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Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome and the Dermatologist's Contribution To Case Letter Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome and the Dermatologist’s Contribution to Diagnosis Vanessa Barreto Rocha, MD; Rafael de Abreu Moraes, MD; Luciana Baptista Pereira, MD PRACTICE POINTS • RASopathies, a class of developmental disorders, are caused by mutations in genes that encode protein components of the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome is a RASopathy. • Skin manifestations may help in differentiating CFC syndrome from other RASopathies. copy To the Editor: notA 3-year-old girl presented with skin xerosis and RASopathies, a class of developmental disorders, are follicular hyperkeratosis of the face, neck, trunk, caused by mutations in genes that encode protein and limbs (Figure 1). Facial follicular hyperkeratotic components of the RAS/mitogen-activated protein papules on an erythematous base were associated kinase (MAPK) pathway. Each syndrome exhibitsDo with alopecia of the eyebrows (ulerythema ophryo- its phenotypic features; however, because all of them genes). Hair was sparse and curly (Figure 2A). Facial cause dysregulation of the RAS/MAPK pathway, dysmorphic features included a prominent forehead there are numerous overlapping phenotypic features with bitemporal constriction, bilateral ptosis, a broad between the syndromes including cardiac defects, nasal base, lip contour in a Cupid’s bow, low-set cutaneous abnormalities, characteristic facial fea- earlobes with creases (Figure 2B), and a short and tures, neurocognitive impairment, and increased risk webbed neck. for developing some neoplastic disorders. Congenital heart disease, hypothyroidism, bilat- Cardiofaciocutaneous CUTIS(CFC) syndrome is a eral hydronephrosis, delayed motor development, RASopathy and is a genetic sporadic disease charac- and seizures were noted for the first 2 years. Brain terized by multiple congenital anomalies associated computed tomography detected a dilated ventricular with mental retardation. It has a complex dermato- system with hydrocephalus. There was no family his- logical phenotype with many cutaneous features that tory of consanguinity. can be helpful to differentiate CFC syndrome from Pregnancy was complicated by polyhydramnios Noonan and Costello syndromes, which also are and preeclampsia. The neonate was delivered at full- classified as RASopathies. term and was readmitted at 6 days of age due to respi- ratory failure secondary to congenital chylothorax. Cardiac malformation was diagnosed as the ostium secundum atrial septal defect and interventricular and atrioventricular septal defects. Up to this point Drs. Rocha and Pereira are from Federal University of Minas Gerais she was being treated for Turner syndrome. School of Medicine, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Dr. Moraes is from The RASopathies are a class of human genetic private practice, Belo Horizonte. syndromes that are caused by germ line mutations in The authors report no conflict of interest. Correspondence: Vanessa Barreto Rocha, MD, Ave Contorno, genes that encode components of the RAS/MAPK 1 9681/403, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil 30110-063 pathway. There are many syndromes classified as ([email protected]). RASopathies (Table).2,3 E4 CUTIS® WWW.CUTIS.COM Copyright Cutis 2017. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Case Letter A B C Figure 1. Follicular hyperkeratosis of the limbs (A and B) and trunk (C). copy notFigure 2. Sparse and curly hair (A) and A B low-set earlobes with creases (B). Do RASopathies and Involved Genes Syndrome Gene(s) Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type IV NRAS, KRAS (RAS-associated autoimmuneCUTIS leukoproliferative disorder) Capillary arteriovenous malformation RASA1 Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome BRAF, KRAS, MAP2K1, MAP2K2 Costello syndrome HRAS Hereditary gingival fibromatosis 1 SOS1 Legius syndrome SPRED1 LEOPARD syndromea PTPN11 (type 1), RAF1 (type 2), BRAF (type 3) Neurofibromatosis type 1 NF1 Noonan syndrome PTPN11, SOS1, SOS2, RAF1, BRAF, KRAS, NRAS, RIT1, LZTR1 aLEOPARD indicates multiple lentigines, electrocardiographic conduction abnormalities, ocular hypertelorism, pulmonic stenosis, abnormal genitalia, retardation of growth, and sensorineural deafness. Data from Tidyman and Rauen.2 WWW.CUTIS.COM VOLUME 99, JANUARY 2017 E5 Copyright Cutis 2017. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Case Letter Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (Online neck; limited skin involvement, mainly represented Mendelian Inheritance in Man [OMIM] 115150) by multiple nevi; and a much milder developmental is a genetic disorder first described by Reynolds et delay compared to CFC and Costello syndromes.1,11 al4 and is characterized by several cutaneous abnor- Costello syndrome (OMIM #218040) is a rare malities, cardiac defects, dysmorphic craniofacial condition comprised of severe postnatal feeding features, gastrointestinal dysmotility, and mental difficulties, mental retardation, coarse facial fea- retardation. It occurs sporadically and is caused by tures, cardiovascular abnormalities (eg, pulmonic functional activation of mutations in 4 different stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, atrial tachy- genes—BRAF, KRAS, MAP2K1, MAP2K2—of the cardia), tumor predisposition, and skin and mus- RAS extracellular signal–regulated kinase molecular culoskeletal abnormalities.12 Costello syndrome is cascade that regulates cell differentiation, prolifera- clinically diagnosed. This syndrome shows coarse tion, and apoptosis.1 facies with macrocephaly, downward-slanting As a RASopathy, CFC syndrome is a member palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, bulbous nose of a family of syndromes with similar phenotypes, with anteversed nostrils and low nasal bridge, full which includes mainly Noonan and Costello syn- cheeks, large mouth, thick lips, large tongue, nasal dromes. Psychomotor retardation and physical papillomas, cutis laxa, low-set ears, short neck, dif- anomalies, the common denominator of all syn- fuse skin hyperpigmentation, ulnar deviation of the dromes, may be explained by the effects of the muta- hands, and nail dystrophy that are not observed tions during early development.5,6 in CFC. It is now accepted that the term Costello In CFC, relative macrocephaly, prominent fore- syndrome should be reserved for patients with HRAS head, bitemporal constriction, absence of eyebrows, mutation because of the specific risk profile of these palpebral ptosis, broad nasal root, bulbous nasal tip, patients.12 Remarkably,copy patients with Costello syn- and small chin commonly are found. The eyes are drome are at increased tumor risk (eg, rhabdomyosar- widely spaced and the palpebral fissures are down- coma, neuroblastoma, bladder carcinoma).2,12 ward slanting with epicanthic folds.1,4,7 The diagnosis of CFC syndrome is purely clini- Follicular keratosis of the arms, legs, and face cal.not There have been many attempts to delineate occurs in 80% of cases of CFC and ulerythema the syndrome, but none of the described traits are ophryogenes with sparse eyebrows in 90% of cases. pathognomonic. In 2002, Kavamura et al7 created Sparse, curly, and slow-growing hair is found in the CFC index, a useful diagnostic approach based 93% of patients. Xerotic scaly skin, hyperkeratosisDo on 82 clinical characteristics and their frequencies of the palms and soles, infantile hemangiomas, and in the CFC population. multiple melanocytic nevi also may occur.8 Skin abnormalities are helpful manifestations Cardiac abnormalities are seen in 75.7% of to differentiate CFC syndrome from Noonan and patients.1 Other features include mental retarda- Costello syndromes. Patients with CFC syndrome tion, delayed motor development, and structural present with follicular hyperkeratosis and absent abnormalities in the central nervous system, as well eyebrows. Absent eyebrows, narrowed temples, and as seizures and electroencephalogram abnormalities. Cupid’s bow lip are hallmark features of CFC syn- Unlike Noonan and CostelloCUTIS syndromes, it is unclear drome and are absent in Noonan and Costello if patients with CFC syndrome are at an increased syndromes. The presentation of palmoplantar hyper- risk for cancer.1 keratosis also is a differentiating feature; in patients Noonan syndrome (OMIM #163950) is a disorder with Costello syndrome, it is found outside the pres- characterized by congenital heart defects, short stat- sure zones, whereas in those with CFC syndrome, it is ure, skeletal abnormalities, distinctive facial dysmor- present mainly in the pressure zones.1 Dermatologists phic features, and variable cognitive deficits. Other can assist geneticists in the differential diagnosis of associated features include cryptorchidism, lym- these syndromes. phatic dysplasia, bleeding tendency, and occasional The treatment of disorders with follicular plug- hematologic malignancies during childhood. This ging and xerosis is challenging. Emollients with syndrome is related to mutations in the PTPN11, urea, glycolic acid, and lactic acid could improve SOS1, SOS2, RAF1, BRAF, KRAS, NRAS, RIT1, the appearance of the skin. Treatment with mutated and LZTR1 genes.2,9-11 The typical ear shape and MEK gene inhibitors is under investigation to placement in Noonan syndrome is oval with an over- restore normal development of affected embryos folded helix that is low set and posteriorly angulated, with CFC.2,13 This case and theoretical data show which is uncommon in CFC syndrome. Noonan syn- that
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