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Prepared in Cooperation with the Oregon State Engineer L l^AJPER Prepared in cooperation with the Oregon State Engineer Geologic Factors That Control the Occurrence and Availability of Ground Water in the Fort Rock Basin Lake County, Oregon By E. R. HAMPTON HYDROLOGY OF VOLCANIC-ROCK TERRANES U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 383-B Prepared in cooperation with the Oregon State Engineer UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1964 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director The U.S. Geological Survey Library has cataloged this publication as follows: Hampton, Eugene R., 1934- Geologic factors that control the occurrence and availabil­ ity of ground water in the Fort Rock Basin, Lake County, Oregon. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1964. iii, 29 p. illus., maps (1 fold. col. in pocket) diagrs., tables. 30 cm. (U.S. Geological Survey. Professional paper 383-B) Hydrology of volcanic-rock terranes. Prepared in cooperation with the Oregon State Engineer. Bibliography: p. 29. (Continued on next card) Hampton, Eugene R., 1934 Geologic factors that control the occurrence and availability of ground water in the Fort Rock Basin, Lake County, Oregon. 1964. (Card 2) 1. Geology Oregon Lake Co. 2. Water-supply Oregon Lake Co. 3. Water, Underground Oregon Lake Co. 4. Borings Ore­ gon Lake Co. I. Oregon. State Engineer. II. Title. III. Title: Fort Rock Basin, Lake County, Oregon. (Series) First printing 1964 Second printing 1988 For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225 CONTENTS Geology Continued Page Abstract._---_---____-_------_______-____________-_ Bl Quaternary rocks Continued Introduction _______________________________________ 1 Unconsolidated deposits Continued Purpose and scope of the investigation.____________ 1 Delta deposits-------------___--------- B15 Location and extent of the area_________________ 2 Dune sand.____--_______-_-______. 15 Previous investigations._________________________ 2 Stream-valley alluvium_____________ 16 Acknowledgments.-.. _ __________________________ 3 Younger basalt-____________________ 16 Well-numbering system-_---_-_____-____--___-_ 3 Geologic structure.__________________________ 16 Geography_ ______________________________________ 3 Folds_____ _ . 16 Climate________________________________________ 3 Faults _ ______________________________ 17 Culture and industry____________________________ 4 Ground water-_________________________________ 17 Landforms and drainage.________________________ 4 Infiltration and recharge____________________. 17 Basin floor_________________________________ 4 Discharge _ _______________________________ 18 Mountain uplands __________________________ 4 Water-level fluctuations- ____________________ 18 Geology ___-.-_-______--_---__-________________-___ 5 Chemical quality of the ground water_________ 18 General description and relationship of rock units.__ 5 Occurrence in subareas of the Fort Rock Basin. 19 Tertiary rocks__________________________________ 5 Hager Mountain slopc._________________. 20 Picture Rock Basalt__--_-___________________ 5 Paulina Marsh subarea-_________________ 21 Volcanic rocks of intermediate composition_____ 7 Thorne Lake subarea____________________ 21 Fort Rock Formation _______________________ 7 Seven Mile Ridge subarea______________ 22 Hayes Butte Basalt-________________________ 11 Lost Forest subarea------__-_-_-_--__-_- 22 Tertiary and Quaternary rocks___________________ 12 Fort Rock-Christmas Lake Valleys_____. 22 Peyerl Tuff________________________________ 12 Hayes Butte slope______________________ 23 Paulina Basalt______----_____-_____-____. 14 Horse Ranch subarea____________________ 23 Quaternary rocks _______________________________ 14 Potential for additional development__________ 23 Unconsolidated deposits. ____________________ 14 Well construction,__________________________ 24 Lakebed and terrace deposits____________ 14 References._ _____________________________________ 29 ILLUSTRATIONS [Plate is in pocket] PLATE 1. Geologic map and sections of the Fort Rock Basin, Lake County, showing location of selected wells. FIGURE 1. Map of Oregon showing the area of this investigation. ____________-___--________-___--_--------------_-- B2 2. Map of the Fort Rock Basin, Lake County, showing general features in the area studied____________________ 3 3. Horning Bend and Hayes Butte as seen from the southwest--____-_________________-__-_____-____----_--_ 4 4. Stratigraphic column showing the relationships of the rock units mapped in the Fort Rock Basin.____________ 5 5. Rhyodacite on the west side of Cougar Mountain___ _________________ ____________.________-____-_-_--_-_ 7 6. Bedded tuff of the Fort Rock Formation.__________________________-_-___-___---_---__--_-_---_------- 9 7. Fort Rock viewed from the northeast-_________________________-______-_______--_-_--_--._--------.----- 10 8. Annual precipitation and cumulative departure from the average precipitation at Fremont for the period 1910-59 and hydrograph of year-end water levels in well 27/15-4G1 ____-____-___-______---_-------_-----_--__-- 18 9. Map of the Fort Rock Basin showing principal ground-water subareas_--_-_-___.-----_----_--_---------_--_ 19 10. Map of the Fort Rock Basin showing areas irrigated from wells in 1960___________________________________ 20 TABLES Page TABLE 1. Drillers' logs of selected wells in the Fort Rock Basin, Lake County, Oreg_________ B24 2. Chemical analyses of water from wells in the Fort Rock Basin, Lake County, Oreg. 28 HYDROLOGY OF VOLCANIC-ROCK TERRANES GEOLOGIC FACTORS THAT CONTROL THE OCCURRENCE AND AVAILABILITY OF GROUND WATER IN THE FORT ROCK BASIN, LAKE COUNTY, OREGON By E. R. HAMPTON ABSTRACT slopes that surround them. Some hay and grain crops The Fort Rock Basin, in south-central Oregon, is a high are raised near the edges of the valley plains, although plateau area of interior drainage comprising about 1,500 square the climate is cool and dry and the growing season miles. The precipitation is sparse less than 10 inches per year short. The dry climate and short growing season on the basin floor and the growing season is less than 100 make irrigation necessary for the production of eco­ days. Consequently, the ready availability of ample water for irrigation is a requisite for successful farming in the area. nomic yields of most crops. Surface water is available Three perennial streams enter the southwestern part of the for irrigation only in the Silver Lake area. In other basin and provide water for irrigation and stock supplies for parts of the basin irrigation water must be obtained that part of the basin. In the rest of the basin, water for irri­ from wells. gation, stock, and domestic supplies is obtained from wells. About 100 irrigation wells were being used in the Geologic structural features, consisting mainly of broad, gen­ tle folds and predominantly northward-trending faults, largely area during 1960 and additional wells were being control the depth and areal distribution of the water-bearing drilled. The lack of information on the rock mate­ rock units. Thus, the availability of ground water in any par­ rials underlying the basin has hampered prediction of ticular part of the basin is directly related to the geologic struc­ the well-drilling conditions and the water-bearing ture and the rock units present. character of the rocks at any locality, although the The rock units mapped in the basin range in age from Pliocene to Recent and are from oldest to youngest as follows: Picture position of the water table is fairly well known. Thus Rock Basalt, volcanic rocks of intermediate composition, Fort most wells, being largely exploratory, have been un­ Rock Formation, Hayes Butte Basalt, Peyerl Tuff, Paulina Ba­ duly costly and a considerable number have been un­ salt, unconsolidated deposits, and younger basalt. Of these successful, either because of improper well construction units, the volcanic rocks of intermediate composition, Peyerl or because permeable water-bearing rocks were not Tuff, and young basalt yield little or no water to wells; the other units yield small to large quantities of ground water present. where they are saturated. Yields as great as 4,000 gallons per The objectives of this investigation are: (1) to ob­ minute are obtained from wells tapping the Picture Rock Basalt. tain information on the extent, structure, and water­ The more productive aquifers yield water of good quality, but bearing characteristics of the rock units underlying the a few wells tapping poorly productive zones in the Fort Rock area, (2) to determine the control of these geologic fac­ Formation yield moderately saline water. Pumpage in 1960 was about 12,000 acre-feet about one-tenth the estimated average tors on the occurrence, availability, and chemical qual­ annual recharge of 125,000 acre-feet. ity of the ground water for the area as a whole and for Long-term water-level fluctuations lag about 10 years behind specific subareas, (3) to make these data available to the recorded long-term precipitation fluctuations. This fact in­ persons concerned with development or management of: dicates that most of the ground-water recharge occurs on the the ground-water resources of this and similar upland sloping flanks of the basin and that the water requires years to move to the areas of discharge in the central part of the basin basins. or to adjacent lower basins. Pumping withdrawals apparently This study was made by the Geological Survey in do
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