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A Portion of South-Central Oregon

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A Portion of South-Central Oregon DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 220 GEOLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES OF A PORTION OF SOUTH-CENTRAL OREGON BY GERALD A. WARING WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT FEINTING OFFICE 1908 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIKEOTOK WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 22O GEOLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES OF A PORTION OF SOUTH-CENTRAL OREGON BY GERALD A. WARING WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1908 CONTENTS. Vage. Introduction.............................................................. 7 Objects of reconnaissance.............................................. 7 Area examined........................................................ 7 Acknowledgements..................................................... 8 Previous study......................................................... 8 Geography................................................................. 9 General features....................................................... 9 Topography............................................................. 9 Mountains........................................................ 9 Scarps.............................................................. 9 Minor features..................................................... 10 Lakes.................................................................. 11 Character of the lakes................................................ 12 Alkalinity........................................................ 12 . Climate................................................................ 14 General conditions.................................................. 14 Temperature and rainfall records................................... 15 Vegetation............................................................. 16 Animal life..................................................... ; ...... 17 Settlements............................................................ 18 Industries............................................................ 18 Grazing............................................................ 18 Agriculture....................................................... 19 Lumbering........................................................ 19 Mining............................................................ 20 Historical notes...:........................................................ 20 Geology.................................................................... 21 Character and age of rocks............................................. 21 Classes of rocks...................................................... 22 Older acidic effusives ............................................. 22 Older basaltic effusives............................................ 23 Basalts........................................................ 23 Tuffs.......................................................... 23 Recent eruptive material........................................... 24 Valley fillings...................................................... 24 Lake deposits.................................................. 24 Alluvium. ...................................................... 25 Structure.............................................................. 25 Faults...................................... ............... 25 Pddfl............................................................... 26 3 4 CONTENTS. Geology Continued. Page. Physiography.......................................................... 27 Early history...................................................... 27 Deformation....................................................... 28 Preservation of deformational features............................... 29 Erosional modifications............................................ 30 Lakes.............................................................. 30 Present lakes.................................................. 30 Quaternary lakes............................................... 30 Hydrography............................................................. 31 Streams............................................................... 31 Abert Lake drainage .............................................. 31 Silver Lake drainage................................................ 31 Sprague River drainage............................................. 32 Goose Lake drainage.................................................. 32 Summer Lake Basin.................................................... 32 Warner Valley streams............................................... 32 Northern desert area............................................... 33 Discharge measurements........................................... 33 Character of discharge.............................................. 35 Run-off ratios...................................................... 35 Effect of forests..................................................... 36 Lakes.................................................................. 37 Changes in surface level............................................. 37 Annual surface inflow.............................................. 38 Evaporation rates................................................... 40 Subsurface inflow to Goose Lake..................................... 42 Hydrology................................................................ 43 General statement...................................................... 43 Shallow water......................................................... 44 Unconsolidated deposits............................................ 44 Thickness and processes of formation............................ 44 Ground-water level............................................. 44 Artesian conditions in lake and stream deposits...................... 45 Deeper water........................................................... 46 Conditions of occurrence........................................... 46 Structures......................................................... 46 Temperatures...................................................... 48 The lake valleys............................................................ 49 Warner Valley......................................................... 49 Goose Lake Valley...................................................... 50 Abert Lake Basin ....................................*.................. 51 Smaller valleys........................................................ 52 Valley of Chewaucan Marsh............................................ 52 Summer Lake Valley.................................................. 53 Description........................................................ 53 Streams........................................................... 53 Springs........................................................... 54 Conditions of occurrence....................................... 54 Origin of the Ana River springs.................................. 55 Artesian possibilities............................................... 56 Shallow water................................................. 56 Deep water. .................................................. 57 CONTENTS. 5 The lake valleys Continued. Page. Silver Lake Valley.................................................... 57 Christmas Lake Valley.................................................. 59 Description........................................................ 59 Settlement......................................................... 59 Methods of clearing and farming..................................... 61 Tentative irrigation methods........................................ 61 Desert claims.................................................. 61 Pumping...................................................... 62 Storage reservoirs................................................. 62 Ground-water level................................................. 63 Analyses of waters ................................................. 66 Springs........................................................... 66 Deeper alluvial water............................................... 66 Rock water....................................................... G7 Structural conditions.......................................... 67 Favorable indications........................................... 67 Alkali Lake Valley.................................................... 68 Reclamation projects........................................................ 70 Soils...................................................................... 71 Analyses............................................................... 71 Soil constituents...................................................... 73 Insoluble residue.................................................. 73 Lime............................................................. 73 Salts present...................................................... 74 Alkaline soils.......................................................... 75 The alkalies and their effects....................................... 75 Treatment of alkaline soils.......................................... 76 Conditions in Lake County.......................................... 78 Crops adaptable to alkaline soils..................................... 78 Cost of deep wells......................................................... 78 Summary.................................................................. 80 Index...................................................................... 83 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. PLATE I. Index map showing location of area
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