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Identifikasi Tumbuhan Sumber Polen Pada Madu Lebah Heterotrigona Itama Dan Tetragonula Laeviceps Di Belitung

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Identifikasi Tumbuhan Sumber Polen Pada Madu Lebah Heterotrigona Itama Dan Tetragonula Laeviceps Di Belitung Jurnal Sumberdaya HAYATI Juni 2021 Available online at: Vol. 7 No. 1, hlm 25-35 https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/sumberdayahayati Identifikasi Tumbuhan Sumber Polen pada Madu Lebah Heterotrigona itama dan Tetragonula laeviceps di Belitung Identification of Plants as Pollen Source in Honey of Stingless Bee Heterotrigona itama and Tetragonula laeviceps from Belitung ABYAN SETYA PRIAMBUDI, RIKA RAFFIUDIN, NINA RATNA DJUITA* Departemen Biologi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680 Diterima 6 Februari 2021/Disetujui 26 Juni 2021 Stingless bees forage to the flower for nectar and at the same time, pollen also trapped in the body hairs of the bees. Mostly pollen was concentrated into the pollen basket and transferred to the pollen and honey pot in the stingless bee nest. Pollen is male gametophytes of seed plants which have various of shapes, sizes, and ornamentations. This palynology study was aimed to identify the plants of pollen source that were found in honey of stingless bee Heterotrigona itama and Tetragonula laeviceps in Belitung and to analyze characteristics of the pollen. Pollen was extracted from honey and conducted the acetolysis and identification of the pollen in honey. We found 11 and 19 plant species as pollen soirce in the honey of H. itama and T. laeviceps, respectively. Pollen from Macaranga tanarius (23.72%) and Cocos nucifera (22.53%) were the two most dominant species on the H. itama honey. Pollen from Ageratum conyzoides (16.36%) are most often found in T. laeviceps honey. The most common pollen in honey of H. itama and T. laeviceps were from Arecaceae with a total of three species. Pollen from plants with tree habitus is most commonly found in honey of both species of stingless bees. Key words: Heterotrigona itama, palynology, Tetragonula laeviceps, Macaranga tanarius, Cocos nucifera ___________________________________________________________________________ PENDAHULUAN umur lebah pekerja dan serta perkembangan lebah yang tidak normal (Scotfield dan Mattila 2015). Polen merupakan gametofit jantan yang dijumpai Tumbuhan penghasil polen yang dikumpulkan pada tumbuhan berbiji, baik Angisopermae maupun oleh lebah sebagai sumber pakan di antaranya Gymnospermae. Dinding polen terdiri atas dua Acacia sp., Ageratum houstonianum, Calliandra lapisan yaitu eksin dan intin. Lapisan eksin brevipes, Capsicum sp., Carica papaya, Cocos tersusun oleh sporopollenin yaitu suatu senyawa nucifera, Helianthus sp., Impatiens balsamina, biopolimer yang terdapat pada dinding luar polen Mimosa pudica, dan Psidium guajava (Ramalho et untuk melindungi dari serangan lingkungan (Kim al. 1990). Penelitian tentang keanekaragaman polen dan Douglas 2013), sedangkan intin tersusun oleh di suatu tempat penting dilakukan untuk mengetahui selulosa (Lersten 2004). Kandungan zat gizi pada tanaman yang polennya dikoleksi oleh lebah. Dengan polen terdiri atas protein, karbohidrat, asam lemak, adanya informasi ini, konservasi dapat dilakukan senyawa fenolik (Campos et al. 2008), lipid, mineral, dan memperbanyak area penanaman jenis-jenis dan vitamin yang dibutuhkan untuk pertumbuhan tanaman potensial sebagai sumber pakan lebah. dan perkembangan lebah madu (Herbert dan Serangga yang mengumpulkan polen contohnya Shimanuki 1978). Polen menjadi faktor penting berasal dari kelompok corbiculata seperti lebah yang mempengaruhi perkembangan koloni lebah tanpa sengat, dicirikan dengan adanya pollen basket (Keller et al. 2005), sehingga ketersediaannya sangat pada tungkai belakang lebah pekerja yang berfungsi menentukan perkembangan dan kondisi kesehatan sebagai pembawa polen. Contoh lebah tanpa sengat koloni. Kekurangan polen mengakibatkan penurunan adalah Tetragonula laeviceps dan Heterotrigona itama. Ukuran tubuh T. laeviceps berkisar 3.2-3.5 _________________ mm (Azizi et al. 2020) dengan tubuh berwarna hitam ∗Penulis korespondensi: E-mail: [email protected] dominan dan terdapat rambut berwarna keputihan pada permukaan ventral abdomen (Sakagami 1978). 26 PRIAMBUDI AS ET AL. Jurnal Sumberdaya HAYATI Heterotrigona itama memiliki ukuran tubuh lebih besar dibandingkan dengan T. laeviceps berkisar 5-7 mm (Azizi et al. 2020). Banyaknya jumlah madu yang dihasilkan menjadikan lebah H. itama paling banyak diternakkan oleh petani lebah (Inoue et al. 1985). Selain mengumpulkan polen, kelompok corbiculata juga mengumpulkan madu yaitu cairan alami dari nektar bunga yang umumnya memiliki rasa manis (Evahelda et al. 2017). Nektar bunga disintesis dan diproduksi oleh nectaries atau kelenjar. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi tumbuhan penghasil polen yang dikumpulkan oleh lebah tanpa sengat H. itama dan T. laeviceps di Belitung. Gambar 1. Peta lokasi koleksi polen dari madu dan sarang H. BAHAN DAN METODE itama dan T. laeviceps di Desa Keciput, Kecamatan Sijuk, Kabupaten Belitung Pengambilan Sampel. Sampel polen dari madu dikoleksi dari peternak lebah tanpa sengat HASIL di Belitung. Lokasi koleksi polen dari madu H. itama dan T. laeviceps berasal dari Desa Keciput, Identifikasi Polen dari Madu H. itama. Polen Kecamatan Sijuk, Kabupaten Belitung, Provinsi dari madu H. itama berhasil diidentifikasi berasal Bangka Belitung yang berada pada koordinat 2° 33′ dari sembilan spesies dari 11 spesies tumbuhan yang dijumpai (Tabel 1). Persentase polen pada madu H. 13” Lintang Selatan dan 107° 42′ 45” Bujur Timur itama sangat beragam. Polen dari tumbuhan Macaranga (Gambar 1). tanarius (Euphorbiaceae) memiliki persentase paling Ekstraksi Polen dari Madu dan Asetolisis. tinggi (23.72%) pada madu H. itama dikategorikan Metode yang dipakai untuk mengamati polen sebagai secondary pollen type (16-45%). Tipe aperture menggunakan metode asetolisis (Erdtman 1952). polen yang mendominasi pada madu H. itama berupa Setelah polen diasetolisis kemudian ditambahkan tricolporate. Bentuk polen berdasarkan sumbu polar gliserin 30% dan diaduk menggunakan tusuk gigi dan ekuatorial yang paling banyak dijumpai yaitu agar tidak menggumpal. Larutan yang berisi polen circular dan circular oval. Ornamentasi eksin yang diteteskan ke gelas objek dan ditutup dengan gelas banyak dijumpai pada adalah tipe psilate. Polen penutup. berukuran sedang (25-50 µm) paling banyak dijumpai Identifikasi Polen. Preparat polen diamati pada madu H. itama (Tabel 1). dengan mikroskop majemuk (CX-23) dan kamera Identifikasi Polen dari Madu T. laeviceps. Polen yang berasal dari madu T. laeviceps berhasil digital OptiLab yang terhubung pada komputer. diidentifikasi sebanyak 17 spesies tumbuhan dari 19 Penghitungan jumlah polen pada tiap sampel spesies yang ditemukan (Tabel 2). Persentase polen dilakukan hingga polen mencapai jumlah minimal pada madu T. laeviceps berbeda-beda. Polen dari 200-300 polen (Kiew dan Muid 1991). Polen tumbuhan Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae) memiliki diidentifikasi menggunakan Pollen Flora of Taiwan persentase paling tinggi (16.36%) dan dikategorikan (Huang 1972) dan database Australian Pollen and sebagai secondary pollen type (16-45%). Tipe aperture Spore Atlas (APSA) (http://apsa.anu.edu.ai/) dan polen yang mendominasi pada madu T. laeviceps Weber (1998). Polen yang sudah diidentifikasi adalah tipe tricolporate. Bentuk polen berdasarkan dihitung persentasenya dan dikelompokkan menjadi sumbu polar dan ekuatorial yang banyak dijumpai Predominant Pollen Type (PPT) (>45%), Secondary adalah bentuk circular dan circular oval. Ornamentasi Pollen Type (SPT) (16-45%), Important Minor eksin yang banyak dijumpai yaitu tipe psilate. Polen Pollen Type (IMPT) (3-15%), dan Minor Pollen Type berukuran kecil (10-25 µm) banyak dijumpai pada madu T. laeviceps. (MPT) (<3%) (Kiew dan Muid 1991). Penghitungan Keanekaragaman Spesies Tumbuhan dari persentase polen dilakukan dengan membandingkan Madu H. itama dan T. laeviceps. Spesies tumbuhan jumlah polen dari spesies tumbuhan yang didapat yang ditemukan pada madu H. itama lebih sedikit dengan jumlah keseluruhan polen pada sampel dan jumlahnya dibandingkan dengan tumbuhan pada madu dikalikan 100 persen. T. laeviceps. Tumbuhan yang polennya dikoleksi oleh H. itama berasal dari 8 family (Tabel 1), sedangkan Jumlah polen per spesies tumbuhan yang dikoleksi oleh T. laeviceps berasal dari 15 family Persentase polen = x 100 (Tabel 2). Jumlah total polen pada sampel 7,2021 Vol. Tabel 1. Keanekaragaman polen dari madu H. itama Morfologi Morfologi rujukan polen Bentuk berdasarkan Persentase Aperture Ornamen-tasi Ukuran (µm) Spesies/famili/nama lokal Referensi Habitus polen yang diamati (APSA) sumbu eksin polar/ekuatorial polen (%)/ Polar Ekuatorial Polar Ekuatorial Polar Ekuatorial kategori Acacia mangium/ 35.65±1.16 - - - C - Psilate Mimosaceae/ 3.95/IMPT APSA Pohon / - (sedang) Tongke hutan 19.88±1.95 / Ageratum conyzoides/ 3-colporate ISB CO Echinate 20.75±0.39 18.18/SPT APSA Herba (kecil) Asteraceae/Babadotan - / Cocos nucifera/ - Mono-sulcate - COC Scabrate 32.45±0.61 22.53/SPT APSA Pohon (sedang) Arecaceae/kelapa 31.86±0.95 / Elaeis guineensis/ Syn-colpate SA CO Psilate 32.06±1.05 Arecaceae/Kelapa 4.35/IMPT APSA Pohon (sedang) sawit 22.58±0.35 / Guioa pleuropteris/ 24.86±0.72 - 3-colporate SB B Psilate Sapindaceae/Pulas 3.56/IMPT APSA Pohon (kecil) 19.25±1.07 / Macaranga tanarius/ 3-colporate C CO Psilate 15.15±0.96 23.72/SPT APSA Pohon Euphorbiaceae/Mara (kecil) 27.03±1.00 / Myrica javanica/ 3-colporate SA CO Psilate 25.91±1.65 5.53/IMPT APSA Pohon Myricaceae/Mengkikiran (sedang) (-) Tidak ditemukan. (→) Aperture. Skala: 10 µm. Predominant Pollen Type (PPT), Secondary Pollen Type (SPT), Important
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