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La Cronologia Del Regno Di Šuppiluliuma I

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UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI TRIESTE Sede Amministrativa del Dottorato di Ricerca XXII CICLO DEL DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN SCIENZE UMANISTICHE - indirizzo ANTICHISTICO LA CRONOLOGIA DEL REGNO DI ŠUPPILULIUMA I Settore scientifico-disciplinare L-OR/04 ANATOLISTICA DOTTORANDO COORDINATORE DI INDIRIZZO Violetta Cordani CHIAR.MO PROF. MICHELE FARAGUNA RELATORE CHIAR.MO PROF. STEFANO DE MARTINO, UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI TORINO SUPERVISORE/TUTORE CHIAR.MO PROF. STEFANO DE MARTINO, UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI TORINO CORRELATORE CHIAR.MO PROF. CLELIA MORA, UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PAVIA ANNO ACCADEMICO 2008/2009 Indice ABBREVIAZIONI V INTRODUZIONE 1. Il ruolo di Šuppiluliuma I nella storia ittita e vicino orientale 1 2. Storia degli studi 3 3. Metodo d’indagine 5 4. Prospetto del lavoro 7 I. I RAPPORTI FRA ÷ATTI E MITTANI PRIMA DELLA CAMPAGNA IN SIRIA DI ŠUPPILULIUMA I 1. Presentazione del problema 10 2. EA 17 11 3. Un raid preliminare in CTH 51? 17 4. EA 75 20 4.1. La posizione di EA 75 nel carteggio di Rib-addi di Biblo 22 4.1.a. La caduta di Irqata in EA 75 24 4.1.b. EA 75 e la presa di Sumur 27 4.1.c. Ordine delle lettere 28 4.2. EA 75 e i faraoni egiziani 30 4.3. EA 75 e la vittoria ittita su Mittani 32 4.4. Il confronto con il dossier mittanico 36 I Indice 4.4.a. EA 27 36 4.4.b. EA 24 e la datazione del raid preliminare 38 5. La presenza mittanica a Amurru 41 5.1 La testimonianza delle lettere amarniane 41 5.2. I rapporti fra Mittani e l’Egitto all’epoca della spedizione di Tušratta 42 5.3. Amurru nelle fonti ittite 45 5.4. Amurru fra Egitto e Mittani 46 5.5. La spedizione di Tušratta 48 II. LA COSIDDETTA “CAMPAGNA DI UN ANNO” 1. CTH 51 e la durata della Prima Guerra Siriana 51 2. Cause scatenanti 54 3. La Prima Guerra Siriana nell’epistolario amarniano 56 3.1. Le lettere da Biblo 58 3.2. Le lettere di Aziru di Amurru 62 4. La documentazione da Ugarit 68 4.1. EA 45 68 4.2. CTH 45, 46, 47 70 4.2.a. Il confronto con CTH 51 73 4.2.b. Le caratteristiche di CTH 45 76 4.2.c. Ordine degli eventi 77 5. Nuøašše 79 6. Qatna 84 6.1. CTH 51 e le lettere di Akizzi 84 6.2. Gli inventari di Qatna e il cosiddetto “archivio di Idanda” 85 6.3. Il regno di Idanda e il saccheggio di Qatna 88 6.4. Addu-nirari di Qatna e Addu-nirari di Nuøašše 89 6.5. Šarrupše nelle lettere di Qatna 90 7. Qadeš e Apina 94 Tabella 97 III. LA SIRIA DOPO LA FINE DELLA PRIMA GUERRA SIRIANA 1. EA 162 99 2. EA 189 102 3. Le lettere da Tiro 103 4. Le lettere di Biryawaza di Damasco 104 5. La documentazione da Qatna 106 II Indice 5.1. La fine del regno di Idanda 106 5.2. EA 55 107 5.3. Le altre lettere di Akizzi 110 6. Niya. 112 7. Le lettere di Arzawiya e Tewatti 112 8. EA 140 e le quattro lettere da Amq (EA 174-176 e 363) 113 9. EA 170 e DŠ 28 114 10. EA 161 e il viaggio di Aziru in Egitto 116 11. La situazione di Mittani 120 12. Considerazioni finali 121 Tabella 123 IV. LA GUERRA ÷URRITA 1. Le fonti dell’epoca di Šuppiluliuma I e KUB 19.9 125 2. L’episodio della daøamunzu e la corrispondenza di Šuppiluliuma con l’Egitto 128 3. La spedizione contro l’Egitto 134 4. Frammenti successivi delle Gesta 138 5. La datazione dei trattati con Amurru (CTH 49) e Nuøašše (CTH 53) 139 Tabella 143 V. LA DURATA DEL REGNO DI ŠUPPILULIUMA I 1. Considerazioni preliminari 145 2. L’ascesa al trono di Šuppiluliuma 147 2.1. I “20 anni” in Anatolia 147 2.2. Il destinatario di EA 41 148 2.3. Il confronto con l’epistolario amarniano 149 2.4. L’ascesa al trono di Šuppiluliuma nelle Gesta 151 2.4.a. I primi frammenti 152 2.4.b. Gli ultimi anni di Tutøaliya III 153 2.5. La campagna contro Arzawa 158 2.6. Il trattato con ÷ukkana di ÷ayaša 160 2.7. L’inizio della Prima Guerra Siriana 161 2.8. Tavola cronologica 164 2.9. Conclusioni 166 3. L’identità di Nibøururiya 169 3.1. Il nome del faraone 169 3.2. La morte di Nibøururiya 171 III Indice 3.3. L’assenza di eredi maschi 172 3.4. La coreggenza fra Amenhotep III e Akhenaten 173 3.5. Il raid su Amq 174 3.6. L’evidenza di KBo 50.24+ 174 3.7. Conclusioni 179 4. I successori al trono di Akhenaten 180 5. Confronto con le fonti ittite 182 5.1. Sequenza Akhenaten, Smenkhkare, Ankhetkheprure, Tutankhamon 182 5.1.a. Nibøururiya = Akhenaten 182 5.1.b. Nibøururiya = Smenkhkare 183 5. 2. Sequenza Akhenaten, Ankhetkheprure, Smenkhkare, Tutankhamon 184 5.2.a. Nibøururiya = Akhenaten 184 5.2.b. Nibøururiya = Smenkhkare 185 5.3. Osservazioni 185 6. La morte di Šuppiluliuma 185 VI. CONCLUSIONI 1. Ascesa al trono di Šuppiluliuma 192 2. La datazione di EA 75 193 3. La Prima Guerra Siriana 193 4. Il periodo fra le due guerre 194 5. La Guerra ÷urrita 195 6. La durata del regno di Šuppiluliuma 196 Tabelle 197 BIBLIOGRAFIA 204 IV Abbreviazioni ActaOr Acta Orientalia Ä&L Ägypten und Levante. Internationale Zeitschrift für ägyptische Archäologie AHw W. von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch, Wiesbaden AnSt Anatolian Studies AoF Altorientalische Forschungen AuOr Aula Orientalis BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research BES Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar BiOr Bibliotheca Orientalis BSFE Bulletin de la Société Française d'Égyptologie CAD The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago CTH E. Laroche, Catalogue des textes hittites, Paris 1971 DE Discussions in Egyptology ErIs Eretz Israel Fs Alp H. Otten, H. Ertem, E. Akurgal, A. Süel (eds.), Hittite and Other Anatolian and Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Sedat Alp, Ankara 1992 V Abbreviazioni Fs Hennessy St. Bourke, J.-P. Desoeudres (eds.), Trade, Contact and the Movement of Peoples in the Eastern Mediterranean, Sydney 1995 Fs Košak D. Groddek, M. Zorman (Hrsg.), Tabularia Hethaeorum. Hethitologische Beiträge Silvin Košak zum 65. Geburtstag, Wiesbaden 2007 Fs Orthmann J-W. Meyer, M. Novák, A. Pruss (Hrsg.), Beiträge zur Vorderasiatischen Archaölogie : Winfried Orthmann gewidmet, Frankfurt am Main Fs Otten2 E. Neu, Ch. Rüster (Hrsg.), Documentum Asiae Minoris antiquae. Festschrift für Heinrich Otten zum 75. Geburtstag, Wiesbaden 1988 Fs Popko P. Taracha (Hrsg.), Silva Anatolica. Anatolian Studies Presented to Maciej Popko on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday, Warsaw 2002 Fs Pugliese Carratelli F. Imparati (ed.), Studi di storia e filologia anatolica dedicati a Giovanni Pugliese Carratelli, Firenze Fs Renger B. Böck, E. Cancik-Kirschbaum, Th. Richter (eds.), Munuscula Mesopotamica - Festschrift für J. Renger, Münster Fs Rinaldi Studi sull'Oriente e sulla Bibbia offerti al P. Giovanni Rinaldi nel 60o compleanno, Genova GM Göttinger Miszellen Gs Forrer D. Groddek, S. Rößle (Hrsg.), Šarnikzel. Hethitologische Studien zum Gedenken an Emil Orgetorix Forrer (19.02.1894- 10.01.1986), Dresden 2004 Gs Imparati S. de Martino, F. Pecchioli Daddi (a cura di), Anatolia antica. Studi in memoria di Fiorella Imparati, Firenze 2002 Gs Kutscher A.F. Rainey (ed.), kinattûtu ša dârâti. Raphael Kutscher Memorial Volume, Tel Aviv 1993 Gs Meriggi Carruba O. (ed.), Studia Mediterranea Piero Meriggi Dicata, Pavia Gs Porada D.I. Owen, G. Wilhelm (ed.), Edith Porada Memorial Volume, Bethesda HKM S. Alp, Hethitische Keilschrifttafeln aus Maşat Höyük, Ankara 1991 JAMA Journal of the American Medical Association JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society VI Abbreviazioni JARCE Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt JCS Journal of Cuneiform Studies JEA Journal of Egyptian Archaeology JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies LdÄ Lexikon der Ägyptologie MDOG Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Berlin NABU Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires OA Oriens Antiquus. Rivista del Centro per l’Antichità e la Storia dell’Arte del Vicino Oriente OLA Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta OLP Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica OLZ Orientalistische Literaturzeitung Or NS Orientalia, Commentarii periodici Pontificii Instituti Biblici. Nova Series PdP La parola del passato. Rivista di Studi Antichi PRU III Nougayrol J., Le Palais Royal d’Ugarit 3. Textes accadiens et hourrites des archives est, ouest et centrales, Paris 1955 PRU IV J. Nougayrol, Le Palais Royal d’Ugarit 4. Textes accadiens des archives sud (Archives internationales), Paris 1956 RA Revue d’Assyriologie et d’Archéologie orientale RANT Res Antiquae RGTC 6 G. del Monte, J. Tischler, Répertoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes, Vol. 6: Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der hethitischen Texte, Wiesbaden 1978 RGTC 6/2 G. del Monte, Répertoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes, Vol. 6/2: Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der hethitischen Texte. Supplement, Wiesbaden 1992 RHA Revue hittite et asianique RIL Rendiconti dell’istituto lombardo. Accademia di scienze e lettere RlA Reallexikon der Assyriologie RSO Rivista degli Studi Orientali SAK Studien zur altägyptischen Kultur SMEA Studi Micenei ed Egeo-anatolici TUAT-NF 2 B. Janowski, G. Wilhelm (ed.), Texte der Umwelt des Alten Testaments, Neue Folge. Band 2: Staatsverträge, Herrscherinschriften und andere Dokumente zur politischen Geschichte, Gütersloh VII Abbreviazioni TUAT-NF 3 B. Janowski, G. Wilhelm (ed.), Texte der Umwelt des Alten Testaments, Neue Folge. Band 3: Briefe, Gütersloh UF Ugarit-Forschungen WdO Die Welt des Orients ZA Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete ZÄS Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde ZVS Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der indogermanischen Sprachen 2HitCongr O.
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    ANES 39 (2002) 44-75 The {Amârnah Texts a Century after Flinders Petrie Anson F. RAINEY International Visiting Research Scholar Centre for Classics and Archaeology University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 AUSTRALIA E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The ensuing remarks seek to elucidate some of the central issues in the study of the cuneiform texts discovered at Tell el-¨Amârnah in Egypt. Progress in the study of the language, the social structure of Canaan at that time and certain historical problems will be reviewed. After an accidental find by a village woman in 1887. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie was the first modern scholar to conduct archaeological excavations at the actual site. His work determined the probable spot where the tablets had been deposited when the ancient town was abandoned. Subsequently, Petrie articulated various interpretations of the evidence from the archaeological finds and also from the inscriptions. During the twentieth century, research was continued on all the many facets of these momentous discoveries. The focus in this paper is on the cuneiform epistles, the international and parochial correspondence that involved the Egyptian gov- ernment.* * The present article is an expansion of the ‘2002 Flinders Petrie Oration,’ delivered on behalf of the Australian Institute of Archaeology and the Archaeological Research Unit, The School of Ecology and Environment, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia, on 30 August, 2002. A much shorter version had been presented under the title, ‘The ¨Amârnah Tablets — A Late Bronze Age Phenomenon,’ at the Joint Meeting of the Midwest Region of the Society of Biblical Literature, the Middle West Branch of the American Oriental Society and the American Schools of Oriental Research—Midwest, Wheaton, IL., 16-18 February, 1997.
  • Generation Count in Hittite Chronology 73

    Generation Count in Hittite Chronology 73

    071_080.qxd 13.02.2004 11:54 Seite 71 G E N E R A T I O N C O U N T I N H I T T I T E C H R O N O L O G Y Gernot Wilhelm* In studies on Ancient Near Eastern chronology of three participants who voted for the high Hittite history has often been considered a corner- chronology without hesitation (ÅSTRÖM 1989: 76). stone of a long chronology. In his grandiose but – At a colloquium organized by advocates of an as we now see – futile attempt to denounce the ultra-low chronology at Ghent, another hittitolo- Assyrian Kinglist as a historically unreliable source gist, B ECKMAN 2000: 25, deviated from the main- for the Assyrian history of the first half of the 2nd stream by declaring that from his viewpoint, “the millennium B.C., L ANDSBERGER 1954: 50 only Middle Chronology best fits the evidence, although briefly commented on Hittite history. 1 A. Goetze, the High Chronology would also be possible”. however, who at that time had already repeatedly Those hittitologists who adhered to the low defended a long chronology against the claims of chronology (which means, sack of Babylon by the followers of the short chronology (GOETZE Mursili I: 1531) had to solve the problem of 1951, 1952), filled the gap and supported Lands- squeezing all the kings attested between Mursili I berger’s plea for a long chronology, though not as and Suppiluliuma I into appr. 150 years, provided excessively long as Landsberger considered to be that there was agreement on Suppiluliuma’s likely.
  • Royaumes Oubliés - De L’Empire Hittite Aux Araméens

    Royaumes Oubliés - De L’Empire Hittite Aux Araméens

    DOSSIER DE PRESSE - Royaumes oubliés - De l’empire hittite aux Araméens Exposition 2 mai 2019 - 12 août 2019 Hall Napoléon Contact presse Coralie James [email protected] Tél. +33 (0)1 40 20 54 44 1 2 SOMMAIRE Communiqué de presse page 4 ORTHOSTATES, 2017 - en cours de Rayyane Tabet page 9 Parcours de l’exposition page 10 Visuels disponibles pour la presse page 18 Lettre du Mécène page 24 La liste complète des œuvres exposées est disponible sur demande : [email protected] 3 COMMUNIQUÉ DE PRESSE Exposition Royaumes oubliés. 2 mai 2019 - 12 août 2019 Hall Napoléon De l’empire hittite aux Araméens Cette exposition exceptionnelle invite à redécouvrir les sites mythiques des civilisations oubliées des états néo-hittites et araméens. L’empire hittite, grande puissance rivale de l’Égypte antique, domina l’Anatolie et étendit son influence sur le Levant, jusqu’aux alentours de 1200 av. J.-C. Sa chute donna lieu à l’émergence de royaumes néo-hittites et araméens dans les territoires de la Turquie et la Syrie modernes, héritiers des traditions politiques, culturelles et artistiques de l’empire hittite. L’exposition présente, pour la première fois en France, les vestiges de Tell Halaf, site majeur du patrimoine syrien. Le baron allemand Max von Oppenheim fouilla ce site situé près de l’actuelle frontière turco- syrienne, entre 1911 et 1913 et y découvrit le palais du roi araméen Photo de fouille du site de Tell Halaf © Fondation Max Kapara. Les sculptures monumentales qui ornaient ce palais furent Freiherr von Oppenheim/Rheinisch-Westfälisches Wirtschaftsarchiv, Cologne.