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Comparative Study of Post-Marriage Nationality Of Women in Legal Systems of Different Countries http://ijmmu.com [email protected] International Journal of Multicultural ISSN 2364-5369 Volume 8, Issue 8 and Multireligious Understanding August, 2021 Pages: 346-356 Developmental Stages of Irfani Poetry Muhammadjon Imomnazarov1; Kamola Jumaeva2 1 Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor, Tashkent State University of Oriental Studies, Uzbekistan 2 Researcher, Lecturer of Tashkent State University of Oriental Studies, Uzbekistan http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v8i8.2977 Abstract This article discusses the stages of development of irfani poetry in Persian classical literature of the XII-XV centuries. It describes the relationship between the two aspects of the problem, the first aspect of the concepts of tasavvuf and irfan, and the second aspect of what is meant by tasavvufi literature or irfani literature. In illuminating the stages of development of irfani poetry, we have divided this 8-century process of creative development into three major stages, taking into account the fact that the literature of the Muslim region has undergone a great development in terms of perception and creative reflection of the world during the VIII-XV centuries. In this article, the reason why irfani poetry is divided into three major stages and the factors that motivate it have been proved by providing evidence. Keywords: Sanai; Khaqani; Anvari; Farididdin Attar; Jalaliddin Rumi;Sheikh Saadi;Amir Khusrav Dehlavi; Khoja Hafiz Sherozi; Alisher Nava’I; Irfan; Majaz; Tasavvuf Introduction Before starting the topic, it is necessary to pay attention to two aspects. The first aspect is the question of the relationship between the concepts of tasavvuf and irfan, and the second is to know what is meant by irfani literature or tasavvufi literature. The second problem is easier to solve, that is, when we say irfani literature, we do not mean works of tasavvuf theory or history, but pure fiction in the spirit of irfan, or more precisely, classical Persian poetry of the XII-XV centuries. The first issue is more complicated because thousands of articles and hundreds of books on tasavvuf have been written all over the world in their time and today, in which sometimes completely contradictory opinions have been expressed, so much can be written about irfan and so many different interpretations can emerge. John Trimingham, for example, interprets irfan as “mystical knowledge,” but attributes it to Shites (Trimingham: 1989, p. 119-292). However, the shia-sunni conflict took a sharp political turn with the rise of the Safavids to power in Iran in the 16th century, and the classical period of Irfani poetry we are focusing on dates back to the 3rd century. For this reason, in this article we will try to approach the topic based solely on Nava’i's interpretations, based on the principles of history and logic. Materials and Methods Alisher Nava’i's pamphlet “Mahbub ul-Qulub” begins with the description of the 16th chapter of the “Previous Part” “Nazm gulistonining xushnag‘ma qushlari zikrida” as follows: Supervision in Strengthening Teacher Professionalism (Study on Implementation of Supervisory Duties and Responsibilities in Madrasah 346 Tsanawiyah West Lombok) International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding (IJMMU) Vol. 8, No. 8, August 2021 “Ul necha tabaqadir: avvalgi jamoa nuqudi kunuzi ma'rifati ilohiydin g‘aniylar va xalq ta'rifidin mustag‘niylardur. Ishlari maoniy xazoinidin ma'rifat javharin termak va el fayzi uchun vazn silkida nazm bermak. Nazm adosi bag‘oyat arjumand va benihoyat sharif va dilpisand o‘ldug‘i uchun oyoti kalomda nozil bor va hadisi mo‘'jiznizomda tilagan topar, chun maal-qasd emas, el hurmati jihatidin ani she'r demas”. (Alisher Nava’i: 1998, p. 24) (Prose statement: They are several groups. The enlightenment of the first group is those who are enriched with the cash of the divine treasure and do not feel the need for the definition of the people. Their work is to weave the pearl of enlightenment from the treasury of meanings and to pull that pearl into the thread of poetry so that the hand may find grace. Since the expression of their poems is so blessed and so beautiful and glorious, one who seeks the content of the verses of the divine word and the miraculous hadiths of the Messenger of Allah can find them in them, and because they are not written intentionally, the people respect them and do not dare to call them poetry”.) Alisher Nava'i calls this group of “haqiqat tariqining suxanvarlari” “speakers of the method of truth” and mentions the names of the greatest figures of tasavvuf literature, Farididdin Attar and Jalaliddin Rumi. The scholar praises the members of this group as “avliyoi ogoh va mashoyix va ahlulloh” (saints are aware and mashayik and ahlullah). The author then goes on to describe the “majoz tariqi” and describes the truths he discovered as follows: “Yana bir jamoatdurkim, haqiqat asrorig‘a majoz tariqin maxlut qilubdurlar va kalomlarin bu uslubda marbut etibdurlar. Andoqki, maoniy ahlining nuqtapardozi Shayx Muslihiddin Sa'diy Sheroziy va ishq ahli guruhining pokbozi va pokravi Amir Xusrav Dehlaviy va tasavvuf va diqqat mushkulotining girihkushoyi Shayx Zahiriddin Sanoiy va faridi ahli yaqin Shayx Avhadiddin va maoniy adosiga lofiz Xoja Shamsuddin Muhammad al-Hofiz” (Alisher Nava’i: 1998, p. 25) (There are many mistakes in the text of 20 volumes, which we corrected on the basis of the summary text of A.N Kononov). (Prose statement: “There is another group that has mixed majoz ways into the tasavvuf of Truth and tied their words in this style. For example, Sheikh Mujlihiddin Saadi Shirazi, a gentle speaker of the people of meaning, and Amir Khusrau Dehlavi, an honest lover of the love group, Sheikh Zahiriddin Sanai, the one who solves the problems of tasavvuf and thinking, Sheikh Avhadiddin, the only one of the people of truth, and Shamsuddin Muhammad). In this chapter, Nava’i singles out another group: “Yana jam’e bordurlarki, majoz tariqi adosi alar nazmiga g‘olib va alar bu shevaga ko‘proq rog‘ibdurlar. Andoqkim, Kamoli Isfaxoniy va Xoqoniyi Shirvoniy va Xojuyi Kirmoniy va mavlono Jaloliddin va Xoja Kamol va Anvariy va Zahir va Abdulvosi' va Asir va Calmon Sovajiy va Nosir Buxoriy va Kotibiy Nishopuriy va Shohiy Sabzavoriy” (Alisher Nava’i: 1998). (Prose statement: “There are a few others who have won the majoz way in their poems, and they have been more encouraged in this way. For example: Kamal Isfahani, Khaqani Shirvani, Khojui Kirmoni, Mavlono Jaloliddin, Khoja Kamal, Anvari, Zahir, Abdulvosi, Asir, Salmon Sovaji, Nasir Bukhari, Kotibi Nishapuri and Shahi Sabzavari. As we can see, Alisher Nava’i in his comments mentions only the poets who lived in the XII-XV centuries. Not even a word is remembered by Ferdowsi, whom he knew well. Therefore, we think only about the creators of this period. We also limit our comments to Farididdin Attar and Jalaliddin Rumi, Saadi Sherozi, Amir Khusrav Dehlavi, Khoja Hafiz, Sanai, Khaqani Shirvani and Anvari. This is due to the fact that to this day we are well aware of Nava’i's relations with these Persian-speaking teachers. Supervision in Strengthening Teacher Professionalism (Study on Implementation of Supervisory Duties and Responsibilities in Madrasah 347 Tsanawiyah West Lombok) International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding (IJMMU) Vol. 8, No. 8, August 2021 Results and Discussion Now, if we look at it from the historical point of view, the works of Sanai, Khaqani and Anvaris belong to the 12th century, Farididdin Attar, Jalaliddin Rumi and Sheikh Saadi lived in the 13th century, Amir Khusrau Dehlavi and Khoja Hafiz Sherozi lived after them. We also think about these historical periods. During the eighth and fifteenth centuries, the literature of the Muslim region underwent a great development in terms of understanding the world and its creative reflection. In time, we found it necessary to divide this 8-century process of creative perfection into three major stages. The first of these stages, the end of the ninth century - the first half of the tenth century, began with the formation of a powerful Persian school of poetry in the Samanid court under the leadership of Abu Abdullah Rudaki, It lasted until the end of the 11th century and developed mainly in Persian in the Ghaznavid Palace and in Turkish and Persian in the Karakhanid Palace, increasing the scope of artistic skills and imagery. The most basic feature of most examples of the literature of this period is the reliance on reason, the second stage of spiritual development within the culture of the Muslim region is in the stage of Muslim enlightenment is fully consistent with the enlightenment of science, which is the leading direction of the realization of the reality of existence. The literature of this period was mainly devoted to the singing of purely secular subjects, so it was appropriate to call it secular literature. The poetry of this period developed within the framework of literary schools centered in the palace of one or another ruler, their content was dominated by hymns, romantic poems, khamriyot (wine theme), zuhdiyot (the theme of the world and its passions and the lack of love for them), hija (comedy for certain people). The great poet who first abruptly broke this situation was Abdulmajd Sanai (d. 1141), who left the palace and sang hymns and brought serious philosophical, social, and moral issues into poetry. His epics “Sayrul-ibad ilal-maod” (The Journey of the Servants of Allah) and “Hadoyiq-ul-Haqiqa” (Gardens of Truth), more than 10,000 bytes long, laid the foundation for a new direction in regional literature. Sanai was born in Ghazni and dedicated his first poems to Mas’ud III (1099–1115), one of the last Ghaznavid rulers.
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