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A History of BBC Local Radio in England C1960 – 1980

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WestminsterResearch http://www.westminster.ac.uk/research/westminsterresearch A history of BBC local radio in England c1960 – 1980 Matthew Linfoot School of Media, Arts and Design This is an electronic version of a PhD thesis awarded by the University of Westminster. © The Author, 2011. This is an exact reproduction of the paper copy held by the University of Westminster library. The WestminsterResearch online digital archive at the University of Westminster aims to make the research output of the University available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the authors and/or copyright owners. Users are permitted to download and/or print one copy for non-commercial private study or research. Further distribution and any use of material from within this archive for profit-making enterprises or for commercial gain is strictly forbidden. Whilst further distribution of specific materials from within this archive is forbidden, you may freely distribute the URL of WestminsterResearch: (http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/). In case of abuse or copyright appearing without permission e-mail [email protected] A HISTORY OF BBC LOCAL RADIO IN ENGLAND c1960 – 1980 MATTHEW LINFOOT A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the University of Westminster for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2011 ABSTRACT The story of BBC Local Radio in England, from the days of its conception around 1960, through to the launch of the first stations in 1967 and the finalisation of how to complete the chain in 1980 is a neglected area of research in media history. This thesis tells this story, using previously undocumented research from the BBC Written Archive Centre, and supplemented by oral history interviews with key participants. The approach is multi-faceted. Part of the investigation lies in gaining a greater understanding of how the BBC operated as an institution during these years. The internal culture of the BBC presents a series of complex issues, and the evolution of local radio illustrates this in many ways, in matters concerning management, autonomy, technology, the audience and finance. Linked to this are the differing notions and definitions of what „local‟ meant, in terms of the original concept and the output in practice. For local radio, this had a crucial impact on station location, the size of the transmission area and the degree to which the stations were able to represent and embody their communities. This history also assesses the impact the stations made, often in contrast to the popular image and perception of local broadcasting. The original contribution to knowledge that this thesis makes is in narrating this history for the first time, and in doing so, challenging previous assumptions about the nature of local broadcasting as part of the BBC and as part of the wider community. ii DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP I, Matthew Linfoot, hereby declare that all the material contained in this thesis is my own work. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to express my thanks to all those who have helped and supported me in the course of writing and researching this thesis. I am particularly indebted to the four local radio pioneers, Michael Barton, Robert Gunnell, Owen Bentley and Robert McLeish, who have all been most generous with their memories, comments and contributions. My heartfelt gratitude is due to the archivists at the BBC Written Archive Centre, Caversham, for their patience and help, especially Els Boonen. I would also like to thank Huw Williams, librarian at the Oxford and Cambridge Club for his advice and suggestions. I am indebted to my colleagues at the University of Westminster for their support during the period of research and writing up, particularly Sally Feldman, Geoffrey Davies, Colin Sparks, Anthony McNicholas, Peter Goodwin, Silke Lange and Kristin Skoog. Although Paddy Scannell has now left Westminster, he was instrumental in helping me develop the original idea from the outset, and his work has always been very inspirational to me. I would like to thank my father, Denis Linfoot, for his advice and support, particularly in helping me with proof reading. And finally I must put on record my gratitude to David Hendy who has been the best possible supervisor, whose advice I value more than any others, and without whom I would not be in the position of submitting this work. My thanks to you all. iv GLOSSARY ABBREVIATIONS: BBC-related Director of Sound Broadcasting: DSB Assistant Director of Sound Broadcasting: ADSB Managing Director Radio: MDR Director of External Broadcasting: DEB Director of Engineering: DE Controller, Programme Organisation: CPO Controller, Programme Planning: CPP Controller, Sound Broadcasting Engineering: CSB (Eng) Head of Sound Broadcasting Administration: HSBA Establishment Officer: EO Head of Home Service: HHS Head of Light Programme: HLP Controller Midland Region: CMR Controller North Region: CNR Controller West Region: CWR Head of West Regional Programmes: HWRP Assistant Head of West Regional Programmes: AHWRP General Manager Local Radio Development: GMLRD or GMLR Local Radio Training Officer: LRTO Director-General: DG Director of Public Affairs: DPA Director of Public Relations: DPR Head of Talks and Documentaries Radio: HTDR Controller Radios One and Two: CR1&2 Controller Radio One: CR1 Controller Radio Two: CR2 Controller Radio Three: CR3 Controller Radio Four: CR4 Controller English Regions: CER Head of Religious Programmes: HRPR Head of Recording Services Radio: HRSR Controller Local Radio: CLR Deputy General Manager Local Radio: DGMLR Local Radio Organiser: LRO Deputy Managing Director Radio: DMDR Local Radio Education and Programme Services Organiser: LREPSO Chief Assistant Radio Four: Ch Asst R4 Network Editor (Radio) in Bristol: NER (Bristol) Presentation Editor Radio Four: Pres Ed R4 Assistant Head Radio Two: AHR2 Head of School Broadcasting Radio: HSBR Editor Radio News: Ed RN Editor News and Current Affairs Radio: ENCAR Network Editor Radio Birmingham: NER (Birmingham) Chief Assistant Radio Three: Ch Asst R3 Head of Radio One: HR1 Head of Current Affairs Magazine Programmes: HCAMP Head Further Education Radio: HFER Chief Assistant Radio Management (programmes): CARM (progs) Chief Engineer Radio Broadcasting: CERB v Assistant Chief Engineer Radio Broadcasting: ACERB Head of Radio Training Section: HRTS Deputy Editor Radio News: Dep Ed RN Head of Audience Research: HAR Head of Planning and Development, Radio: HPDR Head of Outside Broadcast, Sound: HOB (s) Town and Country Radio: TCR Local Radio Council: LRC Schools Broadcasting Council: SBC General Advisory Council: GAC ABBREVIATIONS: Misc Postmaster General: PMG Very High Frequency: VHF Medium Wave: MW Medium Frequency: MF Long Wave: LW Long Frequency: LF Transmission: Tx Association of Municipal Corporations: AMC South Western Broadcasting Ltd: SWB National Broadcasting Development Committee: NBDC Local Radio Association: LRA Television and Radio Committee: TRAC Workers Education Association: WEA Independent Local Radio: ILR Independent Broadcasting Authority: IBA National Union of Journalists: NUJ Association of Broadcasting Staff: ABS vi CONTENTS ABSTRACT DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS GLOSSARY INTRODUCTORY NOTE……………………………………………………..1 Section One: Contexts – Media & Community in Post-War Britain CHAPTER ONE: A discussion of the historical perspectives............................5 - Introduction………………………………………………………………5 - The BBC‟s local audiences before the 1960s………………………..8 - Constructing Communities……………………………………………17 - Portrayals of „everyday life‟ on Television and Radio………………22 - Conclusion………………………………………………………………26 CHAPTER TWO: A discussion of the historiographical perspectives……........28 - Broadcasting Histories – A Critique…………………………………..28 - Personal Testimony…………………………………………………….39 - Conclusion……………………………………………………………….50 CHAPTER THREE: Methods, Sources and Questions………………………….53 - Versions of Media History……………………………………………..53 - Research Questions……………………………………………………56 - Sources………………………………………………………………….60 Section Two: Origins CHAPTER FOUR: c1955 – 1960: The Pre-Experimental Period………………65 - Introduction to Section Two……………………………………………65 - Moving from „regions‟ to „local‟………………………………………...67 - Frank Gillard and developments c1954 – c1960…………………….69 - The run-up to Pilkington………………………………………………..77 CHAPTER FIVE: 1961 – 1962: The Closed-Circuit Experiments………………80 - The Pilkington Committee on Broadcasting 1961 – 1962………….80 - The closed-circuit experiments………………………………………..90 - Station staffing…………………………………………………………..92 - Programme content…………………………………………………….96 - Education……………………………………………………………….101 - Representation and access…………………………………………..103 - Station locations……………………………………………………….106 vii - The commercial experiment in Bristol……………………………….109 - Critical reaction………………………………………………………...110 - Conclusion……………………………………………………………...112 CHAPTER SIX: 1962 – 1966: Pirates and White Papers………………………114 - The Pilkington Committee‟s Report…………………………………114 - The BBC gets ready…………………………………………………..118 - External interests………………………………………………………121 - The Labour Governments…………………………………………….125 - Conclusion……………………………………………………………..135 Section Three: Developments CHAPTER SEVEN: 1967 – 1969: Going on Air…………………………………138 - Introduction……………………………………………………………..138 - Who would like a station?..............................................................138 - „A three-stage Dutch auction‟………………………………………...143 - 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