Strong Acid Weak Acid Neutral Weak Alkali Strong Alkali

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Strong Acid Weak Acid Neutral Weak Alkali Strong Alkali

Common indicators that are used include litmus blue, litmus red and universal indicator. KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER BIG IDEA: REACTIONS Litmus blue changes to red in acids. Litmus red changes to blue in alkalis. Universal indicator is red-yellow in acids, green in TOPIC: ACIDS AND ALKALIS neutral solutions and blue-purple in alkalis. Strong acid Weak acid Neutral Weak alkali Strong alkali 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Key Word Definition The pH scale is used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It tells us if a substance is a strong or weak acid. Strong acids have lower pH values. A strong alkali has a high pH value. A neutral corrosive A substance that can burn skin or eyes. substance has a pH of 7. Examples of strong acids are hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid. irritant A substance that can make skin itch or swell a little. Examples of weak acids are acetic acid and citric acid. A solution that has a pH of less than 7. Examples of acid acids are vinegar and stomach acid. The general word equation for a neutralisation reaction is: A salt is a substance formed A scale that measures how acids or alkaline a substance pH in a chemical reaction is. It measures from 0 to 14. acid + base salt + water between an acid and a base. A substance used to identify whether an unknown This is called a neutralisation reaction as the products made are It is a neutral substance. indicators solution is acidic or alkaline. neutral. To name a salt, the first part base A substance that neutralises and acid. of the name comes from the metal used in the base and A base that dissolves in water. These solutions have a Examples of neutralisation reactions: the second part of the name alkali pH of 8 to 14. comes from the acid. potassium hydroxide + nitric acid potassium nitrate + water A reaction where an acid and base react to form a Sulfuric acid makes sulfate neutralisation neutral substance. calcium oxide + hydrochloric acid calcium chloride + water salts. Nitric acid makes nitrate copper oxide + sulfuric acid copper sulfate + water salts. concentration A measure of the number of particles in a given volume. Hydrochloric acid makes chloride salts..

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History of the Chlor-Alkali Industry
2 History of the Chlor-Alkali Industry During the last half of the 19th century, chlorine, used almost exclusively in the textile and paper industry, was made [1] by reacting manganese dioxide with hydrochloric acid 100–110◦C MnO2 + 4HCl −−−−−−→ MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O (1) Recycling of manganese improved the overall process economics, and the process became known as the Weldon process [2]. In the 1860s, the Deacon process, which generated chlorine by direct catalytic oxidation of hydrochloric acid with air according to Eq. (2) was developed [3]. ◦ 450–460 C;CuCl2 cat. 4HCl + O2(air) −−−−−−−−−−−−−−→ 2Cl2 + 2H2O(2) The HCl required for reactions (1) and (2) was available from the manufacture of soda ash by the LeBlanc process [4,5]. H2SO4 + 2NaCl → Na2SO4 + 2HCl (3) Na2SO4 + CaCO3 + 2C → Na2CO3 + CaS + 2CO2 (4) Utilization of HCl from reaction (3) eliminated the major water and air pollution problems of the LeBlanc process and allowed the generation of chlorine. By 1900, the Weldon and Deacon processes generated enough chlorine for the production of about 150,000 tons per year of bleaching powder in England alone [6]. An important discovery during this period was the fact that steel is immune to attack by dry chlorine [7]. This permitted the ﬁrst commercial production and distribu- tion of dry liquid chlorine by Badische Anilin-und-Soda Fabrik (BASF) of Germany in 1888 [8,9]. This technology, using H2SO4 for drying followed by compression of the gas and condensation by cooling, is much the same as is currently practiced. 17 “chap02” — 2005/5/2 — 09Brie:49 — page 17 — #1 18 CHAPTER 2 In the latter part of the 19th century, the Solvay process for caustic soda began to replace the LeBlanc process.
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Alkali-Silica Reactivity: an Overview of Research
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Effect of Immersion in Water Or Alkali Solution on the Structures and Properties of Epoxy Resin
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Obliqatelv Anaerobic Alkaliphiles from Kenya Soda Lake Sediments
Obliqatelv Anaerobic Alkaliphiles from Kenya Soda Lake Sediments Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester by Gerald G. Owenson B.Sc. (Dundee) Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Leicester February, 1997. UMI Number: U087829 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U087829 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Statement The work in this thesis was carried out by the author during the period October 1992 to March 1996, under the supervision of Prof. W.D. Grant in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leicester. This thesis is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester, and has not been submitted in full or part for any other degree. This thesis may be made available for consultation, photocopying and for use through other lending libraries, either directly of through the British Lending Library. Gerald G. Owenson Obligately anaerobic alkaliphiles from Kenya soda lake sediments Gerald Owenson During the month of December 1992, an expedition was undertaken to collect anaerobic sediment samples from the alkaline lakes of the East African Rift Valley in Kenya.
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