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Imagine the Old Town of Lijiang: Contextualising Community Participation for Urban Heritage Management in China

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Imagine the Old Town of Lijiang: Contextualising Community Participation for Urban Heritage Management in China Imagine the Old Town of Lijiang: Contextualising community participation for urban heritage management in China Citation for published version (APA): Li, J., Krishnamurthy, S., Pereira Roders, A., & van Wesemael, P. J. V. (2021). Imagine the Old Town of Lijiang: Contextualising community participation for urban heritage management in China. Habitat International, 108, [102321]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2021.102321 Document license: CC BY DOI: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2021.102321 Document status and date: Published: 01/02/2021 Document Version: Publisher’s PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume numbers) Please check the document version of this publication: • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. 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Oct. 2021 Habitat International 108 (2021) 102321 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Habitat International journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/habitatint Imagine the Old Town of Lijiang: Contextualising community participation for urban heritage management in China Ji Li a,*, Sukanya Krishnamurthy b, Ana Pereira Roders c, Pieter van Wesemael a a Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands b School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, UK c Department of Architectural Engineering and Technology, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The UNESCO 2011 Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) states community participation is a Community participation pivotal tool for integrating heritage practices into sustainable urban development. While community partici­ Historic urban landscape pation is significant but limited in China, various participatory methods have been developed, tested and World Heritage evaluated worldwide. For example, inspired by HUL, the Ballarat Imagine in Australia has successfully used Contextualised approach public engagement in the development of a community vision for local conservation and development. This Imagine China paper aims to contextualise community participation in China, by testing and adapting a community partici­ patory method, the (Ballarat) Imagine. Imagine was tested in the Old Town of Lijiang as an academic scoping exercise, to critically examine its viability and potential for contextualisation to the Chinese context. During the fieldwork, three workshops were organised with residents in Dayan, Shuhe and Baisha, which are the three housing clusters constituting the World Heritage property. In the workshops, residents responded to three sets of questions focussing on their feelings about local historic urban landscape as well as their ideas about future public engagement in local heritage management. This paper discusses the contextualised approach of com­ munity participation tailored to the management of the Old Town of Lijiang, and also China as a whole, seeking to find a balance between top-down and bottom-up processes. This academic exercise confirmed that the com­ munity participatory method, the Imagine, can be further adapted to the Chinese context. Further research could test it in other cities, to better face the challenges of rapid urbanisation. 1. Introduction adhere to global standards but also maintain its own contextualised institutional, political and socio-cultural characteristics (Verdini et al., Urban heritage management in China has been criticised by inter­ 2017). national scholars, as it is considered to be an unorthodox approach, The UNESCO 2011 Recommendation of the Historic Urban Land­ putting economic pursuits first at the cost of heritage resources and scape (HUL) was proposed not only as a new concept but also a new vernacular cultural identities (Verdini et al., 2017). One of the main approach to urban heritage management. Cities are considered herein critics focusses on its top-down approach, wherein local governments the result of historical layering, in which natural, cultural and human play a centralised and exclusive role in decision-making (Li et al., 2020a; attributes have accumulated over time in an ever-changing environment Zhao et al., 2020). This is particularly true for the government-led ap­ (Ji et al., 2020; Verdini et al., 2017). The HUL approach promotes the proaches, seeking maximum efficiency in wholescale urbanisation and integration of urban conservation and development, whereas commu­ transformation processes, resulting in tremendous heritage demolition, nity participation is regarded as an essential tool to achieve this goal community removal and exclusion as the major outcome of Chinese (UNESCO 2011). Heritage management is broadening the scope, from urban (re)development strategies (Morrison & Xian, 2016; Verdini et al., conserving built heritage in isolation to integrating heritage resources ´ 2017). While increasing the understanding of China’s situation, more into sustainable urban development (Rey-Perez & Siguencia Avila, holistic and integrative approaches are urgently needed, innovatively 2017; Ripp & Rodwell, 2015). Within this approach, the process of managing heritage protection and (re)use in rapid urbanisation, to prioritising actions is pivotal, which can be based on residents’ interests * Corresponding author. Groene Loper 5, Room 7.09, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, the Netherlands. E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Li). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2021.102321 Received 28 September 2020; Received in revised form 2 January 2021; Accepted 11 January 2021 Available online 23 January 2021 0197-3975/© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). J. Li et al. Habitat International 108 (2021) 102321 and their sense of satisfaction (Ji et al., 2020). Residents and their in­ were organised with residents in Dayan, Shuhe and Baisha, which are terests could then included in the entire management process, from the three housing clusters constituting the World Heritage property. In identification to programming and execution (Rey-Perez & Siguencia the workshops, residents responded to three sets of Imagine questions ´ Avila, 2017; Veldpaus, 2015). focussing on how they feel about their historic urban landscape, but also While community participation is significant and growing, it is still on their ideas about future public engagement in local heritage man­ limited in China (Li et al., 2020a; Zhao et al., 2020). At the same time, agement. This paper discusses the contextualised process of community various participatory methods have been developed, tested and evalu­ participation tailored to the management of the Old Town of Lijiang, ated in other countries worldwide (Morrison & Xian, 2016). In America setting out an outline to further test this method elsewhere in China. and also many European countries such as the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, community participation has been discussed and espoused 2. Community participation within HUL approach and the in urban theories, encouraging local communities to participate in imagine method planning decision-making processes which can directly affect their daily activities (Arnstein, 1969; Lewis, 2015; van Heelsum, 2005). In China, The HUL approach proposes a novel management approach for urban heritage management, in general, is government-led, wherein urban heritage, by identifying and taking into account local challenges residents often lack sufficient platforms and competency to be engaged and conditions, through community participation (Wang & Gu, 2020). (Li et al., 2020b). It is still hard for residents to fully participate in This landscape approach is helpful to holistically identify urban contexts heritage projects, due to the strong local context of state-centralisation as well as increase heritage values and local communities’ quality of life, (Li et al., 2020a). Even so, effective community consultation in the linking the past to the future (Luis Loures et al., 2011). Moving beyond pre-plan
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