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Wild Mammals of the Annapurna Conservation Area Cggk"0F{ ;+/If0f If]Qsf :Tgwf/L Jgohgt' Wild Mammals of the Annapurna Conservation Area - 2019
Wild Mammals of the Annapurna Conservation Area cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0f If]qsf :tgwf/L jGohGt' Wild Mammals of the Annapurna Conservation Area - 2019 ISBN 978-9937-8522-8-9978-9937-8522-8-9 9 789937 852289 National Trust for Nature Conservation Annapurna Conservation Area Project Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal Hariyo Kharka, Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal National Trust for Nature Conservation P.O. Box: 3712, Kathmandu, Nepal P.O. Box: 183, Kaski, Nepal Tel: +977-1-5526571, 5526573, Fax: +977-1-5526570 Tel: +977-61-431102, 430802, Fax: +977-61-431203 Annapurna Conservation Area Project Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Website: www.ntnc.org.np Website: www.ntnc.org.np 2019 Wild Mammals of the Annapurna Conservation Area cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0f If]qsf :tgwf/L jGohGt' National Trust for Nature Conservation Annapurna Conservation Area Project 2019 Wild Mammals of the Annapurna Conservation Area cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0f If]qsf :tgwf/L jGohGt' Published by © NTNC-ACAP, 2019 All rights reserved Any reproduction in full or in part must mention the title and credit NTNC-ACAP. Reviewers Prof. Karan Bahadur Shah (Himalayan Nature), Dr. Naresh Subedi (NTNC, Khumaltar), Dr. Will Duckworth (IUCN) and Yadav Ghimirey (Friends of Nature, Nepal). Compilers Rishi Baral, Ashok Subedi and Shailendra Kumar Yadav Suggested Citation Baral R., Subedi A. & Yadav S.K. (Compilers), 2019. Wild Mammals of the Annapurna Conservation Area. National Trust for Nature Conservation, Annapurna Conservation Area Project, Pokhara, Nepal. First Edition : 700 Copies ISBN : 978-9937-8522-8-9 Front Cover : Yellow-bellied Weasel (Mustela kathiah), back cover: Orange- bellied Himalayan Squirrel (Dremomys lokriah). -
囊谦自然观察手册nangqen Nature Watch Guidebook
囊谦自然观察手册 Nangqen Nature Watch Guidebook 目录 物种目录 List of species Table of content 兽类 Mammals 棕背黑头鸫 Kessler’s Thrush 43 喜马拉雅旱獭 Himalayan Marmot 22 花彩雀莺 White-browed Tit Warbler 44 三江源 Buff throated Monal 川西鼠兔 Glover’s pika 23 黄喉雉鹑 45 Sanjiangyuan /6 Partridge 高原兔 Woolly Hare 24 白马鸡 White Eared Pheasant 46 囊谦自然观察节 香鼬 Mountain Weasel 25 高原山鹑 Tibetan Partridge 47 Nangqen Nature Watch Festival /12 白唇鹿 White-Lipped Deer 26 藏雪鸡 Tibetan Snowcock 48 活动主办 岩羊 Blue Sheep 27 黑啄木鸟 Black Woodpecker 49 Organizers /18 猕猴 Rhesus Macaque 28 灰背伯劳 Grey-backed Shrike 50 兽类 猞猁 Lynx 29 华西柳莺 Alpine Leaf Warbler 51 Mammals /22 马麝 Alpine Musk Deer 30 白斑翅拟蜡嘴雀 White-winged Grosebeak 52 鸟类 赤狐 Red Fox 31 白眉朱雀 White-browedRosefinch 53 Birds /38 藏狐 Tibetan Fox 32 白眉山雀 White-browed Tit 54 中华鬣羚 Chinese Serow 33 蓝额红尾鸲 Blue-fronted Redstart 55 植物 Plants /62 棕熊 Brown Bear 34 河乌 White-throated Dipper 56 金钱豹 Leopard 35 锈胸蓝姬鹟 Slaty-backed Flycatcher 57 2017 自然观察节所见物种目录 鸟类 Birds 植物 Plants All species observed during the Nature Watch Festival in 2017 /66 高山兀鹫 Himalayan Vulture 38 梭砂贝母 Fritillaria delavayi 60 作者名录 胡兀鹫 Lammergeir 39 星叶草 Circaeaster agristis Maxim 61 Authors /80 金雕 Golden Eagle 40 垫狀点地梅 Androsace tapete 62 鸣谢 藏鹀 Tibetan Bunting 41 水母雪兔子 Saussura medusa 63 Acknowledgement /81 棕草鹛 Tibetan Babax 42 三江源 Sanjiangyuan 澜沧江 山谷中蜿蜒的路 A road through the valley 6 7 三江源 Sanjiangyuan 三江源位于青海省东南部,地处青藏高原腹地,面积达 36 万平方 公里。 Covering an area of 360,000 km2, Sanjiangyuan (Chinese: 三江源 , literally: "Source of Three Rivers") lies in the heart of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, in the southern and eastern parts of Qinghai Province. -
Field Guide Mammals of Ladakh ¾-Hðgå-ÅÛ-Hýh-ºiô-;Ým-Mû-Ç+Ô¼-¾-Zçàz-Çeômü
Field Guide Mammals of Ladakh ¾-hÐGÅ-ÅÛ-hÝh-ºIô-;Ým-mÛ-Ç+ô¼-¾-zÇÀz-Çeômü Tahir Shawl Jigmet Takpa Phuntsog Tashi Yamini Panchaksharam 2 FOREWORD Ladakh is one of the most wonderful places on earth with unique biodiversity. I have the privilege of forwarding the fi eld guide on mammals of Ladakh which is part of a series of bilingual (English and Ladakhi) fi eld guides developed by WWF-India. It is not just because of my involvement in the conservation issues of the state of Jammu & Kashmir, but I am impressed with the Ladakhi version of the Field Guide. As the Field Guide has been specially produced for the local youth, I hope that the Guide will help in conserving the unique mammal species of Ladakh. I also hope that the Guide will become a companion for every nature lover visiting Ladakh. I commend the efforts of the authors in bringing out this unique publication. A K Srivastava, IFS Chief Wildlife Warden, Govt. of Jammu & Kashmir 3 ÇSôm-zXôhü ¾-hÐGÅ-mÛ-ºWÛG-dïm-mP-¾-ÆôG-VGÅ-Ço-±ôGÅ-»ôh-źÛ-GmÅ-Å-h¤ÛGÅ-zž-ŸÛG-»Ûm-môGü ¾-hÐGÅ-ÅÛ-Å-GmÅ-;Ým-¾-»ôh-qºÛ-Åï¤Å-Tm-±P-¤ºÛ-MãÅ-‚Å-q-ºhÛ-¾-ÇSôm-zXôh-‚ô-‚Å- qôºÛ-PºÛ-¾Å-ºGm-»Ûm-môGü ºÛ-zô-P-¼P-W¤-¤Þ-;-ÁÛ-¤Û¼-¼Û-¼P-zŸÛm-D¤-ÆâP-Bôz-hP- ºƒï¾-»ôh-¤Dm-qôÅ-‚Å-¼ï-¤m-q-ºÛ-zô-¾-hÐGÅ-ÅÛ-Ç+h-hï-mP-P-»ôh-‚Å-qôº-È-¾Å-bï-»P- zÁh- »ôPÅü Åï¤Å-Tm-±P-¤ºÛ-MãÅ-‚ô-‚Å-qô-h¤ÛGÅ-zž-¾ÛÅ-GŸôm-mÝ-;Ým-¾-wm-‚Å-¾-ºwÛP-yï-»Ûm- môG ºô-zôºÛ-;-mÅ-¾-hÐGÅ-ÅÛ-h¤ÛGÅ-zž-Tm-mÛ-Åï¤Å-Tm-ÆâP-BôzÅ-¾-wm-qºÛ-¼Û-zô-»Ûm- hôm-m-®ôGÅ-¾ü ¼P-zŸÛm-D¤Å-¾-ºfh-qô-»ôh-¤Dm-±P-¤-¾ºP-wm-fôGÅ-qºÛ-¼ï-z-»Ûmü ºhÛ-®ßGÅ-ºô-zM¾-¤²h-hï-ºƒÛ-¤Dm-mÛ-ºhÛ-hqï-V-zô-q¼-¾-zMz-Çeï-Çtï¾-hGôÅ-»Ûm-môG Íï-;ï-ÁÙÛ-¶Å-b-z-ͺÛ-Íïw-ÍôÅ- mGÅ-±ôGÅ-Åï¤Å-Tm-ÆâP-Bôz-Çkï-DG-GÛ-hqôm-qô-G®ô-zô-W¤- ¤Þ-;ÁÛ-¤Û¼-GŸÝP.ü 4 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The fi eld guide is the result of exhaustive work by a large number of people. -
Surveys at a Tibetan Antelope Pantholops Hodgsonii Calving Ground Adjacent to the Arjinshan Nature Reserve, Xinjiang, China: Decline and Recovery of a Population
Surveys at a Tibetan antelope Pantholops hodgsonii calving ground adjacent to the Arjinshan Nature Reserve, Xinjiang, China: decline and recovery of a population W illiamV.Bleisch,PaulJ.Buzzard,HuibinZ hang,DonghuaX U¨ ,ZhihuL iu W eidong L i and H owman W ong Abstract Females in most populations of chiru or Tibetan Leslie & Schaller, 2008). Despite the remoteness of chiru antelope Pantholops hodgsonii migrate each year up to 350 km habitat, however, there was an upsurge in poaching during to summer calving grounds, and these migrations charac- the 1980s and 1990s for its extraordinarily fine wool known terize the Tibet/Qinghai Plateau. We studied the migratory as shahtoosh (Wright & Kumar, 1998). Poaching raised the chiru population at the Ullughusu calving grounds south- threat of extirpation for many chiru populations (Harris west of the Arjinshan Nature Reserve in Xinjiang, China. et al., 1999; Bleisch et al., 2004; Fauna & Flora International, 2 The 750–1,000 km of suitable habitat at Ullughusu is at 2004). Competition with livestock for grazing has been and 4,500–5,000 m with sparse vegetation. We used direct meth- continues to be a threat and, more recently, infrastructure ods (block counts, vehicle and walking transects and radial development, fencing of pasture and gold mining have point sampling) and an indirect method (pellet counts) become increasing problems (Bleisch et al., 2004; Fauna & during six summers to assess population density. We also Flora International, 2004; Xia et al., 2007; Fox et al., 2009). witnessed and stopped two major poaching events, in 1998 Chiru are categorized on the IUCN Red List as Endangered and 1999 (103 and 909 carcasses, respectively). -
Of the Chang Tang Wildlife Reserve in Tibet
RANGELANDS 18(3), June 1996 91 Rangelands of the Chang Tang Wildlife Reserve in Tibet Daniel J. Millerand George B. Schaller eastern part of the cious steppes and mountains that Chang Tang Reserve sweep along northern Tibet for almost based on our research in 800 miles east to west. The chang the fall of 1993 and sum- tang, a vast and vigorous landscape mer of 1994. We also comparable in size to the Great Plains discuss conservation of North America, is one of the highest, issues facing the reserve most remote and least known range- and the implications lands of the world. The land is too cold these have for develop- and arid to support forests and agricul- ment, management and ture; vegetation is dominated by cold- conservation. desert grasslands,with a sparse cover of grasses, sedges, forbs and low shrubs. It is one of the world's last Descriptionand great wildernessareas. Location The Chang Tang Wildlife Reserve was established by the Tibetan Located in the north- Autonomous governmentin of the Region western part 1993 to protect Tibet's last, major Tibetan Autonomous wildlife populationsand the grasslands Region (see Map 1), the depend upon. In the wildernessof Reserve they Chang Tang the Chang Tang Reservelarge herdsof encompasses approxi- Tibetan antelope still follow ancient mately 110,000 square trails on their annual migrationroutes to A nomad bundled the wind while Tibetan lady up against miles, (an area about birthing grounds in the far north. Wild herding. of the size Arizona), yaks, exterminated in most of Tibet, and is the second in maintain their last stronghold in the he Chang Tang Wildlife Reserve, area in the world. -
Qinghai, China June 2010
Qinghai, China June 2010 June - July 2010 Bengt-Eric Sjölinder Qinghai 16.6-4.7 2010 Short Itinerary 16.6 Flight Beijing-Xining. 17.6 Dong Xya. Then via Datong to Xihay. 18.6 East Koko Nor, West Koko Nor to Heimahe. Night in Chaka. 19.6 Valley in the Dolan Mountains. Back to Chaka. 20.6 Desert E Chaka. The Gulag Grove and the Chaka Grove. Chaka Wadi, W Chaka. 21.6 Rubber Mountains. Then South Koko Nor Range to Gonghe. Valley close to Gonghe. 22.6 Continuing south. Stop at ”the Gully”. On to Er la Pass. Night in Wenquan. 23.6 Er la Pass. Wenquan in the evening. 24.6 Wenquan-Madoo-Dayematan-Bayankala Pass-Yushu. 25.6 Yushu-”the Gorge”. Road towards Nanquen Forest Reserve. Night in Nanquen. 26.6 South of Nanquen. ”the Pass” and ”the Spruce Forest”. Night in Nanquen. 27.6 Kanda Shan. 28.6 ”the Spruce Forest” south of Nanquen. 29.6 Nanquen-”the Gorge”-Yushu-the lake Longbaotan-Qumarleb. 30.6 Qumarleb-Qumahe-the main road between Golmud and Lhasa. Night in Golmud. 1.7 Golmud-Chaka with short stops. 2.7 Chaka-Heimahe-road north of Koko Nor-Xining. 3.7 Xining Beishan. Flight to Beijing in the evening. 4.7 Beijing-Copenhagen. Participants Jesper Hornskov (Tour guide; [email protected]) Ola Elleström Erik Hirschfeld Nils Kjellén (Bird and Mammal checklist) Mats Rellmar Elsy-Britt Schildt Bengt-Eric Sjölinder (Trip report including pictures unless noted as taken by Erik or Mats; [email protected]) Cover page photo Roborowski’s Rosefinch and Tibetan Sandgrouse (Erik) 2 Detailed Itinerary 16.6 We were five participants that boarded the direct SAS flight from Copenhagen to Beijing in the evening of the 15th and landed the following day in the Chinese capital at noon to catch our connecting 3pm flight to Xining where we landed at 6.30pm. -
Accelerated Hydrological Cycle Over the Sanjiangyuan Region Induces More Streamflow Extremes at Different Global Warming Levels
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 5439–5451, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5439-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Accelerated hydrological cycle over the Sanjiangyuan region induces more streamflow extremes at different global warming levels Peng Ji1,2, Xing Yuan3, Feng Ma3, and Ming Pan4 1Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China 2College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3School of Hydrology and Water Resources, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China 4Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA Correspondence: Xing Yuan ([email protected]) Received: 7 July 2020 – Discussion started: 24 July 2020 Revised: 12 October 2020 – Accepted: 13 October 2020 – Published: 20 November 2020 Abstract. Serving source water for the Yellow, Yangtze and tance of ecological processes in determining future changes Lancang-Mekong rivers, the Sanjiangyuan region affects 700 in streamflow extremes and suggests a “dry gets drier, wet million people over its downstream areas. Recent research gets wetter” condition over the warming headwaters. suggests that the Sanjiangyuan region will become wetter in a warming future, but future changes of streamflow ex- tremes remain unclear due to the complex hydrological pro- cesses over high-land areas and limited knowledge of the in- 1 Introduction fluences of land cover change and CO2 physiological forc- ing. Based on high-resolution land surface modeling dur- Global temperature has increased at a rate of 0.17◦C per ing 1979–2100 driven by the climate and ecological projec- decade since 1970, contrary to the cooling trend over the past tions from 11 newly released Coupled Model Intercompari- 8000 years (Marcott et al., 2013). -
Research Article the Carboniferous Arc of the North Pamir
GeoScienceWorld Lithosphere Volume 2021, Article ID 6697858, 26 pages https://doi.org/10.2113/2021/6697858 Research Article The Carboniferous Arc of the North Pamir 1 1 2 3 4 Johannes Rembe , Edward R. Sobel , Jonas Kley , Renjie Zhou , Rasmus Thiede , 5 and Jie Chen 1Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, 14476 Golm Potsdam, Germany 2Department of Structural Geology and Geodynamics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany 3School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia 4Institute for Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany 5State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, X9GJ+RV Chaoyang, Beijing, China Correspondence should be addressed to Johannes Rembe; [email protected] Received 28 October 2020; Accepted 7 January 2021; Published 8 February 2021 Academic Editor: Pierre Valla Copyright © 2021 Johannes Rembe et al. Exclusive Licensee GeoScienceWorld. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0). In this study, we investigate the age and geochemical variability of volcanic arc rocks found in the Chinese, Kyrgyz, and Tajik North Pamir in Central Asia. New geochemical and geochronological data together with compiled data from the literature give a holistic view of an early to mid-Carboniferous intraoceanic arc preserved in the northeastern Pamir. This North Pamir volcanic arc complex involves continental slivers in its western reaches and transforms into a Cordilleran-style collision zone with arc- magmatic rocks. These are hosted in part by Devonian to Carboniferous oceanic crust and the metamorphic Kurguvad basement block of Ediacaran age (maximum deposition age) in Tajikistan. -
Restoration Prospects for Heitutan Degraded Grassland in the Sanjiangyuan
J. Mt. Sci. (2013) 10(4): 687–698 DOI: 10.1007/s11629-013-2557-0 Restoration Prospects for Heitutan Degraded Grassland in the Sanjiangyuan LI Xi-lai1*, PERRY LW George2,3, BRIERLEY Gary2, GAO Jay2, ZHANG Jing1, YANG Yuan-wu1 1 College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China 2 School of Environment, University of Auckland, New Zealand Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand 3 School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] © Science Press and Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, CAS and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 Abstract: In many ecosystems ungulates have yield greatest success if moderately and severely coexisted with grasslands over long periods of time. degraded areas are targeted as the first priority in However, high densities of grazing animals may management programmes, before these areas are change the floristic and structural characteristics of transformed into extreme Heitutan. vegetation, reduce biodiversity, and increase soil erosion, potentially triggering abrupt and rapid Keywords: Heitutan degraded grassland; Alpine changes in ecosystem condition. Alternate stable state meadow; Restoration/rehabilitation; Sanjiangyuan; theory provides a framework for understanding this Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) type of dynamic. In the Sanjiangyuan atop the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau (QTP), grassland degradation has been accompanied by irruptions of Introduction native burrowing -
China PROJECT DOCUMENT
United Nations Development Programme Country: China PROJECT DOCUMENT Project Title: Strengthening the effectiveness of the protected area system in Qinghai Province, China to conserve globally important biodiversity UNDAF Outcome(s): Outcome 1.2. Policy and implementation mechanisms to manage natural resources are strengthened, with special attention to poor and vulnerable groups UNDP Strategic Plan Environment and Sustainable Development Primary Outcome: Mobilizing environmental financing UNDP Strategic Plan Secondary Outcome: Mainstreaming environment and energy Expected CP Outcome(s ): Low carbon and other environmentally sustainable strategies and technologies are adopted widely to meet China’s commitments and compliance with Multilateral Environmental Agreements. Provincial capacities of key institutions are strengthened to implement global environmental commitments at regional level through integration of biodiversity and other environmental concerns into regional policies and programmes involved. Expected CPAP Output(s): Capacity to implement local climate change action plans for mitigation and adaptation, and sustainable development built. Executing Entity/Implementing Partner: Department of Forestry, Qinghai Province Government, China Implementing Entity/Responsible Partners: Ministry of Environmental Protection (through umbrella project China Biodiversity Partnership and Framework for Action) UNDP GEF PIMS 4179 GEF Project ID 3992 Brief description As the fourth largest province in China, with a total area of 720,000 km 2, Qinghai serves as a significant store of the national biodiversity, exhibits some unique high altitude grassland, mountain, wetland, desert and forest ecosystems, and serves as a significant controller of the Asian monsoon system that affects the climate of 3 billion people. The province includes the headwaters of three of Asia’s major rivers – the Yellow, Yangtze and Mekong rivers. -
Promoting Biodiversity Conservation and Community Development in the Sanjiangyuan Region
Promoting Biodiversity Conservation and Community Development in the Sanjiangyuan Region Proceedings of a conservation planning meeting, with agreed priority action points Dr J Marc Foggin (translated by Liu Lingjun and Gai Caiwang Qujie) Planning meeting co-hosted by Plateau Perspectives, Upper Yangtze Organization, Government of Zhiduo County and the Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve Management Bureau September 30 - October 13, 2005 THE YANGTZE RIVER HEADWATERS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT www.plateauperspectives.org [email protected] © Plateau Perspectives December 2005 Table of Contents List of Tables, Figures, and Boxes page iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY page v 1. BACKGROUND Plateau Perspectives page 1 The Sanjiangyuan Region page 4 Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve (SNNR) page 6 Yangtze River Headwaters Sustainable Development Project page 9 2. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION PLANNING MEETING Training workshop (Sep 30 Oct 3, 2005) page 13 Fieldtrip to nature reserve (Oct 5 10, 2005) page 13 Biodiversity Conservation Planning Meeting (Oct 13-15, 2005) page 14 3. PRIORITY CONSERVATION ACTION POINTS page 17 Action 1. Responsive training workshops page 19 Action 2. Identification of biodiversity hotspots page 19 Action 3. Monitoring wildlife and grassland page 20 Action 4. Meeting on grassland management practices page 21 Action 5. Development of a community co-management plan page 21 Action 6. Tibetan Conservation & Development Centre page 22 Selected references page 24 Acknowledgements page 26 List of appendices page 27 ii List of Tables Table 1. Land areas, with international comparisons page 6 Table 2. Catchment areas and human population of three major rivers page 6 Table 3. Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserves 18 Conservation Areas page 8 Table 4. -
Studies on Ethnic Groups in China
Kolas&Thowsen, Margins 1/4/05 4:10 PM Page i studies on ethnic groups in china Stevan Harrell, Editor Kolas&Thowsen, Margins 1/4/05 4:10 PM Page ii studies on ethnic groups in china Cultural Encounters on China’s Ethnic Frontiers Edited by Stevan Harrell Guest People: Hakka Identity in China and Abroad Edited by Nicole Constable Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China Jonathan N. Lipman Lessons in Being Chinese: Minority Education and Ethnic Identity in Southwest China Mette Halskov Hansen Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928 Edward J. M. Rhoads Ways of Being Ethnic in Southwest China Stevan Harrell Governing China’s Multiethnic Frontiers Edited by Morris Rossabi On the Margins of Tibet: Cultural Survival on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier Åshild Kolås and Monika P. Thowsen Kolas&Thowsen, Margins 1/4/05 4:10 PM Page iii ON THE MARGINS OF TIBET Cultural Survival on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier Åshild Kolås and Monika P. Thowsen UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON PRESS Seattle and London Kolas&Thowsen, Margins 1/7/05 12:47 PM Page iv this publication was supported in part by the donald r. ellegood international publications endowment. Copyright © 2005 by the University of Washington Press Printed in United States of America Designed by Pamela Canell 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 5 4 3 2 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be repro- duced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any infor- mation storage or retrieval system, without permission in writ- ing from the publisher.