DOCSLIB.ORG

The Ancient Rivalry Between Massachusetts and South Carolina, 1829-1856 William Merrell Clemson University, [email protected]

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Ancient Rivalry Between Massachusetts and South Carolina, 1829-1856 William Merrell Clemson University, Scwillmerrell@Yahoo.Com Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 5-2010 'Champions of Contending Armies': The Ancient Rivalry Between Massachusetts and South Carolina, 1829-1856 William Merrell Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Part of the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Merrell, William, "'Champions of Contending Armies': The Ancient Rivalry Between Massachusetts nda South Carolina, 1829-1856" (2010). All Theses. 769. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/769 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “CHAMPIONS OF CONTENDING ARMIES”: THE ANCIENT RIVALRY BETWEEN MASSACHUSETTS AND SOUTH CAROLINA, 1829-1856 A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree Master of Arts History by William Thomas Merrell May 2010 Accepted by: Dr. Paul Christopher Anderson, Committee Chair Dr. Rod Andrew Dr. Christa Smith ABSTRACT The focus of this work is the “ancient rivalry” between Massachusetts and South Carolina, as it played out in the antebellum era. Although little attention has been devoted exclusively to the study of this rivalry, it exercised a considerable degree of influence over the nation on its path to civil war. Most notably, this rivalry directly impacted the emergence of an American national identity between 1830 and 1860. The self-perpetuating rivalry between South Carolina and Massachusetts helped define the parameters of American identity, and ensured the eventual exclusion of South Carolina from such an identity. Filtered through three specific episodes, this work will show how a unique South Carolina psychology and identity emerged in response to the state’s exclusion from American identity. This psychology gave South Carolinians the individual and collective social capacity to play an unparalleled role in the American Civil War. This role was characterized by their ability to inaugurate the secession movement and do so unanimously; their ability to embrace secession and celebrate its realization; their ability to offer a greater degree of support to the Confederate cause than their neighbors—including lower exemption and desertion percentages, higher enlistment and casualty percentages, and a more cooperative relationship with the Confederate government. The first chapter will present the Great Debate between South Carolina’s Robert Young Hayne and Massachusetts’s Daniel Webster. This chapter will show how Webster, over the course of the debate, established the historical legitimacy of a perpetual union and the historical illegitimacy of state interposition. In doing so, he excluded ii South Carolina nullification from his conception of American identity, and initiated the process by which all South Carolinians would eventually be excluded. In addition, the debate between Hayne and Webster helped engender a number of perceived foibles that would become associated with South Carolina over the next few decades, alienating the state from the rest of the nation. The second chapter will depict the controversy between Massachusetts’s Lorenzo Sabine and South Carolina’s William Gilmore Simms. This chapter will relay how Sabine excluded the majority of white South Carolinians from the nation’s unifying historical experience, thereby establishing a separate, aberrant South Carolina historical narrative. Because of the relationship between historical experience and collective identity, this episode ensured the emergence of a distinct South Carolina identity. The final chapter will explore Charles Sumner’s critique of South Carolina and Preston Brooks’s subsequent retaliation. Sumner’s treatment of South Carolina was an extension of the remarks made by Webster and Sabine. Decrying the entire history of South Carolina, Sumner provided for the unconditional exclusion of South Carolinians. With this exclusion, South Carolina witnessed the evaporation of unionism within the state. Barred from American nationality, South Carolinians turned to their state for a source of identity. iii DEDICATION For my Mother and Father iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The journey that has culminated in the completion of this thesis was begun five years ago. Regarding Master’s degrees in general, the length of time which it has taken to complete this work has been remarkably long. Having been so long accustomed to view the process I was engaged in as interminable, I am now inclined to view its termination as nothing short of a miracle. Reaching the miraculous end of my protracted journey, I must now convey my ineffable gratitude to all the invaluable parties who have aided me along the way. Dr. Paul Anderson has been my greatest academic mentor. I consider it one of my life’s greatest privileges to have had the opportunity to learn from him both as an undergraduate and as a graduate student at Clemson University. And I consider it one of my greatest misfortunes to have not had the opportunity to take more of his classes. He is a brilliant man, and has given me a great deal of insight into the South, history, and people in general. Dr. Rod Andrew and Dr. Christa Smith are prime examples of why Clemson’s Department of History and Geography epitomizes what every academic institution should be, a place where intellects engage in a network of understanding and ideas, with mutual respect and support, for the advancement of education and the betterment of society. All three of these professors are great scholars, but, more importantly, they are good people. Their support and advice has been tremendous. I am indebted to the staffs and personnel at the South Caroliniana Library in Columbia, the Strom Thurmond Institute at Clemson, The Cooper Library at Clemson, and the Laurens branch of the Laurens County Library. These people have generously v provided the research assistance necessary to the completion of such a monumental task. I am also grateful to the people of South Carolina, past and present, old and young, black and white, man and woman. They have been a constant source of inspiration. My family has been particularly instrumental in the completion of this thesis. They have been steadfast in their devotion to my cause, offering more encouragement, financial support, and love than I deserve. I am most appreciative of my precious wife. She has endured more hardships than anyone over the course of this journey. With an uncommon degree of love and patience, she has borne the fiscal burden of our household, and tolerated a great deal on my behalf. I am grateful to the members of College Street Baptist Church, and the members of my faith at large, for the many, many prayers and intercessions made on my behalf during this process. Their faith has strengthened mine, and their love is a testament to the love of God. Finally, I owe an eternal debt of gratitude to my God, the Maker of men, and my Savior, Jesus Christ. Eugene Genovese once concluded that the Christian faith of African-Americans was the only thing that could explain how they were able to survive the numerous tribulations they have endured for centuries. I believe this is a fitting explanation for how any Christian individual is able to survive the many trials of life. This thesis was long and arduous, and there were countless nights when I felt like giving up. It is through my faith alone that the light of hope survived. God believes in us all, and this is the greatest source of strength I can imagine. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE…………………………………………………………………………...…i ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………ii DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………………iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………………………...v INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………...1 CHAPTER I: DUELING TONGUES: THE HAYNE-WEBSTER DEBATE………………..10 II: DUELING PENS: THE SABINE-SIMMS CONTROVERSY………………..49 III: THE CANING OF MR. SUMNER: THE BROOKS-SUMNER AFFAIR……77 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………....113 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………....116 vii INTRODUCTION “Massachusetts and South Carolina. The two representative States of the Union, like the two champions of contending armies, are doomed to settle between them the great struggle which must continue to be kept up between the North and the South.” -New York Daily Times , 27 May 1856 Sue McDowell, opening her journal on New Years Day 1861, wrote: “Gloriously my loved Carolina, have you moved in these hours which try mens souls. Your sons do no dishonor to the soil which germinated a Marion and Sumter…and time will indelibly stamp your name upon the pages of history, with the 21 st of December as the era from which to date your sovereignty.” 1 Spartanburg farmer David G. Harris confided in his journal: “I do hope the State or rather the Republic of South Carolina will not concede or retract, or submit in no respect whatever. She has taken a bold and noble stand, she must and will maintain it let it cost as much blood and money as it may. I for one am glad she has committed herself, and do not fear the consequences.” 2 The Keowee Courier proclaimed: “The long looked for and long hoped for period has at length arrived when a sovereign State (long oppressed by her enemies, who should have been her friends,) would throw aside the shackles by which she was bound, arise in the majesty of her power, and declare herself a free and independent Government.” 3 A correspondent for the Carolina Spartan wrote, “And thus was passed, ratified and sanctioned in the city of Charleston, the 20 th of December, 1860, the glorious act of secession, which is to make 1 Sue McDowell, Journal of Sue McDowell , January 1, 1861, South Caroliniana Library archives, Columbia, SC. 2 David G. Harris, Piedmont Farmer: The Journals of David Golightly Harris 1855-1870 , ed. Philip N. Racine (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1990), 168. 3 Keowee Courier , January 5, 1861.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cenotaphs Would Suggest a Friendship, Clay Begich 11 9 O’Neill Historic Congressional Cemetery and Calhoun Disliked Each Other in Life
    with Henry Clay and Daniel Webster he set the terms of every important debate of the day. Calhoun was acknowledged by his contemporaries as a legitimate successor to George Washington, John Adams or Thomas Jefferson, but never gained the Revised 06.05.2020 presidency. R60/S146 Clinton 2 3 Tracy 13. HENRY CLAY (1777–1852) 1 Latrobe 4 Blount Known as the “Great Compromiser” for his ability to bring Thornton 5 others to agreement, he was the founder and leader of the Whig 6 Anderson Party and a leading advocate of programs for modernizing the economy, especially tariffs to protect industry, and a national 7 Lent bank; and internal improvements to promote canals, ports and railroads. As a war hawk in Congress demanding the War of Butler 14 ESTABLISHED 1807 1812, Clay made an immediate impact in his first congressional term, including becoming Speaker of the House. Although the 10 Boggs Association for the Preservation of closeness of their cenotaphs would suggest a friendship, Clay Begich 11 9 O’Neill Historic Congressional Cemetery and Calhoun disliked each other in life. Clay 12 Brademas 8 R60/S149 Calhoun 13 14. ANDREW PICKENS BUTLER (1796–1857) Walking Tour As the nation drifted toward war between the states, tensions CENOTAPHS rose even in the staid Senate Chamber of the U.S. Congress. When Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts disparaged Senator Andrew Butler of South Carolina (who was not istory comes to life in Congressional present) during a floor speech, Representative Preston Brooks Cemetery. The creak and clang of the of South Carolina, Butler’s cousin, took umbrage and returned wrought iron gate signals your arrival into to the Senate two days later and beat Sumner severely with a the early decades of our national heritage.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Deprived of Their Liberty'
    'DEPRIVED OF THEIR LIBERTY': ENEMY PRISONERS AND THE CULTURE OF WAR IN REVOLUTIONARY AMERICA, 1775-1783 by Trenton Cole Jones A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland June, 2014 © 2014 Trenton Cole Jones All Rights Reserved Abstract Deprived of Their Liberty explores Americans' changing conceptions of legitimate wartime violence by analyzing how the revolutionaries treated their captured enemies, and by asking what their treatment can tell us about the American Revolution more broadly. I suggest that at the commencement of conflict, the revolutionary leadership sought to contain the violence of war according to the prevailing customs of warfare in Europe. These rules of war—or to phrase it differently, the cultural norms of war— emphasized restricting the violence of war to the battlefield and treating enemy prisoners humanely. Only six years later, however, captured British soldiers and seamen, as well as civilian loyalists, languished on board noisome prison ships in Massachusetts and New York, in the lead mines of Connecticut, the jails of Pennsylvania, and the camps of Virginia and Maryland, where they were deprived of their liberty and often their lives by the very government purporting to defend those inalienable rights. My dissertation explores this curious, and heretofore largely unrecognized, transformation in the revolutionaries' conduct of war by looking at the experience of captivity in American hands. Throughout the dissertation, I suggest three principal factors to account for the escalation of violence during the war. From the onset of hostilities, the revolutionaries encountered an obstinate enemy that denied them the status of legitimate combatants, labeling them as rebels and traitors.
    [Show full text]
  • Nabors Forrest Andrew Phd20
    THE PROBLEM OF RECONSTRUCTION: THE POLITICAL REGIME OF THE ANTEBELLUM SLAVE SOUTH by FORREST ANDREW NABORS A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Political Science and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2011 DISSERTATION APPROVAL PAGE Student: Forrest Andrew Nabors Title: The Problem of Reconstruction: The Political Regime of The Antebellum Slave South This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of Political Science by: Gerald Berk Chairman Deborah Baumgold Member Joseph Lowndes Member James Mohr Outside Member and Richard Linton Vice President for Research and Graduate Studies/Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded June 2011 ii © 2011 Forrest Andrew Nabors iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Forrest Andrew Nabors Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science June 2011 Title: The Problem of Reconstruction: The Political Regime of the Antebellum Slave South Approved: _______________________________________________ Dr. Gerald Berk This project studies the general political character of the antebellum slave South from the perspective of Republicans who served in the Reconstruction Congress from 1863-1869. In most Reconstruction literature, the question of black American freedom and citizenship was the central issue of Reconstruction, but not to the Republicans. The question of black American freedom and citizenship was the most salient issue to them, but they set that issue within a larger problem: the political regime of the antebellum slave South had deviated from the plan of the American Founders long before secession in 1860-1861.
    [Show full text]
  • Road to Civil War: 1848-1860
    AP U.S. History: Unit 8.2 HistorySage.com Road to Civil War: 1848-1860 I. Popular Sovereignty and the Mexican Cession Use space below for A. Intense debate occurred over what to do with the Mexican Cession. notes 1. Wilmot Proviso, 1848: Proposed law sought Mexican Cession free of slavery a. Supported by northern free-soilers and abolitionists; passed by the House b. Blocked in Congress by Southern senators 2. Significance: Wilmot Proviso brought slavery into the forefront of American politics until the Civil War. 3. Issue threatened to split both Whigs and Democrats along sectional lines B. "Popular Sovereignty" emerged as a way to avoid the issue. 1. Lewis Cass, 1812 War vet, became Democratic candidate for president in 1848 a. Polk in poor health, decided not to run for reelection b. Cass was viewed as the "father of popular sovereignty" 2. Definition: Sovereign people of a territory should decide for themselves the status of slavery. 3. Supported by many because it appealed to democratic tradition of local rights. -- Politicians saw it as a viable compromise between extending slavery (Southern view) and banning it (northern Whig view). 4. Popular Sovereignty proved inadequate in averting a civil war. II. Election of 1848 A. Whigs nominated Zachary Taylor, "Hero of Buena Vista" -- Neutral on slave issue; yet owned slaves on Louisiana sugar plantation. B. Free-Soil party 1. Coalition of northern antislavery Whigs, Democrats, & Liberty Party in North 2. Supported Wilmot Proviso; against slavery in the territories -- "Free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men." 3. Sought federal aid for internal improvements; free gov’t homesteads for settlers.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Oklahoma Libraries Western History Collections Ralph
    University of Oklahoma Libraries Western History Collections Ralph H. Records Collection Records, Ralph Hayden. Papers, 1871–1968. 2 feet. Professor. Magazine and journal articles (1946–1968) regarding historiography, along with a typewritten manuscript (1871–1899) by L. S. Records, entitled “The Recollections of a Cowboy of the Seventies and Eighties,” regarding the lives of cowboys and ranchers in frontier-era Kansas and in the Cherokee Strip of Oklahoma Territory, including a detailed account of Records’s participation in the land run of 1893. ___________________ Box 1 Folder 1: Beyond The American Revolutionary War, articles and excerpts from the following: Wilbur C. Abbott, Charles Francis Adams, Randolph Greenfields Adams, Charles M. Andrews, T. Jefferson Coolidge, Jr., Thomas Anburey, Clarence Walroth Alvord, C.E. Ayres, Robert E. Brown, Fred C. Bruhns, Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard, Benjamin Franklin, Carl Lotus Belcher, Henry Belcher, Adolph B. Benson, S.L. Blake, Charles Knowles Bolton, Catherine Drinker Bowen, Julian P. Boyd, Carl and Jessica Bridenbaugh, Sanborn C. Brown, William Hand Browne, Jane Bryce, Edmund C. Burnett, Alice M. Baldwin, Viola F. Barnes, Jacques Barzun, Carl Lotus Becker, Ruth Benedict, Charles Borgeaud, Crane Brinton, Roger Butterfield, Edwin L. Bynner, Carl Bridenbaugh Folder 2: Douglas Campbell, A.F. Pollard, G.G. Coulton, Clarence Edwin Carter, Harry J. Armen and Rexford G. Tugwell, Edward S. Corwin, R. Coupland, Earl of Cromer, Harr Alonzo Cushing, Marquis De Shastelluz, Zechariah Chafee, Jr. Mellen Chamberlain, Dora Mae Clark, Felix S. Cohen, Verner W. Crane, Thomas Carlyle, Thomas Cromwell, Arthur yon Cross, Nellis M. Crouso, Russell Davenport Wallace Evan Daview, Katherine B.
    [Show full text]
  • Pennsylvania Magazine of HISTORY and BIOGRAPHY
    THE Pennsylvania Magazine OF HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY John Swanwick: Spokesman for "Merchant-Republicanism ' In Philadelphia, 1790-179 8 HE literature on the era of Jeffersonian democracy is largely- dominated by the great triumvirate of Thomas Jefferson, TJames Madison, and Albert Gallatin.* During the last dec- ade, however, historians have been paying more attention to state and local political leaders who played significant roles in the Demo- cratic-Republican movement.1 Among the more notable second-rank * In a somewhat abbreviated form this article was presented as a paper at the annual meeting of the Pennsylvania Historical Association held at Williamsport, Pa., on Oct. 22-23, 1971. The author wishes to express his gratitude to his colleague, Bernard Sternsher, for his helpful editorial suggestions. 1 Historians have given most of their attention to secondary Federalists, but since i960 the number of modern scholarly biographies of less prominent Republicans has increased. We now have first-rate biographies on Robert R. Livingston, David Rittenhouse, Aaron Burr, Daniel D. Tompkins, John Breckinridge, Luther Martin, Benjamin Rush (2), Samuel Smith, and James Monroe. There are also a number of good unpublished doctoral dissertations. Among the more notable studies are those on Elkanah Watson, Simon Snyder, Mathew Carey, Samuel Latham Mitchell, Melancton Smith, Levi Woodbury, William Lowndes, William Duane, William Jones (2), Eleazer Oswald, Thomas McKean, Levi Lincoln, Ephraim Kirby, and John Nicholson. Major biographies of Tench Coxe by Jacob E. Cooke, of John Beckley by Edmund Berkeley, and of Thomas McKean by John M. Coleman and Gail Stuart Rowe are now in progress. 131 132 ROLAND M.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 6: Federalists and Republicans, 1789-1816
    Federalists and Republicans 1789–1816 Why It Matters In the first government under the Constitution, important new institutions included the cabinet, a system of federal courts, and a national bank. Political parties gradually developed from the different views of citizens in the Northeast, West, and South. The new government faced special challenges in foreign affairs, including the War of 1812 with Great Britain. The Impact Today During this period, fundamental policies of American government came into being. • Politicians set important precedents for the national government and for relations between the federal and state governments. For example, the idea of a presidential cabinet originated with George Washington and has been followed by every president since that time • President Washington’s caution against foreign involvement powerfully influenced American foreign policy. The American Vision Video The Chapter 6 video, “The Battle of New Orleans,” focuses on this important event of the War of 1812. 1804 • Lewis and Clark begin to explore and map 1798 Louisiana Territory 1789 • Alien and Sedition • Washington Acts introduced 1803 elected • Louisiana Purchase doubles president ▲ 1794 size of the nation Washington • Jay’s Treaty signed J. Adams Jefferson 1789–1797 ▲ 1797–1801 ▲ 1801–1809 ▲ ▲ 1790 1797 1804 ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ 1793 1794 1805 • Louis XVI guillotined • Polish rebellion • British navy wins during French suppressed by Battle of Trafalgar Revolution Russians 1800 • Beethoven’s Symphony no. 1 written 208 Painter and President by J.L.G. Ferris 1812 • United States declares 1807 1811 war on Britain • Embargo Act blocks • Battle of Tippecanoe American trade with fought against Tecumseh 1814 Britain and France and his confederacy • Hartford Convention meets HISTORY Madison • Treaty of Ghent signed ▲ 1809–1817 ▲ ▲ ▲ Chapter Overview Visit the American Vision 1811 1818 Web site at tav.glencoe.com and click on Chapter ▼ ▼ ▼ Overviews—Chapter 6 to 1808 preview chapter information.
    [Show full text]
  • 2011 Compass Draft 2.Indd Sec1:35 4/18/2011 5:03:35 PM Wal-Mart Superstore in New Hampshire” (50)
    1 22011011 ccompass_draftompass_draft 22.indd.indd 1 44/18/2011/18/2011 55:02:46:02:46 PPMM Dedicated to Jeanne Jackson 22011011 ccompass_draftompass_draft 22.indd.indd 2 44/18/2011/18/2011 55:03:31:03:31 PPMM A Journal of Leadership and Service at Birmingham-Southern College Volume XIII Spring 2011 Editor-in-Chief Assistant Editor Staff Advisor Charlsie Wigley Claire Burns Jeanne Jackson This year has produced a number of questions involving the ethics, effectiveness, and evolution of leadership on this campus. The Birmingham-Southern community has directly learned the startling impact that leadership can have on our lives. Now, perhaps more than ever before, there exists the opportunity and need for us to discover and critique the boundaries of leadership through learning, challenging, and re-imagining possibilities. As Keith Grint writes in Leadership: Limits and Possibilities, “Leadership is not just a theoretical arena but one with critical practical implications for us all and the limits of leadership—what leaders can do and what followers should allow them to do – are foundational aspects of this arena. Leadership, in effect, is too important to be left to leaders.” It is this axiom that guides the study of leadership and reminds us of the calling that we, as both leaders and followers, must answer in order to continue progress “forward ever.” Like a compass that points us to a destination, the Compass seeks to foster an academic discussion on the concepts of leadership and service. By showing the evolution of followers’ attitudes towards the infamous John Brown, Walter Lewellyn provides a case study on radical leadership in “Waiting for Superman: The Pottawatomie Creek Massacre and the Legend of John Brown.” MK Foster, in “Virgins and Pokerfaces: A Comparative Analysis of Madonna’s and Lady Gaga’s Leadership in Gender Representation,” analyzes how two popular cultural icons have redefi ned the limits of gender representation through their creative and transformational leadership.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4: Federalists and Republicans, 1789-1816
    Unit The Young Republic 1789–1850 CHAPTER 4 Federalists and Republicans 1789–1816 CHAPTER 5 Growth and Division 1816–1832 CHAPTER 6 The Spirit of Reform 1828–1845 CHAPTER 7 Manifest Destiny 1840–1848 Why It Matters Internal improvements and industrial development began to transform the United States in the early 1800s, but these changes also highlighted the growing differences between the North and South and set the stage for civil war. At the same time, Americans fought a war with Mexico and continued to expand west, building a nation that stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 150 Winterthur Museum The bustle and excitement of an Election Day in Philadelphia in the early 1800s 151 Chapter FFederalistsederalists andand Republicans 1789–1816 SECTION 1 Washington and Congress SECTION 2 Partisan Politics SECTION 3 Jefferson in Office SECTION 4 The War of 1812 This detail from Jean Leon Gerome Ferris’s painting Washington’s Inauguration at Independence Hall, 1793 shows Washington being greeted by John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. 1804 • Lewis and Clark begin to explore the 1789 Louisiana Purchase • Washington Washington J. Adams Jefferson 1797–1801 1801–1809 becomes 1789–1797 1794 1803 president • Jay’s Treaty • Louisiana Purchase is signed doubles size of the nation U.S. PRESIDENTS U.S. EVENTS 1790 1795 1800 WORLD EVENTS 1789 1793 1798 • French • Louis XVI is • Quasi-War between Revolution guillotined during France and the US begins French Revolution begins 152 Chapter 4 Federalists and Republicans MAKING CONNECTIONS Why Do People Form Political Parties? The Constitution does not mention political parties, and the Founders thought they were a bad idea in a democ- racy, yet almost immediately after the federal govern- ment was created, political parties began to take shape.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAIRMEN of SENATE STANDING COMMITTEES [Table 5-3] 1789–Present
    CHAIRMEN OF SENATE STANDING COMMITTEES [Table 5-3] 1789–present INTRODUCTION The following is a list of chairmen of all standing Senate committees, as well as the chairmen of select and joint committees that were precursors to Senate committees. (Other special and select committees of the twentieth century appear in Table 5-4.) Current standing committees are highlighted in yellow. The names of chairmen were taken from the Congressional Directory from 1816–1991. Four standing committees were founded before 1816. They were the Joint Committee on ENROLLED BILLS (established 1789), the joint Committee on the LIBRARY (established 1806), the Committee to AUDIT AND CONTROL THE CONTINGENT EXPENSES OF THE SENATE (established 1807), and the Committee on ENGROSSED BILLS (established 1810). The names of the chairmen of these committees for the years before 1816 were taken from the Annals of Congress. This list also enumerates the dates of establishment and termination of each committee. These dates were taken from Walter Stubbs, Congressional Committees, 1789–1982: A Checklist (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985). There were eleven committees for which the dates of existence listed in Congressional Committees, 1789–1982 did not match the dates the committees were listed in the Congressional Directory. The committees are: ENGROSSED BILLS, ENROLLED BILLS, EXAMINE THE SEVERAL BRANCHES OF THE CIVIL SERVICE, Joint Committee on the LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, LIBRARY, PENSIONS, PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS, RETRENCHMENT, REVOLUTIONARY CLAIMS, ROADS AND CANALS, and the Select Committee to Revise the RULES of the Senate. For these committees, the dates are listed according to Congressional Committees, 1789– 1982, with a note next to the dates detailing the discrepancy.
    [Show full text]
  • Loyalists in War, Americans in Peace: the Reintegration of the Loyalists, 1775-1800
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2008 LOYALISTS IN WAR, AMERICANS IN PEACE: THE REINTEGRATION OF THE LOYALISTS, 1775-1800 Aaron N. Coleman University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Coleman, Aaron N., "LOYALISTS IN WAR, AMERICANS IN PEACE: THE REINTEGRATION OF THE LOYALISTS, 1775-1800" (2008). University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations. 620. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/620 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT OF DISSERATION Aaron N. Coleman The Graduate School University of Kentucky 2008 LOYALISTS IN WAR, AMERICANS IN PEACE: THE REINTEGRATION OF THE LOYALISTS, 1775-1800 _________________________________________________ ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION _________________________________________________ A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Kentucky By Aaron N. Coleman Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. Daniel Blake Smith, Professor of History Lexington, Kentucky 2008 Copyright © Aaron N. Coleman 2008 iv ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION LOYALISTS IN WAR, AMERICANS IN PEACE: THE REINTEGRATION OF THE LOYALISTS, 1775-1800 After the American Revolution a number of Loyalists, those colonial Americans who remained loyal to England during the War for Independence, did not relocate to the other dominions of the British Empire.
    [Show full text]
  • Maryland Historical Magazine, 1950, Volume 45, Issue No. 4
    MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE Riversdale — Entrance Front Prince George's County MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY BALTIMORE December • 1950 • 4.4. ±4.4.4.4,4.4.4.4. ±4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4,4.4.4.4.4. J.4.4.4.4.XXJ*.J.J>.J.J.J.J..t.J.J.J.. FOR SALE BY THE SOCIETY Maryland in World War II, Vol. I: Military, by H. R. Manakee. 1950 384 pp. cloth. (Maryland Sales Tax 6c.) $3.25 History of Queen Anne's County, by Frederick Emory. 1886-7. Reprinted 1949. 629 pages, cloth cover. By mail, Maryland sales tax included $7.75 Portraits Painted before 1900 in the Collection of the Maryland His- torical Society, by Anna Wells Rutledge. 1946. 40 pages, illus- trated, paper covers $1.00 Handlist of Miniatures in the Collections of the Maryland Historical Society, by Anna Wells Rutledge. 1945. 18 pages, illustrated, paper covers .60 Augustine Herman's Map of Virginia and Maryland, 1673. Reproduced from original in John Carter Brown Library 6.50 Warner and Hanna's Map of Baltimore, 1801, Collotype reproduction in color 5.00 Old Wye Church, Talbot Co., Md. A History of St. Luke's at Wye Mills, by Elizabeth Merritt. 1949. 42 pages, paper covers .55 Calendar of the General Otho Holland Williams Papers in the Maryland Historical Society. 1940. 454 pages, mimeographed, paper covers. 2.75 Chronicles of Mistress Margaret Brent, by Mary E. W. Ramey. 1915. 12 pages, illustrated, paper covers 1.00 Descendants of Richard and Elizabeth Ewen Talbot of Poplar Knowle, West River, Anne Arundel Co., compiled by Ida Morrison Shirk.
    [Show full text]