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Participation of Faith Based Organisations in Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships for HIV/AIDS Mitigation in Botswana in 2003-2005

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Participation of Faith Based Organisations in Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships for HIV/AIDS Mitigation in Botswana in 2003-2005 Encounters of development knowledge, identities and practices: Participation of faith based organisations in multi-stakeholder partnerships for HIV/AIDS mitigation in Botswana in 2003-2005 Alice Morrin Submitted for the degree of PhD in Development Studies University of East Anglia, School of International Development January 2013 Abstract The magnitude of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, the severity of its impact and the inadequacy of a purely medical-based response has prompted the development of multi-stakeholder partnerships (MSPs) for HIV/AIDS mitigation. MSPs utilise an appropriate mix of health and non-health based interventions and involve a broad array of stakeholders in their design and implementation, including faith based organisations (FBOs). MSP discourse commonly has goals related to local organisations’ empowerment and capacity building, yet attainment of these goals is often difficult and analysis of these MSPs shows that the complex micro- politics of development interventions is often neglected. This thesis investigates the local- level encounter and contestation of FBOs participation in MSPs based on research undertaken in the rural district of Ngamiland, Botswana. The theoretical framework is taken from a post-development perspective that sees discourses of development as pervasive forces that shape identities, knowledge and relations of power in much of the Global South. The focus of this thesis is on FBOs as specific ‘objects’ of development discourse. It argues that MSPs facilitate uniformity, impose a very specific language and envision highly prescriptive outcomes. In doing so, it suggests that MSPs frame the actions that produce and deploy a highly prescribed and increasingly globalised format for partnerships, and specifically here, for FBO participation within them. Yet, following the work of Foucault, it also argues these discourses of development are not monolithic or fixed, but rather remain critical sites of encounter where FBOs struggle and manoeuvre for political, social and economic advantage. The thesis emphasises the productive features of development discourse, their framing attributes, fragility and transformative potential, and achieves this by drawing on the activities and intentions of FBOs and their participation in MSPs. Attention is also drawn to the way ‘identities’ form and shape FBO participation. It is argued that FBOs are required to deliberately accommodate, resist, and/or construct their own particular ‘faith identities’ i in different MSP contexts. Understanding FBOs participation in MSPs in terms of discursive struggles leads to more insightful and appropriate understandings of the dynamics of local MSPs. ii Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................ i Table of Contents .............................................................................................................................................. iii Glossary ............................................................................................................................................................. ix Dedication .......................................................................................................................................................... xi Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................... xii 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 The context of the study: International HIV/AIDS discourse and multi-stakeholder partnerships . 4 1.2 Research question and aims ........................................................................................................... 10 1.3 Research approach: Introducing post-development theory ............................................................ 13 1.4 Study site and definition of terms. ................................................................................................. 16 1.4.1 Definition of term: FBO ................................................................................................................ 16 1.4.2 Definition of term: MSP ................................................................................................................ 18 1.5 Chapter outline .............................................................................................................................. 19 2 The analysis of HIV/AIDS development discourse: A post-development approach ........................ 23 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 23 2.2 Discursive approaches to HIV/AIDS development discourse. ...................................................... 26 2.3 Introducing post-development theory ............................................................................................ 31 2.4 Post-development theory: A multifarious reading of HIV/AIDS development discourse ............. 33 2.4.1 Discourse ....................................................................................................................................... 34 2.4.2 Knowledge and Power ................................................................................................................... 35 2.4.3 Culture and Identity ....................................................................................................................... 41 2.4.4 Faith Identity ................................................................................................................................. 43 2.5 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 45 3 The Botswana context: change and continuity ................................................................................. 46 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 46 3.2 The religious landscape of Botswana ............................................................................................ 47 3.3 Botswana: the context.................................................................................................................... 49 3.3.1 Early missionaries to Botswana: a dialogue between two cultures. .............................................. 49 3.3.2 Post-independence ......................................................................................................................... 50 3.3.2.1 Urbanisation .................................................................................................................................. 52 3.3.2.2 Governments relationship to civil society ..................................................................................... 53 3.3.2.3 Economic ....................................................................................................................................... 54 3.4 Understanding FBOs; defining terms and typologies .................................................................... 57 3.4.1 Mainline ........................................................................................................................................ 61 3.4.2 African Independent Churches ...................................................................................................... 62 3.4.3 Pentecostal ..................................................................................................................................... 64 3.5 Origin and expansion of three case study FBOs using above typology ......................................... 66 3.5.1 The Catholic Church : Institutional strength and universal conformity ......................................... 66 3.5.2 Love Botswana Outreach Mission (Love Botswana): Modern, globally connected and prosperous ....................................................................................................................................................... 68 iii 3.5.3 The Eleven Apostles Spiritual Healing Church (EASHC): A community for Batswana .............. 70 3.5.4 Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 72 3.6 Faith-based organisations response to the HIV/AIDS crisis; evidence from the literature............ 73 3.7 An introduction to MSPs within which case-study FBOs were observed ..................................... 77 3.7.1 The African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnership (ACHAP) ................................................... 81 3.7.2 The Ngamiland Civil Society Organisations Partnership .............................................................. 82 3.7.3 The District Multi-sector AIDS Committee (DMSAC)................................................................. 83 3.7.4 Botswana Christian AIDS Intervention Programme (BOCAIP) known in Maun as Maun Counselling Centre (MCC) ............................................................................................................ 84 3.7.5 Ngamiland NGO coalition ............................................................................................................. 85 3.7.6 Ngamiland
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