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DOGAMI Special Paper 7, Pluvial Fort Rock Lake, Lake County, Oregon

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DOGAMI Special Paper 7, Pluvial Fort Rock Lake, Lake County, Oregon TAT Of" OR ON DEPARTMCNT 0 C 0 OCV 1\NO MIN RAL INO Tfllf: DONALD A IIUL.L. TAT GEOLOGIST PLUVIAL FORT ROCK LAKE, LAKE COUNTY, OREGON 1979 STATE OF OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES 1069 State Office Building, Portland, Oregon 97201 SPECIAL PAPER 7 PLUVIAL FORT ROCK LAKE1 LAKE COUNT� OREGON Ira S. Allison � ¥11 1979 STATE GEOLOGIST GOVERNING BOARD Donald A. Hull Leeanne MacColl, Chairperson, Portland Robert W. Doty Talent John Schwabe Portland DEPUTY STATE GEOLOGIST John D. Beaulieu CO NTENTS INTRODUCTION - - 1 Name - ------ 1 GEOGRAPHY - -- -- 3 R egional Setting ---- 3 Local Setting - 4 Climat e - - 4 Vegetation --- - - 5 PRESENT STUDY 7 His tory - 7 Acknowledgem ent s 7 Maps and Aerial Photographs 8 Accuracy of Elevations 8 GEOLOGIC SETTING - 9 Stratigraphy 9 Structure 10 SHORE FEATURES OF FORT ROCK LAKE 15 On Fort Rock --- - -- ------ - - - 15 On Menkenmaier Butte and Vicinity - - - - - - -- - 16 On the Western Shore of Former Fremont Bay - - - -- 18 On the North Side of Former Fremont Bay 18 On Cougar Mountain and Vic inity 19 In the Green Mountain Sector - - - - ----- 20 In The Sink Area --- - - ----- 21 On the Northeastern Margin 21 On the Eastern Mar gin - - - 22 On the Southeastern Margin ---- - 24 In t he Lake Sector of the Southern Margin - 26 In the Seven Mile Ridge-Silver Lake Sector 26 In the Silver Lake Area ---------- 27 In the Former Paulina Bay Area ----- 28 On the Connley Hills-Table Rock Peninsula 29 Low-Level Shores 32 OUTLET OF FORT ROCK LAKE 33 STRATIGRAPHY OF THE FORT ROCK LAKE AND OLDER SEDIMENTS - 35 Tephra Deposits at Ana Riv er ------ 35 Petrography - -- - 35 Chemical Composition - - - 37 Fossil Lake Section -- - -- - 38 Sediments near Silver Lake Village 38 Sediments at Arrow Sink - ----- 39 Sediments at Four Mile Sink ----- 41 Sediments at Other Deflation Basins 41 Section in Artif ici al Pits 43 Summary of Stratigraphy - - - - --- 44 SAND DIKES AND JOINTING 45 MOUNT MAZAMA PUMICE -- 47 i AI.TITHRRMAt. CLUfATTC: E'F'F'RCTS 48 Deflation Basins 48 Sand Springs Basin - --- -- - - ----- 48 Christmas Lake-Alkali Flat Deflation Belt - --- - - -- - '•9 Fort Rock-Thorn Lake Deflation Belt - - - - -- 50 Lag Materials - - -- - - -- - -- 50 Dunes - - - - - - ---- - - - - 53 LITTLE PLUVIAL CLIMATIC EFFECTS - ----- 54 Accumulation of Water - --- 54 Little Pluvial Lake Shores 54 The "Hand" Area - --- --- - - - 54 The Pumice "Loop" Area - 58 The Y-Bar Area - -- - 58 Seven Mile Ridge-Green Mountain Gap 59 AGE OF PLUVIAL FORT ROCK LAKE ------- 62 Pleistocene Ttme Scale -------- 112 Glacial Stages in the Rocky Mountains - 63 Glacial Stages in the Far West - - - - 1)3 Correlation of Pluvial Lakes with Glaciation 64 Lake Bonneville and Lake Lahontan as Analogs 65 Possible Age Correlations - 66 REFERENCES CITED - - - --- - -- - --- - - - - 68 ii ILLUSTRATIONS Figures 1. Map of the Fort Rock area ----- 2 2. Fort Rock as seen from the south 3 3. Green Mountain - -- - - - - - 5 4. Cougar Mountain and vicinity - - ------ - 6 5. Juniper forest on pumice sand --- - 6 6. Table Rock and vicinity - -- ---------- - - --- 10 7. Volcanic Hayes Butte on Connley Hills Ridge - 10 8. Lava Mountain -- - - -- - ----- 11 - - 9. Recent lava flows and three (of four) aligned cinder cones - - 11 10. Minor fault scarp and young lava ------ - - - 12 11. Pattern of intersecting faults, southwest of Fort Rock 13 12. Faulted northwestern boundary of Fort Rock Lak1,1 basir1 - 14 11. Wave-cut terraces on the southeast corner of Fort Rock 15 14. Wave-cue terraces on the southwest corn1,1r of FurL Rock 16 15. \�ave-cut groove on Fort Rock --- - 17 16. Wave-cut bench and Fort Rock Cave -------- 17 17. Devils Garden lava - - - - ------ ----- 19 18. Profile and elevations of beach ridges in Cougar Gap 20 19. Low fault scarp and associated beaches ------ 22 20. Lost forest area - - - -- --- - - - - - --- 23 21. Tail of dune tract cast of Fossil Lake - ---- - 23 22. Tilted fault-block and dry valley 24 23. Reentrant on southeastern shore - 25 24. Tilted fault-block shore lines - - --- 25 25. Series of beach ridges near Lake 26 26. High suulh shore line on NW-tilted fault blocks 27 27. Seven Mile Ridge and vicinity - - - - - - - - - 28 ---- -- ­ 28. Silver Lake's dry bed - ----- - - 28 29. Wave-cut cliff and associated gravel deposits - - 29 30. Wave-cut terrare at southeastern end of Connley Hills - 30 31. Connley Hills shore near Table Rock -- 30 12. Profile of shore features east of Table Rock 30 33. Wave-eroded north end of Connley Hills 31 34. Shore cliff and beach ridges near Fleetwood - 32 35. Profiles and elevations of five beaches near Fleet wood 32 36. Partial stratigraphic section at Ana River near Summer Lake -- 36 37. Laminated lake beds and overlying sand in roadcut ----- 3!l 38. Layered lacustrine beds at Arrow Sink - ------------ 40 39. Pebbly pumice al Arrow Sink - - - -- - -- ---- 41 40. Western part of Four Mile Sink deflation basin - - - - 42 41. Salt-crusted floor of former deflation basin 42 42. Deflated farm field - - - - -- - -- - - - -- 43 43. Julnllug ln older lake beds - - - - - 45 44. Sand dike in middle of Four Mile Sink - 46 45. Part of Sand Springs deflation basin - - - - - - - 48 -- 46. Alkali Flat - --- - -- - - - - 49 47. Deflation basins in Fort Rock Valley 51 48. Deflation basin in Fort Rock Valley 52 49. Thorn Lake deflation ha�in - - -- - 52 so. Arrow Sink deflation basin - --- - - - - - 53 51. Silver Lake-Thorn Lake connection ---- -- - -- -- 55 52. Little Pluvial pumice ridges --- - - -- -- - 56 53. Little Pluvial lake sites in Fort Rock Valley - 57 54. Little Pluvial pumice beach ridges - - -- 58 55. The Y-bar area, below the basalt cliff 59 56. Seven Mile Ridge-Green Mountain gap -- - - - - -- - 60 i.i.i Tables 1. Annual Precipitation Data - ----- -- -------- - - - -- 4 ? . Str.:�tier.:�phic llnits .:�nd Representative Areas --------­ 9 3. Chemical Analyses of Ana River Tephra -------- ---- 37 4. Section of Lake Beds at Arrow Sink -------------- 39 5. Details of the Upper Part of the Arrow Sink Section - 40 6. Section of Lake Beds at Bench Mark D-91 - --- 44 7. Section exposed in pit in Sec. 5 -- - - - - - - - - 57 8. Subdivisions of the Wisconsinan Glacial Stages ---- 62 9. Glacial Sequence in the Rocky Mountains - --- 63 10. Late Pleistocene Glacial Stages in Northwest Washington - 64 INDEX TO LOCATIONS OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS (Section number indicates the central point of each aerial photogr.:�ph) Figure 4: Sec. 15 , T. 25 s .• R. 15 E. Figure 27: Sec. 21, T. 27 s .. R. 17 E. e . .• Figure 6: S c 7, T. 28 s R. 16 E. Figure 29: Sec. 33, T. 26 s .• R. 1'• E. Figure 9: Sec. 27, T. 25 s .• R. 17 E. Figure 33: Sec. 27, T. 26 s .• R. 14 E. Figure 10: Sec. 4, T. 25 s .• R. 16 E. Figure 34: Sec. 5 , T. 26 s .• R. 16 E. Figure 11: Sec. 14 , T. 26 s., R. 13 E. Figure 46: Sec. 20, T. 26 s. , R. 18 E. Figure 12: Sec. 16, T. 25 s .. R. 13 E. Figure 47: Sec. 12, T. 27 s., R. 15 E. Figure 17: Sec. 13, T. 25 s.' R. 15 E. Figure 48: Sec. 9, T. 26 s .• R. 16 E. Figure 19: Sec . 14, T. 25 s .• R. 19 E. Figure 49: Sec. 8, T. 28 s .• R. 16 E. Figure 20: Sec. 30, T. 25 s .. R. 20 E. Figure 51: Sec. 15, T. 28 s .• R. 16 E. Figure 21: Sec. 18, T. 25 s .• R. 21 E. Figure 52: Sec . 2, T. 26 s., R. 14 E. •'igure 22: Sec. 28, T. 26 s .• R. 20 E. Figure 53: Sec. 16, T. 25 s .. R. 15 E. Figure 23: Sec . 17, T. 27 s .• R. 20 E. Figure 54: Sec. 23, T. 26 s .• R. 15 E. Figure 24: Sec. 11, T. 28 s .• R. 19 E. Figure 55: Sec. 30, T. 26 s .• R. 17 E. Figure 25: Sec. 29 , T. 27 s., R. 18 E. Fi gure 56: Sec. 9, T. 27 s .• R. 17 E. Figure 26: Sec. 12, T. 28 s .• R. 16 E. NOTI CE The Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries is publishing this paper because the subject matter is con­ sistent with the mission of the Department. To facilitate timely distribution of information, camera-ready copy sub­ mitted by the authors has not been edited by the staff of the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries. iv RI2E RI3E R14E RISE R16E R17E RISE R 19E R20E R21E T23S T23S 5 4 3 2 I 76 9 10 II 12 17 1615 13 .,/�._,":,} 8 14 4S .,.,. .�. ····· 19 ' ..''[ .. , ' · ...... · . .... � 18 �0t2 1 �tz324 T2 T24S 30129 128 27� E .. ·, . : •··. "- \}.'•: � 31 32 20 , - .. , ' �' 10 �" 17 t T25S T25S GJ' 9 2 I I iJJ Q r-- �p �� I IFORTROCK t:.1-- :::;...-- r- 20 v 1�41 ./ -�.{) 52 h � b? ��t:::_ 5� :::.. T26S I fly� I r.: "' � � [EJ T26S < ·�� �,3-{;� 5 T � ) 1 � �5� I 4 56 �JKE) T27S 27 �� T S �'?"{( v � � � �� ��� J 1291 r .......,r- \ 6"V j 1\ DCJ Nh 49 1[24�'J [?N nas � v 0 f\ t--.. g§::::: "VV T28S l lV R I; k : l:E �· ....� C" I--. �v ��-........... 1--.. 15 5 0 5 10 T29S T 9S � 2 � IN RISE R16E R17E RISE SCALER19E MI,ES R20E R21E R12E RI3E RI4E Map showing locations of areas covered by aerial photographs in correspondingly numbered figures. PLUVIAL FORT ROCK LAKE TNTRODUCTION Fort Rock Lake is an extinct pluvial lake that formerly occupied the comp lex Fo rt Rock- Si lver Lake-Christmas Lake-Fossil Lake basin in northwestern Lake t.ounty, OrPeon (Fig. 1). Its water scribed stillstand markings along its shores, developed beach ridges where suitable materials were available, and accumu]ated sediments over the floor of the basin. At its maximum stage the l ake was more than 200 feet deep .
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