Lutas Pela Memória Em África

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Lutas Pela Memória Em África Lutas pela memória em África Universidade Federal da Bahia reitor João Carlos Salles Pires da Silva vice-reitor Paulo Cesar Miguez de Oliveira assessor do reitor Paulo Costa Lima Editora da Universidade Federal da Bahia diretora Flávia Goulart Mota Garcia Rosa conselho editorial Alberto Brum Novaes Angelo Szaniecki Perret Serpa Caiuby Alves da Costa Charbel Ninõ El-Hani Cleise Furtado Mendes Evelina de Carvalho Sá Hoisel Maria do Carmo Soares de Freitas Maria Vidal de Negreiros Camargo Cláudio Alves Furtado Livio Sansone Organizadores Lutas pela memória em África Salvador EDUFBA 2019 2019, autores. Direitos para esta edição cedidos à Edufba. Feito o Depósito Legal. Grafia atualizada conforme o Acordo Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa de 1990, em vigor no Brasil desde 2009. capa e projeto gráfico Igor Almeida revisão e normalização Equipe Edufba Sistema Universitário de Bibliotecas - UFBA L973 Lutas pela memória em África / Cláudio Alves Furtado, Livio Sansone, organizadores. Salvador: EDUFBA, 2019. 576 p. ISBN 978-85-232-1970-3 1. África - história. 2. Memória coletiva - África. 3. Patrimônio cultural – África. I. Sansone, Livio (org.). II. Furtado, Cláudio Alves (org.). CDU – 94(6) Elaborada por Geovana Soares Lira CRB-5: BA-001975/O Editora afiliada à Editora da UFBA Rua Barão de Jeremoabo s/n – Campus de Ondina 40170-115 – Salvador – Bahia Tel.: +55 71 3283-6164 www.edufba.ufba.br [email protected] Sumário 7 Apresentação Cláudio Alves Furtado e Livio Sansone 35 Narrativas em conflito: os sapeurs congoleses no Brasil e a construção da África como artefato de luxo Antonio Motta 69 Museus digitais: desafios e disputa por memórias Jamile Borges da Silva 93 Batalhas da cultura: cinema e música em Luanda nos dias da independência Fábio Baqueiro Figueiredo 125 Patrimônio e nação no pós-apartheid, 1994-2004: a ordem biográfica, o complexo memorial e o espetáculo da história Ciraj Rassool 235 Entre a segregação e o arco-íris: John Dube na memória e nação sul-africana Antonio Evaldo Almeida Barros 255 Velhos medos e novas estratégias: narrativas contemporâneas de sul-africanos brancos que combateram em Namíbia e Angola Igor de Carvalho Gonçalves da Costa 291 Narrativas nacionalistas da República Democrática do Congo e as memórias bakongo Larissa Oliveira e Gabarra 323 A Itália e suas ex-colônias na década de 1970 Cecilia Dau Novelli 347 Uma memória duradoura: a história contestada da estátua de Nkrumah Carola Lentz 395 “Inscrevendo a nação?” A Viagem Triunfal no fim do período de transição em Moçambique, maio a junho de 1975 Colin Darch e David Hedges 437 Animais desordeiros: máscaras e pós-socialismo no norte de Moçambique Paolo Israel 483 Narrativa, memória e história: revisitando dois episódios da vida de Eduardo Mondlane Teresa Cruz e Silva 507 Lendo a epopeia de Fumo Liyongo como uma biografia oral de um herói suaíli Kenneth Inyani Simala 525 A United Africa Company (UAC) de vilã a nostalgia colonial: relações públicas e história empresarial na Nigéria Dmitri van den Bersselaar 571 Sobre os autores Apresentação Cláudio Alves Furtado e Livio Sansone Situando as reflexões Os textos que compõem o livro Lutas pela memória em África buscam, a partir de análises de situações e casos concretos ocorridos em vários países africanos e recobrindo temporalidades diversas, bem como atores múlti- plos, refletir sobre o processo de produção, patrimonialização e fixação de memórias e de heranças políticas, seus contornos e tensões. Além disso, vi- sam resgatar dimensões relevantes da história africana na contemporanei- dade, assim como demonstrar o quanto as narrativas que sustentam fatos tidos por atores sociais diversos como historicamente relevantes são (re) produzidas, veiculadas, manipuladas e mesmo glamorizadas ou tornadas em objetos mercadológicos. Estas narrativas podem ser incorporadas ou materializadas de formas diferentes, podendo, igualmente, assumir dife- rentes formas: biografias, autobiografias, patrimonialização de artefatos materiais ou intangíveis, criação de museus, produção de dissertações, teses e ensaios, produção de história nacional (oficial), manuais, filmes, séries de TV, monumentos, estátuas e assim por diante. Elas tentam não apenas resgatar diversas formas de historicidade tais como são pensadas por atores sociais e políticos bem precisos, individuais e coletivos, mas tam- bém buscam sugerir uma forma de fixar e, por conseguinte, fazer perdurar • 7 fatos históricos mais longínquos ou próximos. É por isso que estamos em presença, de forma transversal a todo o continente africano, de uma luta por imposição de memórias históricas. As reflexões presentes no livro se inscrevem numa tendência mais vasta, que se tem vindo a registrar no domínio das ciências sociais e humanas, de revisitar a história dos países do continente africano, rememorando, comemorando e buscando fixar fatos, temáticas, heróis e vilões; enfim, impor uma narrativa sobre o passado, próximo ou distante. Estas lutas por imposição, fixação e/ou resgate de memórias legítimas sobre o continente africano, dizíamos, ganharam relevo por ocasião da comemoração do cinquentenário das independências – ou o aniversário de 40 anos para o caso dos Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa (Palop). No caso dos países africanos de língua oficial francesa e inglesa, pode-se assinalar não apenas as comemorações protagonizadas pelos Estados, como também sua reverberação em trabalhos acadêmicos que refletem sobre o percurso desses países enquanto estados-nação. Os textos que compõem o livro colocam em diálogo reflexões produzi- das por pesquisadores provenientes de universidades africanas, brasileiras e europeias, articulando perspectivas e olhares múltiplos sobre o continente africano protagonizados, na pluralidade temática e de abordagens, por afri- canos e africanistas. Tendo como denominador comum o resgate das memórias históri- cas, seus embates, (re)configurações e eventuais transmutações, os textos recobrem a reconstrução das disputas políticas, literárias e outras, ora no contexto das independências, ora remontando a períodos históricos mais longevos, mas com desdobramentos na contemporaneidade, ou ainda pon- tuando representações museológicas contemporâneas. O debate do patrimônio O período durante o qual os Estados africanos obtiveram suas indepen- dências após a dominação colonial estende-se, grosso modo, da década de 1950 à década de 1960, com as antigas colônias portuguesas alcançando a 8 • LUTAS PELA MEMÓRIA EM ÁFRICA emancipação até 1975. Esses foram anos de esperança e otimismo em relação ao futuro da África e também uma época de construção nacional nas antigas colônias. (MKANDAWIRE, 2005) Inevitavelmente, foram também anos de guerras da cultura disputadas acerca de que aspectos do passado colonial e pré-colonial tinham de ser preservados – e talvez celebrados – e que aspectos, lugares ou momentos deviam ser rejeitados ou pelo menos minimizados nas narrativas da história em cada um dos países recém-independentes. A história oral – especialmente por meio da celebração e da romanti- zação da figura do griot – foi utilizada para contrabalançar relatos históricos muito pesadamente baseados em fontes escritas tendenciosas – a carência de “africanidade” das quais era ampliada pelo fato de que essas fontes eram quase exclusivamente escritas em línguas ocidentais, em árabe ou em línguas africanas transcritas em caracteres árabes. Alguns locais se tornaram ícones de um passado a ser reverenciado e tratado como constitutivo do novo país – na maior parte dos casos, lugares significativamente monumentais, como a Ilha de Gorée, no Senegal, os fortes escravistas de Gana, a Grande Mesquita de Djenné ou o Monumento Nacional do Grande Zimbabwe. A arqueolo- gia podia mostrar ao mundo mais vasto a grandeza do passado africano, e a cultura popular – especialmente a música, mas também o teatro de rua e a pintura – foi convocada a redefinir a narrativa da nação. No contexto da luta anticolonial e no período que imediatamente antecede as independências, os embates políticos, ideológicos e culturais não se deram apenas contra as potências coloniais, mas, de igual modo, entre os diversos movimentos nacionalistas. Se é verdade que, de forma majoritária, as pesquisas historiográficas têm privilegiado as lutas dos mo- vimentos nacionalistas africanos contra as potências coloniais, não é de somenos importância a relevância de estudos sobre as clivagens entre os movimentos nacionalistas nos diversos espaços do continente africano. Com efeito, em quase todos os espaços coloniais africanos, foram vários os movimentos anticoloniais que, no dealbar das independências, buscaram reforçar suas posições políticas em vista da assunção do poder político nos Estados pós-coloniais. Tais movimentos – que, não raras vezes, entram em conflito e confronto explícito – são de natureza político-ideológica variada, Apresentação • 9 tendo também bases sociodemográficas diversas. O resgate das caracterís- ticas desses movimentos, seus protagonistas e suas narrativas se inscreve também no âmbito de sua visibilização e sua transformação em nacional. As contribuições de Larissa Gabarra, Fábio Baqueiro, Teresa Cruz e Silva, Colin Darch, David Hedges e Cecilia Novelli se inscrevem neste âmbito. De igual modo, o revisitar das lutas contra a situação colonial e dos agentes e agenciamentos presentes – resgatando historicidades, silenciando ou fazendo emergir acontecimentos, atores e processos – faz parte desse amplo processo de lutas por memórias. Este processo aparece seja na ressemantização de narrativas
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