Amarna MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Emma Perazzone Rivero DIRECTOR José-Ramón Pérez-Accino Picatoste 2020 1 TESIS DOCTORAL Htp Y šulmānu. DOS CONCEPTOS PARA EL INTERCAMBIO DE REGALOS EN EL REINO NUEVO EN LAS CARTAS DE EL-AMARNA MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR EMMA PERAZZONE RIVERO DIRECTOR JOSÉ-RAMÓN PÉREZ-ACCINO PICATOSTE UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA 2020 “Débil, si se la comparaba con sus competidores carnívoros, la humanidad dependía de la compasión y la cooperación para su supervivencia”. Jean M. Auel, El valle de los caballos. 2 AGRADECIMIENTOS Me satisface en primer lugar alargar mis más sinceros agradecimientos a todos aquellos que de una manera u otra han facilitado la realización de este trabajo de investigación. Desde el principio debo la llegada a buen puerto de esta tesis a mi director, el Dr. José-Ramón Pérez-Accino Picatoste, profesor de Egiptología en el Departamento de Prehistoria, Historia Antigua y Arqueología de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, y al Dr. Ignacio Márquez Rowe, miembro del Instituto de Lenguas y Culturas del Mediterráneo y Oriente Próximo del Departamento de Estudios de Próximo Oriente Antiguo en el Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, quien, aunque no figure como tal, ha ejercido de codirector a lo largo de toda mi investigación. El inestimable apoyo y colaboración de ambos investigadores han sido una gran ayuda en la elaboración de esta tesis. Nunca han escatimado en consejos, en minutos u horas encontradas entre mis idas y venidas a Madrid. Siempre será para mí una satisfacción el afirmar que he contado con su ayuda en todo momento. El comienzo de la recopilación de datos habría sido imposible sin la asistencia muy práctica del Dr. Fermín del Pino Díaz quien, muy amablemente, vió su biblioteca personal reducirse a medida que mi interés por el tema antropológico iba en aumento. La búsqueda documental y la posterior composición de esta tesis se ha hecho gracias a la inestimable labor de los profesionales de las bibliotecas de la Universidad Complutense y del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. En especial, quería agradecer al Servicio de Préstamo Interbibliotecario cuya ayuda se vuelve imprescindible para una isleña. Asimismo quería agradecer al Departamento de Prehistoria, Historia Antigua y Arqueología de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, así como al claustro del Programa de Doctorado de Estudios del Mundo Antiguo por haber aceptado mi propuesta. 3 Al equipo de Egiptología Complutense que confió en mí para todos los encuentros y congresos de los últimos años, como una más del equipo. Como no, he de mencionar todas aquellas amistades que en los últimos cinco años han contribuido con su presencia a mantener mi estabilidad mental en los peores momentos y han aguantado mis desvaríos sobre princesas egipcias. A Bea que siempre estaba para un té en la cafetería de la facultad. A la canaria soñadora, Paula, compañera de martirio y de mesa. Y a las más importantes de todas, a Leila y Adriana por dejarme un hueco en su sillón cuando hizo falta. A Rocío por ser la mejor persona del mundo y por estar ahí desde el principio. Por último a mi familia, mi núcleo vital, mi cordón umbilical del que no logro soltarme. En especial quería agradecer de todo corazón a mi tío Federico Rivero Alemán y a mi tío-abuelo el Dr. José Alemán Vega, investigador científico del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, en paz descansen, que creyeron en mí desde el principio y a los que he dedicado cada palabra de esta tesis. A mis padres, mis otros directores y eternos pilares gracias a los cuales esta tesis no habría salido adelante. A todos los que habré podido olvidar. Gracias. Emma Perazzone Rivero A 15 de septiembre del 2020, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. 4 ÍNDICE ÍNDICE DE ILUSTRACIONES .................................................................................... 7 ÍNDICE DE TABLAS ..................................................................................................... 8 ÍNDICE DE GRÁFICOS ................................................................................................ 9 RESUMEN ..................................................................................................................... 11 INTRODUCCIÓN ......................................................................................................... 16 PRIMERA PARTE: MARCO TEÓRICO ................................................................. 35 I. La teoría del regalo de Marcel Mauss ............................................................... 36 I.1 Durkheim y Mauss: de la colaboración al éxito de la sociología ............................... 36 I.2 Análisis de la obra Essai sur le don ........................................................................... 41 I.3 Qué es realmente el regalo ......................................................................................... 55 II. Influencias en la teoría del regalo de Marcel Mauss ...................................... 60 II.1 Émile Durkheim y la base del concepto de solidaridad ............................................ 61 II.2 Bronislaw Malinowski y Argonautas del Pacifico Occidental ................................. 64 II.3 El problema del parentesco. Claude Lévi-Strauss .................................................... 68 III. Desarrollo de la antropología económica y de la teoría del regalo ............. 73 III.1 Las escuelas sustantivista, formalista y marxista .................................................... 73 III.2 Modelo teórico del regalo ........................................................................................ 91 IV. La teoría del regalo en Egipto ......................................................................... 98 IV.1 El regalo en Egipto .................................................................................................. 98 IV.2 Definición y estudio de Htp por significados ......................................................... 104 IV.3 El concepto de Htp como equivalente al regalo de Mauss ..................................... 121 SEGUNDA PARTE: MARCO ANALÍTICO ........................................................... 130 V. Planteamientos previos ................................................................................... 131 V.1 Diplomacia epistolar en el segundo milenio a.e.c. ................................................. 131 5 V.2 Leyes matrimoniales en Egipto y Próximo Oriente antiguos ................................. 133 VI. Las cartas de Amarna: marco conceptual ................................................... 145 VI.1 Origen, descubrimiento y propósito de las cartas de Amarna ............................... 145 VI.2 El contexto lingüístico de las cartas de Amarna .................................................... 151 VI.3 La escritura de las cartas de Amarna ..................................................................... 153 VI.4 El contexto político de las cartas de Amarna ........................................................ 156 VI.5 La función diplomática de las cartas de Amarna ................................................... 160 VI.6 Los matrimonios interdinásticos de las cartas de Amarna .................................... 165 VII. Las cartas de Amarna: análisis de fuentes ................................................. 170 VII.1 Intercambio de regalos ......................................................................................... 171 VII.2 Intercambio de mujeres ........................................................................................ 203 VII.3 Šulmānu y la teoría del regalo en las cartas de Amarna ....................................... 214 VII.4 El concepto de šulmānu como equivalente a Htp ................................................. 226 CONCLUSIÓN ............................................................................................................ 233 ANEXOS ...................................................................................................................... 243 I. Abreviaturas ...................................................................................................... 244 II. Cronología ........................................................................................................ 249 III. Cartas de El-Amarna .................................................................................... 250 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ......................................................................................................... 255 6 ÍNDICE DE ILUSTRACIONES Ilustración 1: Mapa de la Polinesia, Melanesia y Micronesia. ........................................ 49 Ilustración 2: Esquema del sistema del taonga. Elaboración propia. .............................. 56 Ilustración 3: Esquema del triángulo alimentario descrito por Lévi-Strauss. Elaboración propia. .....................................................................................................................
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