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Volume- 2, Issue-4 (July-Aug) IRJAY volume- 2, issue-4 (July-Aug) IRJAY volume- 2, issue-4 (July-Aug) Review Article A Review On Ethnomedicinal And Traditional Uses Of Elaeocarpus Ganitrus Roxb. (Rudraksha) Prabhakar shukla1 Suresh Chaubey2 1. PG Scholar, PG Department of DravyaGuna Rishikul Campus, Haridwar,U.A.U Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. 2. Prof. PG Department of DravyaGuna Rishikul Campus, Haridwar, U.A.U Dehradun , Uttarakhand, India. ABSTRACT Article received on- 28 Aug Article send to reviewer- 29 The word Rudraksha, literally derived from two Aug Sanskrit words –„rudra‟, a synonym for Lord Shiva and Article again received after „aksha‟ meaning eyes. correction- 4 Sept. Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb. is an evergreen tree, ripe fruits of which contain a hard and highly ornamental stony endocarp known as bead or nut ,and is commonly termed as Rudrakasha in India.It holds popular belief reinforced by Corresponding author- experiments that it has confirmed medicinal uses apart from Prabhakar shukla, PG its attractive stones. Traditionally the plant is used to treat Scholar, PG Department of various diseases such as mental diseases ,hypertension DravyaGuna Rishikul ,epilepsy etc. In the present review, an attempt has been made Campus, Haridwar,U.A.U Dehradun. to congregate the botanical, phytochemical, ethno medicinal, prabhakarshukla50@gma pharmacological information on Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb. il.com belongs to family Elaeocarpaceae. It is prevalent for its fascinating fruit stones and medicinal properties. It procures a remarkable position in Hinduism and Ayurveda, the indigenous system of medicine. KEY WORDS; Elaeocarpus ganitrus , Hypertension , Rudraksha 1 IRJAY, vol- 2, issue-4, July-Aug:2019; 1-8 volume- 2, issue-4 (July-Aug) IRJAY INTRODUCTION hypertension, arthritis and liver diseases. Furthermore it is retrieve to exhibit Elaeocarpus ganitrus commonly known as multifarious pharmacological activities “Rudraksha” in India belongs to the like anti-inflammatory, analgesic, Elaeocarpaceae family and grows in the hypoglycemic, antiulcerogenic and very Himalayan region. Elaeocarpus has about 360 species world wide. Out of this, 25 high antimicrobial activity. Phytosterols, species occur in India alone. According to fats, alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, Hindu mythology, Rudraksha beads bear a proteins and tannins have been found to be great religions, spiritual, and materialistic largely responsible for the therapeutic significance. potential of E. ganitrus. Aqueous extract of . It is also called blueberry beads as, beads leaves contains glycosides also. Ethanolic are covered by an outer shell of blue color extract of leaves contains gallic acid, on fully ripening. The seed is borne by ellagic acid & quercetin. This review several species of Elaeocarpus, with E. provides a scientific basis for ganitrus being the principal species. The pharmacological /medicinal properties and specific appellation ganitrus is plausibly therapeutic uses of Elaeocarpus ganitrus taken from ganitri, the name for this Roxb. species in Sundanese and Malay. It has been adored in almost all ancient Botanical classification ayurvedic texts for its extraordinary medicinal properties. It is Kingdom - Plantae ethnomedicinally important plant and possesses ameliorating pharmacological Division - Magnoliophyta properties which have been used for the Class - Magnoliopsida treatment of various ailments Order - Oxalidales In Hindi it is recognized as Rudraksha, is a Family - Elaeocarpaceae large evergreen broad-leaved tree whose seed is conventionally used for prayer Genus - Elaeocarpus beads in Hindu religion. In traditional Species - E. ganitrus system of medicine, different parts (beads, bark, leaves and outer shell of beads) of Binomial name - Elaeocarpus ganitrus Rudraksha are taken for the alleviation of (Roxb.) various health problems such as mental disorders, headache, fever, skin diseases, Common name - Rudraksha and for healing the wounds. Ayurvedic texts categorise Rudraksha fruits as thermogenic, sedative, cough alleviator Synonym of Rudraksha and are useful for the treatment of bronchitis, neuralgia, cephalagia, anorexia, Language - Synonyms migraine, manic conditions and other brain Sanskrit - Chattu sampangi, disorders. It is employed in folk medicine Rudraksha, Bhutnasan as a counter agent of stress, anxiety, depression, palpitation, nerve pain, Hindi - Rudraki, Rudraksha epilepsy, lack of concentration, asthma, 2 IRJAY, vol- 2, issue-4, July-Aug:2019; 1-8 volume- 2, issue-4 (July-Aug) IRJAY English - Utrasum Bead Tree , It is a large evergreen tree with large Wooden Begger bead leaves. Its height ranges from 50–200 feet. Leaves are large and shining green on the Gujarati - Rudraksh sun facing side and dull stringy on earth Bengali - Rudrakya facing side. Flowers become visible in the month of April May and are white or Kannada - Rudrakshi mara, Rudraksh yellow in colour. Fruits start appearing in Malayalam - Rudraksha, Rudraksam June and ripen near October. Ripe fruit is fleshy and has a seed with blue shell. Inner Marathi - Rudraksha part or bead lying in the seed is called Punjabi - Rudraksha Rudraksha. Tamil - Rudraksha, Ruttiratcam Synonym of Rudraksha in other Language - Different synonyms of Elaeocarpus Telgu - Rudraksha, Rudraksi ganitrus in other language are mentioned Assam - Rudrai, Ludrok, Udrok in classical books like Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Raj Nighantu, Shankar Other - Sivaksha, Sarwaksh, Paawan, Nighantu, Dravyaguna Vigyan, Nighantu Nilkanthaksha, Haraksha, Sivpriye Adarsha, etc. Habitat Morphological & Macroscopical Elaeocarpus ganitrus is an average sized Description evergreen tree with a spreading attractive The morphological characters of crown, found in tropical and subtropical plant are shown below as follow- areas at the altitude ranging from the sea coast to 2,000 meters more than the sea Leaves- Simple, glabrous, oblong- level. Elaeocarpus ganitrus generally lanceolate, sub-entire or irregularly dispersed from Madagascar in the west crenate, acute or acuminate through India, Malaysia, Southeast Asia, Southern China, and Japan, through Flower- White or yellow colored, in Australia to New Zealand, Fiji, and Hawaii dense racemes and mostly from axils in the east with it‟s around 350 species. E. of fallen leaves, fringed petals, ganitrus found in Assam, Bihar, Bengal, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Sikkim anthers are linear, appear in April- in India. Tree of Rudraksha is common may along the foothills of all districts of Fruits- Round or oval, small, violet Arunachal Pradesh,Tree of Rudraksha is originated in humid evergreen forests, or blue colored and acidic in taste which are characterized by three-tier forest Endocarp- Stony endocarp is hard, structure. globular, strongly tubercule, marked Botanical Description with 5 to longitudinal ridges, rarely 1 to 4, reddish brown in color. 3 IRJAY, vol- 2, issue-4, July-Aug:2019; 1-8 volume- 2, issue-4 (July-Aug) IRJAY Table -Macroscopically description S. No. Leaf Inspection/Observation 1 Apex Acute 2 Base symmetric 3 Color Shining green 4 Margin Undulate 5 Shape Ovate 6 Size 5-6 inch in length, 2 inch broad Table-Macroscopically Examination of seed S. No Seed Inspection/Observation 1 Color Blue (on fully ripening) 2 Texture Hard 3 Taste Sour 4 Shape Round, Bulbous 5 Size ½ -1 inch Bioactive Compounds in isoelaeocarpine and quercetin, Elaeocarpus- gallic, ellagic acids and rudrakine. Three new ellagic acid derivatives of The Elaeocarpus ganitrus fruit have eleocarpaceae, 4-Omethylellagic many phytoconstituents such as acid 3-0-a-rhamnoside, 4- alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, Omethylellagic acid 30-(300-O- steroids, triterpenoids, carbohydrates acetyl)-a-rhamnoside and 4- and cardiac glycosides. Singh5 says Omethylellagic acid 30-(400- that a significant amount of Oacetyl)- arhamnoside in addition to phytocomponents such as the known ellagic acid derivative, 4- isoelaeocarpicine, elaeocapine O-methylellagic acid 30- (200,300- di-Oacetyl)-a-rhamnoside are used 4 IRJAY, vol- 2, issue-4, July-Aug:2019; 1-8 volume- 2, issue-4 (July-Aug) IRJAY in multi besieged therapy of cancer 3 mukhi Sure shot remedy for the and a significant antioxidant ability diseases like depression, schizophrenia, due to its wealthy content of tannins blood pressure, jaundice, menta and flavonoids34. Prosopis species 4 mukhi Provides medication for has been widely used to cure basic diseases like blood circulation, asthma, ailments in the usual system of memory lapse, cough respiratory strip medicine. Elaeocarpus ganitrus have problems, and brain linked illness, etc. The gallic, quercetin, and ellagic acids, (- wearer bestows power of creativity, ) elaeocarpine, (-) isoelaeocarpine enhances memory power and intelligence. and rudrakine. 5 mukhi For treating medical Types of Rudraksha conditions like blood pressure, diabetes, piles, stress, displeasure, mental disability, Rudraksha beads are catalogued depending as well as neurotic, heart and on the number of “mukhis” – the clefts and maladjustment problems etc. furrows – they have on the surface. The scriptures state of 1 to 38 mukhis, but 6 mukhi Counter measure for the Rudrakshas of 1 to 14 mukhis are usually ailments like gynecological problems, bring to light. One mukhi rudraksha is not epilepsy etc. Defends from emotional widely distributed. Five facetedor trauma of wordy sorrows and imparts Punchmukhi rudraksha bead is most wisdom, learning and knowledge. commonly found. The higher mukhis or 7 mukhi Extraordinarily works for faces are very rare. Each bead imposes a treating
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