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Mother Earth, Mother Africa MOTHER EARTH, MOTHER AFRICA MOTHER EARTH, MOTHER This is an excellent set of essays on African religions, African women and environmental studies, and covers an impressively diverse range of African nations and indigenous contexts. MOTHER EARTH, It explains how deeply connected the environment is to the African experience and the lives of its indigenous communities, who are both surviving environmental degradation and drawing on traditional resources in creative and innovative ways. MOTHER AFRICA – Dr M Christian Green, Center for the Study of Law and Religion, Emory University, USA This collection legitimizes the fact that African women have always had a prominent place and role in shaping the religious, economic, political, intellectual, and cultural life of & African societies. The Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians have made a valuable contribution to how the global community addresses current environmental concerns. & AFRICAN INDIGENOUS RELIGIONS African patriarchal social systems have been challenged and called out for what they are RELIGIONS AFRICAN INDIGENOUS – systems that erase the relevance of African women’s insights. – Prof SimonMary Asese Aihiokhai, Theology, University of Portland, USA This is a very timely and informative volume, which combines perspectives from African womanist studies, ecotheology and African Indigenous Religions, and addresses these themes in an interesting way. – Prof Ezra Chitando, Religion and Politics, University of Zimbabwe Nobuntu Penxa Matholeni is a lecturer in the Department of Practical Theology and Missiology at Stellenbosch | & M Manyonganise GK Boateng Matholeni, N Penxa University, South Africa. Georgina Kwanima Boateng is a reverend minister in the Presbyterian Church of Ghana. Molly Manyonganise is a senior lecturer in the Department of Religious Studies and Philosophy at Zimbabwe Open University. ISBN 978-1-928480-72-3 EDS EDITORS Nobuntu Penxa Matholeni Georgina Kwanima Boateng 9781928 480723 Molly Manyonganise MOTHER EARTH, MOTHER AFRICA & AFRICAN INDIGENOUS RELIGIONS EDITORS Nobuntu Penxa Matholeni Georgina Kwanima Boateng Molly Manyonganise Mother Earth, Mother Africa & African Indigenous Religions Published by African Sun Media under the SUN PReSS imprint All rights reserved Copyright © 2020 African Sun Media and the editors This publication was subjected to an independent double-blind peer evaluation by the publisher. The editors and the publisher have made every effort to obtain permission for and acknowledge the use of copyrighted material. Refer all enquiries to the publisher. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any electronic, photographic or mechanical means, including photocopying and recording on record, tape or laser disk, on microfilm, via the Internet, by e-mail, or by any other information storage and retrieval system, without prior written permission by the publisher. Views reflected in this publication are not necessarily those of the publisher. First edition 2020 ISBN 978-1-928480-72-3 ISBN 978-1-928480-73-0 (e-book) https://doi.org/10.18820/9781928480730 Set in Adobe Garamond Pro 11/14 Cover design, typesetting and production by African Sun Media On the front cover, the two Adinkra symbols from Ghana respectively mean “Embrace of a mother” (symbolising compassion, love and warmth) and “Earth has weight” (symbolising Mother Earth‘s importance in life sustenance, as well as her divinity). SUN PReSS is an imprint of African Sun Media. Scholarly, professional and reference works are published under this imprint in print and electronic formats. This publication can be ordered from: [email protected] Takealot: bit.ly/2monsfl Google Books: bit.ly/2k1Uilm africansunmedia.store.it.si (e-books) Amazon Kindle: amzn.to/2ktL.pkL Visit africansunmedia.co.za for more information. This volume is dedicated to the ‘giantess’ on whose big shoulders every African woman theologian and women globally are standing, MERCY AMBA EWUDZIWA ODUYOYE, daughter of Anowa and the founder of the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians. CONTENTS Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................. xi Preface ........................................................................................................................................................................... xiii Mercy Amba Oduyoye Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Nobuntu Penxa Matholeni & Georgina Kwanima Boateng 1 Kwantonjane: The indigenous rites of passage amongst amaXhosa in relation to prejudiced spaces ........................................................................................................................................... 7 Nobuntu Penxa Matholeni Introduction and background .......................................................................................................... 7 Methodology ............................................................................................................................................... 9 Similar yet distinct ................................................................................................................................... 10 Prejudiced spaces ....................................................................................................................................... 12 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 14 References ...................................................................................................................................................... 16 2 Bembu Rituals and the Environment: Experiences of the wives of Bashi Cingo in the Sweetheart of Nimbi Church .............................................................................................................. 19 Bridget N. Masaiti Mukuka Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 19 Theoretical frameworks ........................................................................................................................ 20 Women, male power and the environment .............................................................................. 23 Background of the founder of the Sweetheart of Nimbi Church ............................... 25 Death of the church founder ............................................................................................................. 26 Knowledge and power ........................................................................................................................... 28 Unmasking the rituals and symbols .............................................................................................. 30 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 32 References ...................................................................................................................................................... 34 3 Liberating Earth and Women in Postcolonial Worship Spaces in Ghana ................................... 37 Georgina Kwanima Boateng Introduction and background .......................................................................................................... 37 Ecowomanism as a framework ......................................................................................................... 38 The spaces of indigenous African worship ................................................................................ 39 Women and Earth in traditional Africa: A mould from the same clay ................... 41 Colonial religion and impact on Earth and women ........................................................... 43 Postcolonial worship spaces and the place of women and Earth ................................ 44 An ecowomanist reflection on John 20:11-18 ........................................................................ 47 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 50 References ...................................................................................................................................................... 51 4 The Role of Rainmakers in Awakening Environmental Consciousness: A postcolonial ecocritical analysis ........................................................................................................... 53 Kenosi Molato Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 53 Postcolonial ecocritical analysis ........................................................................................................ 54 Setswana community in harmony with nature ...................................................................... 55 The role of rainmakers in the Setswana community .......................................................... 58 The rainmaking ritual ...........................................................................................................................
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