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Tyd001200901 01.Pdf f kr* " ,.-",,.."..** Ir t:-- T "II :ih ;[r' * t ,il il*"' ,L{ t [* *tr v ., _j $ F\ _ : : ! ,- a -- : 5.i N--=-: /-! - E - a'a^tt =: ', :,rc - ]:.::: }:. a ..:' ,a .:- ..1-- - Lr.aa+ - ---:^tra'-:P .a : ;'/'. = <':; - - .= \ '' !J = d .-, I : C : ', 7 > = 4" 2l= - ; , a al .:r;.:- = :.= E gF 5 !! - ? 7.':a:;1, 2)t n i:l'/== ; J:>:r = J= e .>!:iz i: # J* ) +l:;" E>$ .: : -:l "; i/ /r :i . :,r :i ..- $s{ i.-." ; ':r :-::: 'i ij.iI:jcr.- <! ..-l "i:. -!! ::, <l li1:- ii-t.i:"1 .E --::-r. i .i I i iI .i ,.| I T.N&A TYDSKRIF VIR NEDERLANDS EN AFRIKAANS 16DE JAARGANG (2009) 1STE UITGAWE T.N&A is ’n geakkrediteerde tydskrif en word uitgegee deur die Suider-Afrikaanse Vereniging vir Neerlandistiek, met finansiële steun van die Nederlandse Taalunie. T.N&A wil die studie van die Nederlandse taal-, letterkunde en kultuur bevorder, ook in sy verhouding tot die Afrikaanse taal- en letterkunde. Daarbenewens wil die tydskrif die Afrikaanse taal- en letterkunde in Nederlandstalige gebiede bevorder. Die tydskrif verskyn twee keer per jaar. Redaksie: Prof. Steward van Wyk, Prof. Wium van Zyl Uitleg: Christa van Zyl Redaksie-sekretariaat: Departement Afrikaans en Nederlands, Universiteit van Wes-Kaapland, Privaatsak X17, Bellville 7535, Suid-Afrika. Tel.: +27 21 959-2112; e-pos: [email protected] ; [email protected] Inskrywings en betalings: Vir intekenaars in Suid-Afrika Stuur ’n tjek van R100 uitgemaak aan die SAVN na Me. Renée Marais, E A G, Universiteit van Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, Suid-Afrika. Tel.: +27 12 420-4592 Faks: +27 12 420-3682 E-pos: [email protected] Vir intekenaars buite Suid-Afrika Plaas R175 oor na rekeningnommer 1190154676, ABSA, Kode: 630125, Pietermaritzburg, Suid- Afrika. Redaksieraad: J.B. den Besten (Universiteit van Amsterdam) H. Ester (Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen) C.R. Groeneboer (Universitas Indonesia) M. Janssens (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven) R.S. Kirsner (University of California) G. Olivier (Universiteit van die Witwatersrand) A.N. Paasman (Universiteit van Amsterdam) F.A. Ponelis (Universiteit van Stellenbosch) M.A. Schenkeveld-van der Dussen (Universiteit Utrecht) H.P. van Coller (Universiteit van die Oranje-Vrystaat) F.P. van Oostrom (Rijksuniversiteit Leiden) J. van der Elst (Potchefstroomse Universiteit vir C.H.O.) A.T. Zuiderent (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) ISSN 1022-6966 1 Redaksioneel Steward van Wyk Wium van Zyl Hierdie uitgawe van T.N.&A dek ’n wye spektrum. Ena Jansen se artikel is ’n verwerkte weergawe van ’n lesing wat tydens ’n werkbesoek op Curaçua gegee is. J.C. Kannemeyer bied ’n aangepaste versie van sy Langehovenlesing, gelewer tydens die Klein Karoo Kunstefees op Oudtshoorn. Wium van Zyl se artikel is gebaseer op navorsing vir sy uitgawe van Thomas Francois Burgers se Toneelen uit ons dorp in Afrikaanse vertaling en ’n referaat gelewer tydens die SAVN-kongres in Durban. Heinrich Grebe se artikel is eweneens gegrond op ’n referaat gelewer by ’n colloquium van die IVN. Inez Slagter en Ena Jansen se gesamentlike artikel is ’n verwerking van ’n doctoraalskripsie deur eersgenoemde onder leiding van laasgenoemde. Matildie Thom Wium se artikel is aangepas uit haar magisterverhandeling in Musiek. Jansen ondersoek die ooreenkomste tussen die Nederlands-Karibiese gebied en Suid-Afrika wat wel bestaan ondanks die enorme goegrafiese skeiding, die oënskynlik “te wijde en veel te diepe oceanen” (Arion) tussenin. Sy vind ’n beginpunt in die vergelykbaarheid van “slavernijromans”. Van Zyl plaas Burgers se werk in die lyn van mikrokosmiese dorpsromans en -verhale in die Suid-Afrikaanse Nederlandse en die Afrikaanse letterkundes. Hierby betrek hy ook tendense wat ander ondersoekers aangewys het in verskillende studies oor die ontwikkeling van mikrokosmiese Afrikaanse plaasromans. Op grond van hiervan argumenteer hy dat hierdie Nederlandse geskrifte nie buite rekening gelaat mag word wanneer literêre ontwikkelinge en tradisies in Afrikaans beskryf word nie. Slagter en Jansen gaan die geskiedenis, aard funksies van die literêre motto na. Die kategorieë wat hulle in hierdie verband aanwys, word vervolgens toegepas op die drie motto’s in André P. Brink se roman Bidsprinkaan. Op grond van die betrekkinge tussen hierdie drie teksgedeeltes en die res van die roman word ’n bevinding gemaak oor Brink se klaarblyklike ideologiese posisionering van homself as skrywer. Kannemeyer stip verrassende verbande aan tussen die oënskynlik uiteenlopende oeuvres van C.J. Langenhoven en die se peetkind Etienne Leroux. Hy is dit eens met Leroux se oordeel dat Langenhoven die eensame lot ervaar het van ’n kunstenaar wat weens tydsomstandighede homself nooit volkome as kunstenaar kon laat geld nie. Langenhoven het wel die fondament gelê “vir latere skrywers soos sy peetseun om op voort te bou en kunswerke te lewer waarmee Afrikaans in die internasionale arena van die literatuur hoorbaar kon word”. Grebe neem ’n aantal vroeë, Nederlandstalige, preke van sy oupa (wyle ds. Philipus Petrus van der Merwe) en vergelyk dit taalkundig met ’n ewe groot korpus van sy laaste, TYDSKRIF VIR NEDERLANDS & AFRIKAANS: 16DE JAARGANG (2009) I: 1 2 Afrikaanstalige, preke. Hierdie vergelyking plaas hy as onafhanklike kontrole teenoor die hipotese in Ana Deumert se studie oor die standaardisering van Afrikaans (2004). Thom Wium gaan in haar studie die ontstaansgeskiedenis na van Tristia, ’n reeks werke vir die klavier deur die komponis Arnold van Wyk (1919-1983). Die hooffokus van die artikel is die elegiese program van die stel. Deel van die netwerk “buite- musikale” verwysings wat nagegaan word, is die Middel-Nederlandse “Egidiuslied”. Die desbetreffende stuk (“Rondo desolato”) is deur Van Wyk as die beste in die stel beskou en oorweeg as oorkoepelende titel. Die studie sluit ’n gevolgtrekking in oor waarom die komponis uiteindelik hierdie bron verswyg het. Ons bedank graag die keurders, Christa van Zyl die grafiese ontwerper asook Africana Uitgewers vir die toestemming om die afbeelding op die voorblad te gebruik. Universiteit van Wes-Kaapland 3 Slavernijromans als beginpunt voor een vergelijkend onderzoek tussen literatuur uit Zuid-Afrika en het Nederlands-Caribisch gebied Ena Jansen Despite huge differences between South Africa and the Caribbean, colonial Dutch influences are still highly visible in both areas, especially with regard to important cultural products such as language and memories of slavery. This article suggests that slave novels are an important starting point for comparative literary studies between these areas. A short description is given of the historical circumstances during the seventeenth century which lead to the formation of Dutch colonies in far flung southern and western parts of the globe. Against the background of insights from postmodern and postcolonial theories on historical novels as developed by Linda Hutcheon (1988) and Etienne van Heerden (1999), the article then explores a few slavery novels written by South African and Dutch-Caribbean authors in a comparative context.Inleidwing. 1. Inleiding Op de omslag van Tydskrif vir Nederlands en Afrikaans van juni 1999 staat een foto van het Tula-monument op Curaçao. De foto is waarschijnlijk uitgekozen om aan te sluiten bij het artikel door Etienne van Heerden (1999), “Die geding met die geheue: kontemporêre fiksie se bydrae tot teoretiese besinnings oor die historiografie”. Nergens in het artikel of elders in het nummer gaat het echter direct over slavernij of wordt uitgelegd wie Tula was.1 In mijn artikel komt deze beroemde Curaçaose slaaf wel ter sprake, als tegenhanger van de Zuid-Afrikaanse opstandeling Galant die aan Zuid-Afrikaners vooral bekend is als hoofdpersonage in André P. Brinks roman Houd-den-Bek. Er zijn zeer grote verschillen tussen Zuid-Afrika en het Caribische gebied (het eilandenrijk van de Antillen en Suriname), maar een gemeenschappelijke factor is dat Nederlandse invloeden uit de koloniale tijd steeds in zowel het zuiden als het westen duidelijk aanwezig zijn, vooral met betrekking tot de diversiteit van hun bevolkingen en de inheems-ontwikkelde talen Afrikaans en Papiaments, allebei dochtertalen van zeventiende-eeuws Nederlands. Bovendien hebben allebei deze werelddelen een slavernijverleden dat steeds naklinkt in historische romans. Uiteraard houden historici van de koloniale geschiedenis van zowel Zuid-Afrika als het Caribische gebied zich al lang met het onderwerp slavernij bezig.2 In dit artikel wordt betoogd dat een vergelijkend onderzoek naar slavernijromans door letterkundigen gebruikt kan worden om niet alleen de koloniale geschiedenis, maar ook literatuur uit deze gebieden zinvol in een vergelijkend verband te lezen.3 TYDSKRIF VIR NEDERLANDS & AFRIKAANS: 16DE JAARGANG (2009) I: 1 4 Een voorstel om de Zuid-Afrikaanse literatuur in een verband met het Nederlandse Caribische gebied te lezen, veronderstelt een positief antwoord op de vraag of een vergelijking wel mogelijk is. Zijn er niet “te wijde en veel te diepe oceanen” tussen de twee gebieden, zowel letterlijk als figuurlijk?4 De gebieden hebben immers niet eens de invloed van de Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie gemeenschappelijk. Zuid- Afrika maakte voor 1800 wel deel uit van de VOC-geschiedenis, terwijl Curaçao en de andere Nederlandse Caribische gebiedsdelen door de West-Indische Compagnie bestuurd werden. Het is wellicht interessant om te vermelden dat er een opvatting over de verdeling van de wereld bestaat die stelt dat de Kaap de Goede Hoop nooit gesticht had mogen worden ten behoeve van de activiteiten van de VOC. Eigenlijk had de stad bij het West-Indische gebied
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