'BBC Handbook 1976 Incorporating the Annual Report and Accounts 1974-75

www.americanradiohistory.com www.americanradiohistory.com www.americanradiohistory.com 9L61 310oQPu-BH Dgg

www.americanradiohistory.com BBC Handbook 1976 incorporating the Annual Report and Accounts 1974 -75

British Broadcasting Corporation

www.americanradiohistory.com Published by the British Broadcasting Corporation 35 Marylebone High Street, London W 1 M 4AA

ISBN 563 12891 7 First published 1975 © BBC 1975 Printed in England by The Whitefriars Press Ltd London & Tonbridge Illustrated section printed by Sir Joseph Causton & Sons Ltd, London

www.americanradiohistory.com Contents

Foreword Sir Michael Swann 7 Tables Part one World radio and television receivers 54 Annual Report and Accounts External broadcasting 65 1974 - 75 Annual Report of the Broadcasting Council for Scotland 105

Introductory 9 Annual Report of the Broadcasting Council for Wales 110 Programmes 21 Appendices 115 Television 21 I Hours of output: television 116 Radio 25 Hours of output: radio 117 Party political broadcasts and broadcasts II Programme analysis television networks by Members of Parliament 32 118 News 34 Programme analysis radio networks 119 III School broadcasting 120 Religious broadcasting 35 IV Hours of broadcasting in the External Educational broadcasting 37 Services 123 Northern Ireland 42 V Rebroadcasts of External Services 124 English regional broadcasting 43 _Network production centres 44 Part two The English television regions 47 Programme review Appeals for charity 48 Audience reaction 48 Television 131 Network radio 155 External broadcasting 53 Local radio 166 Engineering 69 Scotland 168 Wales 172 Personnel 77 Northern Ireland 175 English regional broadcasting 178 Advisory bodies 83 Network production centres 178 Publications and Enterprises 89 English television regions 186 Religious broadcasts 188 Finance: Balance Sheet and Accounts 93 World Service 190

www.americanradiohistory.com Part three General information 295 Reference The BBC and the public 295 Audience research 295 The broadcasting services 195 Getting in touch with the BBC 296 The BBC Television Service 195 Writing to the BBC, record requests, auditions, submission of scripts and scores, tickets for BBC Radio 199 BBC shows, visits to BBC premises, SOS Network radio 199 messages, appeals for charity. Local radio 202 Open Door programmes 299 Regional broadcasting 203 Publicity and press offices 299 Northern Ireland 203 BBC Programmes Complaints Commission 299 Scotland 204 Licences and licence fees 301 Wales 205 Sales and services 303 The English regions 206 BBC Publications 303 The External Services 207 BBC Enterprises 305 CEEFAX 306 News and current affairs 215 BBC Libraries 307 Political and parliamentary broadcasting 216 International relations 311 Music 220 Weather forecasts 312 BBC orchestras, choirs and conductors 222 Greenwich Time Signal 314 Educational broadcasting 223 Staff and administration 314 Religious broadcasting 225 Recruitment 314 Programme contracts 315 Engineering and technical 227 Copyright 316 Organisation charts 317 Engineering Division 227 Names and addresses 321 Frequency allocations 228 List of senior staff 321 How to get good reception 230 BBC addresses 324 Transmitting stations and coverage maps 233 BBC representatives overseas 326 625 -line television 234 BBC news offices overseas 327 405 -line television 247 Membership of the BBC's advisory councils Vhf radio 254 and committees 328 Vhf stereophonic radio 263 Bibliography 335 Long and medium wave radio 264 Some books on British broadcasting 335 Local radio 266 Some BBC dates 338

Constitutional 271 Index 341 The Constitution of the BBC 271 Broadcasting and advisory councils 275 Constitutional documents 276 Royal Charter 278 Licence and agreement 287

www.americanradiohistory.com Foreword

Sir Michael Swann Chairman of the BBC

The BBC's 1976 Handbook comes out at a time of great national difficulty. Now, more than ever, people look to the BBC for wholly reliable information, for an expression of the innumerable concerns of the nation, and especially perhaps, for laughter and pleasure in every home. Our programmes, we hope, help to sustain the national morale, not by pumping out propaganda, or by concealing the truth about the dark sides of national life, but by broad- casting the best we can of those things that our Royal Charter enjoins us to provide - information, entertainment and education. When the whole future of broadcasting, and hence the BBC, is under review by a committee of inquiry with very wide terms of reference, I believe it is wise to remember the value of what we do at present, and the good work that we have put out, in spite of great difficulties, throughout the last year. I want also to spell out once again our continuing aim and purpose. It is to broad- cast programmes which are as good as we can make them, and which offer the widest var- iety of choice and opportunity to a public, not one member of which is quite like any other.

7 www.americanradiohistory.com Part one

Annual Report & Accounts of the British Broadcasting Corporation for the year 1974 -75 as submitted to the Secretary of State for the Home Department in accordance with Article 18 of the BBC's Royal Charter

The Board of Governors

Membership as at 31 March 1975 Appointed

Sir Michael Swann, FRS Chairman 1.1.73 Lady Avonside, o a e National Governor for Scotland 1.5.71 Dr Glyn Tegai Hughes National Governor for Wales 1.1 1.71 Bill O'Hara, Esq. National Governor for Northern Ireland 25.10.73 The Lord Allan of Kilmahew, DSO, OBE, RD 1.7.71 Roy Fuller, Esq., c BE 1.1.72 Tony Morgan, Esq. 1.1.72

George Howard, Esq., D L 15.2.72 The Lord Feather of the City of Bradford, c a E 25.5.73 The Lord Greenhill of Harrow, GCMG, OBE 8.11.73 Mrs Stella Clarke 1.2.74

8 www.americanradiohistory.com Introductory

The financial position for at least two years', he said, `and if there were to be any earlier review ... it would be It is inevitable that this report should open, for the BBC to make a case in relation both like its predecessor, with a discussion of to its own economy and to the external financial matters. Inflationary pressures on circumstances with which it was con- a scale never before encountered during 53 fronted.' years of broadcasting turned a modest surplus What the Home Secretary called a limited of £792,000 on 31 March 1974 into a deficit reduction in the level of services became in approaching £19 million by 31 March 1975. fact, and of necessity, a surgical operation as Indeed, for the first time in the history of the far as the BBC was concerned. It represented BBC, major cuts have had to be made in a historic reversal for the BBC after years of broadcasting services for financial reasons. steady expansion. At the turn of the year, the Exactly a year ago it was stated in the BBC had already initiated a number of Annual Report for 1973 -74 that the time had measures of retrenchment, whose effect was come when the BBC could no longer finance quickly felt by the radio and television audi- its operations from its existing income in a ences. Hours of broadcasting were cut, period of rampant inflation. An increase in the programmes withdrawn and choices curtailed. licence fee, it was said, would be needed in During the period of waiting for the Home 1975. In the event, after a protracted period of Secretary's announcement, the BBC had negotiation, the Home Secretary announced considered what else might have to go if the on 29 January 1975 that the monochrome and licence fee were not increased sufficiently. colour television licences would be increased When the increase was announced, it proved from £7 to £8 and from £12 to £18 respec- possible to leave the general shape of the tively, starting on 1 April. The Home Secre- BBC's services unchanged, but in order to tary said on that occasion that a failure on the have any hope of meeting the policy require- Government's part to make reasonable ments indicated by the Home Secretary the provision for rising costs would entail cuts of BBC had to embark upon a reduction in total such severity as to damage the whole balance expenditure of about 6 per cent, with all that of services which the Corporation had that might mean in terms of employment of achieved, and he described these services as a staff and artists, and of delays in important national asset as well as an important part of capital projects, already affected by restric- individual amenity. The BBC, he went on, tions on capital expenditure in the public must recognise the need for some economies sector. and the public for some limited reduction in The BBC's broad strategic aim, on certain the level of services that the licence fee assumptions about the control of inflation, is sustained in 1974. The Home Secretary had to arrive at 31 March 1976 with its deficit said it was hoped that the settlement would reduced from the present level to about £10 last for three years, though it was difficult to million. It aims to hold the deficit at that make predictions. `The settlement must last level, which coincides with the maximum 9

www.americanradiohistory.com 10 Annual Report permissible temporary borrowing under the increase will be rather smaller. Now that the Charter, for a further year thereafter. But the difference between monochrome and colour `external circumstances' mentioned by the licence fees is £10 the BBC loses £1 million Home Secretary are the current unpredictable for every 100,000 by which the increase in rates of increase in costs and future variations colour licences falls short of the estimate. The in the rate of increase in colour television combined effects of the general recession and licences. Whether these rates will exceed or of the substantial increase in the rate of fall short of the BBC's estimates no one can V.A.T. on purchases and rental agreements tell. The date of the next application for a may be serious. licence fee increase, being dependent on two The BBC's other sources of general income unpredictable variables, must be uncertain. - licence revenue apart - are Publications and During July and August of the year under Enterprises. The year 1974 -75 was one of the review, after many months of statutory worst in the history of publishing. BBC Pub- restriction, settlements of weekly and monthly lications had hoped to make a profit again pay, and of conditions of service for monthly after its first recorded loss of £14,000 in paid staff, were made in line with the BBC's 1973 -74, but an aggravation of industrial declared salary policy, upheld by the Court troubles combined with the sharply rising cost of Inquiry under Mr. E. T. C. Grint in 1969, of paper to bring about a loss of £29,000 in that its scales should stand comparison with 1974 -75. They had been accustomed in recent those applied to a range of broadly similar years to making six-figure profits after tax. jobs outside the BBC. The Board had resolved Against this background, however, the con- as early as the beginning of April 1974 to tinued success of Radio Times and of general seek the earliest opportunity to restore the publications (notably the late Jacob Bronow- BBC salaries to the levels of comparability ski's The Ascent of Man and Alistair Cooke's which had prevailed before the period of America) was most encouraging. Enterprises restraint. The opportunity to do so came had another good year, with profits of over with the removal of statutory restrictions £1 million. Although such profits, after tax, and the restoration of free collective bargaining provide a useful contribution to the total in July. The monthly pay settlement was for income of the BBC - and still more useful a time a matter of some political controversy, when seen against the deficit in broadcasting - during which it was alleged that the BBC had this is only one aspect of the revenue derived settled at 30 per cent or more -and breached from the exploitation of BBC programmes and the Social Contract. The terms of the settle- facilities overseas. Direct investment in the ment actually reached in July involved an production of BBC programmes by overseas overall increase in the pay bill of just under 21 broadcasters and other organisations in per cent. If threshold payments previously return for broadcasting and distribution agreed are also taken into account the rights brought in a further £11 million hard overall increase was about 26k per cent. In cash, which expressed in terms of the sales February 1975, an independent source (Incomes value of these rights represents a turnover of Data Services Limited) concluded that the some £2k million. The gross revenue from the size of the settlement was not significantly sale by Enterprises of BBC programmes, out of line with the rest of the public records and merchandising throughout the sector. world amounted to over £5 million and the Between 1 April 1974 and 31 March 1975, proceeds from English by Radio and Tele- the number of colour television licences vision and the Transcription Service added a increased from 5,558,146 to 7,580,322. This further £I million. In all, the total sales value was very much in line with the BBC's budget of BBC programmes and facilities in the world forecast. Its estimate for 1975 -76 is that the market was some £8 million in 1974 -75.

www.americanradiohistory.com Introductory 11 Industrial relations television, when in a normal summer they would be sitting out in the garden or other- With one principal exception, relations wise engaged. This big outside broadcasts between the BBC and the five recognised effort (which included also the provision of a Unions (ABS, NUJ, EETPU, NATTKE and signal for many Commonwealth countries SOGAT) have remained reasonably good in and American broadcasting stations) took the past year. The BBC has particularly wel- place at a time when the department was very comed the formation of a National Joint heavily engaged in providing all the normal Council through which the five unions can coverage of such highlights of the English speak with a united voice. sporting summer as tennis from Wimbledon, The exception was the strike, in the summer and the series of home Test Matches, which in of 1974, of some 90 production assistants in 1974 were in turn against India and Paki- television drama and light entertainment over stan. a grading claim. An account of the strike, its For a long time it had been the ambition causes and solution, is given in the Personnel of the Television Service to provide rather chapter below. The dispute has to be seen in fuller coverage of the winter Test Matches. the context of a much larger problem of Improved coverage of the series in Australia comparative earnings of different groups was achieved as a result of a combined opera- within the BBC which was solved by the tion that involved much use of satellite settlement on conditions of service for staff in communication and notable skill on the part the management production and editorial of video -tape engineers in London. structure in August 1974, at the same time as One other - rather more modest - outside the pay agreement for such staff. broadcast turned itself into a star show. This was Mastermind, an enjoyably erudite quiz competition before a live audience. Originally The year in television this programme had been placed very late on a For BBC Television, the year was one of Monday evening, but as the result of an difficulties overcome, of considerable achieve- unexpectedly required re-scheduling, Master- ment despite the industrial unrest already mind suddenly found itself placed at the peak mentioned and the increasing need for viewing time of 8.30 pm on a Thursday. economies at every level, culminating in the Overnight the programme became a huge cut -back of afternoon and late evening pro- success. grammes. Perhaps the most notable all -round Open Door came into its own during the achievements were those of the Outside year as an accepted and established part of Broadcasts Group, which often operated on a television's service to the public - no longer large scale in several places at once. The an experiment in `access' but a tried and tested summer of 1974 saw the World Cup success- programme. fully covered, and the evidence of audience Shortage of money, and some industrial research indicated how worthwhile had been dislocation, were important factors in the the effort put into this operation. Some 14 decision to repeat more programmes than million and 16k million had watched Scot- usual. Normally BBC Television only repeats land's two most important games on BBC -1 individual programmes and series of outstand- alone, while the final between West Germany ing merit, being careful to leave a reasonable and Holland had attracted a total UK interval, usually longer than a year, between audience of about 231 million (of which the origination and second showing. However, in BBC estimated its share at about 17 million). 1974 -75 some series had to be repeated too Clearly, there were many millions here who - soon, causing them to miss the larger audience for better or worse - were indoors watching they deserved and attracting some criticism

www.americanradiohistory.com 12 Annual Report

from press and public alike. A selection from Philip the Fair in 1314. It was based on the Colditz was also repeated a little too soon for work of Maurice Druon. The most acceptable some addicts on a Sunday evening. way of showing it on BBC-2 was through the The BBC continued to fortify its output use of English sub -titles. For a small audience with extra finance acquired through the the result was very successful. For the future, system of co- financed productions and by the other similar series from Europe would purchase of the best from abroad. The most obviously have more chance if the need for notable co- productions were Churchill's sub -titles could be avoided by arranging for all People, a series of 26 plays based on passages the speech to be re- created in English. This from Winston Churchill's A History of the was attempted late in the year with the Swed- English Speaking Peoples, on BBC-1; and, ish originals of Ingmar Bergman's Six Scenes starting at the very end of the period under from a Marriage. The result was not wholly review, The Fight Against Slavery, a six -part satisfactory. Viewers in Britain are not yet dramatised documentary made by Christopher as accustomed to watching dubbed program- Railing on BBC -2. Churchill's People proved mes on television as their fellow Europeans. something of a disappointment. It was not the In comedy Ronnie Barker added a whole disaster that some journalists claimed, but new dimension to his art by his performance the early episodes were obscure rather than in the series Porridge in which he played the illuminating - and the series did not reach the part of an old lag `doing his bird' in prison. kind of standard set by Elizabeth R until it Many thought this series had the quality of a came to a story about the Paston family of documentary on life `inside', while in poig- Norfolk in the fifteenth century. By contrast nancy it recaptured some of the magic of The Fight Against Slavery had some claim Steptoe and Son at its best. Dave Allen con- to be the most distinguished series of the year. tinued to tell the best jokes, normally only The very delicate subject of the slave trade, heard in monasteries, outside such precincts, and of its abolition by William Wilberforce for the benefit of a larger public. In Till Death and his associates, was tackled with fine Us Do Part, Alf Garnett was several times historical objectivity and imaginative filming knocked away from his centre -stage position on location in Sierra Leone and Jamaica. by having to listen to two of his next -door Undoubtedly Kojak turned out to be the neighbours, played by Alfie Bass and Patricia outstanding purchase for the year. The like- Hayes. Mike Yarwood continued his tradition able Manhattan cop became as familiar a of brilliant impersonations, although many figure in Britain as in some parts of the felt that the take -off of the year was by United States. In any one year, many Ameri- Clodagh Rodgers as Cilla Black. can programmes are turned down by the Among the plays of the classical repertory, BBC, because they are either too violent, the most successful were Sheridan's The stereotyped, hackneyed or sentimental. The School for Scandal, The Wood Demon by best, like Kojak or Alias Smith and Jones, are Chekhov and the Electra of Sophocles, with taken. The BBC has been looking round to see Eileen Atkins as Electra. Her performance if it cannot get more of this kind of output strikingly conveyed the violent world of from Europe. The first results have been two ancient Greek tragedy, although some of the series of some distinction, The Accursed overtones of the original were bound to be Kings and Six Scenes from a Marriage. The lost on a large modern audience unfamiliar originals of the first of these were made in with the background of Greek myth and French, as Les Rois Maudits by ORTF. It legend. Despite the regular success of Play of re- created the genuinely melodramatic atmo- the Month the BBC has long taken pride in sphere of the court of the kings of France in the fact that its contemporary plays, though the stormy period that followed the death of controversial, have been the more popular

www.americanradiohistory.com Introductory 13 with viewers. This year the four most contro- and included many notable productions of versial plays, Leeds- United, Just Another different kinds. Saturday, Gangsters and The Cheviot, The The cuts in output, however, halted the Stag and the Black, Black Oil, were also the steady expansion of the past few years. most successful. Their controversial themes - Radios 1 and 2 lost more than 45 hours a militant strike action, an Orange march in week of air-time and the trend of recent years Glasgow, crime in a mixed racial community towards a total separation of the two net- in Birmingham, and a view of the development works was reversed. Radios 3 and 4 also of Scotland as exploitation - aroused some suffered, being amalgamated on Saturday criticism from protagonists in the areas of afternoons and Tuesday evenings for a total of dispute with which they dealt, but all received six hours a week. In addition, Radio 3's a generous measure of praise from re- closedown time was brought forward to viewers. 11.30 pm and the decision had to be taken Early in 1974 the Television Service had not to separate Radio 3 medium wave and managed to launch on the five working days vhf during the 1975 Test Match series. Cricket of the week a thin but very promising strand commentaries will have to be broadcast on of afternoon programmes. It was well aware both. of how valuable these could be for the day- Despite the growth of commercial radio, time housebound, particularly women, shift - audience figures for BBC Local Radio rose workers and all kinds of handicapped people, substantially. During the fourth quarter of for whom television is one of the central joys 1974, some 1,800,000 people on average of life. So it was particularly sad that these listened to it each day, an increase of 50 per young programmes had to be among the first cent on a year earlier. Early in 1975 this casualties in the economies implemented by figure went up at times to over 2 million. the BBC from the end of 1974. The reluctant The new service in Northern Ireland increased choice was to cut them rather than to cut the output of local programmes there initially dramatically into the main service to viewers to 30 hours a week, about twice as much as a provided each evening and at weekends. year earlier. Unlike the BBC local stations in So, overall, 1974 -75 was a year of loss as England, Radio Ulster is addressed not to a well as gain. But at least at the end of the single conurbation or community, but to a period, the future of the two -network opera- widely diverse population of some 1j; million tion remained assured. people in large part thinly scattered over an area as large as Yorkshire. Its aim is to present a broader reflection of the life of The year in radio Northern Ireland and, as well as providing Inevitably the cuts in programmes which fuller coverage of news and current affairs, to radio, like television, was compelled to intro- depict activities in the field of the arts and duce for financial reasons, cast a shadow over entertainment throughout the Province. the final months of the period under review. Among the highlights of the year on net- Yet in other respects it was an encouraging work radio was the success of Drama Depart- year for radio. The House of Commons ment in winning the Italia Prize for the second decided to allow an experiment in the sound year running, this time with Bill Naughton's broadcasting of its proceedings while a new play The Mystery. Among other outstanding BBC community service, Radio Ulster, went productions was King Lear with Sir Alec on the air in Northern Ireland. Audiences for Guinness, and a newly- commissioned trans- BBC Radio were little affected by growing lation by Bill Morrison of Dostoevsky's commercial competition, and the quality of Crime and Punishment, broadcast in two parts. programmes remained varied and stimulating, Notable feature series included the late Robert

www.americanradiohistory.com 14 Annual Report Cradock's The British Army, Michael Mason's work on the medium -wave relay station in Plain Tales from the Raj, and Alan Burgess's Cyprus. While the planned reduction in The Brave which was concerned with the quiet broadcasting, which amounts to a little over heroism of largely unknown people in des- 4 per cent of weekly programme hours, is not perate situations. During the year the BBC itself of major proportions, it is an indication took over responsibility for the Robert Mayer that a stage has been reached when cuts in Children's Concerts and the BBC Symphony revenue can no longer be met by reductions in Orchestra went on tour in Austria and ancillary activities and must inevitably lead to Germany. Another tour - the most ambitious a decline in the BBC's broadcasting effort since the American tour ten years ago - was overseas at a time when it is probably more planned for May 1975, when the orchestra successful than ever before in attracting and had engagements in Japan. These foreign holding listeners. As to the cuts in capital tours are undertaken at no cost to the BBC or expenditure, they are bound to delay yet the licence fee payer. further the programme of modernisation of out of date transmitters and thus the improve- The year in external broadcasting ments in audibility which are essential if the BBC is to keep its end up in the increasingly Further economies, which amount to £300,000 competitive world of international broad- revenue and £100,000 capital, come into force casting. in April 1976. As a result, the External On the brighter side, agreement has been Services will find it necessary for the first time reached with the Government of Singapore for many years to make substantial cuts in for the removal to Singapore of the BBC's their broadcasting services. In suggesting to Far Eastern Relay Station following the termi- the Foreign and Commonwealth Office ways nation by the Malaysian authorities of the of achieving the required savings it was felt BBC's licence to broadcast from its present preferable to try to avoid the total elimina- site at Tebrau in Johore. A suitable site has tion of complete services. Instead, partial been identified on Singapore Island and reductions have been planned in some of the terms of a lease and a broadcasting licence larger vernacular services, and a number of have been agreed. The work of transferring minor reductions will be made in others. the station will take up to three years. In the Thus, the French Language Service will lose Caribbean, work on the new relay station in an hour and a quarter a day of its programme Antigua, to be shared with Deutsche Welle, is time for Europe, from its present daily total proceeding according to schedule and the first of 4 hours, the German Service will lose an transmitters should be in action in 1976. hour a day from its present daily total of 4 When fully operational the station will pro- hours, and the Arabic Service will lose an vide improved reception for the World hour from its present total of 10 hours a day. Service in English and the Latin American The Chinese, Bulgarian, Romanian and Thai Service in Spanish in Central America and in Services will each lose 15 minutes a day, and the northern third of South America. the Sinhala Service to Sri Lanka, which currently transmits an hour of programmes The year in engineering each week, will disappear altogether. In addition, the supply of weekly recorded On 23 September 1974 the BBC started programmes to a number of overseas stations regular live transmissions of CEEFAX in a in Urdu, Hindi, Tamil, Nepali, Dari and two -year experiment authorised by the Pashtu will come to an end. The reduction in Government. The purpose of the experiment capital expenditure is to be achieved through was to enable an assessment to be made of the the further postponement of modernisation demand for a CEEFAX service, to determine

www.americanradiohistory.com Introductory 15 what form it should take and to estimate the in April 1974. The award was for techno- scope for the manufacturers of the equip- logical innovation with special reference to ment. There was keen interest among manu- the technique known as `sound -in-syncs', facturers and potential users of this BBC which allows the sound for a television pro- service, in which `pages' of written informa- gramme to be conveyed interleaved with the tion can be displayed at the viewer's will on picture signal. Technological innovation re- his television screen, either in substitution for mains a strong feature of BBC engineering. or in association with the ordinary television picture. The BBC has no doubt about the The Committee on Broadcasting long -term potential of this information Coverage service. It is conducting the experiment through a team of enthusiasts, and its engi- The report of the committee under Sir neers and editorial staff are constantly refining Stewart Crawford was published on 21 and improving the presentation and read- November 1974. The BBC welcomed the ability of the information provided by report's endorsement of a number of policies CEEFAX. by which it set great store - notably the During these last 12 months, the addition allocation of the fourth television network in of two main and 30 relay stations to the uhf Wales to broadcasting in the Welsh language transmitter network at a cost of £2 million and an extension of the local radio system. has increased its population coverage of the The Government subsequently set up a United Kingdom by one per cent to about 95 working party under Mr J. W. M. Siberry, per cent. At this stage of the uhf development formerly of the Welsh Office, to work out programme the progress begins to slow down arrangements required to provide the fourth as smaller and smaller communities have to be television network in Wales. The BBC was served. This was always foreseen, and it is represented on the working party by its Con- inevitable. troller, Wales, and one of its senior engineers. In October 1974 the BBC was represented The working party's conclusions fall outside the at the first part of a conference organised by period covered by this report, but it may be the International Telecommunication Union said that the BBC entered into the discussions to prepare a new frequency assignment with a keen desire to bring such a service into plan for sound broadcasting in the long being as a means of overcoming one of the and medium wavebands. There was a dis- worst of the problems confronting broad- appointing response from most delegations to casters in Wales. In a written answer to a the West European proposal that the space Parliamentary Question on 21 November between channels be reduced from nine to 1974, the Home Secretary said that the eight kilohertz, thus making more channels greater part of the Report of the Crawford available. The conference decided that any Committee would fall to the Annan Com- re- assignment of frequencies should be re- mittee to consider. Among the matters stricted to the minimum consistent with subsequently falling to the Annan Committee achieving a uniform channel spacing of nine to consider was at least one which the BBC kilohertz. For Western Europe and the United would have preferred to be invited to deal with Kingdom in particular, this offers very little without delay. This was the implementation of prospect of night -time improvement in radio the penultimate phase of the uhf development reception in the long and medium wavebands. programme, to serve communities of between The second half of the conference is scheduled 500 and 1,000. for October 1975. Another of the Committee's recommenda- As briefly reported last year, BBC engineers tions was an endorsement of the BBC's won their second Queen's Award in five years proposals concerning BBC Radio Ulster,

www.americanradiohistory.com 16 Annual Report which opened on 1 January 1975, providing flow of information from staff to the Com- a fifth programme choice for listeners in mittee. Northern Ireland. The BBC's journalism and the The Committee on the Future of year's events Broadcasting In its coverage of the second general election When the committee met for the first time in in 1974, the one held on 10 October, the BBC July 1974 it had before it the first memoran- took special care to avoid giving grounds for dum of BBC Evidence, entitled Summary of any repetition of the charge that election Development 1962 -1974. This gave Lord broadcasting in February had been excessive. Annan and his colleagues a full account of It arranged a break of about an hour between events since the Government White Paper of the end of the main news bulletin on BBC -1 July 1962, which authorised action on a and the resumption of election coverage in number of recommendations by the Pilking- Campaign Special at 10.45 pm. Party election ton Committee. Between July and the end of broadcasts took place earlier than in Feb- the year under review the BBC submitted ruary at 9.00 pm. But on Radio 4 in the late several more memoranda on the implementa- evening a new programme called Election tion of its policies in a number of different Platform enabled listeners to hear longer fields and indicated some areas in which it extracts from the day's main political speeches believed further developments were desirable than would ordinarily have been possible in within the framework of public service broad- other bulletins and programmes. casting. These memoranda dealt with finance; One lesson learned in February had been programme policies; staff; education; local the value attached by listeners and politicians radio; choice in television; and regional alike to Election Call, the radio phone -in broadcasting. Others submitted just after the programme which allows voters to put their end of the year of this report were on the questions direct to leading candidates. On BBC and the public, and engineering. All the Radio 1 Newsbeat made special opportunties memoranda just mentioned were later pub- for young voters to question the leaders of lished with the approval and encouragement the main parties. On BBC-2, Robin Day of the Annan Committee, which had also presented a new early -evening interview received a very large volume of evidence from programme called Election Newsday. The many other quarters. In addition to the persons interviewed were authoritative figures evidence submitted by the BBC centrally, who were not as a rule standing for election there were important memoranda, submitted themselves. or still to come, from the Scottish and Welsh In general, the election campaign was Broadcasting Councils and from the General comparatively free of charges and counter- Advisory Council and other advisory bodies. charges of alleged bias by the BBC, and so it Some of these were published shortly after came as something of a surprise when Mr the end of the year under review. Sessions of Ronald Hayward, the General Secretary of the oral evidence to which the BBC was invited Labour Party, later stated publicly that the included two in which the Chairman and BBC had been biased against his side, and Director- General appeared before the Com- that a study of the totality of the reporting mittee. Others occurred when the Com- and comment would be carried out to estab- mittee made its first visits to the Television lish the degree of supposed unfairness. It Service and Radio Directorate and to a quickly became clear that Mr Hayward's was number of regional centres. On all these occa- not a very widely held view. As usual the sions the BBC aimed to encourage the freest BBC's sole aim had been to provide a compre-

www.americanradiohistory.com Introductory 17 hensive service of information and a fair and camera crews daily ran risks in pursuit of reflection of rival opinions. Charges of the world news for the home audience. The kind made by Mr Hayward are a common- reality of the risks was brought home in a place of political broadcasting, and they have tragic fashion during the fighting in Cyprus in come in the past from both sides of the House August 1974, when a convoy of cars ran into of Commons. At this election, however, there mines on a journey from Nicosia to a village was a new ingredient. Near the end of the near Kyrenia. A sound recordist, Ted Stod- campaign the BBC itself was for a short dart, was killed and two reporters, Simon while a campaign issue. Both the Prime Dring and Christopher Morris, were injured, Minister and the Secretary for Employment along with a number of their colleagues from attacked the BBC's August pay settlement, the international press. Ted Stoddart, who alleging that it had been excessive and irres- was 34, died while warning others in the con- ponsible. The BBC did not respond publicly. voy to go back out of danger. Its view of the charge has been set out earlier In Belfast, BBC staff continued to face the in this chapter. danger of death or injury every day. There No sooner was the October election over were two more car bomb explosions outside than BBC editors found themselves face to Broadcasting House, Belfast, during the year, face with a challenging constitutional innova- and vhf television and radio installations at tion in the shape of the Government's the Newly transmitter were also the target of commitment to hold a referendum concerning terrorist action. The damage at Broadcasting the United Kingdom's membership of the House, Belfast, was largely superficial, but European Economic Community. The story the Newry transmitter was destroyed. Staff at of their response to the challenge belongs to both places escaped injury. next year's report. The final stages of conflict in Indo China As the year ended, preparations were going again called for considerable bravery and ahead for an experiment in broadcasting enterprise on the part of BBC staff. Their from Parliament. BBC Radio planned to services were highly commended by the Board double the length of Today in Parliament and of Governors in a special message just after Yesterday in Parliament, which would for the the end of the year under review. first time include recorded extracts from speeches made in the House of Commons. It Public affairs was also radio's intention to make recordings available for use in news bulletins and current In the winter of 1974 -75 the BBC organised affairs programmes nationally and round the its ninth series of Lunchtime Lectures, after country, and to broadcast live a part of some a break of five years. The series opened with major parliamentary debate on occasion. one by the Chairman, who reflected on The BBC Television had also hoped to gain entry Responsibility of the Governors, and ended to the House of Commons. But when the vote with the Director -General's lecture on Broad- took place in February 1975, whereas Mem- casting: The Executive Function. Other lec- bers of Parliament chose by a large majority turers were Lord Aldington, Chairman of the to have a radio experiment, the proposal that General Advisory Council, on Advising the there should be a television experiment was BBC; Huw Wheldon, Managing Director, defeated by a small margin. (In the event, the Television, on The Achievement of Television; referendum took place on Thursday, 5 June Ian Trethowan, Managing Director, Radio, 1975, and the very first live broadcast from on The Development of Radio; and James the House of Commons was at Question Redmond, Director of Engineering, on Time on the following Monday, 9 June). Broadcastine: the Developing Technology. All As usual BBC reporters, correspondents these lectures were as usual published. During

www.americanradiohistory.com 18 Annual Report the nine series, the lecturers have built up an those churches. There is undoubtedly a important dossier of source material for the "main stream" but it is continually changing, study of broadcasting policy. constantly fed and occasionally diverted by A later chapter of this report gives an new religious movements. Differences in theo- account of the work of the BBC's 52 advisory logical emphasis and approach are now less bodies during the year. The General Advisory between denominations and more within Council had a particularly notable year, denominations. ... We recognise the fact that during which it held its first residential con- there are now resident in Britain considerable ference. At Ditchley Park from 10 to 12 and growing communities of Orthodox and January, five groups of people - members of Lutherans, and adherents of non -Christian the Council, BBC Governors, members of the faiths, who are no longer, as at the time of the Board of Management, senior staff from tele- Pilkington Report, few and scattered. We vision and radio and distinguished guests from recognise also that there are many who are outside the BBC - conferred on a theme which not adherents of any faith who nevertheless proved to be very much to the point at a time hold profoundly spiritual convictions. There of national crisis. Asked to consider whether should be room within religious broadcasting the duty of the BBC was 'to reflect or to lead' for the expression of such views ...' the participants concluded that there was no As this quotation from the published clear -cut answer. The encouraging and cau- memorandum shows, the Committee at its tionary advice of one of them was that the residential conference, while recommending BBC's watchword should be 'soldier on - but no truly radical change of direction, gave watch it!' notice that it wanted broadcasters to con- tinue to extend the range of religious broad- Religious broadcasting and casting. educational broadcasting In 1974, educational broadcasters cele- brated the 50th Anniversary of their first Another major advisory body to hold its regular transmissions. In a special message to first residential conference was the Central all employed in BBC Educational Broad- Religious Advisory Committee under the casting, the Director -General drew attention Bishop of St Albans. The purpose of this to the impressive number of schools using the conference was to prepare a memorandum for service and the equally impressive scale of submission to the Annan Committee. The educational programming. He concluded: BBC noted with considerable interest that the 'But it is less a question of numbers than of memorandum indicated that the Central quality; less the hours on the air than the Religious Advisory Committee would be utility of what is offered; less the statistics recommending to the broadcasting authorities than the concept of service which lies be- a broadening of what has long been called hind them. That is what matters. All pro- the mainstream policy in religious broad- gramme producers are dedicated. There are casting. 'When too narrowly defined', the none more so than those who work in Central Religious Advisory Committee said educational broadcasting.' 'the mainstream concept can imply that the authorities under pressure from the The BBC Programmes CRAC, are primarily concerned in the field of religious broadcasting with the provision of Complaints Commission propaganda, suitably rationed, from the major The BBC Programmes Complaints Commis- churches in Britain. This, in fact, is not so. sion adjudicated on four cases in the twelve The core of religious broadcasting must con- months covered by this report. In each case tinue to be the worship, thought and action of the complainant had alleged unfair treatment

www.americanradiohistory.com Introductory 19 by the BBC in a programme. The Com- Council in That's Life on BBC-1, and in two mission found as follows (in summary): editions of Checkpoint on Radio 4. The NHBC claimed that they had been unfairly Dr D. Purves treated in these broadcasts. In the case National Party Candi- Dr Purves, a Scottish of That's Life the Commission upheld the 1974 General Election, date in the February complaint. In the case of Checkpoint a number that in the BBC Scotland tele- complained of specific complaints were endorsed while Current Account he had been vision series others were judged not to have been made and that his campaign had unfairly treated out. been misrepresented. The Commission con- cluded that Dr Purves had not been singled out unfairly and that the description of his Anthony Charles Whitby campaign had not been prejudicial or unfair. (1929-75) Young Enterprise Tony Whitby, Controller, Radio 4, died in Young Enterprise, an educational charity February 1975, aged 45. After service as Editor, which aims to give young people a basic 24 Hours, he had been Secretary of the BBC in grounding in business and industrial principles, 1969, and had then been appointed Controller, complained about the tone of a film report in Radio 4. It seemed certain that his breadth of Nationwide, which, it claimed, had deliber- television and radio experience and a mind at ately misrepresented its activities by politically once analytical and creative would one day biased comment. The Commission accepted have earned him higher office. The loss of a the BBC's assurances that there was no man of such quality so young was deeply felt intention deliberately to disparage or mis- by the BBC. represent the work of Young Enterprise, but upheld the complaint of unfair treatment. Board of Management Mr V. Angell At the end of March 1975, Mr John Crawley, in episode of Mr Angell complained that an CBE, attended Board of Management for the a television documentary programme, The last time before his retirement from the Family, about the life of a Reading family, the BBC. He had been a member since 1968 in Wilkins, it had been suggested that, as a his personal capacity, while holding succes- Councillor, he had access to council infor- sively the posts of Editor, News and Current mation and then wrote about such matters in Affairs, and, from 1971 Chief Assistant to his capacity as a journalist employed by the the Director -General. During that period he Reading Evening Post, the implication being made a notably wise and mature contribution that he had abused his position both as a to the conduct of the BBC's broadcast journalist and as a councillor. The Commis- journalism in television and radio and its sion's view was that 'Mr and Mrs Wilkins relations with the political parties. were doing no more than putting it as their Including the Director -General, Sir Charles opinion that the roles of journalist and Coun- Curran, the Board of Management now has cillor were incompatible. This seems to us to eight members.* The others are: be a legitimate question of public interest.' H. P. Wheldon, Managing Director, was not The complaint of unfair treatment OBE, MC Television upheld. I. Trethowan Managing Director, National House Building Council Radio In May and June 1974 the BBC drew attention G. E. H. Mansell Managing Director, to complaints by members of the general External Broadcasting public against the National House Building J. Redmond Director of Engineering

www.americanradiohistory.com 20 Annual Report K. H. L. Lamb Director, Public Affairs M. O. Tinniswood Director of Personnel H. P. Hughes Director of Finance In July 1974 the European Broadcasting Union, then meeting in London for its 25th General Assembly, re- elected Sir Charles Curran as its President for a second two-year term.

The Board of Governors The Board was at full strength for most of the year under review, but on 2 February 1975 Lady Plowden submitted her resignation from her post as Vice -Chairman on accepting an invitation to succeed Lord Aylestone as Chairman of the Independent Broadcasting Authority. The Board thereupon resolved to record its deep appreciation of her past services to the BBC and to wish her a happy period of office in her new post, which she took up on 1 April 1975. The post of Vice - Chairman of the BBC remained vacant at the end of the period covered by this report.t

* It was announced on 9 July 1975 that Huw Wheldon would give up his duties as Managing Director, Television at the end of the year and act as Special Adviser to the Director -General during 1976, continuing to serve as a full member of the Board of Management and to deputise for the Director - General in his absence; that he would be succeeded as Managing Director, Television by Ian Trethowan; and that the new Managing Director, Radio would be Howard Newby, at present Director of Programmes, Radio. t On 25 June 1975 it was announced that the Hon. Mark Bonham Carter had been appointed as Vice - Chairman from 26 June.

www.americanradiohistory.com Programmes

Television were not too frightening. Addicts of the pro- gramme know that as a `Time Lord' he always Every night of the week the BBC tries to offer manages to survive the thrilling predicaments the public an attractive evening's viewing, in which he and his companions find them- based on a choice between reasonable alterna- selves. At the end of the period under review, tives on its two networks. Those responsible these included a story about the origins of for programme planning remain constantly Dr Who's implacable enemy, the race of grateful for one group of programmes which Daleks. The year's most successful Sunday never seem to flag in their standard and afternoon serials were David Copperfield and appeal and which provide a really strong start L. M. Montgomery's Anne of Avonlea, with for BBC -1 on most days. They are the children's Kim Braden conveying all the singularity of programmes. The most popular of these - Blue Anne Shirley's character. In addition, there Peter, Crackerjack, serial drama and cartoons - have been weekday dramas for children, par- attract more than 60 per cent of all children ticularly a production of Frances Hodgson - from five to 14. The magazine programme Blue Burnett's classic, The Secret Garden, and The Peter, shown twice a week, goes on succeeding Changes, based on three science fiction novels with viewers of many different ages, partly written for children by Peter Dickinson. because it encourages them to understand Much progress was made during the year in social problems and to try to alleviate them by providing children with a better aimed service their own efforts. In 1973 Blue Peter collected of news by means of the programme John and sold so many used stamps from viewers Craven's Newsround, extended from two to that it became possible to send out some four days a week. Its aim is to provide children modern agricultural equipment to a drought - with a news bulletin of special interest to them, stricken area of Ethiopia. In 1974 a film report carrying news of important world events with from the area showed the equipment in use and background information which sets them in a cotton crop being grown for the first time. In context. It also includes stories about people the same programme there appeared a new or animals which do not find a place in evening Labrador puppy, christened `Buttons' by the bulletins. The compilers ask themselves: is it viewers. It had been bought with the proceeds news and will it interest children without dis- of the 1974 Blue Peter Appeal Project for tressing them? Most children catch glimpses training a guide dog for the blind to take the and more than glimpses of half-understood place of 10- year -old `Honey', Blue Peter's headlines and fragments from adult pro- original guide dog, now retired. grammes. John Craven's Newsround includes At weekends the two principal attractions hard news items (about Northern Ireland, for for children were seasons of Dr Who on example) which, if unexplained, can puzzle Saturday afternoons and a dramatised serial and distress children. The programme tries on Sundays, both made by the Television to explain them. At the same time it reports Drama Group. Again the Television Service disasters in terms which encourage sympathy took care to see that Dr Who's adventures for the victims without being sensational. On 21

www.americanradiohistory.com 22 Annual Report the day a jet crashed on take -off in Nairobi, for programmes to be shown later in the day or on instance, a London evening newspaper head- another network, radio as well as television. line was `Jumbo Jet Crash Horror', whereas This Presentation Department is also respon- the Newsround story began `A plane crashes on sible for a small programme output of its own, take -off - but 93 walk away from the wreck'. particularly some of the most successful late Every type of television programme is now night and afternoon programmes that had to included in the range provided for children - be cut. A lot of work went into The End of the music, drama, the visual arts, history, archae- Pier Show, an experiment in comedy. In ology, natural history, story- telling, science, general the graphics and techniques used were comedy, current affairs and outside broad- much admired, as were some of the jokes; if casts. One which may not have any counterpart not wholly successful, the effort needs to be in adult programming is made by children made in order to keep alive the tradition of themselves. It is specially produced for school TW3. The most rewarding Presentation pro- holidays and Saturday mornings and has the gramme of the year was probably BBC -2's In longest title in television -Why Don't You Just Vision, which looked at television programmes Switch Off the Television Set and Go and Do and issues. The BBC's Chairman, Sir Michael Something Less Boring Instead? Audience Swann, was one of those interviewed on the figures for the programme suggest that in 1975 programme, which provided a number of the advice was not taken literally. opportunities for controversial broadcasting In any year BBC programmes always do issues to be debated. well on public holidays. In 1974 Christmas The BBC's science programmes had a good programmes had for economy reasons to be year with documentaries on such subjects as greatly modified. Several productions were The Race for the Double Helix. A diverting taken out of the schedules altogether and those and intellectually challenging series of learned on BBC-2 were deliberately planned as a less debates entitled Controversy included one in colourful and more muted alternative to those which Carl Sagan, Director of the Laboratory on BBC -1. Yet overall the BBC still scored a for Planetary Studies at Cornell University, spectacular success. It was not so much that argued that `a long range search for extra important feature films did well, like The terrestial civilisations should start now'. Bridge on the River Kwai or Chitty Chitty Bang Trevor Philpott looked at hospitals in one of Bang. The viewing figures for these, although his four -part reports, with particular emphasis high, were not as high as they were for such on the position of young doctors and consul- home -made BBC-1 Christmas programmes as tants. Among editions of Horizon were Some Mothers Do 'ave 'em, Bruce Forsyth and programmes on: the dangers of asbestos dust the Generation Game and The Mike Yarwood to the health of workers in the asbestos Christmas Show. BBC-2 focused successfully industry; the growing up of Joey, a spastic on music with Christmas Music from Hampton child; the menopause; and some of the prob- Court, A Christmas Box from Joseph Cooper, lems facing bridge -builders. In Microbes and Gian Carlo Menotti's opera Amahl and the Men Arthur Lowe took the part of Louis Night Visitors and a re-showing of Verdi's Pasteur in a dramatised documentary series La Traviata. that re- created some of the most exciting For the staff who work in Television Presen- episodes in the history of medicine. During the tation Department public holidays are a very year Arthur Lowe continued as Captain busy time. But throughout the year the same Mainwaring in Dad's Army and also appeared elaborate operation is going on just below the as Mr Micawber in David Copperfield. When surface, in order to ensure for viewers the he turned up in an early episode of Churchill's smoothest possible transition from one pro- People there could have been some risk of gramme to the next and an adequate notice of over -exposure. But Arthur Lowe acted so well

www.americanradiohistory.com Programmes 23 that all these very different programmes Paul Daneman as Commander Ryan in Spy seemed enhanced by his contribution. Trap. The arts continued to be well represented. Panorama, The Money Programme, Tuesday's Dame Ninette de Valois was effectively inter- Documentary and a whole succession of other viewed by Patrick Garland in Omnibus. In documentary programmes maintained the Omnibus at the Proms a dramatic moment was BBC's contribution to knowledge and under- captured when a volunteer from the audience standing of the key issues of the age. In stepped forward to sing in Carl Orff's Carmina achieving this the camera has the advantage of Burana, the principal baritone having been immediate contact with its subject and with overcome by the heat. Geraint Evans starred human emotion. Of course the time permissible as a teacher of singing in Master Class. for any one programme, lest it fail to hold the Rostropovich performed in a first live televised attention of the viewer, still allows the com- concert in Britain. Imogen Holst was seen munication of only a fraction of what can be conducting the Band at Kneller Hall in a pro- found in newspapers and periodicals. Yet gramme to commemorate her father Gustav BBC documentaries have often led the way in Holst's birth in 1874. A recording was shown of analysing contemporary problems. Filmed Verdi's Un ballo in maschera from Covent reports in Panorama and other programmes Garden. All Beethoven's late quartets were continue to provide unique evidence for such played within six days on BBC-2. The full analysis from all corners of the world. The advantages for ordinary viewers of singing a Tuesday's Documentary series alone included Mozart opera in translation were reaped in a programmes about: the work of bomb dis- studio production of The Marriage of Figaro, posal teams; a course of treatment for mentally brilliantly sung in English, the action being handicapped children; the rise of the Russian concentrated in one day in the spirit of Beau - Navy; the disease spina bifida; the risks of marchais's original title La Folle Journeé. The famine in the world; a film portrait of a busy visual arts were not neglected. Professor John London police station at work; and the fate of Hale told the story of Florence in Chronicle and an army captain who lost an arm and was the work of several painters since Renoir was blinded in Northern Ireland by an exploding examined in the series Adventure in Light. parcel bomb, with an account of how he In conversation some of the honours were adapted himself to a new life. To many of taken by an older generation, Mr Macmillan these programmes the material provided by and Lords Avon and Hailsham, Lady Sharp staff in the regions made indispensable con- and Richard Crossman, all making points tributions, as it did for Midweek and particu- that were historically revealing. Sir Claude larly for Nationwide at 6.00 pm on five nights Auchinleck at 90 was interviewed impromptu of the week. by David Dimbleby in Marrakesh. One man of Reactions were mixed to one unique experi- 103, who was asked about his life by Michael ment in which a documentary film team went Parkinson, said his last three years had been to live with the Wilkins family of Reading and much better than his first hundred. in twelve weekly half-hour programmes cap- The tradition of good scripts and good act- tured the ups and downs of the real life of this ing was continued in many fine series and family as it was lived. A minority disliked the serials, including particularly Ian Carmichael family or believed the episodes to be a form of as Lord Peter Wimsey in an adaptation of voyeurism. But many viewers admired the Dorothy Sayers's story The Nine Tailors; the programmes and the production values of the trio of Susan Hampshire, Philip Latham and series, took the series very seriously as a social Barbara Murray in The Pallisers; Ben Kingsley documentary and shared the view of Richard as Dante Gabriel Rossetti in The Love School; Cawston, Head of Documentary Programmes, Patrick Stewart as Lenin in Fall of Eagles; and and Paul Watson, the producer, that the

www.americanradiohistory.com 24 Annual Report experiment was one of the most important gart for an outstanding contribution to developments in programme- making that the Television Drama. BBC had made for some years. Two top women's awards from the Ladies of Television: Polly James and Nerys Hughes for Prize -winning television programmes The Liver Birds. The Goodies: Silver Rose of Montreux. A trophy from the Ladies of Television for Horizon, The Writing on the Wall: Second prize the best written TV show of the year written at the 1975 Prix Futura Festival in Berlin. specially for a female star: Carla Lane for The Tuesday's Documentary, After the Parcel Liver Birds. Exploded: A Bronze Award at the 1975 Prix The Writers' Guild of Great Britain Awards Futura Festival in Berlin. for 1975 went to several BBC programmes: Vision On, Puddles and Pools: An Ohio State Best British original teleplay: Leeds- United! Award. by Colin Welland The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson: An Ohio Best British Comedy Script: Porridge by Ian State Award. La Frenais Inside Story, Marek: The Asian Broadcasting Best British documentary script: Microbes Union Television Prize for documentaries. and Men by Martin Worth, John Wiles and Also the Asian Broadcasting Union Special Bruce Norman Television Award for low cost programmes. Best British children's original drama script: The Private Life of the Jackass Penguin: British Dr Who by Robert Holmes, Malcolm Hulke, Association Television Award for 1974. Terry Nation, Brian Hayles and Robert Robinson Crusoe: A Bronze Medal under the Sloman Christopher Award scheme for a work show- Best British drama script in the field of educa- ing the highest human and spiritual values. tion: Countdown by John Tully Heil Caesar: The Japan Prize at the Inter- national Radio and Television Educational The Radio Industries Club Awards for 1974- Programme contest in Tokyo. 75 included: Tawny Owls: A BBC Open University Pro- BBC Television personality of the year: gramme. The ABE Prize in the Television Ronnie Barker section of the International Radio and Tele- BBC Television programme of the year: vision educational programme contest in The Brothers Tokyo. Science -based programme of the year: The Goodies and the Beanstalk: An honorary Tomorrow's World plaque under the International Emmy Award Television newscaster of the year: Richard scheme for an outstanding achievement in Baker entertainment programmes. Softly, Softly: The National Viewers and Several of the 1974 Awards from the Listeners' Association Award. Society of Film and Television Arts were won by the BBC: During the year these personal awards were The Desmond Davis Award: Denis Mitchell won: for his distinguished work for television for The Valiant for Truth Award, a first award both the BBC and the commercial companies ever, presented by the interdenominational The Richard Dimbleby Award: Robin Day Order of Christian Unity: Oliver Whitley, Production and direction awards: Director of BBC External Broadcasting, from Best factual series: Horizon edited by Peter 1969 to 1971. Goodchild Special Television Award of the Broadcasting Best specialised programme: Joey produced by Press Guild: Posthumously to James McTag- Brian Gibson

www.americanradiohistory.com Programmes 25

Best situation comedy: Porridge produced by of people and that meant mainly early in the Sydney Lotterby morning or late at night. Even so, it was clear One Critic Award, sponsored by the Broad- that an element of deprivation could not be casting Guild was made to the BBC in 1975: avoided and the large volume of protest by Best documentary series: The Family telephone and letter was to some extent a vote At the Golden Seaswallow Festival at of confidence in the displaced programmes. Knokke in Belgium the BBC won the Golden Among the new programmes was Election Seaswallow Award for the fourth year in Platform which nightly throughout the cam- succession for the best variety programme paign carried extracts from speeches round recorded live, with a show starring Roy the country. Election Call, the programme Castle. which allows voters to put their questions In the Royal Television Society's British direct to representatives of the three main television news film of the year competition parties, again proved its worth in the second those awards were won: General Election within a year. One of the Hard news (team) category: BBC Leeds: outstanding successes was enjoyed by Drama Harold Caine, Walter Garton, Barry Wilkin- Department in winning the Italia Prize for son, Paul Berriff, Ron Hurrell and Keith drama for the second time running. The prize- Massey winning production was Bill Naughton's play Portfolio category: BBC TV News: Peter The Mystery. During the year the BBC as- Beggin sumed responsibility for the Robert Mayer Regional news category: BBC Wales: David Children's Concerts and the BBC Symphony Jones and Ralph Bowden Orchestra undertook a successful tour of At the 4th International Christian Tele- Germany and Austria. vision Festival, held in Brighton in May 1975, Among the plans being made for the experi- See You Sunday was awarded 1st prize in the ment in broadcasting from Parliament was Children's and Family Viewing category. one for the doubling of the length of Today! The Cornet Lesson received an Honourable Yesterday in Parliament to make room for Mention in the Drama category. recorded extracts from speeches made in the House of Commons. It was also intended that recordings should be used in news bulletins and current affairs programmes, as well as in regional and local radio programmes. It was Radio hoped, too, that a part of some major parlia- Although the cuts introduced for financial mentary debate or occasion would be broad- reasons brought to a halt several years of ex- cast live. pansion in radio, there were still some en- couraging developments. Foremost among Radios 1 and 2 them was the substantial vote by MPs in Over the past five years the sharing of pro- favour of an experiment in the sound broad- grammes between Radios 1 and 2 had been casting of the proceedings of the House of steadily reduced to the point where the two Commons, and the successful launching in networks were almost entirely separate. How- Northern Ireland of Radio Ulster, a new ever, the economy measures meant a loss in service intended to present a broader view of airtime of more than 45 hours a week for these the province. networks and a consequent reversal of the The economies meant the loss of over 50 trend. Most of the cuts were made in the early hours airtime a week, with Radios 1 and 2 the morning or late at night, so that Radios 1 and main sufferers. It seemed sensible to make the 2 do not now start broadcasting in the morn- cuts where they would affect the least number ing until 6.00 am. They close down for the

www.americanradiohistory.com 26 Annual Report night after the Shipping Forecast at 0.37 broadcasts, and during the summer holiday hours. Radio 1 has lost its 10.00 pm to mid- season the Radio 1 Road Show toured the night programme and instead shares Music country with a specially equipped caravan and Through Midnight with Radio 2. In the after- broadcast live from 40 different resorts. noon, the David Hamilton Show from 2.00 pm At weekends, Ed Stewart's Junior Choice,

to 5.00 pm is also shared. Every effort was which is heard on both Radios 1 and 2, made to spread the economies over different attracted the largest audience of any radio areas of programming and other outlets were programme. A more flexible music policy at found for much of the progressive pop and weekends has been reflected in the Rosko, Çazz displaced by the changes. The cuts had, Alan Freeman, Jimmy Savile and Dave Lee none the less, provoked a large volume of Travis programmes among others. In addition protest, even if the audience levels were not at to these regular shows, Radio 1 has also first heavily affected. produced a number of feature series whose Together the two networks continue to subjects have included the Osmonds, The attract about 20 million listeners each day and Beach Boys, The Who and Simon and Gar- the popularity of such disc jockeys as Tony funkel. These series, which have contained a Blackburn, Sam Costa, John Peel and Pete large amount of interview material, have - Murray remains as high as ever. The Jimmy together with the weekly In Concert pro- Young Show deserves special mention. De- grammes - become much in demand abroad. scribed as `an entertainment programme with Radio 2 has continued its series of Sun- serious intent' it continued to feature a day afternoon musical biographies. Notable mixture of music, on the one hand, with dis- among them was the story of Ella Fitzgerald, cussion of welfare and consumer matters and presented by André Previn. Radio 2 also other topics of general interest, on the other. launched a major series which set out to tell Guests included the Chancellor of the Ex- over a period of months the history of popular chequer and the new Leader of the Opposition, music in Britain and America from 1900 to while in a series of special programmes during about 1960. Ragtime to Rock and Roll was the election campaign in October Jimmy complementary to Radio l's earlier Story of Young questioned leading members of the Pop and was regarded as an important docu- three major parties. The questioning of the mentary of the world of popular music. Party leaders by young people was a feature of Another major series, which started towards Newsbeat's election coverage. This Radio 1 the end of the period under review, was The programme has a style and format specially Impresarios which told the stories of the men designed to attract young listeners, although behind the big spectacular theatrical produc- no significant item of news is ever neglected tions of the past 70 years. and its simple, yet authoritative, handling of On Saturday night Radio 2 once again serious topics conforms firmly to BBC broadcast its regular series of European journalistic standards. exchange programmes, European Pop Jury and Radio 1 has continued its policy of taking Pop Over Europe. In addition, a new series programmes outside the studio and so giving Europe '74 (later Europe '75) was launched. audiences a chance to meet the broadcasters Radio 2 also represented the BBC in com- and join in the shows. Tony Blackburn and petitions and concerts abroad. A Tourist View David Hamilton, using a radio car, were able of Britain, its entry for the Nordring Radio to broadcast their three -hour shows from Prize of 1974, achieved the distinction of places as various as Cambridge, Loch Ness, winning all three prizes in the competition. Manchester, Clydeside, Sheffield, Newcastle Radio 2 listeners had the opportunity to hear and Merseyside. On the Spring Bank Holiday, many of the top comedians of the day, the whole day's output consisted of outside including Morecambe and Wise, Mike Yar-

www.americanradiohistory.com Programmes 27 wood, Ken Dodd, Frankie Howerd and Les which affected all BBC services was that from Dawson. Although the main comedy periods the same week Stereo Release, Man of were at 1.00 pm on Saturdays and 2.00 pm on Action and Matinee Musicale were heard also Sundays, a number of new and ingenious by Radio 4 listeners, while Radio 3's close- panel and quiz shows were placed at 7.00 pm down time was moved forward to 11.30 pm on weekdays. They included Punch Line, The each night. Impressionists, Just for Fun and W.I.Q. - or Man (or Woman) of Action offers some The Women's Institute Quiz - chaired by prominent figures not primarily associated Jimmy Young. with music, an opportunity to choose their Sport on 2 each Saturday continues to favourite music on gramophone records. provide listeners with a weekly 4j. hours of Among the wide range of people who took sports commentaries and interviews, taking in part during the year were Claire Bloom, Sir all the major fixtures of the day. The pro- Alfred Ayer, Mrs Shirley Williams, Sir Hugh gramme has always featured leading sporting Casson, Dame Edith Evans, and Stephen personalities, but recently its guest list has Spender. Two new gramophone record series - been widened to make room for a number of Royal Repertoire and Intermezzo - were quick those better known for achievements in other to establish themselves. The former reflects fields. They have included the Prime Minister, music in the current repertoire of the Royal Mr Heath, Peter Ustinov, Sacha Distel and Ballet; where no gramophone records exist, Oliver Reed. An outstanding broadcast was special recordings are provided by the BBC a recorded conversation between Sir Neville Concert Orchestra under Ashley Lawrence. Cardus and Alistair Cooke, dwelling on Intermezzo consists of a number of short cricket and music and themselves, and inclu- musical dramas from Monteverdi to Mozart, ded in Sport on 2 shortly after Sir Neville's tracing the development and popularity of the death. A special challenge was presented by one -act form. In another new series, The the World Cup Final for which a mobile Long- Playing Era, Robert Philip discussed and studio was sent to West Germany. The result illustrated 25 years of the long -playing record, was a succinct and pointed coverage to which touching on developments in recording players, coaches, officials and supporters all quality and techniques, the spread of 'authen- contributed. Once again major boxing and tic' performances and the growth of the soccer matches were carried in the evening recorded repertory. on long -wave leaving the vhf channel free for Once again, Radio 3 provided listeners music. Among the highlights of the boxing with the opportunity to hear works rarely year on radio was the inter -round summary performed, at least in their entirety. A series provided by Muhammed Ali on the Bugner- devoted to English Opera and related forms in Lovell fight at the Royal Albert Hall. The live the late seventeenth and early eighteenth cen- commentary on the Conteh -Ahumada world turies included Arne's Thomas and Sally, title fight at Wembley attracted a radio Blow's Venus and Adonis and Purcell's The audience of almost 5 million, far in excess of Masque in Dioclesian. In another series, normal evening listening. Baroque Masters, Handel's eleven Chandos anthems were broadcast as a complete work, Radio 3 probably for the first time. A change in the pattern of Saturday broad- No fewer than eight programmes were casting on Radio 3 was introduced early in devoted to the chamber music of Brahms. 1975 with new timings for Stereo Release, Other series were devoted to Mozart's piano The Young Idea and Midday Concert which, trios, Mendelssohn's piano music, and the as a necessary consequence, also lost its work of Gabriel Fauré, Egon Wellesz and familiar title. One result of the economies Sterndale Bennett. Among the musical cen-

www.americanradiohistory.com 28 Annual Report

tenaries celebrated on Radio 3 were those of and arguments normally used to advocate Schoenberg, Holst and Franz Schmidt. materialism to defend his belief in God. Exactly 100 years after Schoenberg's birth on From Doubt to Belief won admiration especi- 13 September 1874, the network devoted a ally for the way in which difficult concepts whole day to his music and during the were presented in an easy and lucid style. following months much of his work was A number of talks programmes dealt with broadcast, roughly in the order of its com- literary matters. In Byron: An Assessment, position. Christopher Ricks and Hallam Tennyson In the spring of 1974 the BBC Symphony conducted a colloquy to mark the 150th Orchestra undertook a tour of Germany and anniversary of the poet's death. A more Austria and listeners were able to hear live recent literary anniversary was marked in relays from seven different centres including J. B. Priestley at 80, while a less well -known Berlin, Munich and Vienna. There were literary figure - Dan Archer of the Parton again a number of EBU relays, including Press - was the subject of a programme by (from Vienna) a concert by the Austrian Martin Green. Programmes were devoted to Radio Symphony Orchestra and (from Frank- the poetry of G. K. Chesterton, Robert Frost furt) one by the Hesse Radio Symphony and Pablo Neruda among others. In addition, Orchestra. Among the many other important listeners had the chance to hear what is orchestral relays was the 70th anniversary of believed to have been the first broadcast of the London Symphony Orchestra, conducted Paradise Regained, in four parts. A dramatisa- by André Previn and Edward Heath, and Sir tion of The Princess, Tennyson's romantic Michael Tippett's 70th birthday concert given fantasy about female emancipation, was by the London Sinfonietta under Colin Davis. broadcast in 13 parts. A feature of Radio 3's Other major occasions included the visit to Italian Weekend was An Essential Voice, a London of the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra study of Leopardi, with a new translation of under Herbert von Karajan. As always, the La Ginestra (The Broom) commissioned season of Promenade Concerts - the first from Henry Reed. The concept of a single series to be planned by Robert Ponsonby - theme - say Italy - orchestrated in depth in provided a rich feast of music, almost uni- various programmes was extended and in- versally applauded by the general public and cluded: a Spanish Evening, a Schoenberg Day, serious critics. an evening in archives, a Polish Evening and Radio 3 fully maintained its reputation as an American Sunday. the network to which listeners turn for talk Perhaps the highlight of a distinguished which is serious, challenging and intellectually year in drama was the award of the Italia demanding. One major series examined the Prize for the best radio play to Bill Naughton's hopes many people once had for bringing The Mystery. The Radio Times Drama Awards about greater equality by massive expenditure produced a crop of talented new radio play- in social fields and considered why these wrights. The winning play - The Search for hopes seemed to have been disappointed. In Hamilton Stiggs by Peter Cator - was broad- Whatever Happened to Equality? John Vaizey cast with a cast which included Ronald chaired a succession of discussions in which Pickup, Dinsdale Landen and Amanda Reiss. John Mackintosh and Sir Geoffrey Howe The runner -up was a London housewife, dealt with equality and politics, Mary War- Shirley Gee, whose Stones was also broad- nock and Lord Annan with equality and cast. Among the classic dramas broadcast on education, W. G. Runciman and A. H. Radio 3 was The Bacchae of Euripides in a new Halsey with equality and class. In another translation by Donald Lucas. There were a distinguished, if more personal, talks series number of notable Shakespearean productions, Lord Hailsham employed scientific evidence including John Tydeman's much praised

www.americanradiohistory.com Programmes 29 King Lear, with Sir Alec Guinness. Another which operates without undue constriction memorable occasion was the first broadcast either of time or topicality. Among the wide performance of Eugene O'Neill's giant trilogy range of subjects which it covered was France Mourning Becomes Electra. Lessing's comedy after Pompidou, Portugal after the Coup and Minna von Barnhelm, written in 1767, was also Greece without Colonels, as well as a review in heard for the first time. two programmes of the current situation in An adaptation of the last writings of South -East Asia. There were also 45- minute Richard Jefferies, The Man on the Hill, was interviews with the Prime Minister and with read by Paul Scofield. It included a hitherto the Shah of Iran. unknown essay which Jefferies dictated to his The position of the advanced countries wife on his deathbed. One of the most remark- today was examined by Professor Ralf able drama broadcasts was heard towards the Dahrendorf in his series of Reith Lectures on end of the period under review with a two - The New Liberty - Survival and Justice in a part adaptation by Bill Morrison of Dostoev- Changing World. An academic sociologist of sky's Crime and Punishment. The production, distinction, a former EEC commissioner, by John Tydeman, fully exploited the possi- former minister in the German Government bilities of the medium. and now Director of the London School of Economics, Professor Dahrendorf drew on his Radio 4 wide experience in a series of lectures which News and current affairs programmes con- considered the dual challenge of overcoming tinued, as always, to form the spine of Radio threats to the survival of liberal societies and 4 and the daily sequence programmes - at the same time increasing the liberties of Today, The World at One, PM, News Desk and individual citizens. The World Tonight - to carry the main weight Radio 4's news and current affairs teams of the network's current affairs coverage. combined to cover their second General Since they occupy just five hours of broad- Election in a year. Neither the size of the casting time a day between them, Radio 4 audience nor the intensity of their reaction rarely finds it necessary to re- organise to gave much hint of the apathy which some cover special events - the opportunity is people claimed to discern in the electorate. already there. The resignation of President Election Call - the phone -in programme which Nixon provides an example of both the rule gives voters the chance to question leading and the exception. The Today programme, party spokesmen direct - was again a success first as always with overnight transatlantic with both electorate and candidates. A signi- news, devoted itself almost entirely to the ficant innovation was provided by Election event, bringing in the BBC's former North Platform, a nightly 25- minute programme America correspondent, Charles Wheeler, to which carried extracts from speeches by lead- present the programme. But the final depar- ing candidates at much greater length than is ture of Mr Nixon was felt to be momentous usually possible in news bulletins or in the enough to warrant a special programme as normal run of campaign reporting. Although well, and that night another of the sequence the audience for this programme was inevit- teams (The World at One) mounted a 75 ably small, it was successful in introducing a minute documentary on The Rise and Fall of distinctive note of the hustings into radio Richard Nixon. It incorporated the whole of coverage of the campaign. the Nixon story and was regarded by discern- Alistair Cooke, doyen of radio reporters ing listeners as a judicious and absorbing and supreme interpreter of America to the account. British, was accorded a rare honour when he A more leisurely and reflective view of was invited to address a special session of the world affairs is taken every week by Analysis House of Representatives, also attended by

www.americanradiohistory.com 30 Annual Report members of the Senate, to mark the 200th Monday Play, the most demanding of the anniversary of the Continental Congress. The week, included productions of Anna Karenina, entire proceedings were carried on Radio 4 Rosmersholm and Saint Joan. Saturday Night and the audience here shared the evident relish Theatre included such plays as Eden Phil - of Cooke's hosts in Washington for his pott's The Farmer's Wife, Georgette Heyer's relaxed, witty and candid advice to them on The Toll-Gate and (to mark his 80th birthday) their attitude to their own history. J. B. Priestley's Eden End. It was a good year for features on Radio 4, It was also a strong year for revivals. The saddened towards the end by the untimely Dorothy L. Sayers' play -cycle on the life of death of Robert Cradock, a gifted and ex- Christ, The Man Born to be King, may have perienced producer whose work was intricate, lost its unintended capacity to shock, but it highly imaginative in style and closely atten- has not lost its appeal to audiences on Sunday tive to detail. It was typified in 1974 and '75 by evenings, where it has been re- broadcast in a The British Army, a series made in collabora- new stereo production. Welcome repeats of a tion with the National Army Museum about different kind included the series of six the army and its soldiers since the time of the Hancock's Half-Hours and ten Goon Shows, Civil War. An example of the full -hearted few of which had been heard on the air since response to which features can give rise was their first broadcast some twenty years ago. provided by The Last Secret, a production by Light entertainment programmes are among Cradock of Nicholas Bethell's account of the the most popular offerings of Radio 4, forced repatriation by the Allies of some two placed mainly just before the 1 o'clock News million people to the Soviet Union, where and immediately after the 6 o'clock News. many were imprisoned or killed, after the war. Among them are this network's most light- Although this story was 30 years old, the pro- hearted programmes, including notably the gramme achieved one of the highest audience all -woman discussion programme Petticoat and appreciation figures for any feature during Line and the high -speed panel game Just a the year. Outstanding among features was Minute. Such programmes have a body of Michael Mason's series of Plain Tales from the detractors, but there seem to be many devoted Raj, which gave a fascinating and moving listeners for whom they are the high spot of vision of the life and times of the British rulers the week's listening. of India from about the turn of the century. In In contrast with them is the quiet popu- addition, it has preserved for posterity many larity of Radio 4's book readings. On the more hours of recordings of substantial average weekday, the network broadcasts historical interest. Another notable series was about 1 hours of serial readings and short Alan Burgess's The Brave, a group of ten stories to audiences of sometimes over a programmes, each of which dealt with the million. The quality of both abridgement and quiet heroism of largely unknown people in reading is very high. desperate situations. Contrasts such as these underline the fact The regions - and especially the network that Radio 4 is not a homogeneous network production centres of Bristol, Birmingham and trying to please a homogeneous public. It Manchester - increased their contributions to appeals to people of different tastes or to Radio 4 during the year. Birmingham, for people in different moods at different times of example, contributed three new ideas for day. It is aimed at a wide audience of dis- series during the period. criminating listeners who will tune in regu- Drama continued to form an important larly for what they want and leave aside what strand in Radio 4's output and flourished is not to their taste. In its present form Radio especially in its regular afternoon spot. As 4 is very much the creation of Tony Whitby always, the range was wide. For instance, The its Controller from December 1969 until

www.americanradiohistory.com Programmes 31 February 1975, when he died at the age of 45. their daily output. All the stations have links It was he who had the task of implementing with local police forces and AA offices, while the changes outlined in the document Broad- Radio Brighton has links with the local bus casting in the Seventies, and he never ceased station which enables it to tell listeners at seeking ways to improve the network while at once about cancellations and route altera- the same time retaining all that was best in tions. Radio London goes even further and what he had inherited. His death was keenly has its own reporter at the Scotland Yard felt by friends and colleagues and was widely Traffic Control Centre from early morning seen as an incalculable loss to radio - and until night. indeed to the BBC as a whole. There have also been interesting develop- ments in the coverage of local government. Local Radio Radio Leicester has broadcast edited record- Among recent encouraging trends for BBC ings of the proceedings of Leicestershire Local Radio has been a marked increase in County Council, while live broadcasts of public interest. In 1974, despite the arrival of council meetings are also carried on occasion several more commercial stations, the audi- by Radios Manchester, Merseyside, New- ence for the BBC stations rose sharply. Dur- castle and Stoke. Radio London now broad- ing the last quarter of the year more than casts Question Time live from each full 1,800,000 people on average listened to BBC meeting of the G.L.C. Local Radio each day - an increase of 50 per Local stations again played an important cent on a year earlier. And early in 1975 this part in coverage of general elections. While figure rose at times to over two million. providing their own listeners with opportuni- The basis of the day's broadcasting for all ties to consider and discuss the national stations is provided by news. The local issues as they affected the local scene, they stations can call on the BBC's main news- also made a major contribution to network rooms in London for help where national or election programmes. The local radio office in international news is concerned, but they the House of Commons has recently been themselves gather local news for use not only strengthened so that stations now receive a in their own bulletins but also, where appro- regular service of news copy on parliamentary priate, in network news programmes. Thus affairs of relevance to their own area. the newsroom at Radio Humberside was able Consumer programmes have become an to provide valuable help in covering the increasingly important element in the local Flixborough disaster and trawler losses in the stations' output. Often produced in co- North Sea, while Radio Birmingham was operation with the Consumer Association, closely involved in providing news about they provide information and advice on both terrorist bomb attacks in the city. On such national and local consumer problems and occasions, information about the effect on frequently make use of the telephone to put traffic and public transport is usually too listeners in touch with the expert in the studio. detailed to find a place in national news The phone -in technique also played a part in bulletins. The local stations, however, with two other interesting developments. Radio their flexible approach to programming, can London has established a fortnightly phone respond as the situation demands and provide link with a local station in New York so that a community faced with an emergency listeners to each station are able to talk with a valuable means of instant communi- directly to each other across the Atlantic. And cation. early in 1975 most of the BBC local stations Of course, the stations provide local took part in a Canadian Broadcasting Cor- traffic and transport information not just poration phone -in linking listeners in Britain, during emergencies, but as a major part of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the

www.americanradiohistory.com 32 Annual Report United States for a discussion of the world The Prix Jean -Antoine Variété Trophy, Monte population problem. Carlo But although such occasions are often London by Music produced by Derek Mills stimulating both for those taking part and for The Prix Musical de Radio Brno, Czecho- the listener at home, all the local stations know slovakia: that the proper measure of their success is the The English Renascence produced by Elaine extent to which they are accepted as a central Padmore. part of the life of their own community. Noel Edmonds was voted top DJ by polls Evidence of the importance of the role the in the New Musical Express and Record stations play in some listeners' lives was con- Mirror, and won the Carl Allan award. Polls tained in a letter received by Radio Humber- in Disc and the Melody Maker voted John side. It was from a woman recently widowed Peel the top DJ. and paid tribute to the solace and companion- Polls in Disc, Melody Maker, New Musical ship her local service had provided during her Express and Sounds voted the Alan Freeman first 12 months of bereavement. Show the top Radio 1 show. A poll in the More generally, when there were news- Record Mirror voted the Noel Edmonds show paper reports that local radio might be axed the top Radio 1 show. Polls in Reveille voted as an economy measure, there was sharp Tony Blackburn the top Radio 1 DJ, Terry reaction from a number of communities. Wogan the top Radio 2 DJ and Open House

the favourite Radio 1 and 2 programme. Prize-whining radio programmes Italia Prize Guy Vaesen's production of Bill Naughton's play The Mystery won the Italia Prize for radio drama Party political broadcasts and Writers' Guild of Great Britain broadcasts by Members of Best radio serial script: Barry Campbell for Parliament his dramatisation of Evelyn Waugh's Sword of Honour Party political broadcasts Best radio drama script: Stan Barstow for For the calendar year 1974 party political We Could Always Fit a Sidecar broadcasts were as follows: Best radio feature script: Sheila Stewart for In television her dramatisation of her own book Country Labour 2 broadcasts of 15 minutes Kate 3 broadcasts of 10 minutes Radio Industries Club Conservative 6 broadcasts of 10 minutes Programme of the year: Today for the Liberal 3 broadcasts of 10 minutes fourth year running. Radio personality of the year: Terry In radio Wogan Labour Radio Industries Club of Scotland 6 broadcasts of 5 minutes (Radio 4) New personality of the year: Anne Lome 3 broadcasts of 5 minutes (Radio 2) Gillies Conservative Nordring Radio Prize, Holland 6 broadcasts of 5 minutes (Radio 4) All three prizes went to the Radio 2 produc- 3 broadcasts of 5 minutes (Radio 2) tion A Tourist View of Britain, David Liberal Rayvern Allen winning the producer's 3 broadcasts of 5 minutes (Radio 4) prize, Robert Eamon the arranger's prize 1 broadcast of 5 minutes (Radio 2) and Rita Morris the performer's prize In addition to these series of national network

www.americanradiohistory.com Programmes 33 broadcasts by the main parties, the Scottish Conservative National Party and Plaid Cymru were alloca- 4 broadcasts of 10 minutes (Radio 4) ted party political broadcasts in Scotland and 3 broadcasts of 5 minutes (Radio 2) Wales respectively during 1974 as follows: Liberal 3 broadcasts of 10 minutes (Radio 4) In television 2 broadcasts of 5 minutes (Radio 2) Scottish National Party Provision was also made for party election 2 broadcasts of 10 minutes broadcasts by other parties which had a mini- 1 broadcast of 5 minutes (in Scotland) mum of 50 candidates nominated through- Plaid Cymru out the United Kingdom. In the event, one 1 broadcast of 10 minutes (in Wales) party (the National Front) qualified in this respect, and its broadcasts were: In radio Scottish National Party In television 2 broadcasts of 10 minutes (in Scotland) 1 broadcast of 5 minutes (BBC -1 only) 1 broadcast of 5 minutes (in Scotland) In radio Plaid Cymru 1 broadcast of 5 minutes (Radio 4) 1 broadcast of 10 minutes (in Wales) The election broadcasts by the Scottish The party political broadcasts between 1 National Party and Plaid Cymru in Scotland January and 31 March 1975 were as follows: and Wales respectively were as follows: In television In television Labour 1 broadcast of 10 minutes Scottish National Party, 2 broadcasts of Conservative 1 broadcast of 10 minutes 10 minutes (BBC Scotland); Plaid Cymru, 1 broadcast of 10 minutes (BBC Wales) In radio Labour In radio 1 broadcast of 5 minutes (Radio 4) Scottish National Party, 2 broadcasts of 10 Conservative minutes (Radio 4 Scotland); Plaid Cymru, i 1 broadcast of 5 minutes (Radio 4) broadcast of 10 minutes (Radio 4 Wales)

Party election broadcasts Ministerial broadcasts The party election broadcasts during February The following ministerial broadcasts were 1974 were listed in the Annual Report for given between 1 April 1974 and 31 March 1973 -74 (page 41 of BBC Handbook 1975). 1975: The Rt Hon Harold Wilson, MP (Prime The party election broadcasts by the three Minister) on BBC-1 and Radio 4 on 25 May main parties in September and October 1974 1974, concerning Northern Ireland. were as follows: The Rt Hon Francis Pym MP (for the Opposition) on BBC -1 and Radio 4 on 26 In television May 1974, in reply to Mr Wilson. Labourt 5 broadcasts of 10 minutes; Conser- The Rt Hon Ian Gilmour MP (Conservative) vative, 5 broadcasts of 10 minutes; Liberal, 4 and the Rt Hon Jeremy Thorpe, MP (Liberal) broadcasts of 10 minutes on BBC-1 and Radio 4 on 28 May 1974, in discussion of the points made by Mr Wilson In radio and Mr Pym. The Labour Party was not Labour represented on this occasion, having chosen 4 broadcasts of 10 minutes (Radio 4) not to take part. 3 broadcasts of 5 minutes (Radio 2) The Rt Hon Barbara Castle MP (Secretary of

www.americanradiohistory.com 34 Annual Report

State for Social Services) on BBC -1 on 24 The Rt Hon Denis Healey MP (Chancellor July 1974, concerning increases in pensions of the Exchequer) broadcast on BBC -1, and other social security benefits. BBC -2 and Radio 4 on 12 November 1974 The Rt Hon Harold Wilson MP (Prime about his budget, and the Rt Hon Robert Minister) on BBC -1 and Radio 4 on 18 Can MP (for the Opposition) appeared on September 1974, on the dissolution of Parlia- BBC -1, BBC-2 and Radio 4 on 13 November ment and the holding of a general election, the 1974, in reply. second in 1974. The Rt Hon Edward Heath MP (for the Appearances by Members of Parliament Opposition) on BBC-1 and Radio 4 on 19 During the 1974 sessions of Parliament there September 1974, in reply to Mr Wilson. were 297 appearances by Members of Parlia- The Rt Hon Reginald Prentice MP (Labour), ment in television network programmes. In Mr Norman St John -Stevas MP (Conservative) radio network programmes there were 1,420. and Mr David Steel MP (Liberal) on BBC -1 on The number of individual Members of 19 September 1974, in discussion of the points Parliament taking part in network programmes made by Mr Wilson and Mr Heath. during the parliamentary session from 1 Mr Ronald Brown MP (Labour) The Rt Hon March 1974 to 20 September 1974 was 285 Sir Geoffrey Howe MP (Conservative) and on Radio and 204 on Television. Lord Beaumont of Whitley (Liberal) on Radio 4 on 20 September 1974, in discussion of the points made by Mr Wilson and Mr Heath. The Rt Hon Harold Wilson MP (Prime News Minister) on BBC -1 and Radio 4 on 14 Octo- ber 1974, on the situation following the In the year under review a second general general election. election and preparations for the constitutional The Rt Hon Edward Heath MP (for the innovation of a national referendum made the Opposition) on BBC-1 and Radio 4 on 15 domestic political scene of quite outstanding October 1974, in reply to Mr Wilson. interest, while the economic difficulties follow- The Rt Hon Edward Short MP (Labour) ing the unprecedented rise in the price of oil Lord Hailsham of St Marylebone (Conserva- meant that industrial and economic specialist tive) and the Rt Hon Jeremy Thorpe MP staff were very fully stretched. (Liberal) on BBC -1 and Radio 4 on 16 October Overseas events of historic importance took 1974, in discussion of the points made by Mr place in the USA, Cyprus, Portugal, Southern Wilson and Mr Heath. Africa and Indo- China. These events deman- The Rt Hon Roy Jenkins MP (as Home ded greater foreign coverage, with consequen- Secretary) on BBC -1 and Radio 4 on 25 tial strains on editorial budgets. From Wash- November 1974, on new security measures in ington the BBC's permanent telephone link to Great Britain. London was in constant use as correspondents reported the final stages of the Nixon Presi- Broadcasts on economic measures and the dency. November budget In Cyprus, one incident in the conflict On 22 July 1974 The Rt Hon Denis Healey MP demonstrated the risks taken by reporters and (as Chancellor of the Exchequer) broadcast on camera crews in bringing the news to viewers BBC-1, BBC-2 and Radio 4 about his economic and listeners. Ted Stoddart, a sound recordist measures. was killed by a land mine and two reporters On 23 July 1974 The Rt Hon Robert Carr with him, Simon Dring and Christopher MP (for the Opposition) replied to Mr Healey Morris, were seriously wounded. on BBC -1, BBC-2 and Radio 4. The process of renegotiating terms for

www.americanradiohistory.com Programmes 35 Britain's membership of the EEC was a con- Religious broadcasting stant theme in despatches from Charles Wheeler, Chief Correspondent Europe and Although religious broadcasting includes some John Simpson, Brussels correspondent. of the longest- running of BBC programmes As one result of economies arising from a (e.g. The Daily Service, Sunday Half-Hour and re- organisation of the Home and Foreign Songs of Praise) it is nonetheless in a continual Correspondents' Department, the BBC has state of development. This is true in more been able to establish a correspondent's post senses than one. The changing climate of in Nairobi with special responsibilities for religious opinion in Britain is reflected in covering Kenya and developments in adjacent programmes, so that wide -ranging debate is East African countries. This is in addition to added to preaching - it being no longer pos- maintaining a permanently based correspon- sible to take it for granted that there is a clearly dent in Johannesburg reporting on an increas- defined mainstream of Christian orthodoxy ingly fluid political situation in southern which is acceptable to nearly everyone. And in Africa. various ways religions other than Christianity At home, the spread of IRA bombings to begin to play a small part. Further, religious Britain's towns and cities, violent demonstra- broadcasting producers have been increasingly tions, the Heathrow hijacking and the disasters successful in extending the range of their at Flixborough and Moorgate, presented new programme styles. The Sunday religious problems for editorial judgements as well as magazine on Radio 4 is a good example. In the for technical reporting skills. On such occa- few years of its existence it has come to be sions, when there is a tendency to blame the regarded as essential listening by many in the messenger for the message he carries (and must churches. This view is reflected in the praise carry), editorial decisions have been more than given it this year by the authoritative though usually difficult: to report fairly and factually, anonymous writer of the preface to Crockford's on television and radio, remains a continuing Clerical Directory. challenge to all engaged in public service In the period under review there have been broadcasting. two new developments which are already Because of the greater attention which it beginning to establish themselves. The first is was felt needed to be paid to financial, econo- the Anno Domini programme on BBC-1 and mic and industrial affairs, a financial unit the second Contact on Radio 2. Both are was set up in Broadcasting House to serve not described in more detail below. only radio, but television news and External Changes in programmes frequently result Services. Domestic coverage was further from changes in staff and it is appropriate to strengthened by the appointment of education mention here a new attitude to religious and labour relations correspondents. broadcasting appointments. A decade ago Towards the end of the year under review, almost all producers were clergy of the Church the House of Commons' decision to allow a of England and other main churches in the month -long experiment in the broadcasting country. Though they were talented people of Parliament in sound, has entailed negotia- many of them suffered the disadvantage of tions with the relevant committee and close coming into a new profession rather late in life. planning co- operation with the appropriate In 1975 about half are laymen and the propor- officers of the House. There were technical tion is still rising. What is more, many of them problems still to be resolved, but the BBC was are appointed at or near the beginning of their absolutely ready to proceed as soon as it was working lives so that they learn the craft of granted permission to do so. Meanwhile it was programme production from the bottom up. hoped that the experiment, if successful, would This has already had a marked effect on lead to more permanent arrangements. programmes and should in due course

www.americanradiohistory.com 36 Annual Report raise professional standards to a very high Cowper. Two programmes came from Adding- level. ton Palace, the home of the Royal School of Church Music. Television Seeing and Believing alternates, generally In the Autumn of 1974 at 6.15 pm on Sundays, speaking, with Sunday morning services from the new religious magazine Anno Domini was churches. These have come as usual from a launched. Presented throughout by the Rever- wide range of places including, besides a end Colin Morris, it had ten editions, a signifi- number of parish churches, St John's College, cant proportion of which contained overseas Cambridge and the new Roman Catholic material - the Council of Youth at Taize in Cathedral at Clifton. Of the special occasions France, the visit of the Archbishop of Canter- this year the most important was the En- bury (then Dr Michael Ramsey) to Chile, thronement of the Archbishop of Canterbury Pentecostalists in Brazil and the World Food which was shown in full as a live broadcast and Conference in Rome. On home ground the then repeated in a shortened version the programme initiated an opinion poll on following Sunday. religious belief and Colin Morris interviewed BBC-1 has traditionally carried the main at length the newly appointed Archbishop of weekly religious programmes in television. Canterbury, Dr Donald Coggan. The final BBC-2, however, has shown a variety of single edition contained a film about Father Hugh programmes and short series. The fifty- Bishop in which he spoke about his reasons for minute documentary Erasmus of Rotterdam, resigning as Superior of the Community of the transmitted on Good Friday is an example of Resurrection at Mirfield and seeking release the former and the series Religious America of from his monastic vows. the latter. More recently BBC -2 has shown Songs of Praise has continued to be appreci- religious feature films originally made for the ated by its large audience on Sunday evenings. commercial cinema. A strikingly high number Despite the long run of this programme there watched the series - over five million for The is still plenty of enthusiasm for it and letters Greatest Story Ever Told and Joan of Arc. pour in from churches wishing to take part. Two broadcasts from the year merit special Radio mention - a magnificent Easter celebration Contact has been the most important new from All Souls, Langham Place and a pro- feature of religious radio programmes, though gramme from the Walmer lifeboat station in this venture in direct pastoral counselling is as Kent. As a variant on Songs of Praise there yet on a tiny scale. Listeners are encouraged to was a summer series called In Every Corner write to the programme about their problems, Sing in which among others Geoffrey Wheeler, some of which are then dealt with on the air. Cliff Morgan and Isobel Barnett presented a The person with the problem is put into direct personal selection of hymns. On another telephone contact with a highly skilled and Sunday evening Songs of Praise gave way to a experienced counsellor. The counsellor is performance of Stainer's Crucifixion, once a matched to the problem and may be a doctor, great favourite with amateur choirs but now lawyer or clergyman or someone whose much less heard. pastoral work is in a more general field. Among other programmes of worship Originally these broadcasts took place on Seeing and Believing covered a wide range of Tuesdays and Thursdays as three five -minute subjects including centenary programmes for programme inserts into Night Ride. They have G. K. Chesterton, Gustav Holst and Charles unfortunately been affected but not terminated Kingsley. There was a programme based on by the cut -back in late night programmes but the works of the poet -priest Andrew Young there is evidence that they are providing a real and a dramatisation of the life of William service. Correspondence, which was slow to

www.americanradiohistory.com Programmes 37 begin with, is now running at as fast a rate as Educational broadcasting the staff can manage. The Daily Service continued to be broadcast In the autumn of 1974 the BBC marked the live from All Souls' parish church, just by 50th anniversary of its first regular educational Broadcasting House. It is taken by members of broadcasting transmissions with celebrations BBC staff with the help of the BBC Singers, which included an official dinner given by the eight of whom sing each day. The latest edition Chairman to distinguished representatives of of New Every Morning is the book used for the the educational world. service with the BBC's own version of the During the year the BBC provided more Psalter and the BBC Hymn Book. The audience than 3,100 programmes for schools by radio or for this broadcast is gratifyingly large and it is television, and about half that number for known that many elderly and sick people make those interested in further and adult education. it part of the ordinary pattern of their lives: a The cost was met from licence revenue. For the constant stream of correspondence shows how calendar year 1975, the BBC is providing 840 deeply it is valued. hours of radio and 960 hours of television in Prayer for the Day, Thought for the Day and support of 78 courses or part courses prepared Pause for Thought are brief daily programmes, by the Open University. As before, the cost of the first two on Radio 4 and the last on Radio these programmes will be met in full by the 2. Two broadcasters in Prayer for the Day are University, out of funds provided by the heard almost weekly. They are the Reverend Department of Education and Science. John Jackson and the Reverend Richard Over many years, the BBC has spent on Harries. Both have published collections of specifically educational broadcasting annual their radio talks during the last year. sums equivalent to between 4 per cent and 5 per On Radio 3 there have been some substantial cent of licence income. In a period of inflation theological programmes, notably three pro- the educational broadcasting service could duced by Angela Tilby, Folly to the Greeks (on only be further enhanced by diverting funds the Atonement) The Eternal Triangle (on the from other areas of broadcasting, a solution Trinity) and This House of Clay (on the Incar- which is impracticable at the present time, or nation). Programmes of this kind never reach by finding, at least to support that part of the a very large audience but give great satisfaction service which is directed towards schools and to those who do choose to listen. These three colleges rather than to the general audience at achieved some real success in making academic home, some supplementary sources of revenue theology more amenable to ordinary intelligent which in no way impaired the BBC's indepen- people with little knowledge of the subject. dent status. The range of religious programmes on radio Next there is the question of air -time. Peak is greater now than it has ever been and shows viewing and listening time naturally tends to be no signs of lessening. From Choral Evensong used for programmes for general audiences. to Speak Easy with Jimmy Savile is a long An interim solution was found for schools way but each of these programmes (like every- radio by transferring the service to Radio 4 thing produced by the Religious Broadcasting vhf only with effect from September 1973 (a Department) is concerned in its own way with change vigorously publicised by the BBC and the profoundest questions of belief and morals. the School Broadcasting Council among users) leaving the Radio 4 medium wave channels free for programmes of general interest for listeners. Further Education presents a more intractable aspect of the same problem, and at present many programmes have to be transmitted at inconvenient times, well outside

www.americanradiohistory.com 38 Annual Report peak viewing hours. It is difficult to see how a the broadcasts in schools. Sometimes this has more permanent and satisfactory solution can taken the form of providing greater support be achieved without new radio and television material for teachers or including in the broad- networks substantially committed to educa- casts competitions, suggestions for practical tional broadcasting, including Open University activities, and recordings of music -making by programmes. This would not, of course, be a pupils. The four Movement and Music series reason for excluding from the general net- broadcast throughout the school year con- works educational broadcasts aimed at the tinue to have very large audiences in infant and ordinary listener. primary schools and to be a fertile source of The off-air recording of educational pro- stimuli to pupils' own creative activity in grammes by educational institutions is another movement, painting and writing. problem. The present arrangements represent Schools are now making greater use of the significant concessions by the owners of rights tape recorder. As a consequence schools can in the broadcasts, obtained without addi- use the transmissions of short groups of pro- tional payment by the BBC, but they are no grammes on widely differing themes as re- longer wholly adequate. What is needed is source material around which they will the right to retain recordings for at least three develop their own courses or project work. years, instead of one year, and also the right The tape recorder is also, along with the for the growing number of resource centres to filmstrip projector, vital to the continuing record and circulate copies of programmes to growth of radiovision programmes. These have the institutions they serve. It has to be reported been major items in the language output, and with some sadness that the development of the in the science series Discovery, Up in a Sailplane service has undoubtedly been impaired by was recorded and photographed as an outside the fact that so far it has not proved possible broadcast in order to bring the listening to secure such rights on behalf of the schools. children as near as possible to the experience of flight. Teachers comment very favourably on School Radio the radiovision elements in the history, geo- During the year School Radio has concentrated graphy, science, religious and visual arts output on improving well -established series, par- of School Radio. ticularly in English, music, and Movement and Finally, it should be recorded that this has Music; also on introducing units of pro- been an outstanding year for BBC School grammes on distinctive themes for tape - Radio pamphlets for pupils. High standards of recorded use, especially by middle schools design have been achieved with pamphlets with pupils in the age -range 9 -13 years. In accompanying widely differing series in both addition, the use of radiovision has been the arts and sciences. extended and the connections developed between printed materials, particularly pam- School Television phlets for pupils, and the broadcasts they In June 1974 School Television completed the support. The output in English series, in changeover to colour production. All new poetry, stories and drama is now extensive. programmes from then onwards were made in Published works by well -known authors have colour. However, School Television is still been specially adapted for radio, or special transmitting a number of monochrome pro- works by such writers have been commissioned. grammes which belong to series produced The anthologies of poetry published to earlier and form part of long -term repeat accompany these series, in particular for plans already made. These will disappear Stories and Rhymes, have been distinctive. gradually from the output. However, the Music series have sought to extend further the schools' ability to receive in colour is still very musical activity that can be developed from limited. A few education authorities have re-

www.americanradiohistory.com Programmes 39 equipped all their schools with colour receivers Further Education Radio but this is exceptional. More often schools BBC Radio's systematic contribution to adult acquire colour sets only if they are replacing education has for many years been placed on worn -out receivers, if they are increasing the Radio 3 (medium wave) on each weekday provision of sets or if they are equipping for the evening between 6.30 and 7.30 pm (with first time. Infant schools have a higher pro- selected re- broadcasts on Radio 4 vhf on portion of colour receivers than any other kind Sunday afternoons from 2.30 -4.00 pm). Its of school. makers have been guided by the conviction During the year the pre -school series You that, as the Russell Committee expressed it: and Me, which was introduced on an experi- `Education is concerned with developing the mental basis during the previous year, was ability of individuals to understand and extended into all three terms and plans were articulate; to reason and to make judgements; laid for its further expansion next year to a and to develop sensitivity and creativity.' They daily transmission, Mondays to Fridays. The have given special consideration this year to series places heavy emphasis on the develop- those adults who, for a variety of reasons, find ment of language skills and aims to involve that they have an increasing amount of spare parents and other adults in the early education time to occupy and would welcome the regular of young children. It thus to some extent provision of new ideas and suggestions for anticipates certain of the recommendations of leisure activities. The weekly magazine It's the Bullock Report Language for Life, as do Catching has this particular objective in view, the series Words and Pictures and Look and and offers not only a range of contagious Read which have continued to help primary practical experiences and experiments but also school children learning to read. insights into opportunities for more regular Amongst the programmes for secondary practical and theoretical study provided by schools has been an important new series adult and further education organisations Living in a Developing Country specially shot (including the serious pursuit of broadcast in Ghana and designed to encourage British courses). teenagers to make comparisons between their Such courses include not only the family - own way of life and that in a country of the based Living Decisions course referred to last third world. Since the raising of the school- year, but also those designed to develop an leaving age School Television has continued to informal yet substantial knowledge of foreign provide several series designed specifically for languages and of the culture and customs of the less academic teenager. They include (mainly European) countries. The interests of programmes in science, mathematics, humani- parents and families have also figured largely ties and careers guidance. A programme from in such series as The ABC of Education, Early the humanities series Scene - called What Does Promise (dealing with the prospects and guid- Money Matter ? - was the winner of the Flame ance of the artistically gifted child) and The of Knowledge prize awarded by the Society of Child in Special Need (in special need because Film and Television Arts for the best schools of some mental or physical handicap). There programme transmitted during 1974, and the have been sequential studies of The Psycholo- second part of Heil Caesar, a play specially gist at Work and of the Real Responsibilities of written for the series Drama by John Bowen, Scientists. And on a broader base, the weekly won the Japan Prize, the foremost inter- programme Foreign Correspondent has at- national competition for educational television tempted to relate specific current events in the programmes. wider world to the concerns of the British community. In their service to particular occupational groups the makers of further education pro-

www.americanradiohistory.com 40 Annual Report

grammes for radio have offered such series as munity problems. Careers for adults were The Lawbreakers, a set of ten case -studies of studied and a set of lectures provided for the those types of anti -social activity that most Young Manager. frequently preoccupy members of the proba- The needs of students generally led to a new tion service, and What's Happened to the initiative in the area of study methods called Town Hall?, which examined the conse- Use Your Head, and for those in colleges a new quences, for both officials and the general series The Caterers was added to Engineering public of the reorganisation of local govern- Craft Studies. On BBC-2, four extra afternoon ment in England and Wales. transmission times a week for Further Educa- From October 1975, in recognition of the tion made it possible to repeat series not somewhat kaleidoscopic character of its originally designed for colleges but thought to current output, Further Education Radio be of value to them. intends to adjust the presentation of these In the non -vocational part of the output, programmes so as to concentrate one set of foreign languages remained prominent. A new audience interests on one particular evening multi-media German series Kontakte started; each week. Programmes on Monday will ap- associated with it was a voluntary assessment peal to people with parental and family test devised by Cambridge University. Major interests; those on Tuesday will deal with series in history were also made (for the first programmes about job and work interests; time at 50 minutes), and another significant and so on, until Friday, when the approach of development was the starting of communica- the weekend suggests leisure pursuits and spare tions studies. Science, environment problems, time interests as the overall theme. contemporary arts and current affairs were all well represented. Home skills, sports and pas- Further Education Television times continued to be popular subjects and Educational programmes for adults are to be parent education continued to be catered for found on BBC-1 and BBC -2 throughout the by Parents and Children. year and complement much of the broadly Among new departures were The 60 70 80 educative but less structured output provided Show, specially devised for retired people, and in general programming. Most programmes I See What You Mean which catered for deaf are arranged in series and have supporting people. All in the Mind set out to explore publications of some kind. The output is aspects of psychology. extremely varied but may be thought of as divided into two categories, serving two broad The Open University purposes: vocational and professional training By January 1975 the number of the Open and re- training; broad cultural and recreational University's courses for its 50,000 students had education. Since the publication of the Russell reached 78. Nearly all made use of television Report, Further Education Television has and radio, which meant that 27¡ hours of made a conscious effort to meet the needs of television time and 24 hours of radio time each various minority and disadvantaged groups in week were devoted to the Open University. the community, and of those seeking to help Many people who were not registered adult them. In the area of vocational and profes- students continued to watch and listen to sional training there has again been an in- Open University programmes. service education project for teachers, consist- The BBC's Open University Productions ing of two series: Measurement in Education Department was responsible for producing and The Middle Years at School. The accom- all these programmes in close collaboration panying booklets were well received. There with the University's academic staff. In 1975 were also programmes for social and medical the department took delivery of the newest workers and for those concerned with com- colour outside broadcast unit in the country.

www.americanradiohistory.com Programmes 41 The studio at Alexandra Palace was being summer 1974. However, this represents a colourised and all new productions were to be significant increase compared with summer in colour from May 1975. A television pro- 1973, when the figure was 23 per cent. Signifi- gramme, Tawny Owls, part of the third year cantly, too, as many as 53 per cent of the ecology course, was awarded the Abe Prize, at largest secondary schools (those with more the 1975 Japan Prize competition held in than 800 pupils) were known to possess video Tokyo in March. recorders. Some 6 per cent of primary schools now have video recorders. Over two-thirds of Education on local radio colleges (and all polytechnics) are now equip- Each of the BBC's local radio stations has an ped with video recorders. This means that education producer. In practice he is as much nearly a quarter of colleges obtained video a team leader and co- ordinator as a producer. recorders for the first time during the past two A large group of local educationists are able to years (and nearly half of all colleges during the convert their skills and their professional past four years). concerns into radio programmes in partner- ship with the local stations. This makes such Supporting services educational output local in the most real sense. BBC Publications and BBC Enterprises pro- It is devised for local use and produced by local vide supporting services for the BBC's educa- users. Through numerous relationships with tional broadcasts, many of them planned in local educational groups, both in the schools close consultation with the education depart- and adult fields, the stations are altogether able ments. BBC Publications produced last year to transmit annually some 450 series. Over the more than 12 million pieces of material related last year, the number of teachers seconded to to school broadcasts. The basic publications BBC Local Radio has diminished to some are notes for the teacher or lecturer and extent. This has been caused by current local pamphlets for the student but there is a financial difficulties and by the aftermath of wide variety of other learning aids: film strips, local government reorganisation. It is notice- wall pictures, pupils' worksheets and so on. able, though, that the continuing secondments For the adult student, they produced about are in general for longer periods of time, and 700,000 pieces to accompany further education are more firmly based. It is clear that local series, usually in the form of books or pamph- authorities increasingly recognise the value in lets, but including gramophone records to the form of in- service training of teachers accompany the language series, colour slides, which this system of secondment supplies. and packs of teaching material for group use. Many of these, while closely related to a Recording off-air particular series, have independent value. Educational institutions may record and BBC Enterprises supply a large selection of retain BBC educational broadcasts for up to 12 BBC Television programmes on 16 mm film for months (or for three years including the year sale or hire and on videocassette for sale only, of transmission if the tape is part of one of the for use by schools, universities, colleges and Radiovision presentations) subject to conditions other organisations, to support educational or which are widely publicised in programme training courses. Many of these are BBC literature. According to the latest figures Schools or Further Education productions. available, some 92 per cent of all primary further education liaison schools and 98 per cent of secondary schools Schools and were known to be equipped with sound tape The BBC continues to be guided in the formu- recorders by summer 1973. As was to be ex- lation of policy and in the planning of the use pected, the figure for video tape recorders was of its resources for school broadcasting by the smaller - 31 per cent of all secondary schools in School Broadcasting Council for the United

www.americanradiohistory.com 42 Annual Report Kingdom, an autonomous body on which Broadcasting House, Belfast; a difficult and professional associations of teachers, local major fault in the aerial feeder system at the education authorities, the Department of Divis transmitter which took months to re- Education and Science, and other educational design, replace and rebuild; two more car organisations are represented. bombs outside Broadcasting House in Belfast; In November 1974, the BBC and IBA and a second terrorist attack on the Fathom published jointly Mr C. G. Hayter's indepen- Hill transmitter, this time destroying both the dent report on the quality and problems of use building and the mast, and blacking out tele- of broadcasts in over 100 schools. This drew vision and vhf radio reception in the Newry/ attention to the value placed upon broadcast- Warrenpoint /Rostrevor areas. ing by teachers; to the urgent need for an Following the recommendations of the extension of pre -service and in- service training Crawford Committee, which stated in its facilities to enable teachers to learn to use report that there was not enough localised broadcasts more effectively; to the importance broadcasting in Northern Ireland as compared of adequate provision of equipment and tech- with other parts of the United Kingdom, nical assistance in facilitating the effective use priority was given to the introduction of BBC of programmes; and to the limitations imposed Radio Ulster, which was brought into regular on effective use by the existing copyright service on 1 January, providing a fifth pro- regulations. gramme choice for Northern Ireland listeners. In the field of Further Education the BBC is The new service, broadcasting initially some helped by an advisory body, the Further Edu- 25 to 30 hours of local programmes every cation Advisory Council, which is representa- week, is heard throughout the province on tive of all branches of further and adult educa- 224 m, replacing the network Radio 4. Un- tion and which has two programme commit- fortunately until more transmitters can be tees to advise it in the areas of vocational and provided Radio 4 on medium wave is now non -vocational studies. Like the School available only in limited areas of the country, Broadcasting Council, it too has education such as Belfast and Londonderry, but there is officers to keep it and the BBC in touch with almost universal coverage on vhf. Besides a the members of the audience. The two councils greatly increased output of local programmes, work closely together. Radio Ulster includes its own individual `mix' from the other networks, especially from Radios 1 and 2, which are not well received in parts of Northern Ireland. The following sections give an account of the It has been a year of diverse and successful year's work in broadcasting in Northern Ireland programme effort. For the second time, BBC and the English Regions and Network Produc- Northern Ireland won Radio Telefis Eireann's tion Centres. The Scottish and Welsh Broad- Golden Harp International Award (mentioned casting Councils report separately. briefly in last year's report) over entries from 34 other countries, with an endearing colour film by Robin Wylie called The Hobby Horse Man, the story of an old Belfast character and his Northern Ireland horse -drawn merry-go- round, constantly trav- elling the poorer and more troubled parts of For BBC Northern Ireland it has been an the city and giving delight to children every- eventful year: the celebration of the 50th where. anniversary of broadcasting; preparations for Drama output was memorable for a dis- the inauguration of BBC Radio Ulster; the tinguished colour recording of a new play Full start of building work on an extension to Fathom Five by Michael Judge, shot on loca-

www.americanradiohistory.com Programmes 43 tion by the outside broadcasts unit in County under one roof with immediate access to the Down. Sixteen other plays and dramatised studios and technical facilities. productions were provided for the Radio 3 and The 50th anniversary of broadcasting in Radio 4 networks. There were 12 Mid Morning Northern Ireland (15 September) was marked Stories from Northern Ireland. Sam Hanna by a wide range of special programmes on Bell's Ulster novel December Bride was a television and radio, many of them commis- popular contribution to A Book at Bedtime. sioned for the casion. They included a The region's colour OB unit allowed for particularly notable series Four Centuries of more extensive and exciting sports coverage, Music in Ireland, which in the course of 14 while on radio the introduction of Sunday programmes not only revived some very Sportsound provided regular weekly coverage attractive music but represented a major of Gaelic sport. Among Northern Ireland exercise in musical scholarship and research. productions on network television was a much The anniversary was also marked by a com- praised colour film on the north coast fishing memorative service in St Anne's Cathedral, industry (Catch As Catch Can), a special Belfast, which was televised live, by two showing of The Hobby Horse Man, and an popular exhibitions, visited in each case by item on the Ireland and British Lions captain, many thousands of people, and by two con- Willie John McBride, on attaining his world certs and a series of popular audience broad- record of rugby international caps. casts on television and radio. It was a good year for the arts, including several television features on the revived Queen's University Festival. The Gallery series further extended its range by sending a camera English regional broadcasting team to Toronto for an international seminar on Irish writers. Radio Ulster introduced its The year under review was significant for the own weekly arts magazine and features. English regions and network production Probably the greatest challenge of the year centres as much for what did not happen as was presented by the Ulster loyalist workers' for what did. For the BBC as a whole it was a strike. With few newspapers and television year in which it was necessary to examine mostly blacked out by power cuts, radio came expenditure with the finest of toothcombs. into its own again and BBC Northern Ireland Every aspect of its operation came under the rose to the occasion by more than quadrupling closest scrutiny as a potential source of saving. its programme output almost overnight. The Although the English regional operation did impact of the extended service and the close not escape the scrutiny, the BBC nevertheless involvement which quickly developed between made a positive decision to shield it from the the public and the broadcasters was a fore- worst effects of retrenchment - and this runner and encouragement for the start of decision represented, in a tangible way, the Radio Ulster. value the BBC places on the regional element of The car bombs outside Broadcasting House, its output. The English regions welcomed this Belfast, caused largely superficial damage - the more because they knew that they were mainly broken windows - but the Newry operating at their optimum 'fighting weight' transmitter, following the bomb attack there, and that they had no fat to lose. may be out of action for months to come. There is another factor against which this Building work is already well advanced on protection for the English regions should be the extension to Broadcasting House, Belfast. seen. The bulk of the BBC's major develop- When completed next year it will mean that ment activities concerned regional projects - for the first time since the advent of television for example new buildings in Leeds, Plymouth the whole programme staff can be housed and Manchester, together with a phased

www.americanradiohistory.com 44 Annual Report colourisation of the English regional studios. The Midland outside broadcast unit was These projects are still either moving forward economically employed throughout the year or are already completed, and it is hoped to reflecting all the major sporting and other make a start with the second weekly regional events which occur in this busy part of the television programme, for which regional country. The new light- weight mobile control staffs and the Regional Advisory Councils room was also used for recording outside have long been pressing, in January 1976. sequences for plays. Birmingham: Radio Several new series enhanced Birmingham's radio output during the year. In the summer there was Home to Roost, a new situation Network production centres comedy starring Derek Guyler, Mollie Sugden and Norman Rossington. This was followed Birmingham: Television up by Terry Wogan breaking new ground as Network economies caused a setback in the an interviewer on Radio 4 in Wogan's World. year under review. Scripts had been com- Both were successful enough to merit second missioned, directors contracted and scenery runs and further series are planned. The built for a new twice- weekly drama serial built modern-day Dick Barton burst on Radio 2 round the Inter -City train service. But before listeners in the form of Ricochet, a fast -moving actual production had started on location and daily thriller starring Ray Barrett. The first in the studio the scheme had to be abandoned, network 'phone -in to be produced outside at least temporarily. The other casualty was London was Voice of the People which started Dig This the weekly 30- minute programme for on Radio 4 in October. This differs from other the lazy gardener. 'phone -in programmes in not having an All other departments flourished, particu- `expert' in the studio. Instead, George Scott larly drama, which finished the year with a run chairs debates between listeners on the week's of Plays for Today - Gangsters, The After main political talking point. Dinner Game, Breath, Death of a Young, The Midland Radio Orchestra, under its Young Man, and some repeats of previous conductor Norrie Paramor, was featured productions. These plays on BBC-1 were com- during the year in many Radio 2 programmes, plemented by nine others on BBC-2 in the held several public concerts and cut two more Second City Firsts series. L.P. records. The documentary output in- Pebble Mill - dropping 'at One' from its creased, with such programmes as The Slimming title - continued at lunch -time for 45 minutes Disease (about anorexia nervosa), Take Miss each weekday and improved in scope, innova- Smith ... (the role of the secretary), Think of tion and ambition. The agricultural series a Question (market research), A Fair Exchange Farming continued to interest and inform the (transplant surgery and its ethics). agricultural community every Sunday. Make All this was built on the firm and broad base Yourself at Home continued its service to the of long -established programmes. The Archers Asian population. BBC -2 had Percy Thrower moved into its silver jubilee year still winning in Gardeners' World and nearly every well - listeners and publicity; My Word and My known snooker player in the world in Pot Music were as popular as ever; the reputation Black. The film department has been extremely of the specialist magazines Farming Today and busy, besides being responsible for filming six On Your Farm were further enhanced; and in complete plays, and many sequences to support serious music there was again a wide range of the current affairs and drama output; it was material - from live celebrity recitals at Pebble also responsible for four documentaries. Mill to concerts from the major festivals. The

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Centre continued to provide a supply of of country dance parties in village halls. For outside broadcasts and religious programmes, Radio 3, there was the first of an occasional regular editions of From the Grass Roots, series drawn from original verse and prose by Woman's Hour, and Morning Story, and items West Country writers. In a fruitful year for for other network magazines. drama the highlight was a beautifullyjudged production of Far From the Madding Crowd as Bristol: Television the Sunday night serial. Nine other plays, most The ability of the Natural History Unit, based of them by West Country writers, gave many in Bristol, to provide programmes of beauty opportunities to local actors. and excitement showed no sign of diminishing. As well as providing The Living World and The World About Us series on BBC -2 con- Wildlife every week, the Natural History Unit tained some striking examples, notably The was also responsible for At Home with Badgers; Year of the Green Centre, filmed in central two programmes featuring David Attenbo- Australia; The Tender Trap which explored rough; and a commemorative feature about the world of carnivorous plants; and Valdes - Ludwig Koch. Other programmes from the Bay of Whales, made in Patagonia by Krov Bristol - Any Questions? and Any Answers? Menuhin, son of Yehudi, and his wife Ann. among them - maintained their popularity, Another distinguished film in the same series, and during the year the Bristol -based Academy The Great Turtle Mystery, attracted an audi- of the BBC welcomed their new chief conductor, ence of seven millions, an exceptionally high Norman Del Mar. figure. A different group of natural history Manchester: Television programmes entitled Wilderness took the explorer Anthony Smith to eight great wilder- Progress on the new broadcasting centre at All nesses of the world, and on BBC-1 at Christ- Saints remained on schedule. At the time of mas, David Attenborough, one of the stars of writing it seemed probable that network wildlife reporting, presented Spectacular Brit- production centre staff in television and radio, ain, a memorable film depicting a dozen areas as well as Radio Manchester, would move into of the British Isles remarkable for their the building during the summer of 1975. scenery and wild creatures. After acceptance tests the television studio One of Bristol's producers, John King, should come into service in September. devised seven light entertainment programmes This will provide the BBC in Manchester, around Diane Solomon, a singer new to indeed in the North of England, with its first television and, in contrast, he also wrote and purpose -built centre for network broadcasting directed an unusual play about an idyllic since station 2ZY came on the air from the city Cotswold childhood, A Secret Place. The in 1922. Departments which have been widely perennially youthful Johnny Morris went separated in a variety of converted and adapted jaunting on the continent this year in Faces of buildings, many of them due for demolition, France. will, for the first time, be working together under one roof. Bristol: Radio With this satisfactory prospect in mind, A new literary quiz, Read Any Good Books? the staff of the Network Production Centre was introduced from the Bristol Centre with have worked effectively to consolidate im- over P. J. Kavanagh as chairman and three well - provements made in programme output known literary figures who were invited to the last four years. A clear division has been identify a passage from a book and then talk established between entertainment and feature about the author. Another innovation, this programmes, each under unit heads, and it is time for Radio 2, was a series of Barn Dance hoped that the range of programmes will be programmes conveying the lively atmosphere extended by re- introducing some drama

www.americanradiohistory.com 46 Annual Report production and establishing outside London a disbanded and re -born with a new instrumenta- series of current affairs programmes for a tion as the New Radio Orchestra. Now in full national network. In entertainment The Good swing it contributes, under the baton of Neil Old Days remained as fresh as ever; It's a Richardson, its distinctive sound to a number Knockout and Jeux Sans Frontières attracted of Radio 2 programmes. From Light Enter- very large audiences; the tenth International tainment there was a new quiz called A Billingham Folk Festival was effectively Question of Fun, the award -winning The Worst presented; the series Electric Folk from stately Show on the Wireless and series with Les homes scored a success and a new series is in Dawson, Roy Castle and Mike Yarwood. The preparation. Moods of Love with Olivia outside broadcast unit was at the British Open Newton -John was well liked by late evening Golf Championship at Lytham, the Tests viewers, and Roy Hudd rendering two Vic- from Headingly and Old Trafford, the TT torian ballads by George R. Simms made a races in the Isle of Man, the RAC Rally at new and interesting contribution to Christmas York and the Grand National at Aintree. programmes. Indeed, over the Christmas The Religious Department, too, was out and period as a whole the Manchester Centre about reflecting the religious life of the North. contributed no fewer than 13 varied pro- To Radio 3 the Music Department supplied grammes to network television. Outside over 400 programmes. Apart from the broadcasts on sport, besides covering many `Master Concerts' where Messiaen's Trois national events in the north introduced Petites Liturgies in the presence of the com- crown green bowling to television audiences poser and the Mahler 10th revised by Deryck under the title Top Crown. Cooke deserve particular mention, the BBC For children, Screen Test and Right Charlie Northern Symphony Orchestra played at The continued to be very popular, and a good start Proms, and the festivals at Bath, Brighton, was made with The Small World of Samuel Wallasey and Nottingham. From Lancaster Tweet, a situation comedy series featuring there was the BBC Piano Competition and Freddie Davies. The factual unit produced the from Liverpool Elgar's The Apostles and The refreshing series A Taste of Britain. This was Kingdom; and the BBC Northern Singers were well received and a new series has been com- at Aldeburgh and Cork where they included missioned. Documentary output included the world premiere of Sir William Walton's The Corporation and the People, the series It Cantico del Sole. Sixteen new young com- Takes a Stranger and contributions to Look posers had their work broadcast in BBC Stranger and the Blue Peter Special series. Young Composers' Forum and in Voices of It is only to be expected that the economic Today the work of five more senior British situation as it affects the BBC as a whole composers was heard. In the spoken word should have been felt in Manchester, and this there was a portrait of Boris Pasternak and has impinged on anticipated levels of staffing the story of John Ruskin's mental collapse and output. Nevertheless, the Network Pro- entitled Storm Cloud. duction Centre will be established in its new For Radio 4 the centre's offerings included production complex within the next twelve A Word in Edgeways, Gardeners' Question months, and there is every indication that it Time, Round Britain Quiz, and Grass Roots. will be both creatively and economically viable The talks and documentary unit also produced from the outset. among others Weekend Warriors, a story of the real `Dad's Army', a portrait on Mallory Manchester: Radio of Everest, two programmes from Professor All departments had a busy and successful R. V. Jones about the work of the 'boffins' in year. In Radio 2 the Northern Dance Orches- the last war, a programme on retirement tra after a long and distinguished career, was entitled The Rest of the Day is My Own and

www.americanradiohistory.com Programmes 47 one on voluntary social work called The Do- vided more opt -out time than ever before for Gooders. The drama section concentrated as discussion and analysis of local trends. before on bringing northern writers to the air, Hundreds of people appeared before film including Don Haworth, Henry Livings, cameras and in the studios to discuss those Ken Whitmore, Peter Terson, David Mercer issues which were of concern to them and and Stan Barstow. Apart from two new which helped to make the news. Many ap- Northern Drift anthologies, mention should peared in Nationwide speaking from the also be made of Mary Barton by Mrs Gaskell region to the nation. Many others appeared in in five parts, of That Boy by Ivor Wilson and a the weekly opt-out programme which deals new radio version of All in Good Time by Bill with other aspects of regional life and by its Naughton. nature attempts to capture the characteristic style of the part of the country it serves. Musicians, folk singers, poets, inventors, entertainers and politicians all made a con- regions tribution. The programmes ranged from an The English television intensely moving film made by regional The year was one of unprecedented activity television in Manchester of a young man's for the eight English regions whose primary preparation for his death to an important role is to provide a daily service of news of series on art from BBC South. Emotive local interest. The length of the nightly news recollections of the years before the War were magazine programmes was extended, enabling recalled in BBC Midlands' Tram to the Bullring them to report more fully on the issues which while BBC South -west anticipated the likely involve millions of people all over the country. effects on Devon and Cornwall of the com- The main themes were frequently the same, pletion of the motorway by looking at what with local variations, and concerned the effects happened when the M6 reached the Lake of inflation, rising prices and shortages, job District. A number of the programmes selected redundancies and the problems resulting from for their quality of true regionalism were industrial strife. In interview, report and subsequently shown in Network, a new BBC -2 debate, the magazines followed the progress of series designed to show a wider audience local government reorganisation from the programmes made by the BBC regional creation of the big metropolitan counties centres outside London. The year also saw the down to the smallest units and also noted in completion of the colourisation of the eight some areas the signs, still as yet not clearly English regional television operations, to- expressed, of a movement towards greater gether with the opening of new, larger studios regional autonomy. The serious accident at at Leeds and Plymouth. Flixborough and the loss of life in the Birming- ham public house bombings were two examples where regional newsrooms made important contributions to the national radio and tele- vision news bulletins. In both cases, as in dozens of others, the BBC local radio stations and the regions co-operated to ensure com- prehensive coverage for audiences both locally and nationally. The good news was reported as well as the bad. The regions also handled the coverage of the second general election within the year. As well as two editions of Question Time, the Results programme pro-

www.americanradiohistory.com 48 Annual Report Appeals for charity cent compared with 35.9 per cent a year earlier, an average growth rate of more than 1 per cent As in former years, the BBC broadcast regular per month. The region with the highest pro- appeals on television and radio on behalf of portion of colour sets was estimated to be charitable organisations. Radio appeals were Wales, where 50.4 per cent were so equipped. placed in The Week's Good Cause at 11.10 am It is probably lowest in Northern Ireland on Sunday on Radio 4, and the television but, with the agreement of Controller, North- appeals were usually transmitted at 6.50 pm ern Ireland, Audience Research department on BBC -1 on the third Sunday of each month. has temporarily suspended interviewing there. The total amount received in response to all The number of those equipped with uhf regular television appeals, including regional television sets, enabling them to receive BBC-2 appeals, in 1974 -5 was £152,319. The largest as well as BBC -1 and ITV (including those sums raised were: Camphill Village Trust with colour receivers) also continued to rise. £23,650; Horder Centres for Arthritics The survey indicated a total of 91.9 per cent £16,060; Age Concern £11,770. by the end of March 1975. An estimate of The total of all Week's Good Cause appeals over 90 per cent based mainly on receiver sales during the year was £234,944, including Marie figures, is quoted in the engineering chapter Curie Memorial Foundation £6,620; Ocken- below. den Venture £4,383 ; Royal Air Forces Associa- The average amount of viewing per head of tion £4,121; Christian Medical Service Over- population during the first three months of seas £5,025; St Martin's Christmas Fund 1975 was 19 hours 27 minutes per week, well £27,014; Invalids -at -Home £5,235; St Joseph's above the rather low level recorded in the Hospice £8,518. corresponding months of last year owing to The customary Christmas Day appeals on the 10.30 pm closedown in January and part of radio on behalf of the British Wireless for the February enforced by the emergency regula- Blind Fund raised a total of £64,221. On tions. BBC-1 on Christmas Day the appeal on Radio listening in the first quarter of this behalf of the National Deaf Children's Society year amounted to an average of 8 hours 24 raised £2,892. The BBC's own annual appeal minutes per week per head of population, over for Children in Need of Help (radio and half an hour less than for the corresponding television) raised £23,784. period of last year. This was largely because One emergency appeal was broadcast, on comparatively high levels of radio listening behalf of victims of the Honduras Hurricane. were recorded during the period of television's The overall result of this appeal, which was early closedown, but was also in part due to made on BBC and Independent Television and the current cutback of radio transmission through the national press, was £338,000. hours, especially on Radio 2. The most note- worthy aspect of the statistics of listening was the continued increase in listening to BBC local radio, 34 minutes per head per week, some 13 minutes per head higher than for the Audience reaction same period last year. The amount of listening to commercial local The continuous Survey of Listening and radio cannot yet be calculated in the same form Viewing, in the course of which some three as listening to other radio services, but special quarters of a million people were interviewed analyses during the first quarter, 1975, put its during the year, indicated that by the end of `average daily patronage', i.e. the proportion March 1975 the proportion of the population of the population who listen to it at all on the with colour television sets had risen to 47.2 per average day, at 3.1 per cent, as against 3.9

www.americanradiohistory.com Programmes 49 per cent for BBC local radio, 21.6 per cent 11 million, It's Cliff Richard, 104 million, and for Radio 1, 17.8 per cent for Radio 2, 1.4 Lulu, 10 million. per cent for Radio 3 and 13.7 per cent for Two newcomers which did remarkably well Radio 4. In general, the `patronages' of the this year were the comedy series Porridge, network radio channels were a little lower than which averaged over 14 million viewers, and in the same quarter of last year. To what the American detective series, Kojak which extent this is due to the inroads of commercial began on Saturday evenings with an audience radio competition, or to an upsurge of local of about 121 million, reaching almost 14 radio listening (in which both independent million when it transferred to Monday after local radio and BBC local radio have shared) the New Year. Domestic brands of crime and is not yet clear. punishment continued to attract viewers, Public satisfaction with current BBC tele- Softly, Softly's audience averaging 11 million, vision and radio programmes is regularly Sutherland's Law 9 million, and Z Cars tapped by means of a question in the con- (which passed its 500th transmission during tinuous survey. Replies in respect of both radio the year) 8/ million, whilst both Barlow and and television programmes were somewhat less Dixon of Dock Green had audiences of over 8 favourable this year than last, particularly in million. the early part of 1975. This may well reflect Competitive sport remained an attractive public irritation at the licence fee increase and element in the schedules. Top of the league was also at the larger- than -usual number of the boisterous It's a Knockout averaging 14 repeated programmes on television resulting million, followed by Sports Review of the Year from industrial action last summer. with over 13 million, while Match of the Day The largest single BBC television audience with 9 } million, Sportsnight with 9 million and of the year was 241 million for the Miss World Grandstand with 3:1 million retained their hold. Contest. As usual, Christmas Day broadcasts Not surprisingly, with the absence of England attracted some very high audiences. An esti- from the competition and the subsequent mated 20 million saw the programme in elimination of Scotland, audiences for the which Her Majesty the Queen gave her Christ- World Cup were somewhat lower than in 1970, mas message (some 5 million fewer than for the though the World Cup Final was seen by 111 same occasion last year); 231 million saw million. Some Mothers Do 'ave 'em, and 22 million In Drama, Play for Today was seen by an Bruce Forsyth and the Generation Game; while average of 411 million people, with particularly the Boxing Day film, The Magnificent Seven, favourable receptions accorded to Gangsters was not far behind with 211 million. Special and The Cheviot, the Stag and the Black, Black sporting occasions like the World Cup Final Oil. Play of the Month averaged about 4 with 23 million and the F.A. Cup Final with million, with Robinson Crusoe attracting 221 million stood out, as did those for the two almost 81 million. Despite the long interrup- Eurovision Song Contests occurring within tion in transmissions during the summer, The the year in April 1974 and March 1975 with Pallisers was watched on average by 21 million 19 and 20 million respectively. people, but viewers' reaction to the series was Light entertainment continued to attract the less favourable than to The Forsyte Saga. largest audiences amongst regular series, The BBC -l's main news at 9.00 pm had an audi- Morecambe and Wise Show averaging nearly ence of just under 8 million, as did Nationwide 19 million, and Bruce Forsyth and the Genera- earlier in the evening. Among current affairs tion Game nearly 17/ million. Other firm series Panorama averaged just under 4 million favourites were Steptoe and Son, 14 million, and Midweek 1k million. The Tuesday The Dick Emery Show, over 13 million, Look, Documentaries had audiences of varying size Mike Yarwood, 122 million, The Two Ronnies, averaging about 5 million, though one pro-

www.americanradiohistory.com SO Annual Report

gramme Cross Your Heart and Hope to Live Audiences for other regular series vary drew 9 million, and the most enthusiastic greatly in size from one another. For example, receptions were given to A Small Imperfection Melodies for You has an audience of 2 million, dealing with Spina Bifida, and After the Parcel Jimmy Savile 3 million, Gardeners' Question Exploded which concerned the victim of a Time -a programme with a devoted following Belfast bomb explosion. Omnibus, too, pre- of well -pleased listeners - averages almost 1 sented very varied material to which viewers million, and Radio 3's Your Concert Choice on reacted in widely varying ways, with particular Sunday mornings has an audience of about praise for Oscar Petersen meets André Previn 200,000 people. and What Price a Symphony. The twelve Radio 4's news and news magazine pro- episodes of the documentary series, The grammes remain an important source of infor- Family, though unenthusiastically received, mation for large numbers of people. Of the 31 were nonetheless watched by audiences aver- million already mentioned who hear the aging 5k million people. 8.00 am news, 2 million people go on to hear Of BBC-2's regular series, the largest audi- the ensuing part of the Today programme. The ences were attracted by Alias Smith and Jones, one o'clock news bulletin has an audience of 9 million, and The Goodies, 8 million. The almost 2} million, PM averages three quarters World About Us, with a loyal audience of 3 of a million, and The World Tonight 350,000. million, continued to be the highest- praised Though Radio 3 audiences are generally series of all, with outstanding receptions comparatively small, response to particular accorded to Woodpecker and The Bay of the programmes is often enthusiastic. As usual, Whales, whilst Horizon, which averaged audi- performances of masterworks of classical ences of a little under 3 million, also won high music were particularly appreciated, the praise for Noah's Ark for Europe, Joey and Master Concert series, a performance of the Anaesthetics. St Matthew Passion, The Proms and a concert Children's programmes continued to attract by the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra being large numbers of viewers. Some 65 per cent particularly noteworthy. Among talks and of their target audience viewed the long - features And the Walls Came Tumbling Down, running Blue Peter and 66.7 per cent John a programme dealing with the invasion of Craven's Newsround. The classic serial David Normandy, earned one of the warmest recep- Copperfield averaged almost 111- million, and tions ever recorded. the return of the ever-popular Dr Who 9 As usual, several broadcasts were studied in million. Amongst the very young, the BBC-1 depth this year, notably The Family, the edition of Play School has recently been seen investigation probing the paradox of a series each day by about three quarters of all 2-4 that was unfavourably received but which year olds. nonetheless commanded quite sizeable audi- The largest listening audiences of the week ences. It transpired that even those who did not were for Junior Choice, over 61 million hearing `identify' with the Wilkins family (and they the Saturday edition and 5k million the Sunday were the great majority), nonetheless `dipped edition. Family Favourites, which used to have into' the series. Doing so seems to have served an audience of 12 million when broadcast on viewers largely as a source of information about Radios 1 and 2 simultaneously still has 4k the world around them, though a number of million on Radio 2 only. A large proportion of other `functions' performed by viewing were all listening occurs on weekday mornings, the noted. The message or messages conveyed by morning sequence on Radio 1 being heard by Dr Bronowski's The Ascent of Man was also about 3 million, that on Radio 2 by 2k million, the subject of a special report. The investiga- while another 31 million listen to the 8.00 am tion, which was on a small-scale, suggested news on Radio 4. that some of the deep and sophisticated pur-

www.americanradiohistory.com Programmes 51 poses which Dr Bronowski explicitly stated that he was pursuing were not often perceived, most viewers regarding the series as simply a `history of science'. There was no evidence of `selective perception', i.e. of viewers seeing in the series what they were predisposed to see. A number of audience research studies were published during the year. The first of a new series entitled Annual Review of BBC Audience Research Findings (Number 1) was launched, the purpose being to make available to a wider readership - broadcasters outside the BBC, in this country and abroad, researchers in mass communication and interested viewers and listeners - the findings of some of the research conducted by the department during the previous year. Reports on public reaction to BBC coverage of the February 1974 general election campaign, to the World Cup (1974) coverage and statistical data about the viewing and listening of children of different age groups were published separately alongside papers prepared for the General Advisory Council.

www.americanradiohistory.com www.americanradiohistory.com External broadcasting

There have been few periods of any duration abandon the area to the Vietcong were con- in the 30 years since the end of the Second firmed by the BBC Vietnamese Service. `The World War when the world has not been authority of the BBC Vietnamese language troubled by major crises of one kind or service', he wrote, `is difficult to comprehend another. The past year has been no exception. for those who have never visited Vietnam. But Cyprus and Ethiopia, Greece and Portugal, for a variety of reasons it is trusted by the Vietnam and Cambodia have all been con- Vietnamese, who are not a trustful people, like tinuously in the news, and coverage of events no other news source.' there and elsewhere has posed its special This dependence on the BBC is not, how- problems for the External Services. In the first ever, without its problems. In the first place place there has been the problem of accuracy those who have come to regard it as the voice and therefore of credibility. What is foreign of truth and freedom during periods of dictator- news to British viewers sitting comfortably in ship, as happened in Greece and Portugal, front of their television sets is domestic news have often found that the BBC's subsequent to the inhabitants of Saigon, Phnom Penh, reporting of events in their own countries was Nicosia or Lisbon, news that affects them less to their taste. This has been the case in personally and dramatically. They hear the Portugal, where those in power on the left, BBC reporting what is going on on their own who had earlier expressed their admiration for doorstep and can regard themselves as good the BBC Portuguese Service, have later judges of the accuracy of its reporting. They criticised what they have tended to regard as may sometimes be more aware of the dis- misrepresentation when it was merely a case of crepancies between what they can see of the the truth having become less palatable and situation from their limited vantage point and more embarrassing. Similarly in Greece - and the total picture they get from the BBC news, in Cyprus itself - the BBC's reporting of the but more often they will be turning to the BBC Cyprus crisis in the summer of 1974, and of in increased numbers and placing even greater subsequent events, has attracted accusations reliance on it because it is precisely at times like of pro -Turkish bias, often based on no more these that the local media will tend more than than the factual reporting of Turkish official ever to distort, underplay or even omit what is statements side by side with those of Greek inconvenient or embarrassing and that a spokesmen. In such circumstances the listener's totally dependable source of news becomes of emotional involvement is so strong that objec- crucial importance. Vietnam is a case in point. tivity and fairness are equated in his mind with A Guardian correspondent on the spot re- uncritical support for his own viewpoint. These ported last March on what he called `the god- are considerations which correspondents and like authority of the BBC' in that country, and news editors alike must ignore if, when the dust described how the great flight of the South settles, they are to be seen as having main- Vietnamese, civilians and military alike, from tained the standards expected of them by those the Central Highlands started when rumours very same listeners. They become less easy to that the Saigon Government was planning to ignore when governments - or even terrorist 53

www.americanradiohistory.com 54 Annual Report

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www.americanradiohistory.com External Broadcasting 55 bodies - step in to exert pressure, sometimes perhaps to British expatriates, to be over- amounting to blackmail, on international shadowed by the day -to -day reporting of the broadcasters such as the BBC, whose following vicissitudes of the country's struggle with infla- is large, and which escapes the control which it tion and its consequences. They should perhaps is sought to impose on the reporting of internal remember, in their unease at what they hear, events. Such pressures have been recently that the standards which they expect the BBC experienced by the BBC in Uganda, and by the to apply to the reporting of international BBC and Deutsche Welle, the Federal German affairs cannot be abandoned when it comes to organisation, in Ethiopia. In the latter case the domestic scene and that there is much Deutsche Welle felt itself compelled to aban- evidence to suggest that many foreign listeners don its Amharic Service, and though it later are impressed by what they see as the honesty reversed that decision, it was with the proviso of the BBC's reporting of British domestic that the service would avoid coverage of affairs, which adds greatly to its credibility in internal developments in Ethiopia. other fields. What they are entitled to expect What all this reflects is the continuing and is that the BBC will be as diligent in its search probably growing importance of international for positive news as it may occasionally seem broadcasting and of the BBC's stake in it. In to be when in pursuit of bad news. the BBC's case that importance is reflected in the lead it has established in audience size over its competitors in most parts of the world. It is reflected also in the efforts made in the press and broadcasting of countries whose authori- Language services: general and ties resent its influence to discredit it. This is programme developments particularly true of Communist countries, whose own external broadcasts, particularly to Western and southern Europe the Third World, frequently seek to denigrate Listeners in western and southern Europe the BBC and to associate it in their listeners' had more cause than ever to turn to London in minds with the relics of imperialism and English and their own languages during a colonialism. period marked by sudden and largely unfore- Not all the External Services' problems, how- seen upheavals. Contacts with listeners in ever, arise from the reporting of the inter- French and German indicated a healthy national scene. Part of the BBC's function in its interest in British events, problems and solu- overseas broadcasts is to reflect and explain tions while Britain's membership of the developments at home and to foster a greater European Economic Community was in understanding of British attitudes and interests question and severe economic problems affected and a greater awareness of British achieve- the area as a whole. Domestic radio stations ments. The latter is the primary intention in the German Federal Republic, Switzerland behind a great many programmes, some and Austria, as well as Deutschlandfunk and directly aimed at export promotion, others Deutsche Welle, the two West German exter- more generally displaying a picture, not often nal broadcasting stations, continued to rely seen in our domestic press, of British science, heavily on topical material supplied by the British technology and British skills at their BBC German Service. Prominent personalities best, proving, as one columnist in a provincial in France and Germany proved as willing to paper put it, that there is still a lot of life left in take part in language programmes from London the British lion. However, in a period of acute as British members of Parliament, diplomats economic difficulties and frequent industrial and academics. strife that effort at projecting the positive side The BBC's Italian programmes can now be may seem to some listeners overseas, most of all as clearly heard in many parts of Italy as any

www.americanradiohistory.com 56 Annual Report domestic station, thanks to the availability of a exiles, first broadcast in Spanish by the BBC. medium wave relay station in Munich. This These were later repeated in an abridged form has enabled the Italian Service to come much by the Spanish commercial network SER, thus closer to its audience, not least by means of breaking a silence which had lasted since the discussion programmes between prominent Spanish Civil War. Italians, including two Cabinet Ministers, and As tension between Greece and Turkey rose, leading British politicians, and by question - erupted into direct conflict in Cyprus during and-answer sessions on points about Britain the summer of 1974 and continued to smoulder held by a distinguished Anglo- Italian team in on, Britain's popularity in both countries a number of Italian cities. Great emphasis has fluctuated violently. This inevitably affected been placed in BBC programmes to Western listeners' reactions to broadcasts in both lan- Europe on the promotion of British trade, and, guages, but an analysis of Turkish listeners' in particular, tourism. Mail addressed to the letters received in August, for instance, producer of the French Service's short daily showed that three -quarters of the writers Flash Touristique now comes in at the rate of continued to acknowledge BBC impartiality. 10,000 letters a year. Similar programmes Leading personalities in both countries includ- more recently launched in German and ing Mr Karamanlis and Mr Ecevit remained Italian are securing a comparable response. willing throughout to be heard on BBC air in The sudden downfall of dictatorial regimes their respective languages. in Portugal and Greece confirmed the existence there of large and faithful audiences to BBC Eastern Europe vernacular broadcasts. After the Greek mili- External broadcasts remain an acutely sensi- tary junta had handed power back to civilians tive political issue in communist dominated in July 1974, a Greek theatre audience, when eastern Europe. As a high dignitary in the it learned of the presence of BBC cameramen area put it: `BBC broadcasts do not make in the hall, stood up in spontaneous tribute. In party officials' lives any easier - they widen the Portugal, soon after the coup which over- horizons of too many listeners and introduce threw the Caetano regime, a commanding new factors into their way of thinking'. The officer said that he had begun to wind up the official attitude to these broadcasts continued war in Guinea Bissau when he heard about the to vary from country to country with Poland change of government from the BBC. Tributes and Hungary among the most receptive and to the information provided in such broadcasts Czechoslovakia the most restrictive. Bulgaria were paid in both countries by political abandoned jamming in October 1974, the last personalities belonging to every shade of of East European countries to do so. On the democratic opinion. Later events have shown other hand, internal problems caused the that politicians, be they Portuguese or Greek, Yugoslav authorities to become much more remain quick to react one way or another to sensitive about comment from abroad on comments broadcast from London. domestic issues. The Soviet information ser- One of the strongest elements in programmes vices also tended to display somewhat in- directed to authoritarian countries is a London creased hostility to BBC broadcasts in English view of world -wide comment about them, and and other languages. in particular, press reviews. The weekly review On the other hand, the spirit of détente led of press comment on Spanish affairs topped to renewed if tentative contacts with broad- the list of the most popular Spanish Service casting and other information organisations programmes with five times more listeners' in the area. Thus Polish, and to a lesser extent votes than any other programme. Even more Hungarian, journalists and artists again felt successful were three interviews with Salvador free to take part in BBC programmes in their de Madariaga, the doyen of Spanish liberal own languages. The Polish Foreign Minister

www.americanradiohistory.com External Broadcasting 57 and the Hungarian Minister of Light Industry among the significant developments of the gave interviews during their visits to Britain. year on which listeners on the sub-continent Interviews with BBC Polish Service staff were have expected the BBC to speak with authority featured for the first time ever in the Warsaw and objectivity. Economy measures have meant Home Service with illustrations from a drama- that there is no longer a permanently based tised production originally broadcast from BBC staff correspondent to cover the affairs of London. Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran and Turkey, but The BBC services broadcasting to Eastern to the east, the BBC South -east Asia corres- Europe have been under constant pressure pondent was on the scene in Rangoon when from within Britain from dissidents in the students and priests seized the body of U Thant countries concerned to highlight the various and challenged the government to give the ex- forms of protest emerging in the area. Every Secret ary General of the UN what they felt was effort has been made to ensure that activities a fitting burial. The BBC was first with the news subject to official disapproval by communist both to Burmese listeners and to the rest of the regimes were given balanced treatment and world throughout this crisis. fully reflected the trend of British public Far East opinion in each case as a matter of basic The human rights. Many people in Japan clearly feel they have a special relationship with Britain. In the last South Asia year the flow of letters has again increased and In spite of very considerable expansion of is now running at 160 a day. The prestige and domestic radio and television in India and popularity of the Japanese Service means that Pakistan there is evidence of a steadily growing important Japanese visitors to Britain are audience for the BBC particularly in local happy to be interviewed. Last year these languages such as Urdu, Hindi and Bengali. included Mr Miki, who is now Prime Minister, Even the small Tamil Service has a rapidly and Mr Takeiri, the leader of the Komeito expanding mail bag; over 8,500 letters in 1974 ('Keep Clean') government party. The Japanese compared with only just over 1000 in 1970. Service programmes reflect the audience's keen The Bengali Service mail is now regularly desire for knowledge about Britain. Because of running at over 1000 letters a week while a its sophisticated audience special attention is survey undertaken in West Bengal for the given in the Japanese Service to English litera- BBC revealed that 16 per cent of the sample ture, British inventions, personalities and, of (representing adults aged 18 or over in urban course, programmes encouraging trade and areas of West Bengal) were regular listeners to tourism. the BBC in Bengali - about the same as for the Vietnam, while still ravaged by war, came to Hindi Service in north India. There is no doubt rely on the BBC for an objective account of its that it is the coverage given by these services to own battles, victories and defeats. A British world affairs, including major developments journalist wrote in The Times that `most in southern Asia, which is the main attraction. ordinary people in Vietnam rely on the BBC for As elsewhere the affairs of the Middle East the only credible version of what is happening and the course of the world food and energy around them.... Britain and the British come crisis have been of particular interest and in for a good deal of reflected glory from the concern to listeners, while the Indian nuclear BBC, and British journalists and diplomats are explosion, the anti -corruption movement of assumed by most Vietnamese to be associated J. P. Narayan, the banning of the principal with the BBC and therefore to be respectable, opposition party in Pakistan, the introduction responsible and well informed'. of a single party state in Bangladesh, and Sheik In Thailand the elections in January 1975 Abdullah's return to Kashmir have been marked a real attempt to return to democratic

www.americanradiohistory.com 58 Annual Report government. Before the elections, Thai officials resources as a factor in the equation and the and government ministers showed particular effect they should have in a measurable time interest in the way we run elections here in on the British balance of payments. Britain and in the way the BBC reports them. Britain's exporting effort has been dealt The Thai Section ran a separate programme on with as fully as ever in specially designed pro- British ways of using the media to encourage grammes as well as in the supporting pro- popular participation in an election. gramme magazine Huna London. A growth of The Chinese Service concentrated on pro- interest has been noticed in, apart from goods, viding up -to -date objective coverage of inter- the various services that Britain can provide, national news. It gave good coverage of Mr such as consultancy in many fields, job Heath's visit to China and also covered the training, science and English teaching, and visits of Chinese sports teams to Britain. It aspects of the Open University. The consider- also continued to highlight British techno- able steady flow of correspondence from and logical and industrial achievements. visits by staff to the target area confirm the In Indonesia, there is, to judge from listeners' existence of an influential as well as a widely letters, a steadily increasing audience. Last year differentiated audience. A recent survey of the Indonesian economy prospered and listening in Lebanon shows that the service emphasis was given to programmes promoting has a regular audience among adults of over British exports. But there were also lighter 30 per cent. themes. A production of Romeo and Juliet to mark the 25th anniversary of the section was a Africa great success and was rebroadcast by Radio The past 12 months have been turbulent Republic Indonesia. ones for Africa, with violence or crises in many countries. The African Service reflected The Middle East all these events, using the ever-increasing Since the dust of the October 1973 Arab - flexibility of communications to provide Israel war settled the Arabic Service has been swift and detailed coverage of political crises. mainly preoccupied with the need to report New satellite links provided excellent though and interpret the unfolding diplomatic scene. costly telephone circuits to - for example - The Geneva Conference and the succeeding Khartoum and Abidjan and the daily pro- Kissinger round which led to the Israeli gramme, Focus on Africa, made constant use withdrawal from the Suez Canal marked the of over 40 reporters throughout the continent beginning of this new phase. In the ensuing and in Europe. search for a settlement, significant events were A new programme on development and the Arab summit in Rabat, marking the Britain's role therein, Blueprint Africa, was emergence of the PLO as the sole representa- introduced and soon elicited a response from tive of Palestinians, and the UN General listeners. A second series of the popular Assembly. Arabic Service staff members history series Africa A to Z was completed in covered the conferences in Geneva and Rabat, December. The first series is to be published in and the General Assembly was fully reported book form in response to requests from many by local stringers. Hardly less important as a listeners. In January a new programme, Africa consequence of the war, and far more complex, 75, set out to explore a major subject in depth was the world -wide oil and money crisis which every week - press freedom in Africa, Ethiopia was reported and interpreted with as much and inflation were among the first subjects confidence as conflicting, if authoritative, tackled. views permitted. Attention was, however, However, a recent survey in East Africa regularly drawn to the positive and steady showed that the BBC is losing ground to its development of Britain's own petroleum competitors in its Swahili and English broad-

www.americanradiohistory.com External Broadcasting 59 casts to the area due to poor reception at a American system, a new administration in time when Swahili has been adopted as the Brazil under General Geisel and a consequent national language of Kenya and is steadily gradual liberalisation, as well as the continuing gaining ground as the lingua franca of the story of Latin America's complex relations whole of East Africa -a total population of 40 with the USA. Very particular attention was millions. The answer -a new relay station to also paid to the affairs of the Iberian penin- serve the area - is not likely to be forthcoming sula, especially to the mounting turmoil in for some years due to restrictions on capital Portugal. expenditure. Although the year has seen no change in the The Somali Service gave detailed attention scale of the broadcasting effort directed to to events in the Horn of Africa in a year Latin America, the large number of important which saw President Siyad Barre elected events linking the area with Britain - from the Chairman of the Organisation of African grand state occasion to a high- powered trade Unity, widespread famine in the Somali mission or the visit of the Archbishop of Republic, controversy over Russian influence Canterbury to Colombia, Chile, Argentina in the country and the ever sensitive problem of and Brazil - has brought about a significant Somalia's relations with Ethiopia and her shift in the emphasis of programme content. other neighbours. A special correspondent was In June, for instance, the Service relayed live sent to the Organisation of African Unity from Belgrave Square the Foreign Secretary's Summit held in Mogadishu in June and there (Mr Callaghan's) unveiling of a statue to was little doubt about the importance attached Simon Bolivar. Many distinguished Latin - to the Somali Service by its listeners and about American figures came to London for the the role it plays in Somali public life. occasion and among those interviewed by the In the 12 months covered by this report Service were the Foreign Ministers of Colom- the Hausa Service broadcasting to an audience bia, Ecuador and Venezuela as well as Dr in the Northern States of Nigeria and con- Rafael Caldera, who in March had completed tiguous countries, received more letters than his term as President of Venezuela. In Decem- ever before. A substantial proportion of these ber, a half -hour dramatised feature was letters were in appreciation of the Hausa broadcast to mark the 150th anniversary of Service's English by Radio transmissions. the Battle of Ayacucho, which decisively ended the Spanish hold on Latin America and Latin America in which the British General William Miller Among the many delicate problems facing the played a distinguished part. The programme, Latin American Service has been the need to of which 68 copies were distributed to stations explain British attitudes to Chile, and in in ten countries, was enthusiastically received particular Government views on matters like and rebroadcast. trade with Chile, humanitarian treatment of Programmes reflected the highly successful opposition elements and debt rescheduling. It Royal visit to Mexico in all its various aspects is perhaps significant that in the course of the but perhaps the most useful job was done in year listeners' letters from Spanish America the few weeks leading up to the event when the have shown an increase of 42 per cent. Al- Service broadcast a number of programmes though Chile may have been the central issue, designed to stimulate interest in the Royal events in several other countries of South Family as well as to further understanding of America have at different times dominated the its role in the nation. In addition, a substantial current affairs output. There were attempted amount of recorded material was provided for coups in Bolivia and Peru, continuing extrem- local broadcasting by Mexican stations, one of ist violence in Argentina, growing support for which, at the autonomous University of the re- admission of Cuba into the Pan- Mexico City, mounted a British cultural week

www.americanradiohistory.com 60 Annual Report to mark the occasion with the help of the A new Financial News bulletin, prepared Latin- American and Transcription Services. especially for World Service and giving detailed information on commodity prices and significant currency movements, started in May 1974. The importance of the City of World Service London in international finance was examined in a documentary feature, Financial Centre to In May 1974, two new live editions of Twenty - the World, and, following the dramatic rises in Four Hours, the daily current affairs program- commodity prices, another feature, All Power me which had been launched in the World to the Commodities assessed the balance of Service in 1973, were introduced at 0509 and economic power between the producer and 0709 GMT, to enrich the service with up -to- consumer countries. Many other special pro- date comment on overnight news develop- grammes highlighted aspects of the current ments. In July the pattern of two major news world economic crisis, not least the series periods, 0400 -0430 and 0600 -0630 GMT, Understanding Inflation. was changed to provide a comprehensive but Philosophy, science and the arts were not integrated half-hour sequence. Each of these neglected in a year dominated by economic half-hours now contains a world news bulletin, problems. Voyage Round a Twentieth Century despatches from correspondents giving the Skull, Dr Jacob Bronowski's last major work background to the main news stories in the for broadcasting, was recorded specially for UK and overseas, and a look at the British BBC overseas audiences. This series on the press. These major re- arrangements have ideas and discoveries that shaped the mind of enabled the large breakfast -time World Service modern man attracted considerable response audiences in Europe, Africa and the Middle from listeners, as did Professor Dahrendorf's East to hear a fuller and quicker- reacting Reith Lectures, The New Liberty: Survival and current affairs service complementing a Justice in a Changing World, broadcast on thorough wide -ranging and more flexible news World Service immediately following the service. Radio 4 transmissions. For the second general election within a Relays and recordings from a considerable year, World Service gave as extensive a number of Promenade Concerts were broad- coverage as it had done in the previous Feb- cast on World Service and the regular Saturday ruary. The topical magazine Outlook included night Prom relay, started in 1973, was again a a daily Election Desk, reporting on the cam- feature in 1974. Highlights from Britain's paign and outlining the policies of the various major music festivals were broadcast in political parties. Interested listeners through- November and December. And on the pop out the world were given, from the declaration side, World Service Pop Club was extended of the first result until the afternoon of the day from 30 to 45 minutes in January 1975, following polling day, a continuous service of in response to numerous requests from results, analyses, reports and reaction from listeners. Britain and overseas. Radio stations abroad The World Cup at Munich dominated sport used the World Service special election broad- in 1974. Each day of play was reported in casts as programmes to dip in and out of, or as World Cup Soccer Specials and commentary live source material to monitor. on eleven matches was broadcast, including The ever -increasing significance in the UK live commentary on the whole of the final. and the world at large, of developments in World Service ran a competition to forecast the financial and industrial sectors was reflec- the winner and the score in the World Cup ted both in regular World Service programmes Final, and this attracted over 30,000 entries and in special documentary features. from 141 countries.

www.americanradiohistory.com External Broadcasting 61 Industry and exports the presentation in Tokyo of a china clock (presented by Josiah Wedgwood Ltd) to the External Services' coverage of British industry writer of the 50,000th letter of the year the and exports continues to expand. New pro- service received. grammes include the Persian Service's Bazaar - Invisible exports play an increasingly im- o- Bourse (the title of which hardly needs portant part in External Services' programmes ; translation) which reflects the emergence of for instance the new German Service pro- Iran as a major market and investment partner. gramme Tips for Tourists (which already Other examples are Mutual Benefit (on trade elicits over 100 enquiries a month) and the two and investment topics) in the Spanish service, editions of the Arabic Service's monthly and the African Service's new weekly pro- programme journal Huna London (published gramme Blueprint Africa, devoted to techno- in Beirut), which were designed and produced logical innovation, which is already getting an in collaboration with the British Tourist encouraging response from listeners. Authority specifically to attract visitors. The staples of this kind of broadcasting Listener response to all these programmes remain, as before, major overseas contracts continues to grow in volume - the World won by British industry, British exhibits at Service weekly programme New Ideas now foreign trade fairs, the arrivals and departures receives over 7,000 letters a year, an increase of of trade delegations and - most important of 50 per cent over last year. Many companies all - programmes about new developments in - to whom enquiries are always passed - tell us technology, agriculture, medicine and science. of sales effected by BBC broadcasts; for A few examples will give an idea of the scale example, the manufacturer of a water purifying and range of External Services coverage: the device in Derby received more than 100 Bulgarian service transmitted a programme on enquiries as a result of an External Services the new synthetic rubber plant being built at programme, and made sales from about a Burgas by John Brown's, as did the Yugoslav third of them. Perhaps the most dramatic Service on the £5 million bulk carrier being instance of listener impact is that of the retired built for Yugoslavia by Sutherland Ship- US Air Force colonel who heard a World builders Ltd. The Romanian Service gave wide Service interview about the new EMI -Scanner coverage to the Anglo- Romanian economic brain diagnosis X -ray system. He happened talks held in London early this year; BBC to be on the governing board of a group of broadcasts to Brazil in August 1974 featured hospitals in California, and got a plane to in detail the British Industrial Exhibition in London straight away to see the equipment for Sao Paulo, on the occasion of which the himself. Brazilian Government proposed the setting up of a joint economic commission with Britain. New technological developments covered by the External Services are too numerous to Rebroadcasting, topical tapes mention; but the Science, Industry and and transcriptions Exports Unit, which supplies most of the material, writes up several hundred items a A wide variety of BBC External Services year, ranging from Concorde to minor con- programmes are rebroadcast by radio stations sumer goods. all over the world, in English and in other The most effective broadcasts are often languages, both by direct relays and in recorded those with a human- interest story; for example, form. In particular there are 184 daily relays of the Swahili service's broadcast about a Kenyan world news by 64 stations in 45 countries. In boy's heart operation at Hammersmith hos- addition, Overseas Regional Services provide pital, or the Japanese service's coverage of special services for rebroadcasters in North

www.americanradiohistory.com 62 Annual Report America, the West Indies, Australasia and the English by Radio and Television Pacific, Africa, the Middle East and Asia. A selection of External and domestic Services The number of countries which broadcast output is transmitted twice daily by cable to BBC English by Radio lessons on the local air National Public Radio in the United States for has risen from 77 to 93, the highest figure ever selective inclusion in their morning and evening reached. Some 250 radio stations throughout current affairs programmes networked nation- the world now broadcast BBC English by wide to 170 public service member stations. Radio lessons. BBC English by Television Special news bulletins and programmes are series have been screened during the year in line -fed for relay in Australia, Canada and New France, Germany, Italy, Denmark, Sweden, Zealand. Finland, Austria, Holland, Belgium, Hungary, The cessation of daily broadcasts to the Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Israel, Yugo- Caribbean as a consequence of cuts in govern- slavia, Cyprus, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, ment expenditure in March 1974 remained the Algeria, Indonesia, Brunei, and Singapore. subject of adverse comment both in the West Programmes have also been purchased for Indies and certain business circles in London. institutional use in many other countries. Fifteen series of taped programmes, BBC Location filming in six developing countries Topical Tapes, covering current affairs, for a new English by Television series, Teaching development, science, sport, the arts, educa- English with Vision, financed by the Ministry tion, finance and British personalities are air- of Overseas Development and produced in mailed weekly to radio stations and distribu- conjunction with the British Council, has just tors in 58 countries and are regularly broadcast been completed. The series, with an accom- by some 270 stations, including nearly 200 in panying handbook and sound recordings, will the United States and Canada. Programmes on be available in April 1976. Books in Focus, a development themes carry contributions from radio series on works of literature often set in Britain and the Third World and are distribu- examinations overseas at `O' level, is another ted to some 30 developing countries. More than of the projects undertaken under this ODM/ 300 tapes were despatched weekly in 1974 -75 BBC/British Council Scheme. All 52 pro- making a total of over 16,000 tapes during the grammes in the series have now been completed year. The cost of tape, packaging and distribu- and are being issued for use on radio stations tion is recovered from user stations. in more than 30 countries. The 40 radio pro- BBC Transcription Services sold in the grammes of a third project under the scheme - calendar year 1974 well over 40,000 hours of Modern Office Limited (English for Com- programme recordings to 140 broadcasting or merce) - have been recorded and will be avail- distributing organisations. The hesitant but able with an accompanying textbook and audio growing demand by US broadcasters for cassettes in October 1975. quadraphonic recordings of pop and other In March this year, a new series of 100 radio music led to a year of intensive development of lessons for beginners, specially designed for the new techniques to the routine production the Arab world, had its first broadcast in the stage. In a period of financial stringency and Arabic Service and several stations in the steeply rising programme costs, the Transcrip- Middle East have already expressed an interest tion Services have been able to hold their level in having the series for broadcasting locally. of production at over 500 hours a year of Special series of English by Radio programmes programmes of lasting value because of an in- have also been produced for China and crease in sales revenue of 174 per cent in the Indonesia, where audience demand is particu- year 1974 -75. larly large. The BBC English by Radio and Television Department's own publishing operations have

www.americanradiohistory.com External Broadcasting 63 produced their highest gross income and net ation of the technical and office facilities, and a profits. There have been notable increases in contract has been placed for the installation sales in Spain, Japan, Hong Kong, and Leba- of an electronic news distribution system, non and continuing high levels of business in which is designed to speed up the flow of news Germany and France. Particularly noteworthy and information throughout the building. is the fact that, in Japan a BBC Complete English course consisting of six books and 24 cassettes has been selling at the rate of 2,000 sets per month. Another notable achievement International broadcasting has been the sale of English by Television films to institutions in France. This year, no fewer The output of a selection of the world's external than 654 films have been sold by the BBC broadcasters is shown on page 65. The leading English by Radio and Television agent there. broadcasters in terms of hours of output are, as before, the USSR, China, the Voice of America, the German Federal Republic, the BBC and Egypt - in that order. In the case of the USSR and Egypt the December 1974 Capital projects figure is higher than in 1973 and for the other In spite of severe limits on capital expenditure, broadcasters lower, but the differences are not the programme for the improvement in the great. The Soviet expansion by about 30 hours technical facilities of the External Services has per week to 1986 hours in over 80 languages continued, both in the United Kingdom and was mainly in Russian, but there was a small Overseas. In the Caribbean good progress has increase in one of its major language services, been made on the construction of the new Arabic, and output in Bambara for the Mali BBC /Deutsche Welle hf Relay Station on the Republic was doubled. Although China's 1974 island of Antigua, and the station is expected total of 1317 hours a week was a few hours less to start broadcasting in 1976. Although work than in 1973, two new services were introduced, has continued on the construction of equip- Bulgarian and Quechua, the latter being a ment for the modernisation of the medium - language in which the USSR has been broad- wave facilities at the Eastern Mediterranean casting for some years and which is spoken by Relay Station in Cyprus, the uncertainties of Indians in Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador. Early the local situation have caused delays in in 1975 the new Quechua Service was increased starting the site work. and a third new language, Sinhala, was added; Following the offer of a site by the Govern- this brought the number of languages used to ment of Singapore, work is now in hand for 45, the largest output, apart from broadcasts the removal of the equipment from the Far for Taiwan, being Russian. Eastern Relay Station in Malaysia and its Voice of America reductions affected a installation at the new site in Singapore. It is number of languages. Output in Vietnamese, also proposed to improve the facilities of the which was contracted with the ending of the Eastern Relay Station by the addition of short- war in Vietnam, was cut back still further. wave transmitters to the existing medium - Other decreases were in Burmese, Hindi, and wave installation, thus providing improved Urdu (services which had been expanded in coverage of the Indian sub-continent. 1973), both Spanish and Portuguese for Latin At Crowsley Park the new receiving station America and English. One service, Slovene, is now complete and has taken over the work was discontinued. In December 1974 Voice of of the Tatsfield receiving station which has America output totalled 795 hours in 35 been closed down. At Bush House, agreement languages, but the overall American effort, has been obtained to the plan for the modernis- including the broadcasts of Radio Free

www.americanradiohistory.com 64 Annual Report

Europe for East and Central Europe and and Spanish for Europe and the Americas. Radio Liberty for the USSR, amounted to 1933 Argentina increased its services in Spanish, hours weekly. Early in 1975 Radio Liberty Portuguese, French and English. added Lithuanian to its 16 other language There were numerous examples of improve- services and broadcasts in Latvian and Eston- ments in technical facilities as countries con- ian are due to start later in the year. tinued to install high power radio trans- The combined output - as at December mitters for external and domestic broadcasts. 1974 - of Deutsche Welle and Deutschland - Several new transmitters opened in Eastern funk, the West German external broadcasters, Europe and there were a number of big at 773 hours per week was about 30 hours less developments by the Middle East countries, than in 1973. The reductions, all on the part of including Iran, Qatar, the Yemen Arab Deutsche Welle, were mainly in German. Republic, the Lebanon and Syria. Arabic and Chinese broadcasts were slightly increased and early in 1975 a Bengali service was introduced (bringing the number of languages used to 39), and Portuguese broad- casts were directed to Mozambique in addition to Portugal and Brazil. Relay facilities were Audience studies again strengthened, the Malta relay base Each year the BBC commissions research coming into operation towards the end of agencies to carry out sample surveys in several 1974; this consists of three 250 kW shortwave countries. These surveys provide information and one 600 kW medium wave transmitter to about the audiences for the BBC and its com- be used mainly for transmissions to Northern petitors, and other radio and television data. Africa, the Middle East, Asia and America. Some surveys cover the entire population, Early in 1975 the ninth of the 12 500 kW while with others it is practical to sample only shortwave transmitters under construction in sections of the population such as those living Bavaria came into operation. The BBC, with in urban areas. All survey findings are subject 727 hours of broadcasts weekly in 40 languages to a margin of `standard error'; in addition, in December 1974, reduced some of the research techniques are more advanced in English output which had provided a choice of some countries than others and so the degree programmes at certain times of the day. The of reliability may vary. Naturally audiences for total output of the Warsaw Pact countries external broadcasts vary in size in different (other than the USSR) was slightly increased parts of the world and comparisons between to a total of 1390 hours per week. Among the countries should not be made. The results must other broadcasters in the table opposite the be assessed against such factors as the historical, most notable change was by France. When political and linguistic background and the ORTF was reorganised at the beginning of stage of development of the country concerned. 1975, the only external services to be retained Some of the latest available results follow. were those in French and English to Africa, A survey was carried out in the spring of German and Spanish. 1974 among a sample representative of the The table shows only a minority of the adult population of France aged 15 and over. countries which support external services. 2.6 per cent of the sample listened to the Among the many others there were a number French Service regularly - that is at least once a of developments. For example, North Viet- week - and a further five per cent less fre- nam started two new services in 1974, in quently. However, there were considerable Spanish for Latin America and Malay. In differences between listening in the Paris area Latin America, Venezuela launched an exter- and the North - where regular audiences nal service in 1974 with broadcasts in English approached four per cent - and the South

www.americanradiohistory.com External Broadcasting 65 External broadcasting Estimated total programme hours per week of some external broadcasters

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

USSR 533 656 1015 1417 1908 1915 1884 1952 1986 United States of America 497 1274 1495 1832 1907 1829 2001 2060 1933 Voice of America 497 843 640 831 863 785 929 882 795 Radio Liberty - - 411 478 497 497 498 602 584 Radio Free Europe - 431 444 523 547 547 574 576 554 Warsaw Pact countries Other than USSR 386 783 1009 1215 1264 1287 1325 1376 1390 Poland 131 359 232 280 334 336 340 340 343 East Germany - 9 185 308 274 273 284 322 316 Czechoslovakia 119 147 196 189 202 211 225 234 250 Romania 30 109 159 163 185 188 190 190 190 Bulgaria 30 60 117 154 164 175 175 179 179 Hungary 76 99 120 121 105 104 111 111 112 Chinese People's Republic 66 159 687 1027 1267 1309 1292 1326 1317 German Federal Republic - 105 315 671 779 792 806 806 773 United Kingdom (BBC) 643 558 589 667 723 720 746 751 727 Egypt - 100 301 505 540 545 601 613 638 Albania 26 47 63 154 487 487 490 490 487 Netherlands 127 120 178 235 335 327 388 389 402 Australia 181 226 257 299 350 360 362 348 386 Spain 68 98 202 276 251 237 371 361 354 India 116 117 157 175 271 300 314 321 326 Cuba - - 325 320 327 354 354 310 France 198 191 326 183 200 196 309 306 Japan - 91 203 249 259 259 259 257 256 Israel - 28 91 92 158 161 185 191 197 Italy 170 185 205 160 165 165 170 168 168 Canada 85 83 80 81 98 113 123 164 148 South Africa 127 63 84 150 172 168 184 139 Ghana - 212 186 177 166 161 131 Portugal 46 102 133 273 295 295 297 297 112 Yugoslavia 80 46 70 78 76 86 86 86 82

i) The figures are for December 1950 1974, or the nearest available month. ii) The list includes fewer than half the world's external broadcasters. Among those excluded are Nationalist China, North and South Vietnam, North and South Korea, and various international commercial and religious stations, as well as clandestine radio stations. Certain countries transmit part of their domestic output externally on shortwaves; these broadcasts are mainly also excluded. iii) No December 1974 figure for France is given as during the few months prior to the re- organisation of the French radio and television networks in January 1975, the pattern of external broadcasting was unclear. Since that time, the External Service has been restricted to broadcasts in German, Spanish, French and English for Africa, amounting to 110 hours per week.

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where audiences were much smaller. These can audience size, postal questionnaires are a probably be attributed to the better reception valuable method of obtaining feed -back to conditions on medium -wave in the North. BBC output and for finding out more about About 1 per cent of those interviewed claimed the audience such as their reasons for listening, to be regular listeners to the BBC World their programme preferences, and the times at Service in English. which they listen. In 1974 over 14,000 question- A radio listening survey was carried out in naires were returned by listeners, from many Tanzania in April and May 1974 amongst a different walks of life, who hear BBC English sample representing adults aged 18 and over in and vernacular services. urban areas, Zanzibar being excluded from the The volume of listeners' letters addressed to survey. There was also a small rural sample. the BBC External Services reached well over The regular audience - those who listen at 350,000 in 1974 - over 50,000 more than in least once a week - to BBC broadcasts in 1973, which was itself a record year. The Swahili was 14 per cent of the sample in the number of letters do not of course indicate urban areas and 13 per cent among the small audience size. Nevertheless they provide useful rural sample. The regular audience to the evidence of the characteristics and wide World Service was 17 per cent of the urban geographical distribution of BBC listeners. sample and six per cent of the rural sample. They are, therefore, always a valuable source A survey based on a sample designed of information, and are particularly important broadly to represent all adults aged 18 and over for those countries where it is not possible to in urban areas of West Bengal was carried out carry out statistical surveys. in May. Of the broadcasters from outside the Indian sub-continent, the BBC, with a regular audience of 16 per cent for its Bengali trans- missions, was the clear leader. In addition 13 per cent listened regularly to the BBC's World The Monitoring Service Service in English. The most critical event of the past year for the In January 1975, a survey was carried out in Monitoring Service was the Turkish invasion eight states of India. The results were of more of Cyprus which had an immediate and serious than usual interest since three quarters of the impact on monitoring operations. For it was sample of adults was drawn from rural areas on the north coast of Cyprus, near Kyrenia, and among these respondents six per cent that the Service's US partner, the Foreign listened to the BBC once a week or more fre- Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), main- quently and a further three per cent less often; tained a substantial and efficient monitoring among the smaller urban sample, the compar- unit with the task of reporting on broadcasts able figures were 15 per cent and 10 per cent. from most of the Middle East as well as those The largest audience was for the Hindi Ser- from Cyprus itself, Greece and Turkey. Since vice, 16 per cent of urban and rural respond- the end of World War II the reports from this ents in the six Hindi -speaking States surveyed unit, supplied to the Monitoring Service under being regular or occasional listeners to these a long -standing exchange agreement, have broadcasts. been a very important element in the Service's The results of a survey carried out among the output. On the morning of the invasion and adult population of Lebanon at the end of for many hours thereafter, those on duty at the 1972 were recently made available to the BBC. unit overnight continued steadfastly to file 32 per cent of the sample listened to the BBC reports on such broadcasts as they could Arabic Service once a week or more often and cover, interspersed with eyewitness accounts six per cent to the BBC in English. of the bombing and fighting going on around Whereas sample surveys will measure them. But their position soon became unten-

www.americanradiohistory.com External Broadcasting 67 able and they were in due course lifted off the it has done so, and during the past year has beaches by the Royal Navy. produced a good deal of material which has The loss of so vital an outpost at such a time been found to be valuable, not least from called for urgent action to make good as much Portugal since the overthrow of the Caetano as possible of its wide -ranging commitment. Government in April 1974, and more recently A small BBC monitoring team, flown into from Spain. The speed and convenience of Cyprus just before the invasion, was able in monitoring - especially when it can be carried circumstances of great difficulty to provide out in the UK - is not, in fact, confined to valuable coverage of Cyprus radio; coverage remote or closed societies, but this latest task of broadcasts from Turkey and Greece as well has put the Service's resources under some as a number of Middle East stations was strain and a modest reinforcement is necessary undertaken at the Service's headquarters at to sustain it and to make its results available Caversham. With commendable speed FBIS to all consumers. staff from Cyprus, reinforced by staff from headquarters in Washington, were re- deployed to resume monitoring at temporary locations, including a sizeable party stationed at Caver- sham to assist with the extra tasks undertaken there. Now more permanent arrangements are in hand and it is hoped that something ap- proaching the efficiency of the old Cyprus unit will soon be restored. But that crisis was only one of many events and situations with which monitoring was concerned during the year. The in -depth reporting upon broadcasts from the USSR, Eastern Europe, the Far East, Middle East and Africa continued undiminished, with closer consultation between the Service and prescribing departments than ever before to ensure that what was selected from the vast world -wide intake for publication in the Summary of World Broadcasts met their requirements as nearly as possible. Since the end of the last war the Monitoring Service has not been required to devote much effort to listening to or reporting on broadcasts from Western or Southern Europe, on the grounds that information about what was going on there was readily available and that it was better to concentrate scarce resources on less open and accessible parts of the world. Recently, however, the Service has come under strong pressure from FBIS, on behalf of the US Government, to increase and intensify its monitoring of western and southern Europe. To the very limited extent possible without detriment to its main coverage commitments,

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Television hundred pages can be transmitted in turn as a continuously re- cycling stream without inter- CEEFAX fering with the picture in any way. In the This has been a year of real progress for the receiver the CEEFAX decoder recognises and BBC's newest television service, CEEFAX, extracts the pulse groups from the television now in the middle of an operational experi- waveform and gathers them into a store. They ment. Designed and developed by BBC are then used to activate an electronic charac- research engineers, CEEFAX utilises existing ter generator in the receiver to display what- television transmissions to provide pages of ever page the viewer has selected. written information on the receiver screen. The display uses any combination of six The information may be in the form of colours and white, with upper and lower case words, numbers or simple diagrams - or a letters, and the facility for flashing individual mixture of all three. words for emphasis. These techniques are The viewer can at any time dial a page of used to produce very attractive and informa- the latest news headlines, sports results, a tive pages. weather map, or many other subjects, and this After a period of technical tests, which will replace the television picture within a few started in May 1974, the Home Office autho- seconds. News flashes or sub -titles can be super- rised an experimental service to run for two imposed on the picture. The viewer may select years from September 1974, in order to test another page or return to the television pro- the public reaction. A small editorial team gramme whenever he wishes. produces pages of up -to-the -minute informa- Although the picture and CEEFAX infor- tion which is broadcast throughout the mation are carried on the same television television day on BBC -1 and the BBC has channel, a receiver with a special decoder is installed a number of receivers at centres required for CEEFAX because the method of throughout the country to show CEEFAX to carrying the information is quite different as many people as possible. Receiver manu- from that in normal television transmission facturers are already producing prototype practice. There are a few unused, blank lines receivers with CEEFAX decoders. at the top of the television picture which are not visible on a correctly -adjusted set. BBC Uhf services engineers have succeeded in using some of The BBC has continued to expand its net- these for the CEEFAX service; they found works of uhf transmitters to make BBC -1 and that they could put enough digital pulses on BBC -2 625 -line colour television available to four of the spare lines in each complete more people throughout the country. The picture to represent four rows of characters addition of two main and 30 relay stations on the screen. In this way, enough pulses can during the year has increased uhf coverage to be sent to code a whole page of 24 rows of about 95 per cent of the United Kingdom text in just under a quarter of a second. One population. This is only a small increase over 69 www.americanradiohistory.com 70 Annual Report last year's figure and clearly illustrates the Radio problem of bringing television services to the last few per cent of the population. Frequencies: long and medium waves The addition of the two main stations For many years the medium wave services (Chatton, Northumberland and Knock More have been subject to interference from conti- in Banffshire) means that nearly all the sta- nental stations after dark. The problem has tions serving large populations are now in become more serious as the number of trans- operation. To offset increasing costs, con- mitters in Europe and their radiated powers siderable thought has been put into the have outgrown the capacity of the channels design of standard low- power, low -cost which they share. In October 1974 the Inter- transmitter installations. Small, pre -fabricated national Telecommunication Union held the glass -fibre buildings are already in use to first part of a conference to re-allocate fre- house transistorised equipment. The BBC and quencies for sound broadcasting in the long IBA transmitters are in the same room and and medium wavebands throughout most of space has been provided for future fourth the world, except for the Americas. The programme equipment. The buildings are European proposal to increase the number of equipped at a central depot after which they channels available by reducing their spacing are transported to site and installed on pre- from nine to eight kilohertz was not accepted pared foundations. It has become increasingly by the majority of countries in Asia, Africa, difficult to find contractors for conventional and Eastern Europe. These countries do not buildings on remote sites and the new tech- yet suffer from a shortage of channels to the niques avoid this difficulty. As well as a saving same degree as those of Western Europe, and in construction time and a modest reduction they are not prepared to face the technical in building costs, there is a significant economy work and costs involved in a major re- in the time spent on site by specialist engineers. arrangement of frequencies. The main decision Receiver sales figures and other information of the first half of the conference was that any indicated that, by the end of March 1975, over re- allocation of frequencies should be re- 90 per cent of households had 625 -line stricted to the minimum consistent with receivers and that more than two in every five achieving uniform nine kilohertz channel of these was a colour set. spacing throughout the regions concerned. As this is the spacing already used in Europe, the Vhf television prospects of reducing night -time interference With the growth of uhf coverage, the number in the if and mf bands in this country are slight. of households relying on vhf transmissions The BBC is assisting in the preparation of the (which are for black- and -white only) has United Kingdom's proposals for the second diminished to less than six per cent of the half of the conference which starts in October total. At the same time the demand for the 1975. dual- standard receivers which have to be used for the 405 -line service has fallen to the Frequencies: vhf extent that they are no longer manufactured, The prospects for an improvement in the vhf although it is still possible to obtain them radio situation are somewhat brighter. There from the limited stocks available. Dual are difficulties at present because educational standard receivers will of course receive the programmes are carried on the Radio 3 and 4 BBC-1, BBC-2 and IBA uhf 625 -line trans- vhf networks and this discourages those missions when they become available in areas listeners to the normal programmes who are yet to be served. either not prepared or not able to change wavebands to hear the programmes of their choice. Some are not able to use other wave-

www.americanradiohistory.com Engineering 71 lengths - especially at night when the service posed uhf television stations, but others would areas of the 1f or mf transmitters are dimin- need new sites and would therefore be relatively ished by interference. more expensive. The BBC has been pressing for some years A BBC assessment indicates that about half for a larger allocation of frequencies in the the extra frequencies required could come vhf broadcasting band in order to provide from the band below 94.6 MHz, but to more channels and to improve the coverage implement the entire plan would require of its sound services. an extra bandwidth of 1.8 MHz for three The Stockholm Conference of 1961 as- national networks or 2.4 MHz for four. The signed frequencies for radio broadcasting in extra frequencies might be sought in the 100 to Band II; the United Kingdom allocation was 104 MHz part of the spectrum, which is used for three networks in the band from 88.0 to in some other European countries but is not 94.6 MHz (used for Radio 1/2, 3 and 4) and allocated for broadcasting in the United one in the band from 97.6 to 100 MHz which Kingdom at present. In view of this limitation, is not yet used for broadcasting in this country. the Crawford Committee suggested that the The Crawford Committee on Broadcasting networks should be extended as far as presently Coverage stated in its report that these available frequencies would permit. frequencies would not be available for broad- casting before 1978. The use to which that Stereophony and vhf band should be put is, of course, a matter for The stereophonic radio services, available on government decision, but the BBC believes vhf, have been extended to most of Central that in order to rationalise its services, Scotland and to South Wales and the Bristol and thereby to encourage listeners to use vhf, Channel area. During 1975 they should reach the additional frequencies should be allocated the North -east of England and the area around to a fourth national vhf network, which might the Solway Firth. Further extensions are accommodate all curricular educational radio planned to take place as the Pulse Code programmes, including those of the Open Modulation network spreads. Pulse Code University. Modulation is the system developed by BBC Several factors, according to the Committee engineers for the distribution of high- quality on Broadcasting Coverage might contribute stereophonic audio signals; its introduction to a general increase in vhf listening -a fourth has facilitated nationwide stereophonic broad- network, possibly with educational pro- casting (see below). grammes, and less duplication of services on both mf or lf, and vhf; the high technical quality of vhf transmissions and the spread of stereo radio also contribute to the swing Research and development towards vhf listening. The Committee there- fore recommended that the BBC should try The production and transmission of radio and to fill the gaps in the coverage of its vhf television programmes is a very sophisticated services even though the cost per listener may business and a continuous programme of be very high, and even though frequencies are research is necessary to make sure that the limited. The BBC had advised the Committee engineering resources available are efficiently in a special report that another 40 small employed. The development of CEEFAX stations would be required to fill the gaps, which makes use of spare capacity in the mostly relay stations serving less than 5,000 television waveform to provide a new service, people, but altogether serving almost a without requiring any additional frequencies quarter of a million people. Some of these or transmitters, is a good example of the could be accommodated at existing or pro- value of this research.

www.americanradiohistory.com 72 Annual Report Another proposal deriving from BBC use of existing transmitting sites and aerials. research is for a possible new type of radio Tests of the system and discussion with other service specifically for motorists. At present interested bodies continue. there is no way in which urgent messages and Previous reports have referred to work on information (concerning such things as fog, the digital processing of sound and television accidents and diversions) can be transmitted signals. Until recently these signals have been with certainty to all motorists in a particular handled in analogue form, that is to say as a area. Motoring information is included in varying voltage which is directly related to the many of the existing radio programmes, but it sound in the studio or to the varying bright- cannot be allowed to intrude too much into ness of the televised picture. In digital proces- the enjoyment of other listeners. A further sing the varying voltage is measured at very problem is that motorists may be tuned to frequent intervals and the result is then any one of a number of different stations; transmitted by means of a code made up of they may be listening to recorded music; or digital pulses, rather like a morse code. The of course they may have no radio at all. The main advantage of digital processing is that BBC proposal is for a network of low -power the resulting signals are extremely robust; mf transmitters, each of which would be used they can be transmitted over long com- only to transmit specialised motoring infor- munications circuits or recorded and re- mation for the area in which it is located. All recorded many times without any loss of the transmitters would use the same frequency quality. The first application of digital proces- - although for normal broadcasting this sing was the `sound- in- syncs' system, in which would create intolerable interference. The the sound component of a television pro- scheme depends upon the fact that it would gramme is transmitted as a part of the tele- only be necessary for each station to come on vision waveform. This not only saves the cost the air for relatively brief periods, for instance, of an additional sound circuit, in most cases 30 seconds in every eight minutes. The trans- it also provides improved sound quality. mitting times would be co- ordinated so that Subsequently the BBC developed a system those transmitters on the air at any particular which allows for the distribution of up to 13 moment were sufficiently far apart not to inter- sound signals over a single television -type fere with one another. The system is known as circuit. The signals are conveyed to digital time division multiplex and although it has no form and interleaved in such a way that all 13 application to ordinary broadcasting it is well signals are conveyed to their destinations in suited to a motoring service of the kind en- precisely similar form, and this is particularly visaged. The motorist would require only a important in the distribution of stereophonic very simple fixed -tuned receiver which could programmes. It is this pulse code modulation be arranged to over -ride the existing car radio system (mentioned briefly in the previous or tape player. As he drove along the motorist section) which has already made high quality would receive brief transmissions containing stereo available to over 80 per cent of the information for the area in which he was United Kingdom population. travelling; he would have a free choice of In the television field, digital processing has entertainment for the rest of the time. been used in standards converters which are Although it would require the allocation of now being used to convert from the 625 -line a special mf channel this scheme has many standard to 405- lines, for transmission to advantages over others which have been those receivers which still require a 405 -line considered; it would cover the entire country signal. The CEEFAX signals, described else- rather than selected lengths of motorway and where, are also digital in form and they it would be relatively inexpensive to set up represent the first example of digital signals because many of the transmitters could make being transmitted for reception in the home.

www.americanradiohistory.com Engineering 73

The application of high -speed digital pulse Retailers' Association (RTRA), the National techniques to broadcast engineering has been Television Rentals Association (NTRA), and made possible by the development of solid - the Cable Television Association of Great state devices, originally intended for the Britain (CTA). computer industry. Very small integrated Manufacturing information about items of circuits are now available containing the BBC designed equipment has been prepared equivalent of thousands of separate compo- to enable British firms to produce and market nents, and these are able to perform compli- them under licence. cated electronic tasks with the utmost reli- Discussions with BREMA, which is con- ability and speed. Other new devices are cerned with the manufacture of domestic becoming available which are more directly radio and television equipment, have proved applicable to broadcasting. There are for mutually helpful on subjects such as receiver example light sensitive semi -conductors which performance, transmission standards, and lend themselves to digital scanning for tele- problems concerning viewers' and listeners' vision either in cameras or film scanning receiving equipment. These discussions have machines. Somewhat crude solid -state cameras embraced both television and radio, and have been operated in the Research Depart- particularly the problems of satisfactory stereo ment, and it seems only a matter of time before reception. A good example of this co- operation a rugged and compact solid-state colour was the setting up of a committee, with camera can be developed. representatives from BREMA, the BBC and It is clear that digital equipment has already the IBA, to agree upon the technical stan- had a considerable impact on BBC engineering dards for CEEFAX -type transmissions. The and it will certainly grow in importance, with agreed standard for the United Kingdom was two principal effects. From the engineer's published in October. point of view there will be greater reliability The RTRA and NTRA are the BBC's main and more economical operation, together channels of communication and liaison with with a consistently high standard of quality. the radio and television trade, and they are From the point of view of the producer, kept fully informed of all engineering develop- methods will change to allow for a greater ments affecting the trade and public. degree of freedom and flexibility in the produc- In January 1975 the BBC decided as an tion of programmes. In the meantime research economy to make a change in the schedule for effort will continue to apply the most modem the Trade Test Transmissions on BBC -2. technology to the main purpose of making the For many years these had been transmitted best possible use of available resources and of continuously whenever BBC-2 was not carry- offering the highest possible standards of ing advertised programmes, to provide the picture and sound quality to the viewer and television trade with a test signal for use in listener. repairing and installing receivers. But the BBC -2 transmitter network now consumes more than 5 MW (5,000 KW) and the power consumption for test card transmissions in- volved a very large annual expenditure. Most Technical liaison dealers are now equipped with test gear which The BBC has maintained its liaison with the enables them to set -up a colour television British Radio Equipment Manufacturers' picture without the need for a broadcast signal, Association (BREMA), the Electronic Engi- although radiated signals are needed by aerial neering Association (EEA), the Radio and contractors to ensure that newly installed Electronic Component Manufacturers' Feder- aerials are providing satisfactory pictures on ation (RECMF), the Radio and Television all three channels.

www.americanradiohistory.com 74 Annual Report

After consultation with the trade organisa- ments in the BBC, mainly for readers who tions, the BBC curtailed the test transmis- have a professional interest in these subjects. sions, and the BBC-2 network is now on the The BBC is represented on several Study air from 10.30 till 11.30 each morning, Groups of the International Telecommunica- and in the afternoon from 4.00 until tion Union (ITU). These include the Inter- regular programmes begin. Test card trans- national Radio Consultative Committee missions are maintained throughout Saturday (CCIR), the International Telegraph and mornings, and on many days there are of Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT) course additional BBC programmes to provide and the joint CCIR /CCITT Committee known a signal during the daytime. Although many as the Mixed Committee on Transmission of representations were made about the curtail- Television (CMTT). Members of BBC staff ment of test card transmissions and the in- attend as members of the United Kingdom convenience which it undoubtedly caused, it delegations, and they also take an active part is believed that most people in the television in the technical activities of European Broad- trade appreciated the reason for the change casting Union (EBU), as well as those of the and have been able to adapt their arrange- International Electrotechnical Commission ments to the new schedule. (IEC) and the International Standards Organ- Engineering Information Department pro- isation (ISO). The European Broadcasting vides a service of information and advice for Union is the body which looks after the the public, the radio and television trade, and interests of broadcasting organisations in industry about the reception of BBC pro- Europe and co- ordinates the international grammes and the development of its services. exchange of programmes, in particular the It deals with a large volume of enquiries by Eurovision Network. Interest is also taken in letter and by telephone and issues many the engineering activities of several other information sheets and other publications. broadcasting unions, including the Asian As the 625 -line colour television services Broadcasting Union (ABU). The Common- reach new areas, the need to stress the impor- wealth Broadcasting Conference, held every tance of correctly installed receiving aerials two years, is also strongly supported. becomes ever greater. This also applies to the The training of engineers from overseas increasingly popular stereophonic radio ser- broadcasting organisations has continued and vice. Aerials for both these services are much a total of 54 technical staff from 23 countries less obtrusive than those which were needed were accepted for training courses and train- for the reception of the 405 -line television ing attachments during the year; of these 45 services on vhf and most people now realise attended formal training courses at the BBC's that an efficient aerial is essential for good Engineering Training Centre. The cost of reception. Such an aerial not only provides these various forms of aid does not fall on a strong signal to the receiver - it is also able licence- holders in this country; it is paid for to discriminate against interfering signals by the broadcasting organisations requesting coming from other directions. This is especi- assistance, sometimes with the help of funds ally important as it is increasingly necessary provided by the British Government. to use the same frequencies for many trans- mitters in different parts of the country. During their surveys of new reception areas, the Department's engineers visit dealers and Recruitment local authorities to ensure that the best use is and training made of the new services. During the year the BBC recruited 297 staff BBC Engineering, published quarterly, pro- for engineering and technical operations vides information about technical develop- work - considerably more than in the previous

www.americanradiohistory.com Engineering 75 year. Of these 95 were qualified engineers, 75 being graduates recruited direct from universi- ties or polytechnics. Twenty four students doing sandwich courses in electrical engineering and related subjects were provided with industrial training for up to six months each. During the summer, 37 students on full time degree courses at British universities joined various engineering departments for six week's vacation training to gain practical experience and help in deciding their future careers. Five students from European coun- tries were similarly engaged as vacation trainees under the auspices of The Inter- national Association for the Exchange of Students for technical experience.

www.americanradiohistory.com www.americanradiohistory.com Personnel

The number of full -time staff on 31 March was an imbalance between the total earnings 1975 was 24,779, compared with 23,897 on of staff at the lower end of the MP structure 31 March 1974. There were also 1,301 part - and those of many of their colleagues in OP time staff, making a total of 26,080. Of these jobs. The BBC had wished to correct this but 14,326 were programme, technical and execu- had been unable to do so because of stages 1 tive staff, and 11,754 were manual, secretarial/ and 2 of the counter -inflation policy of the clerical and catering staff. There were then government. 16,730 men and 9,350 women. The BBC made great efforts to settle this problem of MP conditions of service within what was permitted under stage 3 of that Personnel policy policy. But the very stringent criteria of what was then allowable were insufficient to enable Industrial Relations a solution to be found. The matter was finally During the year there were two disputes settled as part of the agreement on pay and which affected television programmes. The conditions of service reached early in August, first, concerning the grading of show workers when the stage 3 criteria no longer applied (a weekly category) was settled by reference to (see below). The grading issue was later re- arbitration. The second, which led to a with- mitted to arbitration, as the BBC had through- drawal of labour by some 90 production out proposed. assistants in drama and light entertainment, These two matters apart, the relationships also resulted from a grading claim. But in fact between the BBC and the five recognised it had different and deeper causes. The single unions (ABS, NUJ, EETPU, NATTKE and most important of these related to the total SOGAT) continued on the relatively even earnings of production assistants, who are in course which has characterised them over the the MP (management, production and edit- last few years. Much constructive work was orial) structure, in relation to those of staff in done on matters of fundamental importance. the OP (operational) structure who work Of particular note has been the inauguration alongside them. of a National Joint Council through which OP staff receive overtime payments for the united voice of all five recognised unions hours worked in excess of 42 per week and a can be heard. It is hoped that this principle salary -related allowance for working incon- of inter -union co- operation will in due course venient hours which may have to be altered be reflected at all levels in the existing consul- at short notice. MP staff, because of their tative machinery throughout the organisation. managerial responsibilities and the fact that Discussions on a new procedure agreement for many of them have some control of their the avoidance and settlement of disputes are hours of work, were at the time recompensed in their final stages. Other agreements to for overtime by compensatory leave and for rationalise and improve the formal relation- working inconvenient hours by a flat -rate ships between the BBC, the unions and em- allowance. The result of these arrangements ployees have been reached in principle. The 77 www.americanradiohistory.com 78 Annual Report BBC has welcomed, and supported with ment as going beyond the provisions of the facilities, the decision by two unions to intro- social contract. At the time when the settle- duce training courses for union lay represen- ment was made the provisions of that docu- tatives. ment were less clear than they later became, A ballot of members of the ABS has shown and then they had not been accepted by the a big majority in favour of the principle of annual conferences of the unions. Even now amalgamation with the Association of Cine- the provisions appear to be open to a variety matograph, Television and Allied Technicians of interpretations. It is of interest that an (who represent staff in the Independent independent source (Incomes Data Services Television programme companies). Ltd) confirmed this view in their February 1975 report, which stated that In fact the size Pay of the settlement was not significantly out of Negotiations on pay revisions for 1974 began line with the rest of the public sector'. while stage 3 of the Government's counter - As part of the pay settlement the holiday inflation programme was still in force, but the entitlement of staff was increased to four eventual settlement was reached early in weeks where this did not already apply. August on the restoration of voluntary col- London weighting, for which the BBC has a lective bargaining, and under conditions free single rate for inner and outer areas, was in- from statutory restraint. The settlement pro- creased to £375 from 1 July 1974. vided for increases of between £6.73 pw and £7.91 pw for weekly staff, of £11 pw for Job evaluation craftsmen, and of between £351 pa and £513 The BBC uses job evaluation as an essential pa for secretarial and clerical staff. The means of achieving fair levels of remunera- increase for craftsmen took into account the tion for staff in the great variety of jobs found fact that BBC rates had fallen seriously be- in broadcasting. Research and development of hind those of equivalent grades outside, and new methods of job evaluation are helping to had been the subject of an abortive joint make the process more comprehensible and reference by the BBC and the unions to the acceptable to staff. The BBC's system has Pay Board in the previous year. For monthly attracted the attention of broadcasting organi- staff the increase was basically 20 per cent. sations as far apart as India, Canada and Staff in the MP grades were, however, given Nigeria. an additional amount of compensation for Systematic job evaluation is undertaken by their liability to work overtime and incon- defining the responsibilities and difficulty of venient hours. This aspect of their pay in- posts at each level in every occupational crease was part of the general settlement of group and relating them to each other in a the problem of MP conditions of service, comprehensive grading scheme, so that jobs referred to above. carrying an equal degree of difficulty and an The increase took effect in all cases one equivalent weight of responsibility are graded year after the previous pay increase for the alike. Grades may be changed in response to group in question. The settlement compre- changes in duties, reorganisation, or the intro- hended those threshold payments which had duction of new activities and in 1974 -5 some been paid as allowed for under the stage 3 600 grading cases were examined. In those criteria, and replaced those which would have which give rise to dispute there are arrange- been paid under those arrangements for the ments for joint reference to arbitration. There remainder of the year. No threshold payments were five such references during the year. were therefore made after the dates on which the pay agreement became effective. Discipline, appeals and grievances The settlement was criticised by the govern- Negotiations with the recognised unions on

www.americanradiohistory.com Personnel 79 new rules governing disciplinary procedures In addition there are periodic reviews which have reached an advanced stage. There is give further increases when the index shows already an agreed appeals and grievances this to be justified. Subject to the usual inland procedure, with provision for the individual revenue limits, members now have the to be assisted by an official of his union. This opportunity to buy up to ten added pension- is in addition to the statutory right of an able years to enhance their final pension. Part employee who is dismissed to have recourse to of the cost of this enhancement is borne by the an industrial tribunal. BBC.

Staff appraisal The BBC's long -established appraisal pro- Staff training and appointments cedure provides for all staff to have written annual reports, which are communicated to Recruitment and promotion them at annual interviews. Increasing empha- In the year under review 1,804 non -clerical sis is placed on the training of report writers, staff vacancies were filled by Appointments endorsers and interviewers. Department, 1,230 by internal promotion. The corresponding figures in the preceding Health and safety year were 1,721 and 1,371. In addition, 199 The audiometric screening of staff is being trainees, 79 from the staff, were selected for undertaken in areas exposed to high sound courses. The year's intake was dominated by levels in the working environment in order to the radio studio manager scheme which ac- assess whether there is a risk of damage to counted for 90 trainees, 77 from external hearing. There are encouragingly few acci- sources including universities. dents to staff on duty that result in injury. The effects of a management decision to Existing safety training has been extended in remove sex -based restrictions on advertising response to the Health and Safety at Work and appointments continued to be monitored. Act 1974, so as to involve all levels of manage- A few women have been appointed to some ment and staff. areas previously barred but the number of applications has been small. The number of Welfare women in senior jobs has shown a slight up- The BBC provides a counselling service for ward turn. Although women represent 30 per staff facing personal and domestic problems. cent of the work force they have taken up Contact is maintained with over 5,000 40 per cent of places in schemes of attachment retired staff, who receive a regular newsletter, offering retraining for development. Over 100 and advice and assistance can sometimes be secretaries and clerks, the majority female, given to pensioners who face problems. have been promoted into higher grades during Preparation for retirement conferences are the year. offered to staff during their last few years of training service and the guidance given at this stage Television seems to be much appreciated. During the past year there has been a con- siderable increase in the number of producers' Pensions assistants given training, some of which was Recent improvements to the staff pension carried out in the regions. The career develop- scheme include an entitlement for deferred ment of producers' assistants has been re- pensions, and those in the course of payment, structured to give more equal opportunities to to accrue a cost of living addition of 3 per girls with different programme experience. cent per annum compound, where the index There has also been an extension of the film of retail prices has risen by at least this figure. training given in their courses. In addition to

www.americanradiohistory.com 80 Annual Report the main course pattern there have been a ded courses ranging from one -day induction number of short specialised training schemes seminars to senior courses lasting four weeks. including a research assistants' film course; a The basic training courses for school -leavers bi -media (combined radio and television) continue to attract well qualified candidates course for Open University producers' assis- and it is encouraging that a number of students tants; a colour familiarisation course for from the first of these courses in September Open University production staff; special 1970 have competed successfully for posts training for regional news editors, regional outside the secretarial and clerical fields. secretaries and designers. The television sec- tion trained 476 staff during the year. Legal matters, artists' contracts Radio training and copyright During the past year strenuous attempts have The likelihood of defamation arising in broad- been made to structure the career develop- casts, particularly those of a controversial ment of radio production staff by means of a nature or dealing with consumer affairs, calls system of graduated training courses. In order for legal attention and in some cases led to to make up for a shortage of studio managers actions in the High Court. Claims before a two -tier system of courses has been running industrial tribunals are still increasing and and although there are still shortages some there were two references to the Race Rela- headway is being made in the increase of tions Board last year. recruitment and training. New agreements were made with Equity By providing basic training for overseas and the Musicians' Union for the casual em- broadcasters in their own countries and con- ployment of professional actors and musicians centrating London courses more on advanced in radio and television. Fees for scripted talks and specialised training it has been possible to given for radio were increased after discussion integrate the training of BBC staff with the with the Society of Authors and the Writers' training of overseas broadcasters. This not Guild, and other talks fees were adjusted in only cuts costs but it also puts overseas consequence. broadcasters in closer touch with current BBC practice. Some 300 BBC staff have atten- Management ded radio courses this year. Services Specialist staff in the BBC's Management Management training Services Group give an advisory service to all The formal courses in general training run by directorates and regions on levels of staffing, the Management Training Section have con- organisation and methods, work study and tinued and have included a newly -developed measurement. The well -established O & M basic management skills course for staff who techniques have been augmented by the re- are beginning to be involved in the manage- cruitment of staff skilled in operational ment function. Additionally, short seminars research, behavioural science and information have been developed, particularly those deal- retrieval. These skills are being applied to ing with appraisal and annual interviewing. studies of conditions of service, work patterns Nearly 1,000 BBC staff have attended courses and the analysis of `inconvenience', and to the and seminars run by the section. Members of problems of storage and retrieval in the BBC staff have also attended outside courses BBC's many specialist libraries. and seminars run by various organisations. Computer Planning Department provides the specialists who, under the operational Office training command of project managers in the user During the year nearly 2,000 students atten- areas, carry out the design, programming and

www.americanradiohistory.com Personnel 81 testing of computer systems in association tion. Where disputes have not been resolved with the Finance Division. A significant through the negotiating machinery, matters achievement was the successful completion, on may be referred to external arbitration. schedule, of a new computerised payroll The BBC recognises full freedom of choice system. This was the largest single computer for staff to join or not to join a trade union. system yet designed by the department, and However, the BBC believes that it is clearly in will provide automatically a range of financial the interests of staff, and of the BBC, that the analysis and costing information not pre- joint machinery which has been built up viously available. After nearly 13 years' between the unions and the BBC should be as service, the BBC's first electronic computers, effective and generally representative as twin ICT 1500s, are now being closed down. possible. The BBC therefore encourages staff Their work is being absorbed by the BBC to be members of an appropriate recognised Computer Centre where the ICL 1904A trade union and to play an active part in the processor was replaced by the faster 1904S. affairs of the union, for which suitable facili- The work of the centre was studied by an ties are accorded. outside consultant who reported favourably on the utilisation of the equipment and the efficiency of operation. In the continuing search for economy, all computer project managers have been asked to co- operate in a review of the volume, distribution and use of computer output.

Staff representation The BBC's policy continues to be to maintain good staff representative machinery for all grades. This is achieved by negotiation and consultation at national and local levels with trade unions recognised by the BBC under the terms of its Charter. The unions so recognised are the Association of Broadcasting and Allied Staffs (ABS), which may represent all staff to a senior level, and, jointly with the ABS, the Electrical, Electronic, Telecom- munications and Plumbing Union (EETPU), the National Association of Theatrical, Tele- vision and Kinematograph Employees (NATTKE), the National Union of Journalists (NUJ) and the Society of Graphical and Allied Trades (SOGAT), for agreed groups of staff. Negotiation and consultation on all matters affecting staff, including rates of pay, grading and conditions of service take place through procedures and machinery jointly agreed between the unions and the BBC. There are also arrangements for the hearing of personal cases either with or without union representa-

www.americanradiohistory.com www.americanradiohistory.com Advisory bodies

The BBC has 52 advisory bodies which fall main subjects for discussion and invited the into two main groups: those invited to advise BBC to provide papers as appropriate. Such on BBC policy and programme activities in main subjects included the BBC's publica- general, and those with a more specialised tions, developments in the BBC's External function and membership. The first group Services, the BBC and the February 1974 consists of the General Advisory Council, the General Election, the work of the BBC's Northern Ireland Advisory Council, the eight Advisory Group on the Social Effects of English Regional Advisory Councils, and the Television (the Chairman of the Group, Mr 20 Local Radio Councils. The second, more Charles Longbottom, is also a member of the specialised, group consists of the advisory Council) and the coverage of sport on BBC bodies concerned with agricultural broad- Television. The paper on sport was requested casting, charitable appeals, educational broad- by the Business Committee after it had casting, music broadcasting, religious broad- received, for discussion by the Council, a casting, the broadcast coverage of science and paper entitled Some Reflections on the Rela- technology, programmes for Asians, the tionship between the Broadcasting Media and application of engineering research to broad- Sport by Sir Stanley Rous, a member of the casting, and the social effects of television. Council. Following the practice established The membership of these advisory bodies in recent years, arrangements were made, at covers a wide cross -section of national life, the request of the Business Committee, to and represents to a substantial degree, the publish in pamphlet form, with a foreword by BBC believes, the voice of informed and the Chairman of the Council, Lord Aldington, responsible public opinion. the papers on the BBC and the February 1974 General Election and on sport. The latter publication included both Sir Stanley Rous's The General Advisory Council paper and the paper by the BBC. During the year, the General Advisory The Council also had an opportunity to Council held, as usual, regular quarterly debate issues later reflected in the BBC's meetings. Each meeting was attended by the memoranda to the Annan Committee and to BBC Chairman and members of the Board of comment on those memoranda which were Goyernors, the Director- General and members sent to the committee in the course of the of the Board of Management and other senior year. The Council itself submitted to the An- BBC staff. The agenda for each meeting in- nan Committee a memorandum describing its cluded a report from the Council's Business role, functions and procedures. The memoran- Committee (which itself met eight times during dum was prepared by the Business Committee the year), a summary of public reactions to and subsequently submitted by the committee the BBC, a report by the Director- General on to one of the quarterly meetings of the current and future developments and mem- Council. Among other matters discussed bers' questions. For each quarterly meeting, during the year were the BBC's finances and the Business Committee chose one or more its industrial situation, interviews with IRA 83 www.americanradiohistory.com 84 Annual Report leaders, election programmes, weather fore- Regional advisory councils casts and drama on local radio. Programmes Under Article 11 of its Charter the BBC is which were discussed included The Pallisers, required to appoint a regional advisory The Family, Churchill's People and radio and council for Northern Ireland and for each of television phone -ins. After each meeting a the English regions. In Northern Ireland, the statement, prepared by the Chairman of the National Governor is Chairman of the Council in consultation with the Business Advisory Council, whose 24 members are Committee, was released to the press. A widely representative of public life, interests lecture on Advising the BBC, which was and culture in the Province. They include the given by the Chairman in the ninth series of chairmen of the three specialist advisory BBC lunchtime lectures, was also published committees on agriculture, appeals and by the BBC as a pamphlet. religious broadcasting. In addition to the quarterly meetings in full During the year the Northern Ireland session, the Council appointed sub -committees Council met five times. Among matters which to study and report on BBC Publications and it discussed were the broadcasting of inter- BBC Archives. General Advisory Council views with members of illegal organisations, sub -committees are composed of members of invasion of privacy, some of the problems the Council but they may, if they wish, consult inherent in reporting the Northern Ireland or co -opt the services of people with special situation, the responsibilities of interviewers, knowledge and experience from outside the and the constant vigilance needed to distin- BBC and its advisory system. Professor Asa guish between news and propaganda. The Briggs was thus invited to attend the meeting Council devoted part of its October meeting to of the archives sub -committee and the discussion and approval of BBC plans for the Council is grateful for the valuable contribu- introduction of Radio Ulster on 1 January. tion that he made to its work. The Council also To mark the 50th anniversary of broadcast- held, in January 1975, its first residential con- ing in Northern Ireland on 15 September ference at Ditchley Park in Oxfordshire. This 1974, the National Governor and the Council was attended by 21 Council members, attended a jubilee service in St Anne's Cathed- members of the BBC Board of Governors, ral, Belfast, and a celebration concert by the management and senior staff and also by a BBC Northern Ireland Orchestra, televised number of distinguished guests. The confer- live from the Ulster Hall on BBC -2. ence had as its theme To Reflect or to Lead ?, The eight English regional advisory coun- and it provided an opportunity for discussion cils each met, as usual, on three or more of the BBC's role and responsibilities in occasions during the year. Besides reviewing greater depth than is possible at the shorter the programme output of their own regions quarterly meetings. and of the network production centres, they Half the ordinary members of the Council discussed a wide range of subjects including are appointed on the recommendation of the news broadcasting, election coverage, educa- Business Committee and the chairmen of tional programmes, money prizes, and the other BBC advisory councils and committees regional editions of Radio Times. In common attend as ex- officio members. Following usual with the General Advisory Council, they dis- practice, the quarterly meetings were held on cussed the work of the BBC's Advisory Group the day before ordinary meetings of the BBC on the Social Effects of Television. All the Board of Governors, so that the Board could Councils gave much time and thought to the have before it a summary of the main points preparation of their submissions to the Com- raised at the General Advisory Council mittee on the Future of Broadcasting, and meeting. most of them also offered oral evidence to the committee during its visits to the regions.

www.americanradiohistory.com Advisory Bodies 85 One problem confronting the councils stems radio councils have also advised on important from the apparently conflicting requirements policy decisions on matters such as the cover- of confidentiality (which the councils them- age of the general election, the introduction selves value) and the need for their existence of consumer programmes and the provision of to be known to the general public in the programmes for immigrant communities. regions for which they are appointed. To try Their chairmen attend regular meetings in to solve this problem, two councils used London with the Managing Director, Radio, broadcast announcements to invite the audi- the Director, Public Affairs, and the General ence to write to their respective chairmen Manager, Local Radio, at which issues about any matter which might properly be the affecting broadcasting as a whole, as well as council's concern. The response was rather local radio, are discussed. Members are disappointing, however, and the councils are broadly representative of the major interests discussing other ways of making their existence within the different areas and all have a con- and function better known to the public. cern for the well -being of the communities Each Council held one of its regular meet- that the stations serve. When vacancies occur, ings in London, at Television Centre or listeners are frequently invited to submit Broadcasting House. This enabled members names for consideration in the final analysis to meet more senior London staff, and was by the Board of Governors. intended to help towards a better mutual understanding of the central, and regional, Educational bodies concepts of broadcasting. The School Broadcasting Council for the In February 1975, three regional chairmen United Kingdom met twice during 1974-75, retired after five years' much appreciated its steering committee once, and its programme service - Mr Louis Allen (North -east), Dr committees three times. The council submitted Patrick Nuttgens (North), and Mr Nicholas evidence to the Committee on the Future of Trahair (South -west). All three were founder Broadcasting and noted the contribution of chairmen of their councils following the re- C. G. Hayter's independent report Using organisation brought about by Broadcasting Broadcasts in Schools: A Study and Evaluation, in the Seventies and two (Mr Allen and Mr published in November 1974, to the debate on Trahair) had been members of the former the future use of educational broadcasting. regional councils serving respectively the Evidence was also submitted to the Whitford North and the South and West. Committee of Enquiry into the law on copy- right and designs. The council has been much Local radio councils exercised by the problems schools face in maintaining the present level of their purchase The 20 local radio stations have continued to of publications in the current period of receive valuable help, advice and support financial restraint and has advised the BBC on from their local radio councils. These councils, its policy with regard to the pricing and speci- each of some 15 -20 members active in the life fications of pamphlets and other materials of their communities, discuss all aspects of provided to accompany school broadcasts. programme policy with the manager and At its meeting in March 1975 the Council members of staff directly concerned with gave some consideration to matters of im- particular programmes. Council members mediate importance raised by the publication also take particular note of public reaction to of the Bullock Committee's Report, A Language programmes expressed through telephone for Life. calls or letters to the station. They provide for The council's Programme Committee I has the professional staff a sounding board for given much attention to the development and the praise or criticisms of listeners. Local promotion of the broadcast provision for

www.americanradiohistory.com 86 Annual Report children in the early years of education, radio broadcasts from British opera houses; particularly in the infant and pre-school years. the names of uncommon works suitable for Committee II has sponsored innovatory series co- financed EBU productions; the cost of in mathematics, geography and multi- discip- opera on BBC Television; the time and format linary studies for the middle years of schooling. of BBC lunchtime concerts in Glasgow; Committee III has been responsible for initiat- signature tunes and network jingles; the inter- ing a number of new developments, notably viewing of performers for archive purposes; in religious and moral education, music, the amount of serious music on BBC Tele- science, and careers education. vision; the televising of opera from Scotland; The Further Education Advisory Council and and the 1974 Promenade Concert season on its programme committees each met three television. times during the year. Apart from considering The Central Agricultural Advisory Com- the balance of output and individual pro- mittee advises the BBC on the range and con- gramme proposals for the coming year they tent of farming and gardening programmes were concerned with the implications of three broadcast on television and radio networks. important reports, those of the Russell It has a membership of 17, widely representa- Committee on Adult Education, the Tech- tive of agriculture, horticultural, food and nician Education Council bearing on the consumer interests. Mr Hugh Finn retired as BBC's provision for colleges of further Chairman at the end of 1974 after nine years education, and of the Bullock Committee of distinguished service to the Committee. He already referred to. The development of a new was succeeded by Mr Derek Barber, a leading five year forward plan for the provision of agriculturalist and consultant. The committee BBC courses in modem languages for adults held three meetings during the year. The was also agreed. The council also submitted separate Committees for Scotland, Wales and its own evidence to the Annan Committee Northern Ireland, all of which are represented giving its collective views on the future of by their chairmen on the main committee, educational broadcasting. held their own meetings to consider regional farming and gardening programmes. Other specialist bodies The Central Appeals Advisory Committee, The Central Religious Advisory Committee, which advises the BBC and the IBA separately, which advises the BBC and the IBA separately held three meetings during the year at which it about their religious broadcasting, held two considered applications from charities for meetings during the year, the second of which appeals on BBC radio and television. It also was a three -day residential conference. In advised on matters of general policy relating addition to its regular review of religious pro- to appeals broadcasting. Similar Committees grammes, the committee discussed the extent in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland to which the aims of religious broadcasting advised on the selection of appeals for their ought to be widened to meet the needs of a own national regions. Their chairman atten- more varied and changing society. Its views ded the main committee meetings and shared on this question were reflected in the evidence in the formulation of policy. The three English sent by the committee to the Committee on Regional Appeals Advisory Committees also the Future of Broadcasting. met, but because of the falling number of The Central Music Advisory Committee held applications of merit received from regionally- its two customary all -day meetings during the based charities, it was decided that the broad- year, the first at Broadcasting House, the casting of separate appeals in the regions was second at Television Centre. Among topics no longer justifiable and should cease after discussed in detail were: the activities of the April 1975. Consequently, the three English BBC's many orchestras; the frequency of regional committees were wound up, but with

www.americanradiohistory.com Advisory Bodies 87 the arrangement that two members from each, Television is the most recently founded of the including their current chairmen, should in BBC's advisory bodies. It consists of two lay future serve on the central committee to members, including its chairman, and six ensure effective representation of English members drawn from people working in regional interests. education, medicine and various forms of The Engineering Advisory Committee is a social research. Its terms of reference require small committee of eminent scientists and it to keep in touch with developments in electrical engineers which advises the BBC television research in Britain or overseas and Engineering Division on its broadcasting to propose to the BBC areas in which it con- research programme and on relevant external siders further research might usefully be research into the same and kindred subjects. undertaken. It met on six occasions during the It held four meetings during the year. year, at some of its meetings discussing par- The Science Consultative Group held its ticular aspects of broadcasting with those regular meetings in the spring and autumn, professionally concerned with the output of and an additional informal meeting to discuss the Television Service. In addition, it dis- science on television. At each regular meeting cussed the relationship of television to their it reviewed plans for future programmes work with a number of people engaged either about science, medicine and technology on in research or in forms of social work outside radio and television. Other subjects discussed the BBC. One of the group's recurrent topics included the preservation of archival material, was the influence of television on the counter- science programmes in the BBC's World poise of change and stability in society. Service, and contacts with overseas broad- casting organisations. Members proposed their own ideas for future programmes; and the group submitted evidence on BBC science programmes to the Committee on the Future of Broadcasting. The Asian Programmes Advisory Committee, originally established in 1965, held three meetings during the course of the year - one more than is customary. The additional meeting was to consider the committee's submission to the Committee on the Future of Broadcasting. This advisory committee also had the opportunity to offer oral evidence to Lord Annan during the course of the latter's visit to Birmingham in March 1975. Mr Philip Mason, who had given distin- guished service as chairman of the committee since its inception, was succeeded by Mr Sydney Jacobson (now Lord Jacobson), and under his leadership the committee continued to tender advice to the BBC on the content of the vernacular radio and television network programmes produced by the Asian Pro- grammes Unit for the domestic audience from the BBC studios in Birmingham. The Advisory Group on the Social Effects of

www.americanradiohistory.com www.americanradiohistory.com Publications and Enterprises

BBC Publications

For the year ending 31 March 1975, BBC As in former years a major publishing Publications sustained an overall loss of activity in 1974-75 was the production, at the £29,000. Costs continued to rise sharply and request of the School Broadcasting Council, some industrial action disrupted production. of many publications to support the BBC's Radio Times was published weekly at 8p, in radio and television broadcasts to schools. 25 editions corresponding to the regional For the school year 1974 -75 some 721 pattern of BBC television and the 20 local different publications were produced and a radio stations. Production problems arising total of over 12 million were sold, including from industrial difficulties during the year pupils' pamphlets, teachers' notes and a caused some issues to be restricted to a number of audio -visual and other aids. This smaller number of editions and one issue had service is designed to be self- supporting. To to be abandoned altogether. The average support further education television and radio, weekly net sales of Radio Times from 1 July 76 publications were issued or re- issued with 1974 to 31 December 1974 as certified by the subjects ranging from language courses to Audit Bureau of Circulations were 3,627,361. social work. Radio Times Special issues in support of A wide range of books of general interest television programmes and broadcasting stemming from broadcast material was events continued to be published. New published during the year. Two of those subjects covered included The Generation published the previous year - Alistair Cooke's Game and the Fred Astaire Story. America and Dr Bronowski's The Ascent of The Listener, published weekly at 12p, Man - continued to appear among the best contained a wide selection of material drawn sellers in many bookshops. New titles included substantially from BBC programmes, to- The Weather Machine, the Eleventh Book of gether with book reviews and articles on art, Blue Peter, Pot Black, Microbes and Men, cinema, music and theatre. It publishes a Kipling's English History and Tomorrow's monthly supplement giving details of the World 3. main music and drama productions to be During the year the Radio Times Hulton broadcast on BBC Radio. During the year the Picture Library, one of the largest collections Reith Lectures The New Liberty by Ralf of historical pictures in the world, numbering Dahrendorf were reprinted. Special book over 6,000,000 items, continued to attract numbers also appeared. Average weekly net many users. sales of The Listener from 1 July 1974 to 31 A select list of BBC publications produced December 1974 as certified by the Audit in 1974-75 appears on page 303. Bureau of Circulations were 38,769 including some sales to schools and students at reduced prices. 89

www.americanradiohistory.com 90 Annual Report BBC Enterprises and ABC's Annual Report showed that BBC -TV productions comprised 14.05 % of In the year ended 31 March 1975 BBC Enter- the programmes in its schedules as against prises achieved total gross sales of £5 million 7 % for other British sources and 24.12 % for from all its trading operations. Programme American and other suppliers. New Zealand exports to Africa, Middle East and Japan purchased 267 hours, including The Ascent of were particularly strong, and those to most Man and War and Peace. Canadian acqui- other markets reached levels similar to those sitions included Fall of Eagles and the French - of the previous year. All other trading activi- language version of Search for the Nile. Out- ties - BBC Merchandising, BBC Exhibitions, standing increases were recorded in sales to Technical and Production Facilities and BBC African markets. Together, the seven Nigerian Records and Tapes - earned both revenue and states took 980 hours, Zambia 300 hours and profits well above those for 1973 -74. Kenya 190 hours. Barbados was the most active West Indian market with 250 hours. Television sales Television sales - USA and Latin America: The world -wide sale of BBC programmes in America, The Commanders and, more recently, television, non -theatric and film library Monty Python were in the forefront of strong markets earned some £4 million. These are sales in American syndication markets. The encouraging figures, for they consolidate the Public Broadcast System's transmission of The turnover and profits which so dramatically Ascent of Man in January 1975 attracted high increased in 1973 -74. Through greater sales praise from press and viewers, and the same effort and the streamlining of all direct costs network also screened The Edwardians, and overheads it proved possible to contain Vienna 1900 and two Lord Peter Wimsey the inflationary pressures exerted on all parts serials. Sales to Latin America were below the of the sales operation. From London, Sydney level of the last year but reflected the large and Toronto alone Enterprises distributed a number of major BBC -TV series still in trans- total of 7,418 hours of programmes to 70 mission in those markets from earlier sales countries. Best sellers proved to be The Ascent activity by Time -Life Films. The Pallisers was of Man (28 countries), The Onedin Line (26) sold in Mexico. and Some Mothers Do 'ave 'em (16). Television sales - Western Europe: Sales Television sales - technical: Programme levels in Scandinavia remained constant. Supply Department prepared and despatched Among other programmes Belgian customers some 10,000 new prints and 1,655 videotapes to bought The Pallisers, while Fall of Eagles was every part of the world and additionally seen in the Netherlands, and West German moved 5,000 programmes from one market television transmitted the full German - to another. Two trends were of particular dubbed version of War and Peace. The importance: first, the doubling - or more - of greatest increase in sales was in Spain, with videotape recording and demand between a total of 200 hours. The extensive re- organisa- 1972 and 1974, and second, the great increase tion of television channels and associated in the use of colour video -cassettes for viewing programme buying departments in France, by customers. Both developments have West Germany and Switzerland as well as reduced overhead costs. As in the previous the tragic loss of the BBC's senior European year the demand for colour recordings grew Sales Representative, Bill Hayes, in the Paris and foreign language dubbings continued. air disaster had an unsettling effect on the flow Television sales - Commonwealth: Sales to of programmes to those major European 30 Commonwealth markets grossed £1.2 markets. million. Australian customers bought 352 Television sales - Eastern Europe: Most hours of programmes, including The Pallisers, encouraging was the sale of The Moonstone

www.americanradiohistory.com Publications and Enterprises 91 and David Copperfield to Soviet television Technical and production facilities with the possibility of further sales to follow. An increase of 20 per cent in revenue was Other East European markets were quiet, but achieved with such events as the World Cup, in Yugoslavia 120 hours were sold. involving extensive satellite link -ups, and the Television sales - Middle East and Far East: General Election stimulated a particular After an interval of three years a welcome demand from overseas. The USA and Japan feature was the re- opening of the Egyptian, remained the largest clients. Syrian and Iraqi markets. Sales in Turkey

' increased to 110 hours. In the Far East the Exhibitions outstanding development was the growth of This was an outstandingly successful year for Tokyo's Japanese interest and purchases. Enterprises' exhibitions section. Net profit Channel 12 transmitted 39 weeks of BBC -TV nearly trebled and the grand total of visitors Drama, an entirely new development in approached four million. During the period Japanese television history, while the NHK Hampton Court Palace housed the Elizabeth The Ascent Man, Civilisa- network screened of R costume exhibition and The Pallisers' well as Rugby Union tion, The Long Chase as costumes remained at Sudeley Castle until Open Golf Champion- internationals and the October 1974 when the exhibition moved in a 220 ship. Singapore and Hong Kong bought more elaborate form to Longleat with plans 180 hours respectively. hours and for a long stay. The two Dr Who exhibitions were open on the Blackpool Golden Mile and Educational films at Longleat until the winter. The first of Over 1,300 BBC -TV films and series were Enterprises' costume ventures, Henry VIII, available to industry, educational institutions remained at Warwick Castle until October and film libraries all over the world. Many 1974 and then made the voyage to New Zea- titles became available for the first time on land to open most successfully in Auckland video -cassette as well as on film, and an in- in February 1975 as the television series was creasing proportion was for hire. Sales levels repeated there, this time in colour. The second in the UK, Australia, New Zealand and Henry VIII costume exhibition was open to Canada were healthy and there was greater the public at Dover Castle for most of 1974. demand from Europe. The new Industrial Films Catalogue was launched at a special Merchandising screening presentation before Midland indus- The development of new areas of licensing, trial directors in Birmingham in October 1974 including Roobarb, Captain Pugwash and and the new General Catalogue followed in Barbapapa and the continuing success of February 1975 with a promotional mailing to The Wombles resulted in an 85 per cent in- 20,000 potential UK customers. The Time - crease in gross receipts. During the year 236 Life multi -media division achieved sales of licences were issued for 410 items. Enter- more than £# million in the United States prises can now claim inclusion amongst the non -theatric markets. world's leading merchandising agencies. This department of Enterprises represents many Film Library sales continental and US producers and handles the for a number of British series. Gross revenue rose by 39 per cent. Canadian overseas rights business was notably strong and sales to West BBC Records and Tapes Germany doubled. Events which created particular European demand for background This year the total sales of LPs, singles, cas- film were the two general elections. Of the settes and cartridges reached a new peak of total output some 90 per cent was in colour. 410,000. Twenty nine LPs, seven singles, 32

www.americanradiohistory.com 92 Annual Report cassettes and eight eight -track cartridges were released, bringing the total of titles on the retail market to nearly 200. BBC Records maintained its 1.4 per cent share of the UK album market. It was awarded first prize in the Music Trades' Association Awards for Original Music From Great BBC-TV Shows and Goon Show Classics whilst BBC-TV's Best of Top of the Pops, Vol. 1- released on the new BEEB Records label - won a silver disc for initial sales worth over £75,000. At least 40 more releases are planned for 1975.

www.americanradiohistory.com Finance

The accounts for the year ended 31 March 1975, as reported upon by the Corporation's Auditors, are shown on the following pages, and corresponding figures for the preceding year are given for comparison.

93 www.americanradiohistory.com 94 Annual Report Balance sheet at 31 March 1975

31 March 1974 31 March 1975

Home External Home External Services Services Services Services

£000 £000 Statements Notes £000 £000

Fixed Assets

66,528 At cost, less depreciation 4 1 68,068 18,324 At cost 5 2 19,266 53 Investment at cost 3 53

66,581 18,324 68,121 19,266

Current Assets 2,905 150 Stores 4 5,008 150 16,245 689 Debtors and unexpired charges 5 20,151 713 561 99 Cash and bank balances 732 622

19,711 938 25,891 1,485

Current Liabilities 16,228 638 Creditors, including corporation tax 6 19,753 1,201 1,691 28 Bank overdraft and short -term loans 21,891 (1974, less short -term deposits)

17,919 666 41,644 1,201

Net Current Liabilities - 15,753 1,792 272 Net Current Assets 284

68,373 18,596 Total Net Assets 52,368 19,550

Represented by:

66,581 18,324 Capital Account 1 & 2 68,121 19,266 1,000 Provision for pension liability 9 3,000 792 Income and Expenditure Account - Deficit carried forward - 18,753 (1974 surplus) 272 Grant in Aid - Surplus carried forward 284

68,373 18,596 52,368 19,550

Governors: Michael Swann, Roy Fuller Director- General: Charles Curran

Report of the Auditors to the Members of the British Broadcasting Corporation In our opinion the above Balance Sheet and annexed Income and Expenditure Account and Grant in Aid Account supplemented by the Notes and Statements numbered 1 to 5 give a true and fair view on the basis stated below, of the state of the Corporation's affairs at 31 March 1975 and of the income and expenditure for the year ended on that date. The deficit for the year on Home Services of £17,545,000 has been arrived at after charging capital expenditure for the year amounting to £14,928,000 which, as indicated in Note 1 exceeds by £1,540,000 the depreciation of fixed assets for the year of £13,388,000 which has been charged to Capital Account. Deloitte & Co., Chartered Accountants, London. 22 July 1975.

www.americanradiohistory.com Finance 95 Home Services income and expenditure account for the year ended 31 March 1975

Year ended Year ended 31 March 1974 31 March 1975

£000 £000 Statements Notes £000 £000

Television and Radio Broadcasting Income 136,939 Receivable from the Home Office 6 146,372 2,199 Receivable from the Open University 7 2,875 81 Grant for Civil Defence expenditure 41 178 Sales of assets taken out of service 478 6 Contributions for local radio 6 258 Interest receivable 314

139,661 150,086 Expenditure 88,391 Operating expenditure - Television 1 108,908 33,933 - Radio 2 41,460 2,106 - Open University 2,403 12,281 Capital expenditure - Television 4 1 11,109 3,999 - Radio 4 1 3,347 93 - Open University 4 1 472 176 Interest payable 203

140,979 167,902

- 1,318 Deficit on Broadcasting - 17,816 1,484 Enterprises profit 1,163 - 14 Publications loss - 29 - 788 Less Corporation tax 8 - 863

682 271

- 636 Deficit for the year - 17,545 Provision for pension liability 9 - 2,000 345 Provision for corporation tax on property disposal no longer required 1,083 Surplus at 31 March 1974 792

792 Deficit at 31 March 1975 (1974 surplus) - 18,753

www.americanradiohistory.com 96 Annual Report External Services grant in aid account for the year ended 31 March 1975

Year Ended Year ended 31 March 1975 31 March 1974 Broadcasting Monitoring Total Civil Defence Current Capital Current Capital

£000 Statement Notes £000 £000 £000 £000 £000 £000 Income 16,713 Grant in aid receipts 20,546 17,952 881 1,660 50 3 - 7 Sales of assets taken out of service 33 33 40 Interest receivable 27 25 2

16,746 20,606 18,010 881 1,662 50 3 Expenditure 15,808 Operating expenditure 3 19,625 17,990 1,635 1,074 Capital expenditure 5 2 959 906 51 2 - 20 Corporation tax 8 10 10

16,862 20,594 18,000 906 1,635 51 2

- 116 Surplus ( /Deficit ) for the year 12 10 - 25 27 - 1 1 388 Balance at 31 March 1974 272 134 111 33 - 5 - 1

272 Balance at 31 March 1975 284 144 86 60 -6 -

Notes on the accounts exceed gross depreciation in the year repre- sents the increase in Capital Account. In the 1. Fixed assets: Home Services year ended 31 March 1975 this amounted to Capital expenditure during the year is charged £1,540,000 (1974 £4,714,000). against the Corporation's income for the year. Major capital expenditure during the year To comply with the Charter, depreciation is was on the further extension of the uhf provided and is calculated so as to write off transmitter programme, the new Regional the cost of fixed assets by equal annual Headquarters in Manchester, the strengthen- instalments over the period of their anticipated ing of colour television resources in the useful lives, except in the case of indirect National and English Regions, improvements expenditure which cannot be related to parti- in the medium -wave coverage of local radio, cular fixed assets, which is included in gross the development of stereophony, and the additions and then wholly depreciated and replacement of worn-out and obsolete plant. written -off. The net book value of fixed assets Future capital expenditure approved by employed is therefore shown in the Balance the Board of Governors at 31 March 1975 Sheet. amounted to £4,740,000 (1974 £5,474,000) for The amount by which gross additions which contracts have been placed and

www.americanradiohistory.com Finance 97

£9,585,000 (1974 £9,305,000) for which (1974 £149,009,000). Of this amount it is contracts have not yet been placed. estimated that £432,000 (1974 nil) relates to the year ending 31 March 1976 and has 2. Fixed Assets: External Services therefore been carried forward in the balance Capital expenditure during the year is sheet. In accordance with Clause 16 of the charged against Grant in Aid receipts for the Licence and Agreement dated 7 July 1969, a year. deduction was made of a sum equal to the No provision is made for depreciation as expenses of collection and interference investi- the cost of renewal or extension of fixed gations, estimated at £16,064,000 (1974 assets is met in full from Grants in Aid. If it £12,070,000) including adjustments for pre- had been necessary to provide for deprecia- vious years of £651,000 (1974 £120,000). The tion on the same basis as is applied to Home net licence revenue for the year receivable Services' fixed assets, the net book value of from the Home Office was, therefore, fixed assets at 31 March 1975 would have been £146,372,000 (1974 £136,939,000). £3,799,000 (1974 £3,807,000) for Broadcasting 7. The Corporation provides broadcasting and £211,000 (1974 £203,000) for Monitoring. services to the Open University and the income The increase of £942,000 (1974 £1,003,000) for the year ended 31 March 1975 of £2,875,000 in the Capital Account represents capital (1974 £2,199,000) represents reimbursement of expenditure during the year ended 31 March operating and capital expenditure incurred on 1975, less fixed assets written -off. the University's behalf. The main capital expenditure during the year was on building work associated with a 8. The Corporation is liable to taxation on general modernisation programme for Bush interest and on profits derived from certain House, and a new relay station in the Carib- of its trading activities. bean. Home Services' corporation tax for the year ended 31 March 1975, calculated at 52 per cent in 3. The Corporation holds 53,000 £1 shares (1974 52 per cent), and computed on the basis Visnews Limited, representing 33 per cent of described above, is after taking into account the issued equity share capital of this unquoted a debit of £54,000 to adjust prior years' company. The Corporation's share of the provisions. profits and assets of this company is not material in relation to the income and assets 9. Pensions of the Corporation. The Actuaries are engaged on the triennial valuation of the Corporation's staff pension 4. Stores, which include engineering, tele- fund as at 31 March 1975. In the absence of an vision design and film unit materials, sta- increase in the Corporation's annual con- tionery, books, fuel oil and catering goods, are tribution rate the Actuaries estimate pro- valued at cost less provision for slow -moving visionally that a capital sum in the order of items. £10 million to £15 million should be made available to the fund by the Corporation. 5. Debtors and unexpired charges include When the Actuaries have reported, and the film rights, untransmitted programmes and Corporation's liability to the fund has been programmes in course of production at 31 determined, it will be decided whether a March 1975. capital sum should be made available to the 6. The income receivable from the Home fund, the Corporation's future annual con- Office is derived from television broadcast tributions increased or a combination of both. receiving licences. In the meantime the provision of £1 million The gross revenue collected in the year at 31 March 1974 has been increased to £3 ended 31 March 1975 amounted to £162,868,000 million at 31 March 1975.

www.americanradiohistory.com 98 Annual Report 10. Emoluments of Governors employees who received emoluments during The annual fees payable to Governors as at the year ended 31 March 1975 of more than 31 March 1975, as determined by Order in £10,000: Council, are as follows: 1974 Chairman £8,200 £10,001 - £12,500 42 21 Vice Chairman £2,000 £12,501 - £15,000 12 7 National Governors for £15,001 - £17,500 3 5 Scotland & Wales £2,000 each £17,501 - £20,000 5 National Governor for Northern Ireland & seven £20,001 - £22,500 - 1 other Governors £1,000 each £22,501 - £25,000 l Emoluments of employees Auditors' remuneration £13,250 The following table shows the number of (1974 £10,200)

Statement 1 Statement of operating expenditure for the year ended 31 March 1975: television broadcasting

Year ended Year ended 31 March 1974 31 March 1975

Percentage Percentage Amount Amount of total of total £000 0 £000

49,173 54.3 Production and other staff costs 64,115 57.6 Artists, speakers, facility and copyright fees, film recording 29,193 32.3 and design materials, etc. 32,066 28.8 2,056 2.3 Intercommunication circuits 1,958 1.8 1,716 1.9 Power, lighting and heating 2,577 2.3 2,332 2.6 Building and plant maintenance 3,123 2.8 2,841 3.1 Rent, rates and telephones 3,594 3.2 1,327 1.5 Transport 1,719 1.6 1,859 2.0 Other expenses 2,159 1.9

90,497 100.0 111,311 100.0

www.americanradiohistory.com Finance 99

Statement 2 Statement of operating expenditure for the year ended 31 March 1975: radio broadcasting

Year ended Year ended 31 March 1974 31 March 1975 Percentage Percentage Amount Amount of total of total

L000 % £000

17,801 52.5 Production and other staff costs 22,993 55.4 Artists, speakers, performing rights, news royalties, 9,110 26.8 facility and copyright fees, etc. 9,625 23.2 1,981 5.8 House orchestras 2,429 5.9 397 1.2 Intercommunication circuits 445 14 611 1.8 Power, lighting and heating 907 2.2 941 2.8 Building and plant maintenance 1,169 2.8 1,834 5.4 Rent, rates and telephones 2,207 5.3 239 0.7 Transport 317 0.8 1,019 3.0 Other expenses 1,368 3.3

33,933 100.0 41,460 100.0

Statement 3 Statement of operating expenditure for the year ended 31 March 1975: External Services

Year ended Year ended 31 March 1974 31 March 1975 Percentage Percentage Amount Amount of total of total

£000 % £000

10,832 68.5 Production and other staff costs 13,466 68.6 Artists, speakers, performing rights, news royalties, 1,608 10.2 facility and copyright fees, etc. 1,643 8.4 139 0.9 Intercommunication circuits 138 0.7 886 5.6 Power, lighting and heating 1,482 7.5 358 2.3 Building and plant maintenance 525 2.7 1,164 7.3 Rent, rates, hired transmitters and telephones 1,463 7.4 108 0.7 Transport 131 0.7 713 4.5 Other expenses 777 4.0

15,808 100.0 19,625 100.0

Whereof: 14,389 91.0 Broadcasting 17,990 91.7 1,419 9.0 Monitoring 1,635 8.3

www.americanradiohistory.com 100 Annual Report Statement 4 Statement of fixed assets: Home Services

31 March 1974 31 March 1975

e e M O poi y ÿ T`i oei ti Ó Q á ú CS ' á Eti [° Ój (r 1; Ó A' £000 4.000 4.000 £000 £000 4'000 4'000 4'000 Freehold & leasehold land & buildings 13,436 33,390 46,826 At 31 March 1974 at cost 51,032 36,027 15,005 1,813 4 3,527 5,344 Gross additions during the year 3,770 2,754 6 1,010

15,249 4 36,917 52,170 54,802 38,781 6 16,015 244 4 890 1,138 Less:Assets written-off during the year 2,303 1,756 6 541

15,005 36,027 51,032 52,499 37,025 15,474 5,203 8,746 13,949 Deduct: Depreciation accrued to date 14,679 9,186 5,493

9,802 27,281 37,083 At cost, less depreciation 37,820 27,839 9,981

Plant, furniture & fittings, etc. 13,415 361 46,667 60,443 At 31 March 1974 at cost 65,988 51,355 413 14,220 2,186 89 8,754 11,029 Gross additions during the year 11,158 8,355 466 2,337

15,601 450 55,421 71,472 77,146 59,710 879 16,557 1,381 37 4,066 5,484 Less: Assets written-off during the year 6,700 4,456 131 2,113

14,220 413 51,355 65,988 70,446 55,254 748 14,444 10,408 111 26,024 36,543 Deduct: Depreciation accrued to date 40,198 29,621 157 10,420

3,812 302 25,331 29,445 At cost, less depreciation 30,248 25,633 591 4,024 Total 26,851 361 80,057 107,269 At 31 March 1974 at cost 117,020 87,382 413 29,225 3,999 93 12,281 16,373 Gross additions during the year 14,928 11,109 472 3,347

30,850 454 92,338 123,642 131,948 98,491 885 32,572 1,625 41 4,956 6,622 Less: Assets written -off during the year 9,003 6,212 137 2,654

29,225 413 87,382 117,020 122,945 92,279 748 29,918 15,611 111 34,770 50,492 Deduct: Depreciation accrued to date 54,877 38,807 157 15,913 At cost, less depreciation 13,614 302 52,612 66,528 (per Balance Sheet) 68,068 53,472 591 14,005

Depreciation for the year: Gross 555 4 1,730 2,289 Freehold & leasehold buildings 3,033 2,196 6 831 1,837 72 7,461 9,370 Plant, furniture and fittings, etc. 10,355 8,053 177 2,125

2,392 76 9,191 11,659 13,388 10,249 183 2,956 1,625 41 4,956 6,622 Less: Assets written -off during the year 9,003 6,212 137 2,654

767 35 4,235 5,037 Net increase in accrued depreciation 4,385 4,037 46 302

Note: In the year to 31 March 1975 an amount of £7,342,000 (1974 £5,730,000) being indirect costs associated with capital has been included in capital expenditure for the year and has been wholly depreciated by the inclu- sion of a like amount in the charge for depreciation.

www.americanradiohistory.com Finance 101 Statement 5 Statement of fixed assets: External Services

31 March 1974 31 March 1975

Low £000 Freehold & leasehold land & buildings 6,611 At 31 March 1974 at cost 6,765 154 Gross additions during the year 310

6,765 At cost 7,075

Plant, furniture and fittings, etc. 10,710 At 31 March 1974 at cost 11,559 920 Gross additions during the year 649

11,630 12,208 71 Less: Assets written -off during the year 17

11,559 At cost 12,191

Total 17,321 At 31 March 1974 at cost 18,324 1,074 Gross additions during the year 959

18,395 19,283 71 Less: Assets written -off during the year 17

18,324 At cost (per Balance Sheet) 19,266

Whereof 17,626 Broadcasting 18,517 657 Monitoring 705 41 Civil Defence 44

18,324 19,266

www.americanradiohistory.com 102 Annual Report Statement 6 sidered, therefore, a reasonable basis for Home Services analysis analysis of expenditure for each region to of income and expenditure meet the costs of its own programme services for 1974 -75 and to contribute to network programme and other costs. Direct operating expenditure of The Home Services are integrated and much the regions has been reduced by those costs of the expenditure is not attributable to any attributable to network programmes. Network one programme service. The programme programme and other costs, with the excep- services as a whole are only made possible by tion of transmission and distribution costs the combined use of the income receivable which have been attributed specifically, have from the Home Office and other net income then been allocated among regions in propor- from all regions. This income is analysed tion to net income receivable from the Home among the regions relative to the number of Office adjusted to take into account the hours licences in force. of the national network displaced by local No national region could support the com- programme services. plete radio and television services out of the Capital expenditure has been shared in income arising from the region. It is con- proportion to income.

Northern England Ireland Scotland Wales Total

Income £000 £000 £000 £000 £000 Receivable from the Home Office 124,064 2,364 12,980 6,964 146,372 Other net income 815 23 54 15 907

Total income 124,879 2,387 13,034 6,979 147,279 Operating expenditure Television Gross expenditure in the regions 12,167 1,484 4,220 3,889 21,760 Deduct: Cost of programmes contributed to the network 8,637 159 1,338 656 10,790

3,530 1,325 2,882 3,233 10,970 Share of network programme and other costs 82,164 2,024 8,860 4,890 97,938

Total television 85,694 3,349 11,742 8,123 108,908 Radio Gross expenditure in the regions 8,156 927 1,862 1,527 12,472 Deduct: Cost of programmes contributed to the network 3,261 242 476 326 4,305

4,895 685 1,386 1,201 8,167 Share of network programme and other costs 27,975 677 3,013 1,628 33,293

Total radio 32,870 1,362 4,399 2,829 41,460

Total operating expenditure 118,564 4,711 16,141 10,952 150,368

Capital expenditure 12,258 234 1,279 685 14,456

130,822 4,945 17,420 11,637 164,824

Deficit - 5,943 - 2,558 - 4,386 - 4,658 - 17,545

www.americanradiohistory.com Finance 103

Statement 7 Summarised Balance Sheets from 31 March 1971 to 31 March 1975

Year ended 31 March

1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

£000 £000 £000 £000 £000

Home Services Fixed assets At cost, less depreciation 60,339 60,951 61,814 66,528 68,068 Investment in Visnews Ltd 53 53 53 53 53

60,392 61,004 61,867 66,581 68,121

Net current assets /liabilities Current Assets 18,377 19,167 20,961 19,711 25,891 Less: Current Liabilities 24,474 21,693 18,878 17,919 41,644

- 6,097 - 2,526 2,083 1,792 - 15,753

Net total assets 54,295 58,478 63,950 68,373 52,368

Represented by: Capital account 60,392 61,004 61,867 66,581 68,121 Provision for pension liability 1,000 1,000 3,000 Income and expenditure account - 6,097 - 2,526 1,083 792 - 18,753

54,295 58,478 63,950 68,373 52,368

External Services Fixed assets At cost 15,830 16,686 17,321 18,324 19,266

Net current assets Current Assets 619 811 811 938 1,485 Less: Current Liabilities 556 668 423 666 1,201

63 143 388 272 284

Net total assets 15,893 16,829 17,709 18,596 19,550

Represented by: Capital account 15,830 16,686 17,321 18,324 19,266 Grant in aid 63 143 388 272 284

15,893 16,829 17,709 18,596 19,550

www.americanradiohistory.com 104 Annual Report Statement 7 (continued) Summary of income and expenditure and grant in aid for the period 1 April 1970 to 31 March 1975

Year ended 31 March

1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

£000 £000 £000 £000 £000

Home Services Income Receivable from the Home Office 95,630 113,284 125,942 136,939 146,372 Other income 4,636 3,363 3,695 4,361 4,645

100,266 116,647 129,637 141,300 151,017

Expenditure Operating 93,055 101,636 112,722 124,430 152,771 Capital 12,121 10,591 11,662 16,373 14,928 Taxation 556 849 644 788 863

105,732 113,076 125,028 141,591 168,562

Surplus or deficit (-) for year - 5,466 3,571 4,609 - 291 - 17,545 Provision for pension liability - 1,000 - 2,000 Balance brought forward - 631 - 6,097 - 2,526 1,083 792

- 6,097 - 2,526 1,083 792 - 18,753

External Services (Grant in Aid) Income Grant in aid 13,201 14,009 15,026 16,713 20,546 Other income 11 165 50 33 60

13,212 14,174 15,076 16,746 20,606

Expenditure Operating 11,757 13,191 14,025 15,808 19,625 Capital 1,495 895 755 1,074 959 Taxation 9 8 51 - 20 10

13,261 14,094 14,831 16,862 20,594

Surplus or deficit ( -)for year - 49 80 245 - 116 12 Balance brought forward 112 63 143 388 272

63 143 388 272 284

www.americanradiohistory.com Annual Report of the National Broadcasting Council for Scotland 1 April 1974 to 31 March 1975

Broadcasting House, Queen Margaret Drive, Glasgow G12 8DG. 16 July 1975 1975 Dear Sir Michael, Members of the Council at 31 March I have pleasure in sending you the Annual Lady Avonside, OBE (Chairman) Report of the Broadcasting Council for Major Allan Cameron Scotland for the period from 1 April 1974 to Dr Jennifer Carter 31 March 1975. This is submitted under Professor T. A. Dunn Article 10(8) of the Corporation's Charter of Professor Sir Robert Grieve July 1964. Mrs Astrid Huggins Mr R. D. Hunter, MBE Yours sincerely, Mr A. H. Kitson Sir Michael Swann, FRS, JANET AVONSIDE Mr Farquhar Macintosh Chairman, (Chairman) The Rev. James Ross Board of Governors, Mr Harold Whitson, CBE BBC, London W1A IAA. Mr James Young

The year was marked by the continuing spared the effects of any restraint on capital activities of the Crawford Committee on spending; that the programme anomalies in Broadcasting Coverage, and eventually its south-western and south -eastern Scotland report, and the announcement of the creation should be corrected by the extension of vhf of another Committee on the Future of radio coverage and that the BBC plan for com- Broadcasting under the chairmanship of Lord munity services in northern Scotland using Annan. vhf transmitters should go ahead, initially with A great deal of work went into the prepara- a Gaelic language service and subsequently tion of the submission of the Broadcasting should be extended to cover the other principal as Council for Scotland to the Crawford Com- communities in northern Scotland as soon mittee and this thoroughness was fully re- resources permit. It is a regrettable irony that warded in the event by the degree of agree- the committee's wholehearted sanction of the ment shown by the committee in its Report. great majority of the significant points made Proposals of major importance to Scotland in the BCS's contributory evidence should be which were endorsed by the Committee inclu- announced concurrently with intimations of ded the recommendation that Phases I and II financial and programme cut -backs resulting of the uhf television transmitter project should from inflationary pressures. proceed with all possible speed and should be The government deferred consideration of 105

www.americanradiohistory.com 106 Annual Report the greater part of the Crawford Report be- as well as golf and curling, football, rugby and cause meanwhile the Annan Committee had light entertainment programmes. They were had been set up with its much wider terms of also heavily committed over the two general reference and its considerably longer life span election periods. of two years. The Broadcasting Council in its The Edinburgh studio will at last be in submission to this important committee will colour at the end of March 1975, to be quickly reinforce many of the points made to Crawford followed by an electronic colour installation and introduce several additional matters of at Aberdeen. great significance to a Scotland undergoing The main event of the year was the long rapid change in an era of political devolution awaited introduction of stereo broadcasting and the economic influence of oil. over central and southern Scotland. Now, in The year behind us has been one where addition to transmitting Radio 2, Radio 3 and lively promise was largely unfulfilled because Radio 4 programmes we can originate Radio of the strain of economies on already slender Scotland programmes in stereo, and a con- resources, but an enthusiastic staff and an siderable amount of programme origination atmosphere of change and immediacy in equipment has been provided in Scotland for Scotland incline us to a cautious optimism. this purpose. The new distribution network provided for the stereo Transmission and reception services also provides a much higher quality monophonic signal than Studio A in Glasgow continued to provide the was previously possible. This is due to the mainstay of our television output. Two provision of BBC designed and produced general elections and the Scottish municipal pulse code modulation equipment, used with elections called for much ingenuity in match- Post Office microwave links. There are now ing the facilities provided for the London 200 hours of stereo programmes a week productions. In addition to our current available to 80 per cent of the Scottish popula- affairs and schools output, the Studio was tion. It is expected that the service can be used for the production of Top Score, Se Ur extended to south -west Scotland in 1975, and Beatha, Sutherland's Law, Secret Garden, Five at a later date to Aberdeen and the north -east. Red Herrings, The Bevellers, Vital Spark, and The uhf transmitter construction pro- the Eleanor Bron series After That, This. This gramme continued throughout the year, with weight of studio commitment is fast reaching the opening of the main station at Knockmore optimum and leaves virtually no room for (Banffshire), and relay stations at Tay Bridge, manoeuvre in an emergency situation of, say, Galashiels and Peterhead. There are now nine political crises when extra programmes need main and eight relay stations in operation in to be mounted at short notice. We are ap- Scotland, and though these bring the 625 -line proaching the stage where if use of BBC colour services within reach of 87 per cent of Scotland's staffing resources is to be maxi- the population, the BCS must, of course, mised, and production pressures contained, continue to be gravely concerned over the thought will have to be given to the creation many still unserved especially as, living in a of second purpose -built television studio, remote areas, their need for and dependence on properly equipped to accommodate a wide broadcasting is the greater. production range. Our outside broadcast units covered the Programmes Edinburgh International Festival of Drama Programmes in and from Scotland have con- and the Arts, the Mod at Dundee, the Royal tinued to show a healthy appreciation of the Highland Show, the General Assembly of the Scottish mood with expansion in the political Church of Scotland, the Morning Service and and current affairs areas and consolidation of Songs of Praise from kirks all over Scotland the best that has gone before.

www.americanradiohistory.com National Broadcasting Council for Scotland 107 In radio, where expansion has been most from the Para Handy stories, were both shown marked, Good Morning, Scotland, the two - on BBC -2. The Light Entertainment Depart- hour replacement of Today, settled firmly in ment made a substantial contribution to the weekday schedules and, after an initial BBC -l's afternoon programme with Top period of tentative interest, and some criti- Score, a 13 -week series featuring Brian Fahey cism, the Scottish listener now accepts the and the Scottish Radio Orchestra, with programme with increasing enthusiasm. Matter singers Jeannie Lamb and Danny Street. The and of Opinion, BBC Scotland's touring forum now well-established pair, Peter Morrison programme, which is broadcast live on Alastair MacDonald, led a further series of the Wednesday evenings at 8.15 pm during the Songs of Scotland to a high placing in winter, continued to cover the country with Scottish popularity charts and, on the way, lively and entertaining debate and was exten- introduced Scottish viewers to Anne Lome ded to a six -monthly run. Gillies, a singer of great charm and presence. In April 1974 the Gaelic output from Radio Both Anne Lome Gillies and Peter Morrison Scotland was moved to vhf transmitters only, had programmes of their own on BBC -2. apart from the Sunday Gaelic Service and the The sporting arena is never far from broad- new English /Gaelic programme, Ceilidh air casting in Scotland and both television and Carrocher which are still carried on medium radio have had a lively year covering football, wave and vhf frequencies. The change was golf, curling, rugby, swimming, boxing and, made to facilitate the projected expansion of for the first time, indoor hockey and water Gaelic programmes when the new Inverness polo. Also new is the Saturday lunch -time station opens, and the opportunity was taken Radio Scotland programme Outreach which to introduce a daily, half-hour programme, offers an up -to- the -minute service to Scottish Monday to Friday, as the forerunner of an listeners on everything from the day's football increased output. The new bi-lingual pro- fixtures to live reports on the climbing and gramme, Ceilidh air Carrocher, combines skiing conditions in the north and west. Gaelic music and simple language teaching The Agricultural Unit produces a regular introduced in English. Since its inception in programme on television called Farm Forum. the autumn, this programme has received wide This deals with a wide range of matters of acclaim from both Gaelic and non -Gaelic topical interest to the farming community. On listeners and would seem to be achieving its radio, the unit continues to enjoy a marked to aim of extending an appreciation of Gaelic success with the daily 10 minute insert culture to non -speakers of the language. Twelve Noon of the programme Farm Journal Television has also reflected Scotland's which acts as an effective bridge between those increasing prominence in current and public directly involved in farming and its ancillaries affairs. The nightly news magazine, Reporting and other interests including the consumer, Scotland, has been extended by five minutes to the country-lover and the conservationist. were 25 minutes and the long established weekly Documentaries and general features current affairs programme, Current Account, represented both locally and on network. has now been joined by Public Account which Personal Pursuits, a series of half-hour films in is devoted almost solely to political themes. which Magnus Magnusson roamed the country Network programmes from Scotland con- from the south of England to his native Ice- tinue to illustrate the region's potential for land, though originally a local programme, UK broadcasts in drama, light entertainment had many of its episodes repeated on BBC-2. and documentaries. The Haggard Falcon, a Also seen by network audiences were Mr period serial set in the late 16th century `stews' Menuhin's Welcome to Blair Castle, To the of Edinburgh, and The Vital Spark, a light- Land Where Glaciers Grow and Assignment hearted comedy series based on the characters Snowdon, a profile by W. Gordon Smith on

www.americanradiohistory.com 108 Annual Report Lord Snowdon. A 50- minute documentary Clydeport, both much appreciated by secon- covering the first ever climb to the top of The dary geography teachers. Lost Plateau was shown in the BBC -2 series, School television: In school television the The World About Us as Roraima - The Lost primary school audiences for series such as Plateau. This was produced by Neil McCallum Let's See and Around Scotland continue to and a Scottish film unit. The literary arts have grow. A feature of both has once again been enjoyed their normal coverage and the series the production from time to time of short film Scope in particular has maintained its repu- stories which have been much appreciated by tation and increased its popularity. both teachers and pupils. The series are, of course, in Music colour and it is encouraging to note the growing number of schools equipped with During the year Radio Scotland broadcast colour sets. At secondary level, video record- several programmes of brass band music, ing equipment, especially of the cassette Scotland in Brass and a series featuring amateur variety, is becoming much more common so choirs, Scotland Sings. The broadcasting of that programmes are more and more used as chamber music and recitals from Scotland resource material, fitting into a school plan continues to thrive, reflecting the enormous of work and fully under the teacher's control. growth of professional standards. The Musi- There is no doubt that with the complex cian in Scotland, broadcast weekly on Sunday organisation of large secondary schools this evening, deliberately takes account of new type of use will develop in the future, as was music written by Scottish composers and clearly demonstrated in the recently published musical events as they occur in this country. Hayter Report, Using Broadcasts in Schools. Music on Sunday pays particular attention to Further education television: This year we potential talent among young Scottish per- have maintained our provision at the adult formers. level with two very different series State of 1974 saw the completion and performance Mind and The Chie! Amang Us. The former of two BBC commissions: Edward McGuire's offered in five programmes a fairly detailed Interregnum commissioned by the Broad- examination of developments in the treatment casting Council for Scotland, on Radio of various types of mental illness. Not only Scotland and John Maxwell Geddes' Sym- were they well received by specialists working phony, commissioned by Radio 3, from a pub- in these fields but they seemed also to have lic concert at the City Hall, Glasgow. provided valuable information for the general public about the Educational broadcasting facilities that exist for the care and treatment of people suffering from School radio: Alongside established series like such illnesses. The second series The Chie! Exploring Scotland and From Seven to Nine, Amang Us was a bold and imaginative attempt both with large audiences in the primary to present something of the range and quality school, a new development has been the intro- of contemporary Scottish writing by means of duction this year of Scottish Magazine, some- television. As well as attracting a general thing of a new idea in school broadcasting. Its audience this series was the subject of much particular innovation is that each week it discussion in adult classes. presents the writing and sometimes the voices of pupils from all corners of the country. At Religious broadcasting secondary level, we continue our practice of Television: Starting at the end of April a providing series closely related to `O' grade series of six Assembly Opinions was trans- examination syllabus, and this year in Geog- mitted which looked at aspects of the ongoing raphy Studies we have presented two radio - work of the churches and at particular issues vision programmes on Highland Scene and likely to exercise the annual Assembly and

www.americanradiohistory.com National Broadcasting Council for Scotland 109 the governing bodies of the churches in Council membership and meetings Scotland. Morning Service and Songs of Three members of the Council, Mr James Praise were broadcast from churches chosen Cumming, Mr Douglas Lowe and Mr John from all over Scotland. There were two main A MacDonald, retired at the end of 1974 after television series: one was a Christian educa- five years of most valuable service. New tion series called Behind the Bible consisting of members welcomed in 1975 were Major Allan 10 programmes aimed at a better understand- Cameron, Professor Sir Robert Grieve, Mr ing of the Bible and how this can form the Farquhar Macintosh and Mr James P. Young. basis for a better understanding in coping with The Broadcasting Council for Scotland the problems of modern life; Search for God once again takes this opportunity of recording was the title of four Advent programmes its thanks to the Scottish Agricultural, exploring the problems of faith. The Rev Appeals, Music and Religious Advisory Richard Holloway, theologian, author and Committees for their advice, and to the broadcaster, spoke about four difficulties School Broadcasting Council for Scotland for obstructing the way to Christian belief. Other its guidance and assistance. religious broadcasts included The Anderston In the year under review, the Council met Talk -In and a quarterly magazine programme five times in Glasgow and four times in for deaf viewers entitled Seeing the Signs as Edinburgh. Receptions and meetings were well as a number of films and two half -hour also held in Hawick and Inverness. Gaelic Meditations. Radio: During the past 12 months the radio output has continued as projected with the addition of a series of Christian education programmes called Fullness of Life. Other productions have included Church News and Views; Word for Living; Thought for the Day and Ere I Sleep. Church News and Views came off the air between July and September and was replaced by a series of four programmes Aims of Worship and later Word and Image.

Awards A fitting tribute to the year's work was the award of the Radio Industries Club of Scot- land to Magnus Magnusson as television personality of the year, to Anne Lome Gillies, as the year's new broadcasting personality and to The Vital Spark as the programme of the year. Two other programmes Breathing Space - Fair Isle and Roraima merited the distinction of being entered for the Fifteenth Inter- national Television Festival at Monte Carlo and the Trento International Festival of Mountain and Exploration Films respec- tively.

www.americanradiohistory.com Annual Report of the National Broadcasting Council for Wales Cyngor Darlledu Cymru 1 April 1974 to 31 March 1975

Canolfan y BBC, Broadcasting House, Llandaf, Llandaff, Caerdydd. Cardiff CF5 2YQ. 27 March 1975

Dear Chairman, Members of the Council at 31 March 1975 I have pleasure in sending you herewith the Dr Glyn Tegai Hughes (Chairman) Report of the Broadcasting Council for Wales Mr D. L. Carey -Evans for the period 1 April 1974 to 31 March 1975. Mr Aled Lloyd Davies This is submitted under Article 10(8) of the Mr Paul Flynn Corporation's Charter of July 1964. Sir James Lyons Professor Yours sincerely, G. L. Rees Mr Alwyn Roberts GLYN TEGAI HUGHES (Chairman) Mr N. W. G. Taylor, DSc Mrs M. Auriol Watkin Sir Michael Swann, Mr Dafydd Jones -Williams, OBE, Mc, TD Chairman, Board of Governors, Miss M. M. Wooloff BBC, London W1A IAA. Mr George Wright

John Rowley retired in June 1974 from the of the necessity to expand greatly BBC Wales' position of Controller, Wales which he had output in Welsh, giving it far greater scope in held for seven years. Many new pressures from terms of subject matter and also considerably outside had made these turbulent years for better times of transmission; equally impor- BBC Wales. The Council minutes record that tant Council believes that the non -Welsh `All members joined in conveying their very speaking majority in Wales must be better warmest thanks to him for his fine contribution served both with programmes for Wales and to the development of broadcasting in Wales, by means of the restoration of many of the and wished him every health and happiness in programmes at present lost from the BBC's the future'. The new Controller is Owen UK networks. The only realistic way in which Edwards, former Head of Programmes, Wales. these aims can be achieved is by the establish- The long- awaited Report of the Committee ment of separate Welsh language services on Broadcasting Coverage (the Crawford both in radio and television. Committee) was published in November 1974. The Crawford Committee accepted each of The Council had put to the Committee a the recommendations put forward in Council's wide -ranging submission explaining in detail submission. In radio it supported the proposal the particular problems of broadcasting in that Radio Wales in English and Radio Wales. In it Council expressed its conviction Cymru in Welsh should be developed as 110 www.americanradiohistory.com National Broadcasting Council for Wales 111 separate services independent of Radio 4. must be planned and operated to the highest Another recommendation was that the poten- professional standards since it will in effect be tial fourth uhf television network should be in competition with the existing networks. provided in Wales earlier than in the rest of The recruitment and training of staff, especi- the United Kingdom (where no service has yet ally production staff, will inevitably be difficult, been allocated to the network); it would be as will the fostering of sufficient writing and operated jointly by the BBC and HTV to pro- performing talent for the new programmes. vide a service in which Welsh language pro- Council regards the potential expansion of grammes would be given priority. In turn this television output in both languages as a con- would mean that programmes in Welsh would siderable challenge, one which it is determined be transferred from the existing services of the to meet fully. BBC and HTV, allowing a significant increase In radio too, the shape of future develop- in programmes in English. On the important ments is now much clearer as a result of question of finance, the report stated `We are Council's decision that in future the present driven to the conclusion that ... a subsidy by vhf network of Radio 4 Wales will be developed the Government may be needed'. The Home as an all -Welsh service (Radio Cymru), while Secretary, in accepting in principle the report the medium wave network will carry a service of the Crawford Committee, set up a small in English specifically for Wales (Radio working party to examine the practicalities of Wales). In the evenings the two will combine the fourth network in Wales, and at the time to become a bilingual service of programmes of writing this has started work. The BBC of more specialised appeal, giving them the is represented on the working party by benefit of vhf and stereo transmissions. The Controller Wales, Mr. Owen Edwards, and release of both networks from their commit- Chief Engineer Transmitters, Mr George ment to carry Radio 4 programmes can be Cook, himself a former Head of Engineering achieved by taking advantage of the fact that in Wales. an alternative Radio 4 service is already While being naturally gratified that the available to some 70 per cent of the Welsh problems of broadcasting in Wales have population from transmitters basically inten- received recognition at such high level, ded to serve surrounding parts of England, Council realises that the implementation of the and this can be extended at comparatively low plans for television will of necessity be a long cost by means of a limited number of new and arduous process. The fundamental matter transmitters. The decision whether Welsh of simply providing all the fourth network should go on vhf and English on medium uhf transmitters to achieve parity of coverage wave or vice versa was not an easy one to take; with the three other networks will in itself take in the end Council was influenced by the an estimated three to four years, given that feeling that it would not really be justifiable there must be no delay in the spread of cover- to remove the inevitably more widely used age of the existing networks to areas in Wales service in English from the wavelength which and in the rest of the UK which at present are is most used by listeners for speech- orientated unserved. Indeed Council still attaches the services. On the other hand, Council believes highest priority to this extension of coverage; that vhf is gaining considerable ground in it remains the greatest single source of com- general acceptance due largely to the recent plaints from the public about the BBC's development of sensitive but inexpensive service in Wales, with some 17 per cent of the portable vhf radios, and that the Radio Welsh population not currently served by Cymru service will be able to establish itself on uhf television transmissions. There are other this wavelength. The first steps towards these problems connected with the fourth network; new services have already been taken and are Council has consistently emphasised that it described in more detail below; several areas

www.americanradiohistory.com 112 Annual Report of difficult reception both on medium wave starting with the second edition of Bore Da and vhf have been brought to Council's (`Good Morning') at 8 o'clock, continue with attention and engineering investigations into Wyth a Hanner (`Half past eight'), a varied possible solutions are already under way. series of programmes which runs until the start of schools programmes. On medium Reception and transmission wave, Good Morning, Wales! now runs up to Despite various industrial disputes and difficul- 9 o'clock, with programmes for Wales again ties with delivery of equipment during the at 9.05 each morning. Thus a daily sequence year, the spread of uhf transmissions continued of programmes has been introduced in both apace. Some 14 transmitters were built languages. It is of course early to judge this altogether bringing services to an additional new pattern but the response to phone -in 4 per cent of the population, mainly in rural and record request programmes indicates that areas. The fact that Wales presents acute a new and large audience is being reached. problems for transmitter coverage has often Much of the increased work -load of the new been stated, and is demonstrated by the need programmes in Welsh has fallen on the North for so many transmitters in order to serve Wales radio operation in Bangor. There is no such a small additional proportion of the doubt that the unsuitable buildings and population. The present phase of transmitter antiquated equipment at Bangor impose development will provide transmitters through- great strains upon the staff, and there is a high out the UK each serving populations of 1,000 risk of breakdown which has had reluctantly or more. Council is very much aware that some to be accepted. Council has pressed for an eight per cent of the Welsh population will improvement in the situation both in the short remain unserved even when this phase has term by temporary means and in the long been completed, and it strongly supports the term; there is no doubt that Bangor will fulfil Crawford Committee's recommendation that a fundamental role in the future services of a second phase of transmitter development BBC Wales. should be planned to serve populations down Another notable event was the augmenta- to a size of 500. Indeed there is a strong case tion of the BBC Welsh Orchestra to 60 for aiming at an even lower size of minimum permanent members, and its subsequent population in Wales. renaming as the BBC Welsh Symphony As far as the transmission of radio in Wales Orchestra. This was made possible by means is concerned, the major event of the year was of a generous grant from the Welsh Arts the long- awaited commencement of the stereo Council; in return the orchestra will make an service from the Wenvoe transmitter and its increased number of tours throughout Wales associated relays. That the superb quality of bringing live music to a wider audience. The stereo broadcasts is widely appreciated was orchestra celebrated its new name and status proved by the unprecedented number of en- by giving a concert as part of the 1974 Pro- quiries and expressions of appreciation re- menade Concerts at the Royal Albert Hall ceived by the engineering department in Cardiff. under its chief conductor Boris Brott. The high standards achieved have been greatly Radio praised by music critics and by the large Significant changes were made in the pattern audiences at the orchestra's many public of output of Radio 4 Wales this year. In what concerts. amounts to a first step towards Council's aim 1974's second General Election in October of separate Welsh and English language saw what was virtually a repeat performance services, the morning period from 8.00 to of the radio operation mounted in February, 10.00 each weekday has been developed so using the experience of the earlier election that on vhf Welsh language programmes coverage to improve and refine the output.

www.americanradiohistory.com National Broadcasting Council for Wales 113 Both Good Morning, Wales! and Bore Da were programmes, working in both English and on the air most of the night bringing full Welsh as a singer, musician and actor. He is coverage of the election results with particular greatly missed by all who knew him as a attention to Wales including many outside friend and as a talented performer. broadcast relays of declarations. Staff Television Geraint Stanley Jones became Head of Pro- There was no overall expansion in BBC grammes in Wales, in succession to Owen Wales' television output during the period; Edwards. The moves were completed by the instead the emphasis was on the consolidation appointment of Gareth Price, a Television and improvement of existing output. The new Producer, to be Assistant Head of Pro- small studio at Llandaff which had come into grammes. operation in March 1974 achieved the high The Organiser of Children's programmes, level of output which was required of it. Miss Evelyn Williams, who had been with the Council had occasion to express its concern BBC for 24 years, retired in July; she was at the fact that the economic situation facing succeeded by Dyfed Glyn Jones. Arwel Ellis the BBC forced another delay in the provision Owen was appointed to the new post of of the large colour studio at Llandaff which Editor, Heddiw. In Bangor, Mervyn Hale is not now due to come into operation until retired as Engineer -in- Charge after 38 years' early in 1979; this studio is fundamental to service. His place was taken by Jim McVea. the future programme plans of BBC Wales. A list is given elsewhere of some of the many Awards noteworthy programmes of the year. These David Jones, a cameraman on full -time ranged from new programmes in the fields of contract for BBC Wales was awarded the drama (notably Pobol y Cwm, a very popular Royal Television Society's Award for Regional serial about life in a Welsh village, in 30 News Film Cameraman of the Year. This was parts), light entertainment, children's pro- a particularly noteworthy event since it was grammes and documentaries, right through to the third consecutive year that this title was the regular current affairs and sports pro- awarded to someone working for BBC Wales. grammes. As in radio, the October General In May the song entered by BBC Wales won Election drew heavily on all the resources and first place in the Pan Celtic Festival at Kil- resourcefulness which could be mustered. In larney, Ireland. Sung by Iris Williams, it was addition to the BBC Wales operation in composed by Rod Thomas with words by English, use was again made of the BBC -2 Robin Griffith. network in Wales to present a separate com- prehensive programme in Welsh which was Broadcasting Council enthusiastically received. BBC Wales also The Council was pleased to welcome Paul made a number of significant contributions to Flynn of Newport as a member in January the BBC's UK networks; it is a major aim of 1975. Mr Flynn, an industrial chemist, is a the Broadcasting Council to increase these, to County Councillor in Gwent. export more of the talent and character of During the year, meetings were held in Wales. Cardiff, London, Bangor, Gregynog, Dol- The Council was deeply saddened to hear of gellau and Carmarthen. Opportunities were the death in November of Derek Boote as a taken wherever possible to meet prominent result of an accident which had occurred some local representatives in the areas of Wales weeks earlier at Broadcasting House, Llandaff. visited, and to exchange views on matters Derek Boote had been one of the most versa- relating to the BBC Wales services. When tile of the artists contributing to BBC Wales meetings were held in Cardiff, Council met

www.americanradiohistory.com 114 Annual Report a cross -section of members of staff and began a new policy of occasionally inviting repre- sentatives of public bodies in Wales for an informal discussion. Council would like to express its gratitude to the members of the Welsh Agricultural, Appeals and Religious Advisory Committees for their advice, and to the Schools Broad- casting Council for Wales for its guidance and assistance.

www.americanradiohistory.com Appendices

I Hours of output 1974 -75: television and radio II Programme analysis 1974 -5: television and radio networks III School broadcasting IV Hours of broadcasting in the External Services

V Rebroadcasts of BBC External Services

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Northern year England Scotland Wales Others Total School Ireland

1958 -59 1,309 1959 -60 2,455 1960 -61 2,890 1961 -62 3,839 1962-63 4,941 1963 -64 6,784 1964 -65 9,157 1965 -66 11,452 1,609 491 138 42 13,732 1966 -67 15,188 1,937 696 348 46 18,215 1967 -68 17,060 2,111 854 426 55 20,506 1968 -69 17,971 2,207 952 392 56 21,578 1969 -70 20,880 2,411 1,292 602 56 25,241 1970 -71 22,005 2,423 1,413 654 54 26,549 1971 -72 23,763 2,674 1,675 401* 64 28,577e 1972 -73 24,948 2,726 1,771 945 66 30,450

Radio

Northern School year England Scotland Wales Others Total Ireland

1938 -39 9,121 1,217 714 118 11,170 1945 -46 12,242 1,375 1,036 86 55 14,794 1955 -56 23,576 2,584 2,017 745 85 29,007 1965 -66 23,851 2,831 1,942 547 57 29,228 1966 -67 25,641 2,831 2,043 1,303 55 31,873 1967 -68 25,108 2,746 1,984 1,105 57 31,000 1968 -69 25,610 2,827 2,000 919 63 31,419 1969 -70 26,408 2,865 2,047 1,204 65 32,589 1970 -71 26,821 2,794 2,104 1,167 65 32,951 1971 -72 26,945 2,880 2,084 623* 68 32,600* 1972 -73 26,817 2,899 2,031 1,212 70 33,029

*The 1971 -72 figures are known to be incomplete in respect of Northern Ireland. This also affects the figures in the total column. Notes: The method of collecting this information was changed in 1965 and the returns for 1965-66, the first year under the nevi system, are known to be incomplete. The figures derived from sales of publications may be regarded as a broad indication of the number of schools using the School Broadcasting Service. No figures are available for 1973 -74.

www.americanradiohistory.com Appendix III 121 -ichool radio series (United Kingdom): Title of series Terms For children aged ,wiles broadcast to schools in the school year France 1 13 -16 974-75 excluding series for Scotland, Wales Radio Jeunesse (French II) 1 12 -14 and Northern Ireland only La Parole aux Jeunes (French III) 1 13 -15 rifle of series Terms For children La France aujourd'hui aged (French IV) 2 14-16 For primary schools: Horizons de France -Playtime 3 4 and 5 (French V) 2 15 -17 -Let's Join In 3 5 -7 Voix de France (French VI) 2 16-18 -Poetry Corner 3 5 -7 Halb gewonnen! Stage I 1 Secondary -Listening and Reading I 1 6-7 In Germany 1 12 -15 Let's Move! Movement and Da sind wir wieder 2 14 -16 Music Stage I 3 5 -6 Deutsch für die Oberstufe 2 16-18 Movement and Music Stage II 3 6-7 Privyet! 1 Secondary A Corner for Music 3 6-7 España es diferente 1 Secondary The Music Box 3 6-7 Music Club 3 13-16 Springboard 3 7-9 The Bible: How and Why 1 11 -13 Learning about Food 10-12 Material for Assembly 3 11 -16 Animals Real and Unreal 10 -12 Christian Focus 1 14 -16 Into the Future 10-12 Religion and Life 3 16-18 Young Europeans 10-12 Life Cycle 1 11 -13 Orchestra 10-12 Inquiry 3 14-16 Think 10-12 Learning about Life 3 14-16 Stories and Rhymes 3 7 -9 Outdoor Education 1 14-18 Living Language 3 9 -11 The World of Work 2 14-16 Listening and Reading II 1 8 Art and Experience 1 16-18 Exploration Earth 3 10-12 Prospect 3 16-18 History: Long Ago 3 8 -11 F = fortnightly programmes. Man 3 10-12 Movement, Mime and Music Radio and television series for schools in Stage I 3 7 -9 Movement, Mime and Music Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland only Stage II 3 9 -11 broadcast in the school year 1974 -75 Country Dancing 8 -11 Time and Tune 3 7 -8 Title of series Terms For children Music Workshop Stage I 3 8 -10 aged Music Workshop Stage II 3 10-13 For schools in Northern Ireland: Singing Together 3 9 -12 Radio A Service for Schools 3 8 -12 Today and Yesterday in Quest 1 9 -11 Northern Ireland 3 8 -11 Nature 3 8 -10 Explorations 1 14-15 Discovery 3 9 -I1 Irish Geography 1 14-15 Modern Irish History: For secondary schools: People and Events 1 14-15 Drama Workshop 3F 11 -12 Listening and Writing 3 11 -14 Television Adventure 3 13 -16 Ulster in Focus 3F 10-13 Speak 3 14 -16 Books, Plays, Poems 3 14-17 For schools in Scotland: Listening and Reading III 1 11 -13 Radio 3 7 -9 Art and Humanities 1 13 -16 From Seven to Nine Our Changing World 3 13 -16 A Religious Service 3 8 -12 History in Evidence 3 11 -14 Exploring Scotland 3 9 -11 History in Focus: Scottish History 3 11 -13 The 20th Century 3 14-17 Scottish Magazine 2 11 -14 3 Nous y sommes! 1 11 -14 Questions of Living 14-16 Meet the French 1 12 -15 Geography Studies 1 14-16

www.americanradiohistory.com 122 Annual Report

Title of series Terms For children Title of series Terms For children aged aged O -Grade History 14-16 Gwrando a Darllen II 1 9 -11 Scottish Writing 1 16-18 Byw a Bod 3 9 -11 Hel Hanes 2 9 -11 Television Stories From Welsh History 3 9 -11 Let's See 1 7 -9 Y Byd o'n Cwmpas 3 9 -11 Around Scotland 2 9 -12 Dwedwch Chi 3 9 -12 Living in Scotland 2 14-16 Newyddion yr Wythnos /News F = fortnightly programmes. in Wales 3 9 -12 Wales and the Welsh 1 15+ For schools in Wales: Radio Television Un, dau, tri! 1 5 & under Ffenestri 2F 5 -7 Symud a Chân 3 5 -7 Hwnt ac Yma 2F 8 & over Gair yn ei Le 3 7-9 Let's Look at Wales 3F 10-12 Sain, Cerdd a Chân 3 7-9 Gwlad a Thref 3F 10-13 Gwrando a Darllen I 1 6-8 F = fortnightly programmes

School television series (United Kingdom): series broadcast to schools in the school year 1974 -75 excluding series for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland only. Title of series Terms Aim or content For children aged For primary schools: You and Me 3 For children watching with an adult 4 and 5 Watch! 3 Extension of experience 6-7 Words and Pictures 2 F Help to backward readers 6-8 Merry-go -Round 3 Extension of experience 7 -9 Exploration and Discovery 1 Integrated studies 10-13 Look and Read 2 Help to backward readers 7-9 + A Year's Journey 3F Environmental studies 9-11 People of Many Lands 1 Geographical documentaries 10-12 Out of the Past 3 F Periods and themes in history 9 -12 Maths Workshop: Stage 1 3 F Modern approach to maths 9-10 Maths Workshop: Stage 2 3 F Modern approach to maths 10-11 Music Time 3 To stimulate active music -making 8 -9 Music in Action 2 F Creative music -making 10-13 Science All Around 3 F Modern approach to science 9 -11 For secondary schools: English 1 Plays of a high standard 14-17 The Electric Company 1 Help to backward readers 10-16 Geography: USA and Ghana 2F Social and human geography 13 -16 British Social History 3 F Documentaries on post -1800 Britain 14-16 History 1917-73 3 F Political changes since 1917 14-16 Countdown: mathematical 3 F Mathematics for CSE and ROSLA 14-16 starting points Tout compris 1F Films of French teenage life 12 -14 Quatre coins de la France 1F Life and language in rural France 12 -14 Exploring Science 3 F Science resource material 11 -13 Science Extra: Biology 2 F For abler pupils 13 -16 Science Session 3 F For less able pupils 14-16 Television Club 2 For backward children 12 -14 Scene 2 Topical documentaries and plays 14-16 Going to Work 3 For young school leavers 14-16 A Job Worth Doing? 2 Careers for CSE/O -level pupils 15 -17 New Horizons 3 General studies 16-18 F = fortnightly programmes

www.americanradiohistory.com Appendix IV 123

Appendix IV Hours of broadcasting in the External Services

Programme hours Programme hours per week as at per week as at 1 April 1975 1 April 1975 English and English by Radio South European 1011 BBC World Service (including alternative Greek programmes for Europe, Africa, Asia and Italian 7 the Falkland Islands) and English by Radio 230 Portuguese 7 Spanish 7 Turkish 7 Overseas Regional French for Canada I 31I Maltese I German

African East European 14 Hausa 7 Bulgarian 151 Somali 51 Romanian 31 Swahili 7 Russian Yugoslav (Serbo -Croat and Slovene) 161 Arabic 70 Total hours broadcast weekly in the - External Services 7271 Eastern Bengali 71 Burmese 7 Hindi 151 Nepali 1 Persian 81 Sinhala 1 Tamil 11 Urdu 81

Far Eastern Chinese Cantonese 51 Standard Chinese (Kuoyu) 121 Indonesian 81 Japanese 7 Malay 11 Thai 51 Vietnamese 81

French (to Europe and Africa) 471

Latin America Spanish 28 Portuguese 151

Central European Czech and Slovak 211 Hungarian 18 Polish 211 Finnish 81

www.americanradiohistory.com 124 Annual Report Appendix V Rebroadcasts of BBC External Services The following list gives details of the countries rebroadcasting BBC External Services output. There is also extensive monitoring of BBC transmissions by broadcasting stations for use in preparing their news bulletins and other programmes. Daily rebroadcasts off direct transmissions are indicated by an asterisk. Direct transmissions Recorded programmes or programmes fed by line or cable Abu Dhabi Topical tapes, transcriptions Afghanistan Dari, Pushtu, English by Radio Algeria Transcriptions Angola Transcriptions, English by Radio *Anguilla World Service English for Africa, topical tapes, (Leeward Is.) transcriptions, English by Radio *Antigua (Leeward Is.) World Service Topical tapes, transcription, English by Radio *Argentina Latin American in Spanish Latin American in Spanish, transcriptions, English by Radio 'Australia World Service Overseas Regional Service, topical tapes, transcriptions Austria German, transcriptions Bahamas Topical tapes, transcriptions ' Barbados World Service Topical tapes, transcriptions, English by Radio Belgium German, transcriptions, English by Radio * Belize World Service Topical tapes, transcriptions, English by Radio *Bermuda World Service Topical tapes, transcriptions 'Bolivia Latin American in Spanish Latin American in Spanish, English by Radio *Botswana World Service English for Africa, topical tapes, transcriptions, English by Radio *Brazil Latin American Latin American in Portuguese, in Portuguese transcriptions, English by Radio *British Solomon Is. World Service Transcriptions, English by Radio *British Virgin Is. World Service Transcriptions 'Brunei World Service Malay, Standard Chinese, Cantonese, topical tapes, transcriptions Cameroun English for Africa, Hausa, English by Radio 'Canada World Service Overseas Regional Service (English and French), topical tapes, transcriptions Canary Islands English by Radio Cape Verde Islands English by Radio * Cayman Islands World Service Transcriptions *Chile Latin American in Spanish Latin American in Spanish, transcriptions, English by Radio *Christmas Island World Service Transcriptions (Indian Ocean) *Colombia Latin American Latin American in Spanish, in Spanish English by Radio Cook Islands Topical tapes, transcriptions 'Costa Rica Latin American in Spanish Latin American in Spanish, transcriptions, English by Radio Cuba Latin American in Spanish Cyprus Greek, topical tapes, transcriptions, English by Radio Czechoslovakia Transcriptions, English by Radio Denmark Transcriptions, English by Radio ' Dominica World Service Topical tapes, transcriptions * Dominican Republic Latin American in Spanish Latin American in Spanish" Dubai Topical tapes, transcriptions *Ecuador Latin American in Spanish Latin American in Spanish, English by Radio

www.americanradiohistory.com Appendix V 125

Direct transmissions Recorded programmes or programmes fed by line or cable Egypt English by Radio Eire Topical tapes, transcriptions El Salvador Latin American in Spanish Ethiopia English for Africa, topical tapes, transcriptions, English by Radio *Falkland Islands World Service Topical tapes, transcriptions *Fiji World Service, Hindi, topical tapes, transcriptions, Hindi English by Radio Finland Finnish, transcriptions, English by Radio France Transcriptions, English by Radio *Gambia World Service English for Africa, topical tapes, transcriptions Germany (West) German, transcriptions, English by Radio Ghana English for Africa, transcriptions, English by Radio *Gibraltar World Service, Spanish Topical tapes, transcriptions, English by Radio *Gilbert and Ellice World Service Topical tapes, transcriptions, Islands English by Radio Greece Greek, English by Radio, transcriptions *Grenada World Service Topical tapes, transcriptions, English by Radio Guatemala Latin American in Spanish *Guyana World Service Transcriptions Haiti Transcriptions Honduras Republic Latin American in Spanish, English by Radio *Hong Kong World Service, Cantonese, Cantonese, Standard Chinese, topical tapes, Standard Chinese transcriptions, English by Radio Hungary Topical tapes, transcriptions, English by Radio Iceland Transcriptions Indonesia Indonesian Indonesian, English by Radio Iran English by Radio Israel Hebrew, transcriptions, English by Radio Italy Italian, transcriptions Ivory Coast English by Radio *Jamaica World Service Topical tapes, transcriptions Japan Japanese, transcriptions, English by Radio Jordan Transcriptions Kenya Swahili, topical tapes, English by Radio Khmer Republic English by Radio Kuwait Transcriptions Laos Lao *Lesotho World Service English for Africa, transcriptions, English by Radio *Liberia World Service, French English for Africa, transcriptions, English by Radio Libya Transcriptions Malagasy Republic Topical tapes, transcriptions, English by Radio Malawi World Service English for Africa, topical tapes, transcriptions, English by Radio Malaysia World Service, Malay, Standard Chinese, Tamil, (Malaya, Sabah, Malay topical tapes, transcriptions, Sarawak) English by Radio *Maldive Islands World Service Mali English by Radio *Malta World Service, Topical tapes, transcriptions, Overseas Regional English by Radio Service (Maltese) Mauritania English by Radio

www.americanradiohistory.com 126 Annual Report

Direct transmissions Recorded programmes or programmes fed by line or cable 'Mauritius World Service, Hindi, Urdu, topical tapes, Overseas Regional transcriptions, English by Radio Service (English and French) Mexico Latin American in Spanish, topical tapes, transcriptions, English by Radio 'Montserrat (Leeward Is.) World Service Topical tapes, transcriptions, English by Radio Morocco Spanish, transcriptions, English by Radio Mozambique Topical tapes, transcriptions Nauru Island Topical tapes, transcriptions Nepal Nepali, English Netherlands Transcriptions New Hebrides Topical tapes, transcriptions *New Zealand World Service Topical tapes, transcriptions Nicaragua Latin American in Spanish, English by Radio Niger Hausa 'Nigeria World Service English for Africa, topical tapes, transcriptions, English by Radio Niue Island Topical tapes, transcriptions Norfolk Island Topical tapes, transcriptions Norway Transcriptions, English by Radio Oman English by Radio 'Panama Latin American Latin American in Spanish, in Spanish English by Radio Papua New Guinea Topical tapes, transcriptions, English by Radio *Paraguay Latin American in Spanish Latin American in Spanish, English by Radio *Peru Latin American in Spanish Latin American in Spanish Philippines English by Radio Poland Transcriptions, English by Radio Portugal Portuguese, transcriptions *Puerto Rico Latin American in Spanish Transcriptions Qatar Topical tapes, transcriptions, English by Radio Ras al Khaima Transcriptions, English by Radio Romania Transcriptions, English by Radio Saudi Arabia Transcriptions *Senegal French English by Radio *Seychelles World Service Transcriptions, English by Radio *Sierra Leone World Service English for Africa, topical tapes, transcriptions, English by Radio Singapore World Service Malay, topical tapes, transcriptions, English by Radio Somalia Transcriptions South Africa World Service Topical tapes, transcriptions South Korea English by Radio South Vietnam Standard Chinese, Cantonese Spain Spanish, topical tapes, transcriptions, English by Radio *Sri Lanka World Service, Sinhala, Tamil, topical tapes, Sinhala, Hindi transcriptions, English by Radio St Helena Island Topical tapes, transcriptions *St. Kitts (Leeward Is. World Service Topical tapes, transcriptions, English by Radio *St. Lucia World Service Topical tapes, transcriptions, (Windward Is.) English by Radio St. Vincent English by Radio Sudan English by Radio

www.americanradiohistory.com Appendix V 127

Direct transmissions Recorded programmes or programmes fed by line or cable 'Swaziland World Service English for Africa, topical tapes, transcriptions Sweden Transcriptions, English by Radio 'Switzerland World Service Italian, German, transcriptions, English by Radio *Thailand Thai, Thai, Standard Chinese, World Service English by Radio *Tonga World Service Transcriptions, English by Radio *Trinidad World Service Topical tapes, transcriptions, English by Radio Tristan da Cunha World Service Transcriptions Turkey Turkish, transcriptions, English by Radio Turks and Caicos Topical tapes Islands Uganda English for Africa *United States of World Service Overseas Regional Service, America topical tapes, transcriptions Upper Volta English by Radio 'Uruguay Latin American Latin American in Spanish, in Spanish transcriptions, English by Radio USSR Transcriptions *Venezuela Latin American Latin American in Spanish, in Spanish transcriptions, English by Radio Western Samoa Topical tapes, transcriptions Yemen Arab Republic English by Radio Yugoslavia Transcriptions, English by Radio Zaire English by Radio Zambia English for Africa, topical tapes, transcriptions, English by Radio

British Forces Broadcasting Service The stations of the British Forces Broadcasting Service in Cyprus, Germany, Gibraltar, Malta and Singapore rebroadcast directly from the World Service every day, and these and other stations also use BBC recorded programmes.

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This selection of programmes, broadcast during the year covered by the BBC Annual Report, indicates the range and diversity of the output. It is not intended to be complete and compre- hensive. Television Current affairs Some special events BBC -1 & BBC -2 General Election: the General Election Results Pro- gramme, October 1974, broadcast almost continuously from 10.00pm on 10 October to 4.00pm the following day on BBC -1, with a Results Service on BBC-2. During the campaign a combined News and Current Affairs team produced nightly programmes and reports. BBC -1 Michael Barratt. presenter of ;Vationwide ss a 'special' President Nixon's Resignation: three -hour celebrated its 1.000 edition in May 1975 culminating in a live relay at 2.00am of the President's resignation speech. A Question of Britain: a 90- minute examination of Britain's economic crisis, led by Harold Lever and Sir Geoffrey Howe. Denis Tuohy and Sue Lawley presenters of Tonight

www.americanradiohistory.com 132 Programme review

Programmes in series BBC -1 Panorama: a weekly 50- minute programme on major international and domestic topics. Editions included Panorama in China, covering Mr Heath's visit, three programmes on election issues and two on France after Pompidou. Foreign reports covered Mozambique, Portugal, Poland, Cuba and the Middle East; other subjects included the EEC Referendum, immigration, housing, autistic people, battered babies, the SNP and 'the politics of food'. Midweek: a late- evening programme on Tuesdays, BBC' TV News team filming the Alaska pipe -line Wednesdays and Thursdays. British politics dominated the year. 'Specials' included Scotland Yard CID, Hong Kong police corruption and interviews with Alexander BBC -2 Solzhenitsyn and the Panovs. Watergate, the Middle A Suitable Case for Killing ?: a 90- minute inquiry into East, Cyprus, Northern Ireland and South Africa were the case for voluntary euthanasia; Thanks for the prominent in foreign coverage. Frying Pan: an inquiry into the benefits man has derived from space exploration; Of Pure Nationwide: an early-evening weekday domestic maga- Blood: an adaptation of a French film inquiry into Hitler's zine produced with the co- operation of the 1l plan BBC for a master race. News centres outside London and including a regular Consumer Unit feature. In special editions viewers put Documentary programmes questions 'on the spot' to the three principal Party Programmes in leaders during the Election. HRH the Duke of series Edinburgh appeared in a New Year's Day edition on BBC-1 European Architectural Heritage year. The Mighty Continent: a 13 -part series giving a view of Europe in the 20th century. Written by Face Your Image: a series in which John Terraine, guests such as Lord Peter Ustinov contributed personal comments. Hailsham, Clive Jenkins and Germaine Greer were invited by David Dimbleby to see themselves through The Chalfont Profiles: an occasional series of studies of the eyes of others. heads of state: President Kenyatta, President Sadat, and Mr Trudeau. Personal Choice: a series in which interviewers chose their guests. BBC -2 Party Lines: historical sketches (preceding the General One Pair of Eyes: four programmes of personal films, Election) of the three main political parties in Britain. bringing to an end a successful seven -year -old series, after 76 editions. Larger than Life: a series of half-hour documentary films on unusual people. Lifestyle: three programmes in a new occasional series on interesting personalities. BBC -2 Yesterday's Witness: four more films in a series explor- Newsday: a nightly weekday interview in which Robin ing living memory. Day, and later Michael Charlton, talked to someone in The Philpott File: or behind the headlines. eight film reports by Trevor Philpott. Inside Story: four films in a new series on contemporary The Money Programme: a weekly series on economic, industrial themes. Made by new directors, some making their and other aspects of money. Subjects treated television debuts. included the self -employed, worker participation, taxation, company balance sheets, US rail -roads. Tuesday's documentaries BBC-1 inflation in Hungary and the Hudson Report on Britain. K.G.B.- Soviet Secret Police: a two -part film investi- Election editions covered inflation and nationalisation. gation of the origins and present -day workings of the Worldwide: a monthly series, developed from Europa. K.G.B.; A Rothschild and his Red Gold: a portrait of featuring television programmes in Australia, New Baron Philippe de Rothschild and his wine; The Men Zealand and Arab countries, as well as the USA. in the Ambulance: a study of the people who work the ambulances; The Corporation and the People: the See It This Way: a series discussions of chaired by relationships between a large city council and the people Robert McKenzie. Subjects included industrial it serves; The Matteotti Affair: a historical documentary relations, education, foreign aid and poverty. about the events which led to modern Europe's first dictatorship; The Some individual programmes Roots of Yoga: a report, made in India, about the meaning and practice of Yoga; The BBC-1 Dracula Business: a light- hearted investigation into the In the Midst of Life: a documentary on British attitudes growing industry surrounding the Dracula legend; to death and to funeral rituals; The World of T.Dan The Rise of the Red Navy: a programme, featuring Smith: a special produced by The Money Programme; Ludovic Kennedy, about the Russian Navy from its Five Years-A Thousand Deaths: a personal report origins in the times of Peter the Great to the present by Martin Bell on five years in Ulster. day.

www.americanradiohistory.com Television 133

This Year, Next Year, on BBC -2, featured 12 BBC foreign correspondents who reviewed the year's events.

Angela Rippon

Brian Barron reporting the fall of Saigon

www.americanradiohistory.com 134 Programme review Features (Science, arts and general) Programmes in series BBC -1 Tomorrow's World: the 10th year of a weekly topical magazine on science, medicine and technology. Young Scientists of the Year: the 10th of an annual series in which schoolchildren present their own research projects. The Burke Special: a series of programmes in which James Burke looked at some of the issues which may change our lives. Stump the Scientist: a series of seven programmes in which children questioned eminent scientists. Chataway with the Decision -makers: Christopher Chataway interviewing Sir Arnold Hall, Sir Arnold Weinstock, Dr Monty Finniston, Geoffrey Robinson, Robert Anderson and Jack Jones. Omnibus: a weekly series of music and arts features Tomorrow's It,,,dd: William W'uullard sits Canada which included profiles of the Russian composer Dmitri Shostakovich and the American film producer programmes dealing with consumer problems in a Sam Goldwyn, a Christmas programme about Laurel serious yet entertaining way; The Editors: nine pro- and Hardy, and a unique interview with the British grammes, chaired by William Hardcastle, in which writer Jean Rhys, who had never been seen on television editors and leading journalists discussed the issues before. There were two more films in the Great behind the news of the week; The Sky at Night: the Orchestras of the World series, one on the London 18th year of a monthly series on astronomy, introduced Symphony Orchestra and one on the Concertgebouw by Patrick Moore; Help Yourself: 13 weekly program- Orchestra of Amsterdam; features on Tommy Steele mes designed to help viewers find their way through and Alan Price, and an edition in which André Previn particular parts of the consumer 'jungle'; Still in a talked and listened to the jazz musician Oscar Peterson. Class of Their Own: three programmes which examined what had happened in Other features included : Novgorod- Father of Russia - the five intervening years to the a programme about the historic Russian city; two teachers who were featured in the 1969 series In a Class programmes featuring the famous American singer of Their Own, which set out to answer the question: Ella Fitzgerald from Ronnie Scott's club in London; what makes a good teacher ?; Holiday '75: 10 weekly The Great Glass Hive -a musical and documentary programmes to help viewers choose their holidays, extravaganza about the Crystal Palace; W.B. Yeats and at home and abroad; Taste for Adventure: 13 weekly the Coming Times, a programme exploring some programmes dealing with people whose occupations neglected aspects of the great Irish poet; Wish You or hobbies are out of the ordinary and often dangerous; Were Here -a light- hearted look at the English by the Home Town: six programmes in which Cliff Michelmore sea; Imaginary Zoo -a programme about a children's talked to the people of various towns in the British animated film contest; Find Me by David Mercer; Isles and discovered some talented local musicians; The Need for Nightmare -an examination of the Ask the Family: a further series of the popular knock- out quiz. attraction of horror stories; A Circus for a School - the story of the Moscow State Circus School ; Cathedral BBC-2 -a look at the past and present of Gloucester Cathedral Horizon: a weekly film I and the life that moves around it; Cracked Actor -a series, in its lth year, ranging across the whole spectrum of science. feature about the rock singer David Bowie; Changes - Subjects included : quarks, sleep, immigrant doctors; Joey (the a film about the sculptor Auguste Rodin; 21 Not Out - autobio- graphy of a spastic), teaching Kingsley Amis talking about his life and his language to a chimpanzee, books; the menopause, industry's Alphabets, Wild Things, Peter and a Golden declining need for human Canary- skill, obedience an examination of illustrations in books for children. to evil commands, the planets, animal conservation and asbestosis; Charlie Chaplin -The Tramp and the Philosopher -a Microbes and Men: a look at his life and work. six -part dramatised series about the men who con- quered disease: Semmelweis, Pasteur, Koch, Ehrlich Success Story: a series of six films which looked at and Nehring; Controversy: six discussions from the people and creations which have caught the public's Royal Institution on controversial imagination issues -main in recent years. The programmes dealt speakers: Professor Paul Berg (Genetic research); with Christopher Isherwood, Enid Blyton, Look Back Professor Milton Friedman (Inflation); Professor John in Anger, the painter Tretchikoff, Coventry Cathedral Yudkin (Heart disease); Professor Peter Odell (North and Peter Cook and Dudley Moore; Read All About It: Sea oil); Professor Carl Sagan (Extra- terrestrial civil- a series of seven programmes, introduced by Melvyn isations); and Dr John Lorber (Should doctors always Bragg, about new paperbacks; That's Life: 20 weekly prolong life ?); The Scientist Through the Looking Glass:

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six Christmas Lectures from the Royal Institution by Some individual programmes Professor Eric Laithwaite; Those Magnificent Flying BBC -1 Machines: six programmes from the Royal Air Force Museum at Hendon. The Right to Know: an investigation of how the practice of secrecy has affected workers and the public, especially Chronicle: a continuing series of programmes produced in the area of pollution control; The Broken Bridge: by the BBC's History and Archaeology Unit, ranging a follow -up to a film made in 1968 about a new method from marine archaeology to the identification of for- of treatment being used on three mentally ill children, geries and smuggling of antiques. showing what had happened to them since then and their prospects Second House: a fortnightly magazine programme for the future; The Rise and Fall of DDT : introduced by Melvyn Bragg; Where the story of the 'wonder chemical'; Cross Your Heart We Live: six Hope programmes in which young people from different and to Live: the causes of heart disease; After the social backgrounds and different areas of Great Britain Parcel Exploded: an Army Captain's struggle to readjust his life after losing his sight and an arm when a described their lives through their art ; Writers' Houses: parcel visits to houses which once belonged to famous bomb exploded in Londonderry; Scenario: The writers. The writers included William Cowper, Oil Game: a 'game' in which two teams, the Oil George Producers Bernard Shaw and Jane Austen. Sir Mortimer and and the British, played through the various scenarios of likely Magnus: a series of six programmes in which Magnus events to happen in the near future; Magnusson talked to Sir Mortimer Wheeler about Who is Buying up Britain ?: a film in which Christopher Brasher investigated archaeological subjects; Pioneers of Photography: six the changing pattern of land programmes on the invention and progress of photo- ownership; One Man's Madness: a record of a man suffering from graphy; Industrial Grand Tour: a series examining the manic depression; Help Yourself to a House: a work of small home industries; Them and Us: an film about self-build housing associations; occasional series about the contemporary culture of A Small Imperfection: the causes and effects of spina the various EEC countries. bifida; The Face of Famine: a film about the world's dwindling supplies of food; The Richard Dimbleby Man Alive: the 10th season of a weekly programme Lecture: the third of an annual series, in which Lord about people and the situations which shape their lives. Goodman talked about the national housing situation Subjects included: The First Three Days -a report on and possible solutions to its attendant problems; the opening of Clifford House Adolescents Hostel, One World at a Time: the life and character of Henry which examined its very different approach to the care Thoreau, 19th century naturalist, philosopher and and education of problem children; South Africa - poet; They Never Turn Back: the story of the men of Two Points of View -an extended programme which the Royal National Lifeboat Institute, which celebrated featured two films, one made secretly in South Africa its 150th Anniversary in 1974; The Bomb Disposal Men: and the other made by the South African Government, a programme about the courage and skill shown by the followed by a studio discussion which demonstrated men of the Army's Bomb Disposal Squad; So You widely different viewpoints on apartheid; America the Think You're Safe at Home: a programme in which Beautiful -a look at the world of American beauty Cliff Michelmore invited viewers to test their own competitions; Whose Spanner in the Works ?: -a report knowledge of potential hazards in the home; Police - on the 16 months' struggle to start a workers' co- Harrow Road: a programme which examined the operative in the Norton -Villiers- Triumph motorcycle running of a local police station. Esther Rantzen factory; Fallen Idols -a look at three casualties of the talked to some of the men who worked there. crueller side of show business; Out of Sight, Out of Mind-a two -part inquiry into the treatment of mental BBC -2 illness in Britain; The Children's Charter -a 21 hour The Weather Machine: a two -hour 'special', written examination, 30 years after the 1944 Education Act, of by Nigel Calder, which showed the latest research all some of the major educational issues now facing over the world Britain. into weather and climate; I've Cracked It: a Christmas programme of puzzles and games; The World About Us: contributions to this weekly The Thirties Revisited: a programme in which Rene series, mainly concerned with the variety of human Cutforth talked about the 1930s, using film clips and life styles overseas, included: The Circus Moves On- newsreel material; The Cat: an examination of the in Calabria -a look at the backstage life of a small cat in art, with poems read by Fenella Fielding and Italian family circus; Arctic Doctor -the story of a Denholm Elliott; Gone, Going, Going: a film about doctor with a vast practice, a quarter of a million square stately homes; Northern Lights: a film about Scottish miles of the Canadian Arctic, inhabited by only 6,000 Impressionists with special attention to the work of people; The Magnificent Adventure -the Round the William McTaggart; Melies et Lumière: a programme World Yacht Race; Return to Hong Kong -two Chinese about the early days of photography and the develop- living and working in Britain revisited the very different ment of film- making; Nine Days in '26: a programme world they had left behind; Margrethe, Queen of by Robert Vas which traced the development which led Denmark, an informal portrait of a modernised to the 1926 General Strike; A Passion for Churches: monarchy, seen largely through the eyes of its present Sir John Betjeman's 'celebration of the Church of Queen; Elephant Kingdom -the story of the relationship England'. between man and the elephant in Thailand. Look Stranger: the fifth series of films looking at Roy Hudd, presenter or the MI -u su Attie for the Britain and her people. elderly

www.americanradiohistory.com Television 139 Further Education series Middle East conflict; Vital Statistics: social statistics examined critically (booklet available). For colleges of Further Education Science Engineering Craft Studies: to supplement the work of Choices for Tomorrow: some individual views on students taking craft studies syllabuses, (lecturers' environmental problems; Worlds Without Sun: caves notes and overhead transparencies available); Focus: in different parts of Europe. designed as a contribution to general studies, (accom- panying notes available); The Caterers: a series for The arts catering students (notes available). Images for Sale: a study of the images frequently seen in art and advertising. For teachers and lecturers The Middle Years at School: a series for teachers of Family and personal interests pupils aged 9 -13 years; Measurement in Education: a Parents and Children: a series for parents alone bring- study of the various measurement techniques used in ing up a family (booklet available); Mr. Smith's education (booklet available). Gardening Programme: a series for beginners (booklet available); The 60 70 80 Show: programmes specially Careers and management designed for the over- sixties (information sheets Out of the Rut: careers advice for adults (booklet supplied); Everybody Knows: a series about ways of available); Managing to Survive: a series of high -level relaxing with a concentration on yoga (booklet lectures for managers (booklet available). available); Flowers for all Seasons: flower arranging for beginners (booklet available); I See What You Vocational training and refraining Mean: programmes for and about the deaf-all On the National Health: a series primarily for health subtitled (booklet and notes available); Model World: service workers about the National Health Service a look at what is possible for the beginner (booklet, (notes available); Representing the Community: a series with plans, available); Play Rugby: programmes about for and about those who represent the community in playing aspects of the sport. various ways; Homes from Home: programmes for residential social workers (notes available). Languages Kontakte: a multi -media beginner's course in German History and contemporary affairs (books, discs, tapes, slides available); Reportage: The Unsettled Peace: the history of the cold war (book- secondary level French and German (booklets avail- let available); The Case of Eliza Armstrong: a study of able). aspects of Victorian life through a famous court case (book available); The Black Man in Britain 1550 -1950: Communications a short history; Planning -For People ?: problems of Inside the News: a study of how broadcast news is put urban and rural planning centred on the example of together; Inside the Press: a study of the national press; Bradford; Inside Germany: aspects of life in West All in the Mind: interactional psychology through the Germany; Middle East: a background to the present activities of a studio group.

www.americanradiohistory.com 140 Programme review Drama A selection of individual plays BBC -1 Play for Today: A series of plays with contemporary themes: The Cheviot, the Stag and the Black, Black Oil, John McGrath; Schmoedipus, Dennis Potter; The Child- hood Friend, Piers Paul Read; A Follower for Emily, Brian Clark ; Leeds- United!, Colin Welland; Baby Love, David Edgar; Back of Beyond, Julia Jones; Taking Leave, Joyce Neary; Fugitive, Sean Walsh; Eleanor, William Trevor; Sunset Across the Bay, Alan Bennett; The Funny Farm, Roy Minton; Goodbye, William Sansom and Hugh Whitemore; Just Another Saturday, Peter McDougall. Play of the month A series of major plays, including adaptations of out- standing theatre plays and novels: The Skin Game, John Galsworthy; The Linden Tree, J.B.Priestley; Electra, Sophocles, translated by E.F.Watling; The Wood Demon, Anton Chekhov; Robinson Crusoe, So %t /r, Softly: Task Force Daniel Defoe, adapted by James MacTaggart; The Apple Cart, George Bernard Shaw; The School for Michael Hordern Scandal, Richard Brinsley Sheridan; King Lear, as King Lear William Shakespeare. Churchill's People: A set of 26 plays suggested by Churchill's A History of the English- Speaking Peoples: Pritan, David Rudkin; The Lost Island, Robert Muller; The Coming of the Cross, David Rudkin; The Great Alfred, Keith Dewhurst; Saxon Dusk, James McTag- gart; The Conquerors, Ian Thorne; A Sprig of Bloom, Brian Rawlinson; Silver Giant, Wooden Dwarf, Adrian Mitchell; On the Anvil, Alan Cullen; The Wallace, John Prebble; Shouts and Murmurs, Julia Jones; A Wilderness of Roses, Roger Woddis; The Whip of Heaven, Nick McCarty. Single plays The President's Last Tape, Philip Magdalany; The Treasure of Abbot Thomas, M.R.James /John Bowen; Dr Watson and the Dark water Hall Mystery, Kingsley Amis; Walk with Destiny, Colin Morris. BBC-2 Single plays Twelfth Night, William Shakespeare; Steven, devised by Brian Parker; The Enemy Within, devised by Leslie Blair; The Joke, Isaac Singer /Rhys Adrian; The Cafeteria. Isaac Singer /Rhys Adrian; The Break- through. Daphne du Maurier /Clive Exton ; Mrs Acland's Ghosts, William Trevor; The Evacuees, Jack Rosenthal; A Man in the Zoo, David Garnett /Giles Cooper. Thirty -minute plays Turkish Delight, Caryl Churchill; Mutzen Ab!, Charles Wood; Something Down There is Crying, Adrian Mitchell; Service Not Included, Alan Ayckbourn; May We Come In? Eric Chappell; Albert and the Mayor's Tree, Derek Smith; God Bless Thee, Jacky Maddison, Tom Hadaway; Is It Something I Said ?, Richard Harris; Mutinies, Howard Barker; Initiation, Peter King; The Saliva Milkshake, Howard Brenton; Snooker, Jonathan Raban; The House on the Hill, Peter Ransley; A Helping Hand, Howard Schuman; Trip to Jerusalem, Snoo Wilson; Suggest Tuesday,

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Rosalie !rutthley in Electra Pauline Collins. Bridget Armstrong and Jeremy Brett in School for Scandal

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David Snodlin; Tea at Four, Rhys Adrian; Letter from a Soldier, Wilson John Haire; Gambia's Move, Fanny Galleymore. Shoulder to Shoulder: a series of six plays about the Suffragette Movement by Ken Taylor, Alan Plater, Douglas Livingstone and Hugh Whitemore; The Love School: a series of six plays tracing the development of the Pre -Raphaelite Movement from the 1850s to the 1890s, by John Hale, Ray Lawler, Robin Chapman and John Prebble. Serials BBC -1 Dr Who, Brian Hayles, Robert Sloman, Terrance Dicks, Robert Holmes, Terry Nation, Bob Baker and Dave Martin. The Family serials urr Seho/ Bernard I Iod arid Sheila \ hue Heidi, Johanna Spyri /Martin Worth; David Copper- field, Charles Dickens /Hugh Whitemore; Anne of Avonlea, L. M. Montgomery/Elaine Morgan; The Master of Ballantrae, R.L.Stevenson /Martin Worth Children's serial The Chinese Puzzle, Brian Finch Thriller serials Nine Tailors, Dorothy L.Sayers /Anthony Steven; Melissa, Francis Durbridge. Weekly serials Z Cars, Leslie Duxbury, Bill Lyons, Geoffrey Matthews, Allan Prior, John Foster, P.J. Hammond, Ben Bassett, Tony Perrin, James Doran, Jack Gerson, Bob Baker, Dave Martin, Bill Barron; The Brothers, N.J.Crisp, Eric Paice, John Pennington. BBC -2 Dirotr of Do, Gr, ar. \1 Classic serials Peter Byrne. I.irï. .0 nci The Pallisers, Anthony Trollope /Simon Raven; Cakes and Ale, W.Somerset Maugham /Harry Green; The Early Life of Stephen Hind, Storm Jameson /Alexander Baron; An Unofficial Rose, Iris Murdoch /Simon Raven ; Late Call, Angus Wilson /Dennis Potter. Series BBC-1 Sutherland's Law, Lindsay Galloway, Jack Gerson, Arthur Jones, Anthony Read, Allan Prior, Nick McCarty, Ian Curteis; Dial M for Murder, John Pea- cock, Roy Clarke, Marc Brandel, Ken Hughes, Richard Harris, Roger Longrigg, Julian Symons, John Gould, P.J.Hammond, James Andrew Hall; Softly, Softly: Task Force, Elwyn Jones, Arnold Yarrow, Robert Barr, Alan Plater, Tony Parker, Allan Prior, Keith Dewhurst, Kingsley Amis; Warship, Allan Prior, Ian Mackintosh, John Wiles, Martin Worth, Norman Ashby, John Armstrong; Barlow, Elwyn Lote Call: Dandy Nichols. Leslie l) v er and Jones, Allan Prior, Ian Curteis, Jack Ronda; The Michael Bryant Venturers, Donald Bull, Tom Brennand, Roy Bottom - ley, David Weir, Marc Brandel, Arden Winch; Dixon of Dock Green, Tom Greene, Gerald Kelsey, Eric Paire, N.J.Crisp, Ben Bassett, Derek Ingrey, Mike BBC -2 Watts; You're On Your Own, N.J.Crisp; Fall of The Carnforth Practice, Allan Prior, Donald Bull, Eagles, David Turner, John Elliot, Trevor Griffiths, Pat Hooker, Colin Morris, Eric Pringle, Mervyn Jack Pulman, Troy Kennedy Martin, Robert Muller, Haisman; Double Dealers, John Elliot, Stephen Barlay, Elizabeth Holford, Ken Hughes, Keith Dewhurst. John Rollason; Notorious Woman, Harry W.Junkin.

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Hans Meyer and Emma Blake in Heidi

Deborah Makepeace in The Chinese Puzzle

Judy Cornwell in Cakes and Ale

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Music -a film in two parts about Arnold Schoenberg; Bartok's Breakthrough, to a new musical language; Series Music from Great Houses: the English Chamber BBC -1 Orchestra from Holkham Hall. Omnibus Three Concerts given by Daniel Barenboim and the Including: Dame Ninette de Valois talking about her English Chamber Orchestra, with a Mozart Piano career; the story of Jacques Offenbach; The Friendly Concerto and a Schubert Symphony in each; Beetho- Invasion, the first of three programmes on the spread ven's Last Five String Quartets played by the Aeolian of popular music from the United States to Britain; Quartet, transmitted on five consecutive evenings, and African Sanctus, David Fanshawe's journey through preceded by a Workshop programme with Robert Africa and the musical composition that resulted from Simpson. it. Promenade Concerts: seven programmes including the Individual programmes Last Night; André Previn's Music Night: four pro- BBC-1 grammes of popular classical music, André Previn Gala Performance: three programmes Meets: six programmes in which Previn talked to Opera: a new studio production of The Yeomen of artists of his choice. the Guard with the New Philharmonia Orchestra conducted by David Lloyd -Jones BBC-2 Carols from Canterbury Cathedral. Face the Music: a new series of 16 programmes and a repeat series; Master Class: six programmes with BBC -2 Paul Tortelier, three with Thomas Hemsley and three Rossini's Miniature Mass from a Bavarian monastery with Sir Geraint Evans; Balanchine Festival: three The world premiere of Last Rites by John Tavener, programmes devoted to works choreographed by recorded at the Holland Festival. George Balanchine and danced by the New York City Five Faces of the Guitar: the different styles of guitar Ballet. playing. Profiles in Music: international opera singers in Centenary programmes in tribute to Charles Ives, performance and talking to Bernard Levin. Gustav Holst and Maurice Ravel. The programmes on Workshop: Harlequin and Faust -the music of Busoni; Holst and Ravel were linked with concert programmes Elgar and the Orchestra; Bogeyman -Prophet- Guardian of works by these composers; a programme to celebrate Michael Tippett's 70th birthday; a documentary on the Sir (harle. (irc\C.. conducting the Royal Li erp of American Ballet Theater. Philharmonic Orchestra. v.ith l'ehudi Menuhin Romeo and Juliet: John Cranko's ballet, danced by the Stuttgart Ballet Company; A Christmas Box from Joseph Cooper; A Gargantuan Pianistic Extravaganza: 12 famous pianists at the Royal Festival Hall. Opera: The Marriage of Figaro: a new studio pro- duction with the New Philharmonia Orchestra under Charles Mackerras; Amahl and the Night Visitors: a new studio production of Menotti's opera, with the English Chamber Orchestra, conducted by Nicholas Braithwaite; repeat performance of War and Peace from Sydney Opera House and of La Traviata. Concerts: Sir Georg Solti conducting the London Philharmonic Orchestra in Elgar's Second Symphony, from the Royal Festival Hall; from the Royal Albert Hall, Rostropovich playing Dvorak's Cello Concerto, with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra under Sir Charles Groves; a Tchaikovsky programme from the Fairfield Hall, with Bernard Haitink conducting the London Philharmonic Orchestra; André Previn con- ducting the London Symphony Orchestra in Shostako- vich's Symphony No. 5; the World Youth Orchestra, under Niklaus Wyss; from St. John's, Smith Square, the Academy of St. Martin -in- the -Fields, conducted by Neville Marriner, in music by Handel (simultaneous stereo with Radio 3); in the studio: Mincho Minchev, winner of the Carl Flesch Competition, playing the Brahms Violin Concerto with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra under Alexander Gibson; from Vienna: the New Year's Day Concert. Recitals: including Anna Reynolds; Thomas Hemsley; Garrick Ohlsson; Henryk Szeryng; and Joshua Rifkin playing the music of Scott Joplin.

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The Marriage of Figaro

The Yeomen of the Guard: Derek Hammond- Stroud. Valerie Masterson, David Hillman

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Outside broadcasts Farnborough Air Display; Lord Mayor's Show; Festival of Remembrance; Cenotaph Service; State Sport Opening of Parliament; Enthronement of the Arch- BBC-1 bishop of Canterbury; Crufts Dog Show. Grandstand; Sportsnight; Match of the Day. BBC Football World Cup; Home Soccer Internationals; -2 F.A. Cup Final; F.A. Charity Shield. Chelsea Flower Show; Motor Show; International Fireworks; Getaway series; Boat Show. Sports Review /974; Sportstown Open Golf- Lytham St. Annes; Peter Alliss golf series; Piccadilly Golf; European Women's golf championship. Indian Test Cricket; Pakistan Test Cricket; one -day cricket internationals; Gillette Cup Final. Hickstead; Royal International Horse Show; Horse of the Year Show; Badminton Horse Trials; Burghley Horse Trials; CardiffHorse Show. Wimbledon Tennis; Hard Court Championships - Bournemouth; Wightman Cup Tennis. European Athletics Championship -Rome; AAA Championships; IAC Athletics Meeting. Ali v Foreman World Heavyweight Championship; ABA Finals. European Skating Championships; World Skating Championships. Champions All Gymnastics; Japanese Gymnastics. The 1975 .tía.vter'nind champion. Elizabeth The Boat Race. Rugby League Cup Final. Aintree Grand National; Chester Races; Royal Ascot; The Derby; Glorious Goodwood; Prix de L'Arc de Triomphe; Cheltenham National Hunt Festival. BBC-2 Rugby Special; Sunday Cricket; US Open Golf; Pro- Celebrity Golf series; Great Matches series; Floodlit Rugby League competition. Entertainment programmes BBC-1 Mastermind; Top of the Form; Come Dancing; Miss UK; Miss World; Christmas Circus; /000 Welsh Voices; Ice and Easy; Holiday on Ice; Ice Pantomime - Comr l>urrc in, Aladdin; Harlem Globetrotters; Tattoo series; Stock- ingful of Stars -children's Christmas entertainment; Variety Artists Awards; Sporting Superstars; SFTA Awards. GIRAND5TAND BBC-2 Country Music Festival; George Hamilton series; John Dankworth and Cleo Laine; Colour My Soul; Shows featuring Charles Aznavour and Johnny Mathis; Carols from Hampton Court; Messiah from Scratch; Films featuring American Barbers Shop and a Folk Festival.

Events programmes BBC -1 St. George's Day Scouts parade; Danish State Visit; Biggin Hill Air Fair; Skywatch -RAF Spectacular; Trooping the Colour; World Cup Rally; Royal Grandstand Tournament; Funeral of the Duke presenter Frank Bough sith guest Bing of Gloucester; Crosby

www.americanradiohistory.com Wimbledon: Arthur Ashe the men's singles champion 1975

r www.americanradiohistory.com 148 Programme review Children's programmes BBC -1 Jackanory : a daily (Monday to Friday) story-telling programme for younger children; Blue Peter: a twice - weekly information programme for 5 -12 year olds, Vision On: visual entertainment with ideas for making and painting; Animal Magic: a magazine about animals; If You Were Me: documentary films featuring children in Britain and North America; John Craven's Newsround: a news bulletin made in co- operation with Television News and transmitted from Monday to Thursday; The Record Breakers: an informative light entertainment programme about various kinds of record -breaking attempts; Roy Castle Bears Time: a series about music and musicians; Crackerjack: light entertainment series; John Craven Reports: an investi- gatory current affairs film series; We Are The Cham- pions: an inter -schools sports competition; Brainchild: general knowledge quiz; Search: film competition; Why Don't You . . . just switch off your television set and go and do something less boring instead?; Val Bhle Prier Special Assignment: Valerie Singleton wish Meets the VIPs: children questioning celebrities, with Lord \4'unihauen Valerie Singleton in the chair; Screen Test: a film quiz; Right Charlie: light entertainment series with Charlie Cairoli and Company; The Hope and Keen Scene: comedy series; Bonny: situation comedy series. New series Children of Destiny: series about famous children in history ;. Blue Peter Special Assignments-Islands: five documentary films with Valerie Singleton in Hong Kong, Skye, Malta, the Isle of Man and the Isle of Wight; Country Search: a series about people and activities in the countryside; Fabulous Animals: a mixture of legend and zoology ; Play It Again: children's quiz. Drama serials The Secret Garden, Frances Hodgson Burnett; The Changes, Peter Dickinson; Chinese Puzzle, Brian Finch; Lizzie Dripping Again, Helen Cresswell; Sleepers on The Hill, Single plays The Little Mermaid, Hans Andersen; The Carpet Weaver of Samarkand, Mischa Kudian; The Dragon The Plus n,n hair in the Dungeon, Rex Tucker; The Queen and the Robot, Rupert Press; Doing the Pools, Neville Smith; The Emperor's Nightingale, Hans Andersen; The Jo Jo Tree, John Tully; The Long -Nosed Princess, Priscilla Programmes for young children Hallowell; The Magician's Heart, E. Nesbitt. New series Roobarb: Films five- minute cartoon series; Barbapapa: five - minute cartoon series; Captain Pugwash: cut -out The Seven Little Australians: Australian drama serial; animation ; Ragtime: a studio presentation with foreign films: puppets from Czechoslovakia, Russia, Japan, and mime; Bagpuss: a puppet series by Oliver Postgate. Yugoslavia and Germany; American cartoons: Scooby Doo, Yogi's Gang, Hong Kong Phooey, Valley of the Regular series Dinosaurs. Magic Roundabout: puppet series from France; The Wombles: puppet series; The Clangers: puppet series by Oliver Postgate. BBC -2 Play School: a daily programme for children under five. (Repeats on BBC -l); Play Away: a Saturday afternoon entertainment.

www.americanradiohistory.com Animal Magic: Johnny Morris and guest Penny Casdagli in The Little Ileivnaid

www.americanradiohistory.com 150 Programme review Light Entertainment BBC -1 Comedy Playhouse: No Strings; Franklyn and Johnnie; Up Britannia!; The Dobson Doughnut; Happy Ever After; The Big Job; It's Only Me, Whoever I Am; Pygmalion Smith; The Last Man on Earth; Sitting Pretty; The Reverent Wooing of Archibald; A Girl's Best Friend

Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads? The Liver Birds ; Are You Being Served? The Prince of Denmark; Happy Ever After; Steptoe and Son; Porridge; Second Time Around; Eric Sykes; Dad's Army; Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em (Christmas Special); Steptoe and Son (Christmas Special); Likely Lads (Christmas Special); Cartoon World (Special for Christmas); Till Death Us Do Part; It Ain't Half Hot, Mum; Last of the Summer Wine; Crackerjack; Lulu; Top of the Pops; The Osmonds; Bruce Forsyth and the Generation Game; Cliff; Petula Clark; Morecambe and Wise; Basil Brush; Dick Emery; Clunk Click; The Black and White Minstrel Show; Mike Yarwood; Bruce Forsyth /Lulu Special; Cilla Black; Tom Jones; Parkinson; Ken Dodd; The Gang Show; Shirley Bassey Christmas Special; Harry Secombe Christmas Special; Royal Variety Performance; Disney Time; Eurovision Song Contest; Crackerjack Pantomime; Shari Lewis; Nimmo in Australia. BBC -2 Just A Nimmo; Monty Python; Sing the Lady Out of Bed; Christmas One -Upmanship; The Last Turkey in ru, ggg> the Shop Show; After That, This; The Goodies; Death Us DO Part: Allie Lass and Warren Mitchell What's My Line; Nana Mouskouri; Vera Lynn; Michel Legrand; Big Bands from the Dorchester: Count Basie; Stan Kenton; John Dankworth; Buddy Rich; Woody Herman; Duke Ellington; Ted Heath; James Last; Golden Rose of Montreux Winner: Don Juan; They Sold a Million; Golden Seaswallow of Knokke Winner: The Roy Castle Show; Twiggy; Gilbert Bécaud; International Cabaret; Call My Bluff; Victor Borge; Dana; The Two Ronnies; Dave Allen; The Bachelors; In Concert.

Are roll Brit {t .Served'

Pan's People in Top of the i .cps

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14'orlehouse Plachouae: John Alderson and Pauline ( ohm,

P,uvide, : Brian \Vilde and Ronnie Barker

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Faces cj Mike `Otrwood

ìIiiij fir .1k, (

Fric Sykes and Hattie Jacques

Lavi of 7/ii, .S'remmer Wine: Bill Owen. Michael Bates. Peter Sallis

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The Roman Ilur: Robert Lrskmt The Old Grec tt hhtle Test: presen,. Presentation Department programmes Programmes in series BBC -1 Aspel and Company: a twice- weekly live magazine programme for people at home in the afternoon; Film '74 and '75: Barry Norman's weekly review of films; Family Fare: Delia Smith cooking seasonal dishes. BBC -2 The Roman Way: the life style of a citizen of Rome, presented by Robert Erskine; Edition: a programme about the press, chaired by Barry Askew, Editor of the Lancashire Evening Post; The Old Grey Whistle Test: Bob Harris introducing contemporary rock music; The Book Programme: introduced by Robert Robinson; In Vision: a weekly look at the world of television which included interviews with Sir Michael Swann, Lord Annan and Brian Young of the IBA and a special edition on broadcasting in Belfast; Film Night: a weekly look at the film world including coverage of the Cannes and London festivals and editions on Glenda BBC-2 Jackson and Federico Fellini; End of the Pier: comedy Crisis- What Crisis ?: a documentary showing how programmes with music, featuring John Wells, John four families coped with the winter crisis of 1973 -74; Fortune, Carl Davis, John Bird and Madeline Smith; Small Ships and Shoalwaters: a sailing community on One Man's Week: a light- hearted documentary series the Essex All The Buildings to in which coast; Fit Print: Sir Spike Milligan, John Fortune and three others Nikolaus Pevsner on completing volume revealed something his 46- series of their way of life. The Buildings of England; The Glittering Eye: the American novelist Saul Bellow talked to Robert Some individual programmes Robinson; Priestley at 80; J.B.Priestley talked to BBC -1 Robert Robinson; Elton John: a live outside broadcast If It Stops I'm Dead: a profile of Richard Burton on from the Hammersmith Odeon with simultaneous location in Milan. stereo sound on BBC radio.

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Beethoven's words and music; The Freud and Jung Network Radio Letters 1906 -1914: a 60- minute documentary based on The Reith Lectures 1974: The New Liberty by Ralf hitherto unpublished letters; Italian Weekend: two Dahrendorf, Director, London School of Economics. days of broadcasts reflecting the literature, music, science and politics of Italy; Fritz Wunderlich: a 60- minute appreciation of the great German tenor, by Documentaries and talks Nigel Douglas. Radio 4 Analysis: a weekly 45- minute documentary examining Current affairs & magazine major national and international issues Kaleidoscope: a nightly half -hour review of books, programmes films, plays, broadcasting, music and exhibitions Today, The World at One, PM Reports, Newsdesk, The Science Now: a weekly half -hour programme reporting World Tonight, The Financial World Tonight: from on significant scientific developments. Monday to Friday, these programmes on Radio 4 give the news and comment of the day from home and Occasional series abroad. An innovation this year was the Friday This Island Now: a series of six programmes assessing documentary in The World Tonight, where the whole farming and the issues arising from energy housing, programme was given over to an examination of one conservation major issue. At the weekend, the new PM Reports on Where Are You Taking Us ?: a series of three docu- Saturday and The World This Weekend on Sunday mentary programmes about electronic warfare, genetic take a world -wide look at the news. engineering and environmental geology Newsbeat: a twice -daily news and current affairs Radio 1, aimed primarily at young A Scientist: a phone -in programme for young programme on Dial with people listeners. listeners, with news reports and interviews in politics, entertainment and sport Individual programmes argument, British Army and the British Soldier: eight dramat- Start the Week: a popular mixture of The Richard Baker ised documentaries highlighting the outstanding events humour and music, presented by in the history of the British Army; Plain Tales from the Stop the Week: a new programme of entertainment Raj: five programmes based on recordings made by and conversation introduced as a companion to Start those who had lived and served in India; The Moon's the Week, and presented by Robert Robinson a Balloon: David Niven reading his autobiography You and Yours and Checkpoint: the emphasis in Radio Betjeman, in eight parts; Poetry Prom: Sir John 4 consumer programmes during a year of inflation was presenting an anthology of poetry before an audience; on an increased flow of information about prices. A Edward Heath -His Own Man: an assessment by his weekly 'shopping basket' price guide was introduced Singapore: a colleagues and critics; The Guns of in You and Yours new account of the events leading up to the fall of Singapore in 1942; The Last Secret: a 60- minute Woman's Hour introduced two new regular features, documentary on the repatriation of the Cossacks Reporter for a Day and If I Were Editor, in which after World War Two; The Pleasure of his Company: listeners participate directly in the making of the a feature based on Pepys' Diaries, with Michael programme Hordern as Pepys. Tuesday Call and It's Your Line: two telephone programmes which enable listeners to put questions Radio 3 to authoritative speakers Critics' Forum: a weekly discussion with four critics Scientifically Speaking: a fortnightly programme of- From the Grass Roots: reaction from outside West- fering an insight into developments in the natural minster about current political issues from BBC sciences studios throughout Britain, presented by George Scott Personal View: a fortnightly 20- minute talk arising from the events of the preceding two weeks, and broadcast Voice of the People: a programme in which listeners live by a distinguished speaker telephone George Scott to discuss current issues with him and with each other Poetry Now: new poetry, read by the poets themselves You Think You've Got Problems: people with Words: a weekly short talk, in which writers, poets and If difficulties discuss them with a panel of academics reflect on the way we use the English personal language experts From Our Own Correspondent and In Britain Now: Communicators: a series of talks, discussions and reports from BBC correspondents documentaries examining the role and state of the press and broadcasting. The Week in Westminster: an examination of the Parliamentary week through the eyes of back -bench Whatever Happened to Equality ?: eight programmes, Members of both Houses, under the chairmanship of with distinguished contributors, in which Professor a political correspondent. The programme celebrated John Vaizey explored the concept of equality; The its 45th anniversary in November 1974 Birth of an Opera -Don Carlos: a major documentary on Verdi's work; The Human Prospect: a lecture by Talking Politics: broadcast when Parliament is in Professor Robert Heilbroner; The Marriage of Freedom recess, the programme deals with longer -term political and Fate: a 110- minute stereo feature combining issues

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General election programmes Election Call: in the second General Election of 1974 there were 14 live 55- minute telephone programmes in which leading politicians of the three main parties answered listeners' calls on all aspects of the campaign Destination Downing Street: a weekly detached assess- ment of the progress of the campaign Election Results Programmes: more than 10 hours of live coverage of the Election results on Radio 4, 11 hours on Radio 2 and full results on Radio 3.

Harry Secombe in A Book at Bea.it re

Professor Ralf Dahrendort. Reith Lecturer

Trial by Cycle: Lord Hailsham arrives at Broadcasting House

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The BBC team which handled the lour- week experiment in broadcasting lrom the House of Commons

Mrs. Margaret Thatcher in the Jimmy Young Show

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Catching- programme on leisure

Further Education studies exploring the major implications of the Languages re- organization of local government. Behind the Goals: an examination of Kontakte: a combined radio and television course for the place of association football in contemporary British Society. beginners in German, based on material recorded and filmed in Germany. Books, records or cassette tapes, Occupational and professional interests and filmstrips v available. Svidaniye Moskvye: a second The Lawbreakers: documentary case -studies of indivi- level course on conversational Russian. Book, records dual offenders, illustrating how they became involved or cassette tapes available. Euromagazine: a topical in lawbreaking and how society responded. Workface series, for advanced language students, reflecting the Europe: a dramatised case -history studying the in- contemporary scene in France, Germany, Italy and dustrial relations problems which emerged as Astley Spain in the languages of those countries. Products, a fictional company, extended its activities Family and community into Germany and the E.E.C. Superfirm and Super- power: an examination of The Child in Special Need: a series examining the origins and development recent of multi -national corporations, developments in the education of handicapped children the way they operate, and children with special educational and the political and economic consequences of their needs. The A. B.C. activities. of Education: an examination of the whole range of educational experience -from pre -school provisions Music and the arts to post -school opportunities in further education. Getting it together: advice and practical guidance for Early Promise: practical advice on the issues involved young pop musicians on the skills required to form, in guiding the development of a child who shows early play in and run a successful pop group. Music and the promise of being artistically gifted. Living Decisions in Spirit: an illustrated series exploring the ways in which Family and Community: an adult learning project on emotional and spiritual values are expressed in music. thinking and decision -making in action. Supported The Deceptive Ear: an investigation of the different by two -part course book. ways in which music is perceived and its emotional Contemporary affairs impact and effect. More Poetry at Large: a further series Psychologists on popular poetry, public readings and poetry and at Work: an examination of some of the music happenings. practical contributions psychologists are making to the solution of a number of everyday social and Leisure behavioural problems. The Real Responsibilities of It's Catching: a magazine programme designed to Scientists: a wide variety of scientists give their views stimulate new interest, ideas and activities, and to on the social and moral responsibilities involved in provide news and views about the world of adult their work. What's Happened to the Town Hall ?: case- education and leisure -time opportunity.

www.americanradiohistory.com Network Radio 159 Music Competitions The Prix Musical de Radio Brno was won this year by Premieres and commissions Elaine Padmore with a programme called The English from Thirty -seven works by British composers received their Renascence, tracing the British choral tradition to the world premieres during the year, nine of them corn - Parry and Stanford through Vaughan Williams missioned by the BBC -one by BBC Wales and one present day. by the Broadcasting Council for Scotland. Three BBC Opera at the 1974 Proms commissions were performed - during the past year reflected the Hammarskjöld Portrait, settings Opera broadcasts Malcolm Williamson's work of all major British opera companies and many by the late Secretary General of the United of poems were performances of less well - Elisabeth Soderström, smaller ones. There Nations, sung by his compatriot works, including Gluck's Armide, Holst's Domination of Black, and the Viola known Robin Holloway's Savitri and Cavalli's Pompeo Magno. Concerto by Martin Dalby, in which Frederick Riddle was the soloist with the BBC Symphony Orchestra. Promenade concerts Another BBC commission received its first performance There were 55 Promenade Concerts during the 1974 during the Symphony Orchestra's Round House season, 23 of them with the BBC Symphony Orchestra. Season: Dhayan I for cello and small orchestra, with Concerts were held at the Round House, St. Thomas Igloi as the soloist. Augustine's, Kilburn and Westminster Cathedral as First broadcasts of British works well as at the Royal Albert Hall. The Los Angeles Orchestra with their conductor, Zubin Malcolm Williamson's Symphony Philharmonic 53 works, including Mehta, were among the many distinguished visitors. No. I, The Winter of the World by Elisabeth Lutyens, Pre -prom talks about new or unfamiliar works were Peter Maxwell Davies' Solita, Stephen Dodgson's re- introduced and 15 were given by performers or Bassoon Concerto and two operas: The Catiline Conspiracy by Iain Hamilton and The Beach of Falesa composers. by Alun Hoddinott. BBC symphony orchestra During their Winter Season the orchestra gave 14 Festivals Hall, including two for on Radio concerts at the Royal Festival A record number of festivals were performed six at St. John's, Aldeburgh, Bath, Brighton, the Royal Philharmonic Society, 3, including Edinburgh, and four at the Round House. The the Cardiff Festival of 20th Smith Square, Cheltenham, Haslemere, orchestra also gave several concerts in the provinces Century Music, the Lake District Festival, Durham, and in May made a tour of Germany, Austria and Leeds, the English Bach Festival, South Bank Summer Switzerland, with 14 concerts in 17 days. Music, Corby and the Southern Cathedrals. There was music from Salzburg, Sydney, Prague, Bayreuth, Robert Mayer concerts Berlin, Budapest and other festivals abroad. In 1974 the BBC took over the management of the Series and events concerts which Sir Robert Mayer had presented for 51 seasons. There were six concerts during the season, live chamber music concerts from St. The weekly the repertoire varying from a Renaissance Festival Smith Square, continued to draw large John's, the Early Music Consort of London to hall and on the air. Artists included provided by audiences both in the performances of Stravinsky's Dumbarton Oaks and Elizabeth Harwood, Henryk Szeryng, Rostropovitch, The Akond of Swat by Roberto Gerhard. Alfred Brendal, the Amadeus String Quartet, Julian Bream and Murray Perahia. Other live lunchtime concerts featured younger artists from the Concert Hall in Broadcasting House, London; and Presented Recitals in which distinguished musicians Gramophone record programmes discussed and in some cases performed music for Complete operas Celebrity Recitals which they have a special affinity; Les Troyens, Berlioz; L'Infedelta Delusa, Haydn; as did the from Pebble Mill, Birmingham, continued Simon Boccanegra, Verdi; The Knot Garden, Tippett; regular concerts given by the BBC house orchestras Parsifal, Wagner; Sosarme, Handel; Castor et Pollux, avant - throughout the British Isles. Contemporary and Rameau. garde music was featured in the series Music in our Time, as well as in public concerts given by the BBC Historic performances house orchestras. Verdi: Falstaff and Aida, conducted by Arturo Other series included Composer's Portrait, The Innocent Toscanini; Mozart: Symphonies, conducted by Sir Ear (in which the identity of the works performed was Thomas Beecham; Beethoven: Symphony No 3, announced only after the performance) and an illum- conducted by Weingartner; Ravel: the composer both inating series of performances of the Schoenberg conducting and accompanying; Beethoven: Piano String Quartets, introduced by Hans Keller. Special Concertos, played by Schnabel. events included a Polish Evening in October marking the 125th anniversary of the death of Chopin, an Other works American Sunday, also in October, Italian Weekend in Schubert: unfinished works; Martinu: Harpsichord January and a number of programmes in September to Concerto; Handel: Messiah, in Mozart's version; mark the centenary of the birth of Schoenberg. Zelenka: Trio Sonatas; Tchaikovsky: complete String

www.americanradiohistory.com 160 Programme review

Quartets; Berio: Sequenza V and Sequenza III; Dukas: Symphony in C; Raff: Symphony No 3; Sibelius: Scaramouche; Fricker: Violin Concerto; Schubert: Der Hochzeitsbraten. Series Man of Action; Music Weekly; Record Review; Organ Gallery; Pied Piper; The Young Idea; These You Have Loved; My Kind of Music; Desert Island Discs; Sounds Interesting; Bach Cantatas; Music of the French Revolution; Stereo Release; This Week's Composer; New Records; Collectors' Corner. Single programmes The Glasgow Orpheus Choir; Fats Waller; Music of Vienna; Benny Goodman; Toti dal Monte.

Raymond Leppard. BBC Northern Symphony Pierre Boulez. C Guest Conductor of the BBC Orchestra Symphony Orchestra

Norman Del Mar. The Academy of the BBC Ashley Lawrence. BBC Concert Orchestra

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Rudolf Kempe, Chief Conductor, BBC Symphony Orchestra

Boris Brott. BBC Welsh Symphony Orchestra Christopher Seaman. BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra

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Drama Mackin; Don't Sack Santa, Malcolm Hazell; An Aspidistra Called Edward, William Corduroy; The Radio 4 Nemesis of Fire, Algernon Blackwood, adapted by The Monday Play Sheila Hodgson; A Man in the House, Henry James, adapted by Hugh Burden; The Fall Mortal Passion, George Mikes; The Cherry Orchard, of Mr Humpty, Victor Pemberton; One of Our Commuters Anton Chekhov; A Damsel and Also a Rough Bird, is Missing, Ken Whitmore; Stories by Noel Coward, adapted Don Haworth; Anna Karenina (in 2 parts) Tolstoy, by John Graham: Bon Voyage, Pretty adapted by Liane Aukin; Jane Clegg, St. John Irvine; Polly Barlow, Star Quality; Laid to Rest, Keith Miles; Dear Liar, Jerome Kilty; The Servants and the Snow, Secret Worship, Algernon Blackwood, adapted by Sheila Iris Murdoch; The Balkan Trilogy (in 3 parts) Olivia Hodgson ; Come Home Bonnie Manning, adapted by Eric Ewens; Eugenie Grandet, Blue, Les Cartwright. Balzac, adapted by Roger Woddis; Paradise Lost, John Serials Milton, adapted by Gordon Honeycombe; Man and Denry, the Adventures of a Card, Superman, Arnold Bennett, George Bernard Shaw; The Last of the Incas, adapted by Olivia Manning; Sword G.Wilson Knight; of Honour, Evelyn The Miser, Moliere; Present Laugh- Waugh, adapted by Barry Campbell; Old Mortality, ter, Noel Coward; St. Joan, George Bernard Shaw; Sir Walter Scott; Far from the Madding Crowd, Doting, Henry Green; Caste, Tom Robertson; Jonas, Thomas Hardy, adapted J.C.W.Brook; by Desmond Hawkins; The Daphne Laureola, James Bridie; Samson Lady of the Camellias, Alexandre Dumas, Agonistes, John Milton. translated and adapted by T.Cooper; The Lost World, Sir Arthur A century of modern theatre Conan Doyle, adapted by Peggy Wells; Mary Barton, Mrs The Burghers of Calais, Georg Kaiser; Gaskell, adapted by Bertha Lonsdale; Broome Julius Caesar, Stages, Clemence William Shakespeare; The Machine Wreckers, Ernst Dane, adapted by Val Gielgud. Toller; Hobson's Choice, Harold Brighouse. Afternoon theatre Saturday night theatre Sole Witness, Michael Brett; The Little Prince, The Day of Destiny, Antoine de Saint -Exupery, adapted by Robert Nye; Malcolm Stewart; Mistress of Everybody's Novices, John Kerr; The Farmer's Wife, Friend, David Compton; The Gilded Cage, Eden Philpotts; William Smethurst; Abelard and Héloise, Ronald Millar; The Judgement of Dr Johnson, All in Good Time, G.K.Chesterton, adapted Bill Naughton; The Light of a Thousand Suns, by Shaun MacLoughlin; Jim A Flat Follett; Apollo's Laurel Bough, Near the Station, Michael Brett; A Theatre in Frederick Treves; Lord the Arthur Savile's Crime, Oscar Wilde; Family, (three episodes) A.R.Rawlinson; Bingley's Soldier, Poor - Classic Case, Allan man, Beggarman, Thief, John Howlett; Operation Surtees; The Linesman, David Pedestal, Frederick Bartlett; Charlie is My Darling, James Scotland; The Treves; Eden End, J.B.Priestley; Fox, Late Into the Night, William D.H.Lawrence, adapted by D.H.Godfrey; Jericho Keenan; One Fair Daugh- Road, Brian ter, N.C.Hunter; Gold and Burning Wright; Cause for Alarm, Ivor Wilson; Daylight, Jack The Nonconforming London, adapted by Chris Bidmead; Trevuzza's Land Nonconformist, Geoffrey Parkin- son; A Husband Roy Bolitho; Finding Maubee, Bloke Modisane; for Nasima, John Ashe; A Mouthful The of Knives, Peter Berry; Photograph Murder of Sir Walter Raleigh, Ian Cullen; A Place in of Fogatty, Frank Wilson; The Harvest the Country, David Pownall; The Breadwinner, of the Quiet Eye, Teresa Collard; W.Somerset Maugham; Fugue, Lester Powell; Truth or Dare, William Ingram; The Ghost and Mrs Muir, Sally Marshall, R.A.Dick, adapted by Barry John Whitewood; Diwali Day, Hugh Campbell; Michael and Steadman His Lost Angel, Henry Arthur Jones; Portrait of Williams; The Birds, Daphne du Maurier; a Silent Night, Harald Mueller, Man with Red Hair, Hugh Walpole, adapted by Antony translated by Oliver Kearey; Advice Coburn; A Measure of Sliding Sand, R.C.Scriven; to a Queen, Ian Cullen; The U-Boat Dracula, That Lost Its Nerve, James Follett; Bram Stoker, adapted by Eric MacDonald; Rain in Spain, End of Term, Martin Worth; Richard of Bordeaux, Gordon Daviot. E.H.Hendry; West of Offa's, Alan Downer; Breakdown, Tracey Lloyd; Good Old Uncle Midweek theatre Jack, Barrie Keefe; The Marionette, Shirley Cooklin; Give Me London Weather, Ronald and Marc Scriven; Turnbo Manor, Alma Cullen; But Fred Freud is Dead, The Invisible Export, Peter Fieldson. Peter Terson. Father Brown Stories: The Blue Cross, The Queer Dramatised features Feet, Perishing of the Pendragons, The Dagger with Wagner at Sea, R.L.Jacobs; A Wings, The Mirror of the Magistrate, G.K.Chesterton, Portrait of Lord Byron, Douglas Cleverdon; Casals, David Wheeler. adapted by Archie Campbell. Extra - Terrestrial Objects, Ian Dougal; The Japanese Girl, Winston Graham, Parnell and Kitty O'Shea, Dorothy Baker; Forgotten adapted by Geoffrey M.Matthews; Inspector Ghote Princess, Nesta Pain; Gaudier Brzeska, Maurice Leitch. and the River Man, H.R.F.Keating; Going Up, Denis The Unattainable Legacy, Charlotte and Denis Cashman; Murder à la Carte, Ragan Butler; Murder Plimmer; The Case of Lord St Leonards, Locked David Out, R.D.Wingfield; Rien Ne Va Plus, Bruce Williams; Daniel O'Connell, Martin McBirney; The Montague; Bang Bang You're Dead, Muriel Spark, Hertford Inheritance, C.R.Hewitt; Lady Sackville's adapted by Jill Hyem; We Could Always Fit a Side Inheritance, Hallam Tennyson; Fame is the Spur, Car, Stan Barstow; Letter From a Dead Gellyman, Francis Watson; Country Kate, Sheila Martin R.Walker; Stewart; You Can Never Be Sure, Edward Toscanini, David Wheeler; Somerville and Ross, Denys Hawthorne; The Insect Lover, Nesta Pain.

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Radio 3 November: Sporting Chance quiz; 50 years of Royal Classics Broadcasts; Cenotaph Service, Whitehall; The Lord The Tempest, Titus Andronicus, King Lear, Timon of Mayor's Banquet; Motor Sport: R.A.C. Rally; foot- Athens, William Shakespeare; John Gabriel Borkman, ball: England v Portugal. Ibsen; The Non -Divine Comedy, Zygmunt Krasinski; December: Boxing: Bugner y Lovell; Rugby The Bacchae, Euripides; Don Juan Union: in Hell, Shaw; The Barbarians v the All Blacks; London Cuckolds, Edward Ravenscroft; cricket: Australia v The Republic, England; Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols; Plato; Crime and Punishment (in two parts) Dostoevsky H.M.The Queen's Christmas Broadcast; Pick of the adapted by Bill Morrison; Four of a Kind, Verlaine. Sporting Year 1974; lawn tennis: Commercial Union Contemporary British plays Masters Tournament. The Cold Country, Susan Hill; Housebreaker, Fay January 1975: Treble Chance quiz; The Weldon; The Anomaly, Jonathan Raban; Croust Countryside in and Winter; football: F.A. Cup, 4th Motoring Fish Street, Dave Humphries; The Search for Hamilton Round; Stiggs, and the Motorist; Enthronement of the Archbishop of Peter Cator; Lord Nelson Lives in Liverpool 8, Canterbury. Philip Martin; Mr Fox and Mr First, Fay Weldon; Origins of Capital and the Descent of Power, Philip February: Rugby Union: Wales v England, Scotland v Oxman; Ellen Cassidy, Bill Morrison; Strip Jack France; racing: Welsh Grand National; cricket: Naked, Susan Hill; Dinosaurs, John Antrobus; The New Zealand v England. Bell Jar, Sylvia Plath; Iceberg, Stewart Parker; Under the Loofah Tree, Giles Cooper. March: Royal Maundy Service; racing: Cheltenham Gold Cup; football: F.A. Cup, 6th Round. Contemporary foreign plays Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ?, Edward Albee; The Monkeys -A Love Story, Jan Gudmundsson; Light Entertainment Eight Ball, Richard Wesley; The Gift of Illusion, Eduardo de Filippo; The Slaughterhouse, Mrozek; Radio 4 Go West With Lee, Hubert Wiedfeld; Professor Comedy Mancini's Secret, Anders Bodelson. Frank Muir Goes Into Human Nature: with the help of Alfred Marks; Dad's Army: further adaptations from BBC television. Outside broadcasts New series Sketchbook: featuring a well -known Illustrating the range covered comedy actor; month by month Oh, No It Isn't!: the 1973 Cambridge Footlights Group.

April 1974: The Boat Race; Rugby Union: England y Quizzes and panel games France; cricket: West Indies v England; Twin Town Brain of Britain; Top of the Form; I'm Sorry I Haven't a Quiz. Clue; Just a Minute; Does the Team Think? May: Racing: The 2,000 Guineas; F.A. Cup Final; Drama Rugby League Cup Final; boxing: Conteh v Finnigan; Lord Peter Wimsey: starring Ian Carmichael. Sunday Sport; The Countryside in Spring. Special presentations June: Cycling: Tour of Britain; Royal Ascot; Rugby Hancock's Half Hour and The Goons: repeats; British Singing Union: Lions Tour of South Africa; cricket: for Glory: Christmas carol concert with the Salvation England v India; football: the World Cup; the funeral Army; And Then We Wrote: musical of the Duke of Gloucester; reminiscence, Trooping the Colour. with Flanders and Swann; The World of Percy July: Wimbledon; golf: Open Championship; Motor Edwards; Bank Holiday Spectaculars: compèred by Racing: British Grand Prix; Show Jumping: World David Jacobs. Championships, Hickstead; Athletics: Great Britain Week Ending ... ; The Great Musicals from the Film v Czechoslovakia; State Visit of the King of Malaysia; Unit. cycling: Tour de France. Radio 2 August: Forces Chance quiz: athletics: British Inter- Comedy national Games; racing: the Benson and Hedges Gold Half -hour series: Cup; cricket: England v Pakistan. featuring Frankie Howerd, Ken Dodd, Morecambe and Wise, Les Dawson, Mike September: Athletics: European Championships; rac- Yarwood, Larry Grayson; Hello Cheeky: with Tim ing: the St. Leger; rowing: World Championships; Brooke -Taylor, John Junkin, Barry Cryer. cricket: Gillette Cup Final; golf: Dunlop Masters Tournament. New series The Gag- Crackers' Ball: featuring Charlie Chester, October: Boxing: Conteh v Ahumada; Show Jumping: Mike Burton and Ray Fell, with the Ken Mackintosh Horse of the Year Show; Rugby Union : Tongan Tour; Orchestra; Punch Line: comedy /panel programme lawn tennis: Wightman Cup; General Election cover- with Bernard Cribbins, Bob Monkhouse and Sheila age; State Opening of Parliament. Hancock.

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Audience participation and panel shows Band Sound; The Impresarios; Country Club; Folk - Beat the Record and Three in a Row: both series weave; Radio 2 Ballroom; The Frank Chacksfield presented by Don Davis; Pop Score: with Peter Murray, Hour; Friday Night is Music Night; The Charlie Tony Blackburn and Terry Wogan. Chester Show; David Jacobs' Melodies for You; Family Favourites; Ragtime to Rock 'n' Roll; The New series Vocal Touch; Semprini Serenade; Max Jaffa's Music Just for Fun: 15- minute puzzle /quiz spot for listeners for Your Pleasure; Your Hundred Best Tunes. at home, presented by Don Davis; Free Spin: a phone- in game to stimulate interest in all kinds of music, presented by Alan Freeman; The Impressionists: with Programmes from BBC Barry Took, Peter Goodwright and Roger Kitter; Lucky Thirteen: quiz with John Junkin; W.I.Q.: Sound archives Women's Institutes competition chaired by Jimmy 1 2 Young; The 78 Show: the 'nostalgia' version of Pop Radios and Thanks the Memory; a weekly programme of music Taylor; A Question of Fun: for Score, chaired by Shaw requests from Manchester Network Production and archive recordings selected from listeners' team quiz Hubert Gregg. Centre. Late Night Extra: with Ricochet (daily serial) and introduced by in a new format with John Dunn as nightly compère; Be My Guest : a weekly series, including Ray Conniff, Programmes on films and film music including Terry Wogan, Moira Anderson, Nina, Henry Cooper, Holiday in Disneyland for Christmas. Graham Hill, Rita Tushingham, Andrew Cruickshank, Simon Ward, Esther Rantzen, John Ellison, Bernard Specials Cribbins, Mike Yarwood and Honor Blackman. Hello Summer and Hello Christmas: programmes produced jointly with the British Forces Broadcasting Radio 3 Service. Music Now: a weekly series reflecting news and events in the world of music introduced by John Amis. An Evening in Archives; There's Nothing Here; Music of the Sea; The Legend of Sarah Bernhardt; Instruments Around the World; Clarinet Virtuosos of the Past; The Language of the Sacred. Radio 4 Pick of the Week: a weekly round -up of the best in radio and television selected by Margaret Howard; Down Your Way: a weekly series visiting towns and villages and reflecting the people and their way of life, introduced by Brian Johnston; Celebration: seven programmes celebrated the London Symphony Orchestra, Segovia, Yehudi Menuhin, Jascha Heifetz, The Piano, Stephen Foster, and Arthur Fiedler and the Boston 'Pops' Orchestra; Fascinatin' Rhythm: based American singer. Mary Lou Turner. in Country Club on the life and music of George Gershwin; Our King Went Forth to Normandy: the story of the Battle of Agincourt and the events leading up to it; In Our Time: a series of 13 60- minute programmes written and narrated by James Cameron, in which he explored the Light and popular music political and social scene between the two world wars of 1918 and 1939; Me and My Migraine; written and Tracy ; The Lion's Roar : a celebration Radio 1 presented by Dick including many of the The Noel Edmonds Show; The Tony Blackburn Show; of the Churchill Centenary, a from Isaiah The Johnnie Walker Show; The David Hamilton Show; famous speeches and contribution Lilian Baylis; It's Good Peel; Youth Club Call; Anne Nightingale; Berlin; The Lady: a tribute to If John Circus, Roundtable; Junior Choice; Rosko; Alan Freeman; Enough for Eros: the history of Piccadilly by G.K. Rock Week; In Concert; Paul Burnett; Savile's written and presented Philip Howard; Travels; Speakeasy; Dave Lee Travis Request Show; Chesterton: a tribute to Chesterton on the centenary by Cameron; Those The Top 20; Sounds on Sunday; Quiz Kid; The Radio I of his birth, presented James in which Alan Dell Road Show; The Osmonds Story; The Beach Boys Dancing Years: four programmes of the 40s Story; Who's Who; All American Heroes; The Simon recalled the great American dance bands McMullen and Garfunkel Story; The Story of Pop. and 50s; Revolution in the Village: Jeanine talked to Fred Archer about the changes in his old Radio 2 village of Ashton -under -Hill; Strained Relations: a Simon Bales' Early Show; Pete Murray's Open House; programme in which poetry aided John Ebdon as he The Jimmy Young Show; The Tony Brandon Show; considered the occasional problems of family and The Sam Costa Show; Music Through Midnight; friends; The Wit and Wisdom of ...: 15 programmes Humphrey Lyttleton's Best of Jazz; Alan Dell's Big on the wit and wisdom of famous personalities.

www.americanradiohistory.com Four of-the women who ran the statirn; luruns Radio Carlisle's Women's Week Champions of the Iron Road: Radio Cleveland knock- out quiz on the 150th Anniversary celebrations of the Stockton and Darlington Railway. Local Radio Hartlepool's Highlights: local history on Radio Cleve- New Street: people passing by Radio Birmingham's land. city centre 'shop' discuss current topics with local In Search of Derbyshire: the interesting and unusual in experts. the Derbyshire landscape. Radio Derby. Fair Comment: Radio Birmingham's weekly program- Late Night Derby: news, information, music and me about 'the places we live in and the people who competitions. live there with us'. The Moxon -Poxon Show: learning to dance on Radio Radio Brum Club: Saturday morning show for younger Derby. listeners. Now then -It's 4.30: a travelling day magazine from Down to Earth: The work and leisure activities of a the tour of Humberside County. Radio Humberside. Young Farmers' Club. Radio Blackburn. Young at Heart: senior citizens on the air. Radio Foundations of Lancashire: Stories and county history. Humberside. Radio Blackburn. In His Name: a united act of worship every Sunday on Grapevine: a chance on Radio Blackburn to exchange Radio Humberside. news about happenings in Lancashire. Summer Sports Round -Up: Radio Leeds Saturday Perspective: Radio Brighton programme reflecting the evening review of West Riding cricket. local arts. Local Colour: Radio Leeds programme from South Now's Your Chance: Questions to local Councillors. Yorkshire about the creation of the Laikers Today Radio Brighton. Theatre Group. Sounds like Sunday: Five -hour -long Sunday magazine Community Spotlight: weekly programme with local on Radio Bristol. community officers. Radio Leeds. Bedside Manner: a link on Radio Bristol with people Housewives' Choice: Radio Leicester music pro- in hospital. gramme. I-Level: news, current affairs, music and humour from Audition: Programme featuring the work of local local students. Radio Bristol. writers. Radio Leicester. Lamb Bank: facility provided by Radio Carlisle to The Hunt: history of foxhunting. Radio Leicester. enable farmers to exchange lambs and ewes. Black Londoners: Radio London monthly programme Compass: showing the variety of Cumbrian life. Radio with local Africans and West Indians. Carlisle. Transatlantic Call-In: The only show that links The Talking Newspaper: volunteers read extracts from listeners in Bethnal Green and Brooklyn. Radio local papers for blind listeners. Radio Carlisle. London. Everybody Sing on Radio Cleveland: a tour with a Question Time: live broadcast of the GLC's Question singalong show around local clubs. Time.

www.americanradiohistory.com Local Radio 167

The All Crackling Steam Radio Show: old 78s remem- bered on Radio Manchester. Manchester Underground: long- forgotten passageways, tunnels, shafts and caverns. Over to Youth: music from the Royal Northern College of Music. Radio Manchester. The Top Chair Say: Radio Medway talking to Kent Mayors and Council Chairmen. The Common Market: a series of lectures at the Maid- stone and Medway College of Technology broadcast on Radio Medway. Waterline: programme for those who take their leisure on the water. Radio Medway. Butler at Large: a disc jockey visiting people's homes. Radio Merseyside. Home with the Cup: The Rugby League Cup Winners returning live on Radio Merseyside. Sounds Interesting: Radio Merseyside series designed to stimulate creative writing. The Thirties: recalled on Radio Newcastle. Soundings: matters of religious and social concern. Radio Newcastle. Five North -East: national and local news on Radio Newcastle. Dial 44444: an opportunity for listeners to put views and questions to experts in the Radio Nottingham studio. Ludic Nottingham presenter Dennis McCarthy Union Scene: members of the local Trades Council L footballer Brian Hall. a regular Radio discuss issues of the moment on Radio Nottingham. Mcu_ ,ide I-roadca,'.er Wedding Day: messages and music from Radio Nottingham for brides and grooms. Oxford A.M.: 33 -hour miscellany of news and music broadcast five days a week on Radio Oxford. Sabrang: Radio Oxford's programme for the Asian community. Full Circle: the contemporary music scene. Radio Oxford. Not Just a Pretty Face: the story of the Suffragettes and Women's Liberation on Radio Sheffield. Bookworm: Radio Sheffield programme for book lovers. Swop Shop: The market place of the air on Radio Sheffield. Piper's Tune: Radio Solent's daily mid -morning programme. Westminster Line: local M.P.s discuss the political scene at Westminster and in local constituencies. Radio Solent. What's In a Habitat? natural history on Radio Solent's doorstep. Down Your Street: the Radio Stoke -on -Trent Radio Car calls on listeners. The Book of Tobit: readings. Radio Stoke-on- Trent. Fine and Tasty Music: collection for pantophiles on Radio Stoke -on- Trent.

www.americanradiohistory.com 168 Programme review Scotland The following were among the events covered on television and radio: the 28th Edinburgh International Festival of Music and Drama; the Royal Highland Show; the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland; the National Mod of An Comunn Gaid- healach; the General Election -October 1974; the World Pipe Band Championships; the Edinburgh Military Tattoo; and the main sporting events of the year.

Television Religion Assembly Opinions: six programmes examined issues likely to exercise the annual Assembly; Behind the Bible: a Christian education series of 10 pro- grammes with two eminent scholars -the Rev Professor Robert Davidson and the Rev Professor Ernest Best; Search %or God: four Advent programmes about the problems of believing; Anderson Talk -in: a frank exchange of opinion between ministers and laymen on the key issues facing the church in 1975. When / Needed a Neighbour: a film on the problems facing a community council following the reorganisa- tion of local government; The Open Door: a filmed description of the work of the team ministry of Richmond Church, Craigmillar; Seeing the Signs: Quarterly magazine programme for deaf viewers and those concerned with the deaf.

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he 4'liai Speak

ue('s Law: lain Cuthbertson. Edith MacArthur

Ihisie tritt 1 /arte//

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Labour, Liberal and Scottish National Parties, and the Labour Party Conference on Devolution. Further education The Scottish House: five programmes on the historical development of the Scottish stately home; State of Mind: five film documentaries on the more common forms of mental illness; The Chiel Amang Us: a series on Scottish contemporary writers. Drama The Play from A: four plays from Glasgow's main television studio; Sutherland's Law: drama series centred on the activities of a small town lawyer; The Haggard Falcon: an historical thriller in four parts written by Bill Craig; The Bevellers: Roddy McMillan wrote and starred in this play based on his experiences as an apprentice beveller; Wax Fruit: dramatisation of Guy McCrone's book about the translation of a country family to city life. Documentaries Breathing Space: a series on the Scottish countryside - its wildlife and its people; Assignment Snowdon: a profile of Lord Snowdon by W.Gordon Smith; Roraima, The Lost World: the story of the men who conquered the mountain in Conan Doyle's 'Lost World'; Boss of the Big House: the memories of the man who was for ten years Governor of Scotland's biggest prison, Barlinnie; Ice Climb: a film of three men who set I)onald Mae( nnicl. olio r o eci to I ondon as a out to tackle the sheer north face of prr.cnicr of T.,niehi Ben Nevis; Kings, Lords and Commoners: a series based on Scotland's gallery of heroes and nobles, rogues and Light entertainment adventurers; To the Land Where Glaciers Grow: an Music with Martell: starring Lena Martell; The Royal expedition to West Greenland by the Simpson family Highland Road Show: a light- hearted pageant tracing by canoe and on foot. the history of royal visits in and to Scotland in song, dance and verse; Anne Lorne Gillies Special: a 50- Arts features minute show introducing a new Scottish talent to a Scope: the arts in Scotland. UK audience; Peter Morrison Special: featuring Gaelic Scotland's new singing star; The McCalmans: three Se Ur Beatha: programmes of folk music woven round a popular Gaelic Songs and Music; Bonn Comh- Scottish folk group; Songs of Scotland: raidh: monthly programme of Current Affairs for popular northern Scottish songs and dances featuring Peter Morrison viewers; The Young Scene: a presentation of personalities and Alastair McDonald. Out and About with Robin and prizewinners from the children's events Hall and Jimmie MacGregor: a series of Outside and Fiddlers' Rally: recorded excerpts from the Broadcasts with the singers meeting and talking concert given by the competitors and prizewinners in the fiddling to children; Top Score: a series of music and quiz events in the Mod; The Gaelic Language - shows featuring the BBC Scottish Radio Orchestra, What Future ?: a studio discussion. Danny Street, Jeanie Lambe and Lesley Blair; Take Five: a new series with Danny Street and The Karlins with school choirs. Radio News and current affairs Current affairs Good Morning Scotland: two hours of news and views Reporting Scotland: daily news report from Glasgow, for Scottish listeners; Twelve Noon: 55 minutes of Edinburgh and Aberdeen; Current Account: a weekly news, current affairs, music and items of interest to 45- minute programme on the issues affecting Scotland farmers, including 'Farm Journal'; North Beat: a daily today; Public Account: a weekly look at the Scottish programme reflecting the North -East of Scotland; political system and the parties; Farm Forum: The Scottish Garden: a weekly series for gardeners; monthly programme on agriculture for Scottish From the Grass Roots: contributions from Glasgow farmers; Personal Pursuits: a second series based on to the Radio 4 series; Matter of Opinion: audiences in Magnus Magnusson's pursuit of interesting people and various locations in Scotland put their views on their stories; Festival 74: presenting personalities and topical subjects to a panel of experts. performances from the 28th Edinburgh Festival; Conference Reports: film and interviews from the annual conferences of the STUC, Conservative,

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Gaelic The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie : a dramatisation of A daily magazine programme of news and events, talks Muriel Spark's novel; Charlie is My Darling: a and discussion. comedy by James Scotland ; Jack in the Box: by Tom Ceilidh air Carrocher: a light- hearted selection of Wright; Rosie Robertson: Victor Carin ; Demons; Gaelic music and song and poetry in translation. Old Mortality: dramatisation in five parts of Sir Walter Scott's book ; The Tinkers Flitting ; The Visits Features to the Slow Afternoons: a first radio play by Thom The Glass -Covered Crofter: a talk on the consequences Hart ; The End of the Game ; Whales : an entertainment of a changed life from the English Midlands to a croft in words and song; The Young Burns: scenes from the early life of Robert Burns; Schippel: comedy by Carl in Skye ; The Ways of the Drovers : the story of the hardy breed of men who drove livestock from the Sternheim; Clydesiders: six plays for solo voice ; Highlands to the markets of Crieff and Falkirk; A Bit of the Wilderness : by Catherine Lucy Tzerkawska; National Health Service: effects of a major re- organisa- The Loss of the Golden Silence: by Alasdair Gray; tion on patients and medical staff; A Hard -Won Sophie: by Menzies McKillop; The Poetic Notebooks Glory: Kenneth Roy investigated the music of the of Robinson Crusoe : by Ian Crichton Smith; The Boy from miners through their colliery bands ; Jean Redpath: Sula. one of Scotland's leading folk singers recalls her Light entertainment A Innocent Merriment: childhood in Fife; Source of Scotland Saturday: news, views, sport and music; a at the activities of amateur opera companies; look 78 Memory Lane: popular tunes from the 1920s to Ivor Philipps looks over the Forth at Guide Passage: 1950s; Sounds of Scotland: a selection of the latest Edinburgh Celebrations: the the 800 years of crossings; music on records; Autograms; Almost Forgotten; 50th Anniversary of broadcasting from Scotland's . . . ; The Years That Got Away: Tom an exploration of Spotlight On capital; I Remember Newspapers: recollections; Island Challenge: an inter- the Fleming's the newspaper industry in Scotland; Right for Job: programme; Bill McCue- Welcome to executives; island quiz a report on the selection of Scotland's World; It's Leslie: Leslie Blair; Sweet Sunday: investigation into the work of the My Sea-Going Warrant: the Peggy O'Keefe trio; Spinning Wheel: a weekly Service ; Always Music in Scottish Fishery Protection in which John Douglas talks to house- Fiddlers talks to programme the House: Ian Anderson of Shetland wives on the telephone and plays music; Saturday Jack Rogerson; Scottish Education -Ca Va ?: teachers introduced by assess Folk: 30 minutes of folk entertainment from Europe, South America and Australia MacGregor; On the Move: Gathering: Robin Hall and Jimmie Scottish secondary education; McGregor's with Archie McCulloch; Greetings Programmes: Pre- Alan McGregor on his experiences while a talk by sented by Howard Lockhart to patients in hospital, in Europe and the Middle East; gathering news reports invalids at home; St. Andrew's Night Gala Concert: Whisky You're the Devil !: a programme marking - ... a concert from Falkirk Town Hall; It's Hog- the malt distillers association of special the centenary of manay: Bill McCue at the 'Provost's Party' in the Town a tribute to Robert Scotland; The Tricky Callant: House, Falkirk; New Year's Eve Gala Concert: a Fergusson; The Military Music Makers: Scotland's Edinburgh; Man Shetland concert from the Usher Hall, contribution to the world of military music; McMillan and John Grieve; Council's answer to the Overboard: Roddy Pattern: Zetland County Gala Concert: from Her Majesty's Theatre, Aberdeen; Raasay: A Forgotten problem of the oil companies; Brian Fahey and the Scottish Radio Orchestra with ?: a look at the frustrations of the islanders Community guest artists. over the decaying state of their economy; Aviemore Impact: the creation of a holiday centre and its effects Music upon the community; Be Aye Sticking in a Tree: the Public concerts work of the Forestry Commission in Scotland; Break- The BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra made more ing Point: an investigation into the causes of broken public appearances, with performances at the Perth marriages; Look Along the Lines: Aiden Thomson's and Edinburgh Festivals and in the Scottish National reflections on 40 years of Scottish broadcasting; It Orchestra Promenade Concerts. The orchestra's own Happened to a Vet: reminiscences of a country vet; promotions at Glasgow City Hall enjoyed increased Ink on my Fingers: recollections of a newspaper feature audiences at the evening concerts and midday proms. writer; The Italian Connection: the Italian community's contribution to Scotland and its way of life; This Stone Opera Shall be a Witness: an investigation into conservation ; The Catiline Conspiracy by lain Hamilton; Easy, Easy: the realities of the life of the professional Elegy for Young Lovers: by Hans Werner Henze. footballer; Aye a Bailie: an irreverent look at the traditions of the office of Bailie. Other broadcasts Scotland in Brass; Scotland Sings: featuring amateur Drama choirs; Fanfare: a brass band competition promoted The Whisperers: adapted by Joan O'Connor from the by BBC Scotland in association with Falkirk Town novel by Robert Nicolson; A Flight of Steps: a sequel Council; Interregnum: by Edward McGuire, commis- to The Whisperers; The Little Prince; Pebble in a sioned by the Broadcasting Council for Scotland. Tree; In A Class of Her Own: by Hugh McBain; Wildfire at Midnight: an adaptation by Stewart Hunter of the novel by Mary Stewart; The Taste of Proof: adapted for radio from his book by Bill Knox;

www.americanradiohistory.com 172 Programme review Wales Children's programmes Teliffant: a continuing series; Among events covered on television and radio were: Ar Lin Mam: puppets, songs and stories for the five -year the National Eisteddfod at Carmarthen; the -old; Strim Stram Urdd Strellach: children's magazine with (Welsh League of Youth) Eisteddfod at Rhyl; the music; Arch Noa: Llangollen International a new series, on animals of all kinds, with emphasis on Eisteddfod; the Royal Welsh keeping pets. Show at Llanelwedd; the General Election of October 1974; rugby: Wales v England, Scotland and Tonga; Religious broadcasts athletics: v Wales Canada; basketball: Wales v The Affirmative Way: a contribution about John Petts, England; the International Horse Show at Cardiff artist and sculptor, for the BBC -1 series; Dechrau Castle; the Rugby Union Knock -Out Cup. Canu. Dechrau Canmol/Songs of Praise: broadcasts from places of worship throughout Wales; Happiness is Apostolic: a filmed impression of a day at the Television convention of the Apostolic Church. Features and documentaries Countryside programmes Look Stranger: contributions to the BBC -2 series; Farming in Wales; Byd Natur: a series about animals Twixt East and West: two -part filmed report on and the natural world. Finland; Oes yr lit: the Ice Age, past -and future? filmed in Wales and Northern Europe; The Day Language teaching Seemed So Good: Tuesday Documentary (BBC -1) Yr Actorion: a serial play for Welsh learners forming on the rescue of four boys in Snowdonia; Craig yr part of the two -year integrated radio and television Undeb: a feature on the North Wales Quarrymen's series Dewch i Siarad/Let's Speak Welsh. Union on its centenary ; Nos lau: features on the arts, sport and current affairs; Conducted Tour: a film of the voyage of the National Youth Orchestra of Wales Radio to Northern Europe; Dust: a documentary on pneu- moconiosis (for BBC-2). Talks, features and documentaries Hunangofiant Daniel Owen: a portrait of the great Drama Welsh 19th century novelist; Woman's Hour from Pobo! y Cwm: a long- running serial about life in the Wales: contribution to Radio 4; Rhwng Gwyl a Gwaith: imaginary village of Cwmderi; The Revivalist: drama- talks and music on Sunday evenings; Comisiwn '74: tised account by Paul Ferris of the Revival of 1904 new poems for broadcasting commissioned in associa- (for BBC -2); Pen ei Dennyn: adventure serial by tion with the Welsh Arts Council; Wales, Where Are Gruffydd Parry featuring young people in a North Your Poets ?: John Wain's choice of poems submitted Wales school; Twm Si-6n Cati: an enactment of the in response to a joint BBC Wales /Welsh Arts Council life story of a Welsh Robin Hood; Y Ffin: new play invitation; The Spirit of the Valleys: in The Year of the by Gwenlyn Parry. Valleys, a documentary with Richard Llewellyn; Light entertainment So This Is a National Eisteddfod: two programmes analysing the Eisteddfod for the non -Welsh speaker; Gwerin '74: Folk and pop music in a weekly series; Hawl i Holi: outside broadcasts in which panels of Piparbop: Quiz on pop music; Penigamp: a series of speakers answered questions from their audience; word games before live audiences; Swn y Sér: Morning Story: contributions to Radio 4; Nine Five musical light entertainments; Best of Both: classical On ...: broadcast each weekday, with guest speakers, and pop music in a weekly series; Dai Macaroni's: a records and topical talks; Bore Da Ysgolion: one of two situation comedy series set in an imaginary Welsh - programmes marking the 50th Anniversary of School Italian valley café; Ryan: weekly programmes featuring Broadcasting in Wales; Gwÿr Clew y Garreg Las: the Ryan Davies; The Singing Barge: musical journeys in annual radio lecture, delivered by Gwilym R.Jones; Wales. Wyth a Hanner: morning magazine programme. Sport Music Rugby Special: contributions to the BBC -2 series; The Beach of Falesa, opera by Alun Hoddinott, Sports Line Up: weekly sports magazine; Cricket: performed by the Welsh National Opera Company, outside broadcasts; Cast Away: coverage of the 1974 first broadcast performance in a live relay from the International Fly- fishing Competition; Welsh Sports New Theatre, Cardiff. Personality of the Year in association with the Western Mail. St. David's Festival of Music: presented by BBC Wales -11 programmes broadcast. BBC Welsh Symphony News and current affairs Orchestra: gave many broadcast concerts, made Wales Today /Heddiw: daily news reviews; Week In several tours of Wales, gave public concerts, many of Week Out: current affairs in Wales, introduced by them in association with the Welsh Arts Council, and Vincent Kane; Cywain: films and studio programmes gave a Promenade Concert. reflecting Wales and the world, week by week.

Lilian Wyn. David Lyn and Gaynor Morgan Rees in Y F/in

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Pobol r Cum a 30- episode drama serial

The Singing Burge: featuring Welsh singers on a musical journey

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Clem Meek. Mr. Meek's Pi, dream

Ken Williams. policeman and naturalist. in Lii/, Stranger: 7-he Bobby und 111e Bird,

Light entertainment Helo, Sut Dach Chi: Saturday morning pop programme with Hywel Gwynfryn; Dewch am Dro: Alun Williams' interviews -with -records programme, in its seventh year; Miwsigamp: musical quiz series. Drama Mab 'i Fam by Eigra Lewis Roberts; The Worriers: a new comedy by Gwyn Thomas, broadcast in Midweek Theatre, Nos Sul by Jane Edwards. Sport BydyB@l/Chwaraeon /Sports Medley: Saturday preview and review of the day's sport. News and current affairs Good Morning, Wales !/Bore Da: early morning news Religion and topical magazines; Dateline! Cymru Heno: early Hyd Yma: Sunday morning interviews on religious evening news reviews; Sunday Best: weekly magazine experience; With Heart and Voice: long- running series programme; Open Line: a weekly phone-in programme of sacred songs and hymns sung by massed North on topical subjects. Wales choirs (Radio 2) ; Oedfa'r Bore/ Morning Service : Countryside programmes regular broadcasts from Welsh churches and chapels; Caniadaeth y Cysegr: Sunday afternoon community Byd Natur: naturalists answering listeners' questions; hymn singing programme; Y Ddolen: alternating Garddio: a fortnightly gardening programme; Farming weekly Sunday religious magazine. Today in Wales /Byd Amaeth: Saturday morning programmes of farming news, market prices and topical Language teaching talks; Farming Week: contributions to the Radio 4 Let's Speak Welsh! Dewch i Siarad: 26 radio broadcasts series. in the two -year integrated radio and television course.

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introduced by Gaffney, the well -known Irish baritone; Northern Ireland Pumpkin Head: musical documentary on a successful Television folk group of American origin now living in Ireland; Messiah: excerpts from Handel's work with the News and current affairs Ulster Orchestra (their first television appearance); Scene Around Six: daily news magazine; Spotlight: Gallery: monthly review of the arts in Ireland. weekly current affairs ; National Opinion Poll 'special', Sport about political attitudes in Northern Ireland. Scoreboard: weekly results programme; Replay '74; Election broadcasting show -jumping; power boat racing; Special Stage: Question Time: three discussion programmes with Circuit of Ireland Rally; Gaelic football: All- Ireland spokesmen for the main political parties; Forum: seven semi-final and final; soccer; rugby; motor racing; programmes, in each of which a spokesman for a boxing: Ulster Senior Championships; motor cycling: political party talked about his party's programme and The Hurst Cup; Rock'n Goose: boats competing in the was questioned on it; The Way Ahead: analysed the La Rochelle Race. outcome of the General Election as it affected Northern Fanning Ireland. Monthly programmes on agriculture; specialist pro- Documentaries grammes for the farming community. The Mitred Earl: programme about Frederick Augustus General Harvey, Bishop of Derry; Virgo, Geraldine and the Appeals; The Twelfth: outside broadcast of the Lunar Wall: in film about rock climbing the Mourne celebration of 12th July. Mountains; A Trotting Man: a contribution to Look Stranger (BBC -2) about a man who races 'trotting' ponies; Oh to be in Ulster: children's views of the troubles; Master of Baldoyle- V.O'Brien: horse-racing documentary (RTE co- production); Full Fathom Five: drama using Outside Broadcast unit on location; Rock Radio of Fergus: a history of a castle in words and music; News and current affairs Nine Tenths Under: programme on the Ulster Museum; Roundup Reports: daily Getting It Together: programme by Phil Coulter; Until 31 December 1974 BBC - Northern Ireland: an impression of a day in the magazine opting from Today, Radio 4, Monday - life of the BBC. Friday; What's West: weekly magazine from the West of the Province; Countrywide: monthly magazine from Religion rural Ulster. Morning Service: Songs of Praise: three programmes; From 1 January 1975 Good Morning Ulster: 6.45am three programmes, including one from St. Anne's until 9.00am; Lunchbox: weekly family magazine; Cathedral to mark the 50th Anniversary of the BBC Eleven Tonight: news programme, Monday- Friday; in Northern Ireland; Malcolm Muggeridge, discussion PM Ulster: news and current affairs programme, programme; Proud Dunluce: a North Antrim idyll, 5.30pm until 6.00pm; Up Country: weekly magazine with songs and readings; Good Christian Men Rejoice: from rural Ulster; Platform: weekly 'access' program- Christmastide anthology of words and music; In me. Bethlehem's City: carol recital. Election broadcasting Light entertainment Constituency reports : 11 programmes. On Parade: military music; Ireland's Eye: series featuring various distinguished Irish artists, such as Documentaries Siobhan McKenna, in solo performance. Colour Me Sunningdale and the South; Mother and Child; Fossetts Music: six programmes featuring popular music in Circus; A Green Hill Far Away: programme on the Ireland; You're On: series of five programmes giving celebrated Northern Ireland hymn writer, Mrs amateur talent throughout Ireland a competitive Alexander; Central and Convenient: on the Linenhall opportunity on television; Folkweave: four program- Library; The Belfast Shipyards: dramatised feature mes featuring prominent folk musicians; A Television on the yards and the men who work there; Ulster's Debate for St. Patrick's Day: a light- hearted debate on Young Offenders: programme on ways of treating the the Patron Saint. increasing number of young people coming before the courts; The British Army in Ulster: examining the The arts and music Army's role. Music in Zone 4: Victorian music recorded before an audience in the Ulster Museum; Music Room: recitals Music by singers and instrumentalists; Other People's Music: Sunday Night Music: a weekly series of chamber music series on music around the world; Sounding Voices: for late night listening; Ulster Band: weekly program- brass and other bands with soloists and choirs; mes featuring prize- winners in the Northern Ireland 50th Anniversary Concert: the BBC Northern Ireland Bands Association Contest; Music to Enjoy: seven Orchestra, conducted by Havelock Nelson, with programmes of chamber music and song; Four Centur- Heather Harper. Live from the Ulster Hall (BBC -2); ies of Irish Music: series of 13 programmes to mark the Austin Gaffney: series of light music featuring and 50th Anniversary; Tomorrow's Musicians: a new

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Cast!. 'wens: Ole ballroom of Castle Upton

Sounding I wires: featuring Northern Ireland soloists, bands and choirs

Siobham McKenna in All The World's a Stage in the Ireland's Ere series

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state of the partie Off. Un onist Van Unionist QU.P. U.P. N.I. Alliance NIL LP. Ind. U. S.D.L R Clubs Others

Nortlicin Ireland Convention election c'eh'. programme Religion Morning Service: 30, in various traditions and styles; series featuring promising young artists; Music from People's Service: three studio programmes; Choral Ireland: record series; Young Musicians: introducing Evensong: two programmes from St.Anne's Cathedral; their own performances. reports on the Church of Ireland Synod, the General The arts Assembly of the Presbyterian Church and the Metho- the Threshold: an Act of Penitence Saturday Review: weekly review of the arts in Ireland; dist Conference; On on New Year's Eve, to mark the beginning Monthly Review: monthly review in greater depth of and Resolve Radio Ulster. the arts in Ireland; Speaking Personally: personal of portraits of people living in Northern Ireland, with External services music of their choice; Book Ends: monthly book review Ulster Today: magazine from and about Northern programme; Quote Unquote: series of literary quiz Ireland. programmes in conjunction with RET; Irish Poetry: series of 20 programmes on the history and development General of poetry in Ireland. Mr. Monney: omnibus edition collating the contribu- tions of a comic creation which is a popular feature of a Drama lunchtime programme; The Other Violence: feature on (All Northern Ireland drama output is carried on road deaths; Belfast Calling: 90- minute feature on the Radio 3 and Radio 4 networks). history of broadcasting; Woman's Hour: contributions December Bride, Sam Hanna Bell (12 episodes); Jane to Radio 4, including a special edition for the 50th Clegg, St.John Irvine; The Big House of Inver, Somer- Anniversary. ville and Ross, abridged by Denys Hawthorne; The Search Party, George A.Birmingham, abridged by Service programmes S.Parker; All for Hecuba, five 30- minute readings from Weekly programmes for farmers and gardeners; sports the autobiographical works of Micheal MacLiammoir; previews and results programmes, and commentaries Morning Storr. contributions to Radio 4. on important sporting events.

www.americanradiohistory.com 178 Programme review English regional broadcasting Network production centres Birmingham Television Drama Contributions to Play for Today: Gangsters, Philip Martin; The After Dinner Game, Malcolm Bradbury and Christopher Higsby; Breath, Elaine Feinstein; The Death of a Young, Young Man, Willy Russell; Three for the Fancy, Peter Terson. Contributions to Thirty- Minute Theatre - Second City Firsts: Pig Bin, Brian Glover; Sunday Tea, Edwin Pearce; Silence, John Fletcher; Fight for Shelton Bar, Peter Cheeseman; Squire, Tom Pickard; Too Hot to Handle, Jim Hawkins; The Festive Poacher, Ian Taylor; Early to Bed, Alan Bleasdale; Swallows, John McGahern. Other drama serials The Brothers; Spy Trap; Z -Cars; An Unofficial Rose; The Nine Tailors. Sacha Distel enlertaii Current affairs Daily series: Pebble Mill; Weekly series: Farming; Day and Night; Asian programme; Dig This. Sport and outside broadcasts Gardeners' World; Pot Black; Morning Service; Songs of Praise; Sky Watch; Animal Scene; It's a Knockout; Come Dancing; Mastermind; Match of the Day. Documentaries The Border Walk; Public School for Dogs; The Big Hewer; Mr George's Lakes. Radio Drama Everybody's Friend, David Campton; Lord Dracula, Brian Hayles; High Twig on a Low Bough, Kenneth John; The Gilded Cage, William Smethurst; The Radical Dandy, Keith Miles; Denry: The Adventures ocan's World: Peter Shilton. Terry Wogan. Vasil of a Card (eight episodes), Arnold Bennett, adapted by Smart and Vidal Sassoon Olivia Manning; Heroes, William Smethurst; Cyril's Behind the Symposium, Liane Scenes, four editions (new series); A Day in Aukin; Relics, David Campton; the Life of eight Scenes from Married ..., editions (new series); Voice of the Life, William Cooper, adapted People, by Malcolm 25 editions (new series); Jack de Mania, and Elizabeth Cadbury; Laid to Rest, Precisely, Keith Miles; Port four editions; In Daily Use, four editions of Call, Alan G.Bower; Next Man (new series). Through the Door, John Howlett. Light entertainment Outside broadcasts The Royal Show; Down Your Way; Sporting Chance; Ricochet: daily (new series); Home to Roost: 12 editions Twin Town Quiz; Treble Chance; The Maundy Service; (new series); Wogan's World: two series of 13 (new Christmas Bells; The Countryside series); Number Please: seven editions (new series); in Autumn; The Warwick Pool; Motoring and the Motorist. My Word: 13 editions; My Music: two series of 13. Sporting events: football, Rugby Union, cricket, Documentaries and talks cycling, racing, show jumping, golf. Think of a Question; The Slimming Disease; Take Miss Sunday Sport: cricket, motor racing, cycling. Smith; A Fair Exchange; The Maternal Instinct; Women and Violence; Thought for Food; Woman's Hour, 14 editions; From the Grass Roots, 14 editions; Agriculture Morning Story, 18 stories; Just the Job, 10 editions; Farming Today: daily; On Your Farm: weekly.

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I Sieve Race and competitor in Mai, Pebble Mid presenter Bob Langley with the WRAF in his Return Visit series

Birmingham camera team film the Duke of Edinburgh at the national Four-in-Hand Championships

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Bristol Serials: Far from the Madding Crowd, Thomas Hardy, dramatised by Desmond Television Hawkins. Talks and discussions General Any Questions ?: weekly public 'brains trust'; Any Answers ?: letters from listeners Any Questions Collector's World; Collector's Pieces; A Secret to ?; Place: Talking about Antiques: weekly filmed drama of nostalgic reflections on wartime series; Read Any Good Books ?: a literary panel game; Can't boyhood; Introducing Diane Solomon: a singer Put It Down: new to series about the enjoyment of television audiences; Denver in Colorado: a journey reading; Music in Question: musical quiz; The Changing through the Rocky Mountains by pop singer John Past: develop- ments in archaeology; Ludwig Koch: a Denver; Age of Innocence: aspects of life seen through commemorative programme; The Living World: weekly the eyes of children; On the Road with Arthur Negus: natural history Arthur Negus travelling magazine; Wildlife: natural history series; David the old coach routes of Attenborough travelogue; England; Faces of France: through France with Johnny Sounds Natural: well -known Morris. personalities on their favourite animals and birds; Farming Week: regular contributions; From the Grass Natural history Roots: regular contributions; Woman's Hour: regular The World About Us: a series shared by Travel and contributions. Exploration Unit in London and the Natural History Light entertainment Unit in Bristol; Wilderness: eight great wildernesses of Johnny's the world, explored by Anthony Jaunt to France; Johnny's Jaunt to the Smith; A Taste for Mediterranean; Adventure: a series on the unusual and dangerous Barn Dance; Inserts for Night Ride. things people do to earn a living or fill their leisure Music hours; The Countryman: magazine about the British The Academy of the BBC: regular broadcasts: The countryside; Spectacular Britain: unusual and interest- Bath Festival: relays; The ing places Southern Cathedrals in Britain discovered by David Festival: relays; Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra: Attenborough; A Forest Tale: a wild lynx in Russia; relays; West of England Singers: occasional concerts; The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau. Organ recitals; Sing We at Pleasure: Music to Religion Remember: Midday Concert; As Prescribed: Dudley Savage's Songs of Praise; Morning Service. hospital request programme; Bandstand. Children's programmes Religion Animal Magic: magazine series; Brainchild: children's Sunday Service; People's Service; Morning Service: quiz; Ski School: children learning to ski. Sunday Half-Hour: Thought For The Day; Prayer for Further education the Day; Choral Evensong: Lighten Our Darkness. Play Rugby: series on rugby: Gymnast: series on gym- nastics.

Radio The It orld .-Ihout I ': .4 Bor in the Achar Drama Afternoon Theatre: The Birds. Daphne du Maurier, dramatised by John Wilkie. Midweek Theatre: Don't Sack Santa. Malcolm Hazell; Down from the Mountain, Freda Downton; Strange Companions, Denis Constanduros. Story Time: Mr. Sponge's Sporting Tour, R.S.Surtees: The Plymouth Adventure, Ernest Gebler; The Sanger Story. George Sanger Coleman and John Lukens. Morning Story: Keeping Arthur Out of Trouble. Beth Pickup. A Book at Bedtime: An Unimpeachable Source. David Wheeler; The Constant Nymph, Margaret Kennedy; Smokescreen, Dick Francis. Selected for Friday: Frankenstein. Mary Shelley, adapted by Malcolm Hazell; Oh Lucy. Alan Peacock; Like Mrs Lockwood's Boy, Marian Campbell. Saturday Night Theatre: The Toll Gate. Georgette Heyer, adapted by Cyril Wentzel. Thirty Minute Theatre: The Man Who Grew Chrysan- themums. Malcolm Hazell.

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Country Tales: Ei Deveraus in The 1 hin an thc Island

Peter Hawkins sings Sane of Leo Ferre

www.americanradiohistory.com IR' Programme review Manchester Radio Television Drama Outside broadcasts That Boy, Ivor Wilson; All in Good Time, Bill Naugh- ton; A Damsel and also a Rough Bird, Don Haworth; The Good Old Days: old -time music hall from Leeds; The Sun and the Devil, Frances McNeil; But Fred lt's a Knockout; It's a Knockout Cup Final Special; Freud is Dead, Peter Terson; We Could Always Fit a It's a Christmas Knockout; The Best of Knockout; Sidecar, Stan Barstow; The Northern Drift, continuing Jeux Sans Frontieres: European series; Belle Vue series. Circus; Blackpool Tower Circus; The Spinners; The Contributions Spinners at Christmas; We Want to Sing: children to Story Time and A Book at Bedtime included: Watership singing; Stars of the Year: The Stage awards to recog- Down, The Hobbit, Round the nise outstanding entertainers; Worldwide Bend, North Star and Fraulein Schmidt and Mr Song and Anstruther. Dance: the best of the Billingham Folk Festival; Electric Folk: a series of programmes from stately Discussions, documentaries and talks homes, with Steeleye Span; Encore: the Northern A Word in Edgeways: Gardeners' Question Time; Symphony Orchestra in concert; Jazz Cruise: a series Current affairs documentaries on the wealth tax, featuring some of the all -time greats ofjazz. voluntary social work, retirement, teaching, tourism, Outside broadcasts -sport the Church Commissioners, the victims of violence, Polytechnic Top Crown: a crown green bowling competition series; or University? and old age. regular coverage of floodlit Rugby League, the Aintree Celebrations on Dvorak, Holst, Ravel, Beecham, Grand National, Rugby League, racing and cricket. Barbirolli, Janet Baker, Henry Mancini, Julian Slade, Studio entertainments Bing Crosby and Lerner and Loewe. Best -Sellers on Dr Zhivago, Boswell's Life of Johnson. Alice Wonder- Moods in of Love: music and poetry on the theme of land and Gulliver's Travels. love; starring Olivia Newton -John; Judy Collins in The Weekend Warriors, Concert; Gene Sings Pitney: the first in a series; Poor The Quakers, Storm Cloud (on Ruskin) Christmas: two classic Victorian ballads, rendered by and portraits of Mallory of Everest and Boris Pasternak. Roy Hudd; A Question of Sport: a panel game series featuring the stars of sport; Movie Quiz; Romark: Regular contributions to Woman's Hour, Farming series of 'the impossible'. Weekly. On Your Farm and From the Grass Roots. Factual programmes Quiz programmes A Taste of Britain: a series on the traditional foods of Round Britain Quiz: 26 programmes (Radio 4); Britain; It Takes a Stranger: a series featuring foreig- A Question of Fun: eight programmes (Radio 2); ners who have made their homes in Britain; The Quiz Kid 75: 1I programmes (Radio 1). Corporation and the People: 50- minute documentary ; Cardus: a series of reminiscences by Sir Neville Cardus; Children's programmes Reunion: a series reuniting personalities who once Contributions to 4th Dimension included: Arthur shared an experience and then went their separate Poskett in 13 episodes and Railway Magazine. ways; Nairn's Football Towns: three programmes presenting Ian Nairn's personal view of three of Music Britain's 'football towns'; Living on the Land: different Six BBC Master Concerts from the Free Trade Hall, facets of rural life in Britain today; Look Stranger: Manchester; BBC Northern Symphony Orchestra contributions to the series. Midday Proms; Midday Chamber Concerts from Manchester and Bradford; Children's programmes Relays from Festivals at Bath, Wallasey, Brighton and Nottingham, BBC Screen Test: a film and general knowledge quiz series; Piano Competition from Lancaster; BBC Northern Christmas Screen Test; The Small World of Samuel Singers recitals; the world premiere of Sir William Tweet: a comedy series featuring Freddie Davies; Walton's Cantico del Sole, from Cork; Bandstand; Right Charlie: two series featuring Charlie Cairoli and BBC Young Composers' Forum; Voices of Today; Company in slapstick comedy; Cabbages and Kings: Elgar's The Apostles and The Kingdom from Liverpool; a potted 'potty' history series; The Grumbleweeds: broadcasts by the Hallé Orchestra, the Royal Phil- an entertainment series; Blue Peter Special: film on the harmonic Orchestra, the Northern Sinfonia and the isle of Man. Northern Concert Orchestra. Religion Light entertainment Down into Hell: personal faith in times of stress; Comedy series with Roy Castle, Les Dawson Morning and Service; Songs of Praise; In Every Corner Mike Yarwood; The Worst Show on the Wireless: Sing; The Message of the Angels. series written and presented by Eddie Braben; Reginald Dixon: continuing series for organ enthusiasts: Folk - weave: weekly series for folk enthusiasts; BBC Northern Dance Orchestra and Northern Radio Orchestra contributions to networks.

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Religious broadcasting Headline Spotters: weekly series included in Ed Stewart's Junior Choice; contributions to Pause for Thought. Thought for the Day; Morning Services; People's Service from Leeds and Manchester studios. Outside broadcasts Coverage of cricket (28 days), Association Football (26 outside broadcasts), racing (31 days), golf (eight days), cycling (eight days), motor cycling (seven days), Rugby Union, Rugby League, motor racing and swimming. Contributions to Treble Chance and Down Your Way. Production of The Countryside in Summer and The Countryside in Winter.

Second City Firsts: li'aiting at the Field Gate, Bill Dean, Brian Glover and Jim Norton

Trunk calk from Freddie Davis. Small World of Samuel Tweet, and Maureen, the elephant

www.americanradiohistory.com 184 Programme review

The Family Brandon Second Cino Ftrsrs: The Frank Crank Sior_r. Arthur English

Perc Thrower with Arthur Billett in Gardeners' World

www.americanradiohistory.com English regional broadcasting 185

World i L iur \cgu, and Hugh Scully in Collector's

Pi.tet Blake to Private Lorukioprs www.americanradiohistory.com 186 Programme review The English Television Regions East News and current affairs In the Country: a monthly series on the East Anglian Look North: Newcastle; Look North: Leeds; Look countryside; A Case to be Made: an invitation to North: Manchester; Midlands Today: Birmingham; viewers to talk about their pet subjects; Best of the Look East: Norwich; Points West: Bristol; Spotlight Bunch: a quiz series between teams representing South West: Plymouth; South Today: Southampton. regional organisations; Fleet the time carelessly: East Anglians playing Elizabethan music; Project M50: North -west a documentary about the introduction of a new sports car by a regional company; Free for All: a phone -in The Treatment: drama filmed on location about a girl discussion with Sir Henry Plumb, President of the suffering from anorexia nervosa; Country Concerns: National Farmers' Union. a series on the rural parts of the region; Remember All the Good Things: (film); Holly from the Bongs: a West modern nativity opera performed by Salford school- children in Manchester Cathedral; The Bigger, the Private Landscapes: four film portraits of artists living Better ?: five programmes looking at the first nine and working in the West Country; The Very months of local government reorganisation; According Private Secretary: two -part documentary about the to O'Connor: a series of six entertainment programmes public and private lives of Lloyd George as seen by featuring Tom O'Connor. his principal Private Secretary, A.J.Sylvester; The 'E' (for Environment) Show: a light- hearted but some- North times searching review of plans and planners; Bristol Cathedral: a film to celebrate the city's first Roman Who Wants to be a Millionaire ?: film documentary Catholic Cathedral; Summer in Arcadia: an excursion series in which self-made regional millionaires revealed into the private world of Cecil Beaton and the influences the secrets of their success; Coming on Strong: a series upon it of Wiltshire; To Find An Answer: an examina- presenting the work of creative artists in the regions; tion of the reorganisation of local government. The Other Government: a series in which the policies of the newly reorganised local authorities came under South -west the scrutiny of the ratepayers; Reunion: a documentary on a pilgrimage to the Somme by survivors of the The Last Return: a film of the last visit to Normandy of the infantrymen Bradford Pals Regiment; A view of ...: a series on of Devon and Dorset; That Other Upper Wensleydale, Upper Calderdale, Upper Peninsula: two films comparing Cornwall and Brittany; Wharfedale and the River Witham; Let the People The Last Outpost: a film portrait of Alderney in the Channel Islands Talk: a live studio series in which the same cross - -and of the people who have settled section of people appeared each week. there since the war; Road to Ruin or Riches ?: a two - programme investigation into the possible effects of North -east the motorway to the far South West; Three's Company: studio conversations between people of common Fellmen: reminiscences of farm life in Cumbria at the interests- The Schoolmasters, The Broadcasters, The turn of the century; The Hooky Mat: a fantasy- drama; Bishops; To Everything There Is a Season: work on the Geordierama: a Geordie stage show; Sounds Like ...: land half a century ago. studio folk -pop series, featuring North -east artists; A Likely Story: panel game; George and the four ton South multi- tubular -boilered black and yellow steam dragon: a dramatic entertainment about George Stephenson, A Secret England: series of films revealing little -known BBC North -east's contribution to the 150th Anniver- corners of Southern England; Pure Invention: four sary of the Stockton and Darlington Railway. programmes on regional inventors; Glorious Good- wood: life in the seventies for a stately home, an Midlands aristocratic family and a famous race course; Private View: regional artist, Richard Cusden, in a series Tram to the Bullring: Professor R.D.Smith recalls his about art and everyday life; Tall Ships Race childhood 1974: of the 30's in the West Midlands; Country- the world's largest sailing ships racing in the Channel wide: a regular series looking each month at the and the Baltic; Oh! What a Lovely Pier: a Report countryside in the Midlands; Four in Hand: Prince South investigation at Brighton. Philip demonstrating the sport of carriage driving; Personal Account: interviews by Jeffrey Preece with men from the Midlands who have made their mark in the world; Archie Hill Comes Home: four film portraits of the Black Country poet revisiting the scene of his childhood; Summer of Gardens: Norman Painting travelled the Midlands visiting gardens. BBC North recreates a VE Day street party for Our Dad's War

BBC South presenter. Richard Cusden. in Private View

www.americanradiohistory.com English regional broadcasting /87

www.americanradiohistory.com 188 Programme review Regular religious Tuesdays Religious Service for Primary Schools (9.20am, Radio broadcasts 4 VHF); Religion and Life (11.40am, Radio 4, VHF) 2 terms only; Quest (11.40am, Radio Raáio 4, VHF) 1 term only. Sundays Wednesdays The First Day of the Week: reflections in words and music (6.55am, Radio 2 with Radio 1); Sunday Choral Evensong (5pm, Radio 3) Reading (7.50am, Radio 4); Sunday: topical religious Thursdays magazine programme (8.15am, Radio 4); a Programme of popular religious music (8.03am, Radio 2); Morning Religious Service for Primary Schools (9.05am, Radio Service (10.30am, Radio 4); The People's Service 4, VHF); Material for Assembly (9.25am, Radio 4, (I1.30am, Radio 2); Speak -Easy: young people's VHF). discussion programme (2.00pm, Radio 1. 6 months of the year); Evening Religious Programmes (7.30pm, Fridays Radio 4); Sunday Half Hour: community hymn Religious Education for Secondary Schools (2.20pm, singing (8.30pm, Radio 2); The Epilogue (11pm, Radio 4, VHF). Radio 4). Saturdays Weekdays Outlook (6.45am, Radio 4, repeated 7.45am); Head- Prayer for the Day (Monday-Friday, 6.40am, Radio 4) ; line Spotters (8.45am, Radio 2); Lighten Our Darkness Thought for the Day (Monday- Friday, 7.45am, Radio (11pm, Radio 4). 4); Pause for Thought (Monday- Friday, 6.15am and 8.45am, Radio 2); Daily Service (10.30am, Radio 4. Saturdays 10.15am). Television Morning Service from Churches (10.30am, BBC -1, every other Sunday); Seeing and Believing (11am, BBC -1 on Sundays when there is no Morning Service); discussion programmes focusing attention on relation- ships between Christianity and everyday life (6.15pm, BBC -1, repeated on a weekday afternoon); Songs of Praise (BBC -1, usually 6.50pm). Regions Wales Radio Religious Service in Welsh (Sundays 11.45am, Tuesdays and Fridays 10.15am); Morning Service in English (Sundays 10.30- 11.15am, approx. twice in every quarter); Hymn Singing in Welsh (Sundays 4.30pm, repeated Mondays Anno Domini in Nicaragua 6.15pm); Service for Schools in Welsh (9.20am, Tuesdays); Magazine programme on Alex Dolphin and Alastair Pinie presenters of See various aspects of religious life in Wales (approx. 13 You Sunday programmes in every year). Television Religious features and studio programmes (6.15pm on two Sundays a month); Songs of Praise in Welsh (6.50pm once a month). Religious Services in Welsh are occasionally broadcast as are other outside broadcast events of religious significance. Scotland Radio Church News and Views: a topical magazine (9.30am Sundays); Gaelic Services once every four weeks from a church, otherwise from a studio (4.00pm Sundays); half -hour features (first Sunday of the month and sometimes on weekday evenings); Thought for the Day (7.40am Mondays to Fridays) ; Ere I Sleep (11.15 pm Mondays to Fridays) nightly epilogues.

www.americanradiohistory.com Regular religious broadcasts 189

The Corne! Lesson. acclaimed at the International Christian Television Festival. with Sands Rateliff and Gerald James

Television Morning Services from churches, schools and studio, including Seeing the Signs (primarily for deaf viewers). Gaelic services are also included. Songs of Praise (6.50pm Sundays, approximately one every two or three weeks from churches and studios). A variety of programmes including discussions, films and documentaries (6.15pm on Sundays). Northern Ireland Radio Religious Service (10.30am, Sundays); talks, features, reports and religious music programmes are also broadcast regularly. Television Religious services from churches (10.30am, Sundays) and documentary programmes from time to time.

Dalai Lama in Anno Domini

www.americanradiohistory.com 190 Programme review

World Service 25 years of broadcasting; A Pageant of Arms: eight Current affairs and talks programmes programmes tracing the history of weapons from ancient times to the Regular talks and discussions nuclear age; These Islands Now: five programmes examining British attitudes to current Twenty-four Hours: a Monday to Friday current problems; Diarists and Their Times: affairs five distinguished programme with four daily editions following diarists revealing themselves and the age World News they lived at 05.09, 07.09, 11.09 and 20.09 GMT; in to the modem listener; Voyage Round a Twentieth The World Today: a 15- minute world affairs back- Century Skull: 12 conversations in which ground feature Dr. Jacob broadcast Monday to Friday ; Outlook: Bronowski talked to George Steedman about the a Monday to Friday topical magazine programme central ideas and discoveries which have broadcast moulded the three times each day; Forum: issues thinking of 20th century man; A Matter of Taste: a of our time, discussed by speakers of distinction; lighthearted reflection on the historical Listening and social Post: a weekly survey of comment from the significance of tea, coffee, spices, etc.; The world's Opinion radio stations; People and Politics: each Formers: interviews with the editors of four leading week leading British political figures discuss the British weekly journals; The Originals: eight portraits happenings and the background; Business and of men and women whose lives formed Industry: the basis for a twice -weekly report on British and inter- celebrated characters in literature; The Wasteland Re- national commerce, with news from the commodity Visited: a six -part re- examination of the international and stock markets; Commentary: specialists give the traffic in drugs and the fight against drug background addiction; to world events; From the Weeklies: a Moulders of Western Philosophy: a re- appraisal of the survey of editorial opinion; As I See It: a personal main streams of Western philosophical thought, from point of view on a subject; In Britain Now: looks each Plato to Marx; Heroes: a further series in which week a at different aspect of life in Britain; Scotland Melvyn Bragg invited distinguished guests to choose Today; Wales Today; Ulster Today: weekly reports; their heroes in literature, history and their Letterbox: own lives; a weekly forum of listeners' views on World Marriage '75: four programmes reflecting the state Service of programmes; The Farming World: a weekly marriage today; Is There Anybody There ?: nine programme pro- on farming, forestry and rural develop- grammes in which different speakers stated their ment; Nature Notebook: a weekly look at the wildlife personal belief in the existence of God and the validity of the world; New Ideas: a radio shop window for of prayer. British industry, with news of the latest products and inventions; Science in Action: a weekly review of Thirty- minute documentary programmes progress in science, technology and medicine; The Multi- Nationals: four programmes examining the Discovery: each week research scientists talk about spectacular rise in recent years of the multi -national their work; World Radio Club: information for short- corporations; The Founding Fathers: the stories of four wave enthusiasts in language also acceptable to the men who built industrial empires: Lord Leverhulme, non- technically- minded; Theatre Call: a weekly pro- Krupp, Mond and Henry Ford; The Arabs and Their gramme about British theatre; Focus on Film: reviews Wealth: two programmes on the Gulf States and their all aspects of the cinema; Music Now: weekly look at role in the world economy; Mad, Bad and Dangerous events and personalities in Britain's musical life; to Know: marking the 150th anniversary of Byron's The Lively Arts: comment by critics and artists of all death; Marconi: a portrait on the occasion of the kinds on drama, films, the visual arts and music in centenary of his birth; The Population Crisis: in Britain and the world at large; Bookcase: the best of United Nations Population Year, an examination of books for the general reader, discussed by reviewers the state of world population growth; Fuels for the and the authors; Books and Writers: reviews of Future: an investigation of alternative recently sources of published books and discussions with energy to oil, gas and coal; Education in the Modern authors, critics and publishers; Book Choice: a daily World; The Satellite Age: an examination of review the of an important or interesting book published large number of man-made satellites now orbiting the in Britain; In Paperback: each week reviews a recently earth; Soccer Star: preceding the 1974 World Cup, on published non -fiction paperback. the life -style of the modern footballer; The Snake: a picture of the snake Fifteen -minute talks and documentary in all its aspects; Talking Without series Words: scientists and others discussing non -verbal The Rights of Women: five programmes examining communications in humans and animals; Railways - the status of women in different societies; Understand- Have They a Future ?; Leadership in a Democratic ing Inflation: four programmes; Poetry in the '70s: Society; Westminster at Work: a new M.P.'s four view of illustrated talks by Philip Oakes on contemporary the workings of the House of Commons; 2001 A.D.: British poets; It'll Never Catch Ott: the stories of experts predict what life will be like at the beginning of apparently useless inventions which subsequently the next century; Traitors All: seven programmes became essential to everyday life; Childhood Revisited: investigating the nature of treason; Women in India a second series in which four well -known personalities and Youth in India; Navigators Ancient and Modern; went back to the scenes of their childhood; The Artist North Sea Oil: two features examining the potential of in Conflict with Society: an examination of six inter- Britain's off -shore oil fields; The Future nationally of Coal; known writers who are at odds with the This Modern Architecture; Harnessing the Tides: an society in which they were brought up; I Remember It examination of a potential source of energy; The Well: Brian Matthew recalled the reminiscences of Origins of Chemistry; International Weather: an world famous personalities he has interviewed in investigation by meteorological experts of the belief

www.americanradiohistory.com World service 191

World Service: Michael Pickstock in The Farming that weather patterns throughout the world are World changing; Research into Ageing; The Arts of Japan; Must the East be Red ?: three documentaries on the problems and prospects of South -east Asia; Highways in the Sky: the skills of controlling aircraft; The Greatest Englishman: marking the centenary of Churchill's birth, four dramatised documentaries; Churchill- The Man I Knew: a portrait in sound compiled from interviews with some of those who knew him well; Trade Unions in the Modern World; What's so Scottish about the Scots ?: a look at modern Scotland; Policing the River Thames: the work of London's river police; Justice on Trial: how the law in Britain is coping with the stresses thrown up by the changing attitudes and conditions of modern life; Hanged for a Sheep: the evolution of the British penal system, with a particular look at 19th century reforms; Egypt Resurgent: of the changes since the October 1973 an assessment with members of war, using material collected in Egypt; Universities in Nod Edmonds and Cliff Richard Business: how university consultancies in Britain the World Service Pop Club help industry; Confessions of a Juror; a personal view of the English jury system; The Heart: the causes of and World service alternative programmes for Africa possible cures for heart disease; Schweitzer's Way: a The Morning Show: a breakfast time programme; reappraisal of Albert Schweitzer on the centenary of his Focus on Africa: a thrice -daily current affairs pro- birth; On Safari: British game parks; A Brief History gramme giving the background to the African political of Gold; A Brief History of Silver; Financial Centre of scene; What the African Papers Say: a weekly review the World: the work and institutions of the City of of the African press; This Week and Africa: a look London, seen through the eyes of those who work back at the week's events in Africa; This Sporting Life: there; All Power to the Commodities: the balance of coverage of the African sporting scene; Postmark economic power between the producer and consumer Africa: answers to questions sent in by listeners; countries; Lords of the Air: airships; Animal Courtship; Africa's Money Matters; Arts and Africa; Africa A -Z: Ticket to Britain. the work of the British Tourist a series taking each African country in turn; African Authority; Pedal Power: the history of the bicycle; Theatre: an occasional series of specially written Aspects of Education: two programmes examining the plays for Africa; Blueprint Africa: a weekly magazine opportunities for university education for women, programme on scientific, technical and development and what Britain has to offer students from abroad; themes; Africa '75: each week, a detailed look at one Michelangelo; African Art. of the major issues Africa faces today.

www.americanradiohistory.com www.americanradiohistory.com Part three

Reference This part of the BBC Handbook is designed to give a factual description of the BBC an outline of its aims and policies, a summary of essential technical information, and a convenient guide to the organisation.

193 www.americanradiohistory.com n

www.americanradiohistory.com The broadcasting services

The Television Service Huw Wheldon, as Managing Director of BBC Television, recently expressed it in this Aims and policy way: `What creativity needs is not interference, BBC Television broadcasts about 8,000 hours still less licensing and prohibition, but con- of network programmes a year, and 80 ditions in which it can thrive. What creators per cent of this output consists of original need are organisations or principles of action BBC -produced programmes, the remainder rooted in the search for, and the enjoyment of, being programmes and feature films bought truth which can provide them with the freedom from outside, and repeated programmes. The which is essential to them if they are to flourish policy of the service since it began in 1936 has and burgeon.' been to provide the widest possible range of original television material and to encourage Management of resources writers, artists and producers to create new There are up to 230 different resources which work for the medium. As can be seen in the a television production, depending on its preceding part of this book there is, for complexity, may call upon: from the example, an unusually large number of single numerous items of electronic studio equip- plays and short drama series produced in the ment, tape editing rooms and the processes of service, a category of output that is almost if filming to graphic design, costume and make- not totally absent from the production up, and scenery construction. The capital cost schedules of many television services. It has of these resources within BBC Television is been calculated that the amount of original well over £100 million. Since demands on the drama commissioned by BBC Television is equipment vary enormously from programme sufficient to provide, in cinema terms, the to programme and from time to time, the equivalent of one full length film every night business of making maximum use of it requires of the year. Similarly in the production of a precise and flexible system of cost control news and current affairs and other kinds of and studio allocation. The BBC system, based programme the BBC uses its own staff and on computer technology, enables the service resources to a very considerable extent. to use most resources to 90 per cent of The crucial problem of this approach is how capacity. The operating of studios is the highest to reconcile the demands of creative activity overhead cost in television, and studio produc- with the extremely complex technical require- tivity at the BBC Television Centre is excep- ments of television, the administration of the tionally high: 19 minutes of finished pro- numerous resources needed and the very high gramme material emerges every day from costs of production. The BBC's solution has every studio and this figure is higher than that been to build an elaborate infrastructure to achieved by any other broadcasting organisa- supply the technical and other resources and tion - more than twice as great, for example, to delegate a large measure of responsibility as that achieved in West Germany. to the individual editors and producers for The BBC method was developed, with the the content of the programmes. aid of the Television Service's own Computer 195

www.americanradiohistory.com 196 Reference Projects Team, after a detailed analysis of organisations overseas. every single process in television production. It involves the annual planning of transmission Programme organisation and production plans, their costing by The networks budgeting the use of all resources and com- Under the Managing Director Television, the paring them with actual costs, devolving Director of Programmes has overall responsi- responsibility for controlling costs to those bility for programme policy and output. BBC people concerned with the spending, and Television operates two networks, BBC-1 and charging to programmes the cost of all BBC-2, each of which has its own Controller resources they use. The immense quantity of who determines which programmes shall be information required for this process depends broadcast on his network and in what pattern on the use of computers, and the system is they appear. The central Programme Planning known as the Television Management Infor- Department assists both network controllers mation System. in the planning of their schedules. This two More than four -fifths of the revenue channel system is crucial to the programme expenditure of BBC Television goes in policy of the BBC and is based on the concept salaries, fees and the use of resources in that the essential function of a public service programmes, but the pattern of expenditure broadcasting system is to serve the whole varies greatly. Some programmes may take public, majorities and minorities alike. The more than a year to make, some less than a two channels are planned together so that they day. But planning begins, in the Programme can provide a genuine choice to the viewer. It Planning Department, two years ahead and will be seen from the table on page 118, which results first in the preparation of an annual analyses the content of the two networks, that plan, decided on, within the financial resources both of them broadcast a full range of pro- available for the year, by the controllers of the gramme categories. BBC -1 carries broadcasts two networks. This leads to a production for schools and BBC-2 does not, while BBC -2 plan, determined by the resources and staff carries all the Open University programmes. available in the production departments. BBC -1 carries more children's programmes Before work starts on individual productions than BBC-2, and BBC -2 carries more music. each programme is costed by means of a Pro- Otherwise the proportions of the different gramme Budget Estimate which lists all the kinds of programmes carried by each channel resources needed to produce it, so that each are remarkably similar. BBC-2 tends to broad- programme is charged for everything it uses. cast more of what may be termed experimental These estimates can then be balanced against programmes, and BBC -1 has the bigger the availability of resources for the year. They audiences on average, but the essence of the can later be compared with actual costs, as a system is to offer two services which comple- method of control. They also show, taken in ment each other and together provide for as sum, the load that will be placed on all many tastes and interests as possible. resources (e.g. how many scenic construction man hours, film cameraman hours or make -up supervisor hours are needed throughout the The production departments year, as well as the demands on studios.) Thus, The work of producing the different kinds of with the aid of the computer, a smooth flow television programme is entrusted to a number of work can be achieved. of groups and departments who specialise in The BBC's Television Management Infor- different types of output, often with very mation System, which has been in operation different methods and time scales of produc- for five years, has been so successful that it is tion. Each department has its own staff of now being adapted for use by broadcasting editors, producers, directors and assistants.

www.americanradiohistory.com The broadcasting services 197

All the departments make programmes for grammes and series. both BBC-1 and BBC-2. Documentary Programmes Department pro- The Current Affairs Group is responsible for duces filmed documentaries with subject a high proportion of television service output, matter ranging from studies of history to pro- above all for its topical programmes, including files of individual personalities. such regular programmes as Panorama, Music and Arts Department creates features Tonight, Nationwide and The Money Pro- on the arts, provides most of the Omnibus gramme. programmes, produces the arts magazine The Television News Department supplies Arena and presents most of the music pro- the nationally broadcast news bulletins to both grammes, including opera and ballet. networks as well as being responsible for the Children's Programmes Department pro- regular reports on Parliamentary affairs. It vides a specially lively and varied output since also produces, from time to time, documentary it is concerned to provide children with the reports. best of many kinds of programme. Drama Group has three separate depart- Four specialised branches of output are each ments each specialising, though not exclusively, organised in separate departments: Religious in a different style of output. One department Programmes, School Broadcasting, Further is responsible for producing single plays such Education and Open University Productions. as those under the general title Play for Today Finally, there is Presentation Department and Play of the Month; another produces which is editorially responsible for the super- serials, such as the classic serials and pro- vision of the transmission operation; for the grammes like The Brothers; and a third promotion of programmes on the screen and produces series, such as Softly, Softly. for network identification; for programme Light Entertainment Group has two depart- announcements and public service informa- ments, one producing variety and music tion, including the weather forecasts; and for shows, the other producing comedy pro- running the Television Duty Office, which grammes of various kinds - ranging from plays handles telephone enquiries from viewers. to situation comedies and revues. The department is also responsible for the The Outside Broadcast Group is responsible production of a number of programmes. for all televised sport, both live commentaries production centres on sporting events and the regular sports The programmes such as Grandstand and Match The headquarters of the Television Service is of the Day. It also produces outside broad- at the BBC Television Centre in Wood Lane, cast entertainment programmes such as West London. Opened in 1960, it was the first Come Dancing and is responsible for cover- building of its kind anywhere to be designed ing non -sporting events such as state entirely as a television production complex. occasions. With extensive equipment for production by In the area of features and documentaries electronic methods, it has seven full -scale there are three departments, which may be colour production studios, the largest of concerned with special series, with single which (Studio 1) measures 108 ft x 100 ft x programmes or with regular programmes 54 ft high (33m x 30m x 16.5rn). The Centre which appear week by week. General Features houses some 30 colour videotape machines produces a wide range of programmes from for the recording of programmes on magnetic topical items to historical series like Explorers; tape, 30 colour telecine machines, and a time its regular programmes include Man Alive and pulse coding suite. The production area is so The World About Us. designed as to give easy access to each studio Science and Features produces Horizon and from the make -up rooms and dressing rooms Tomorrow's World as well as special pro- which provide accommodation for 550

www.americanradiohistory.com 198 Reference

artists. The Centre has two presentation picture style. Film techniques have also en- suites incorporating control rooms for the two joyed the advantages of convenience, requiring networks and studios for announcements, smaller size and less cumbersome equipment weather forecasts and small scale produc- than electronic methods. However, current tions. developments in electronic cameras and record- In another part of the Television Centre ing gear are changing this situation. there are two colour studios designed and equipped for news. The Centre is the western Programme servicing terminal of a vast complex of vision circuits The work of television programme production that span Europe, with Eurovision in the west requires many supporting services. They of the continent and Intervision beyond. By comprise a Studio Management Department; satellite it can be linked with any part of the a Scenic Services Department, responsible for world. A separate Scenery Block, covering the construction and installation of all sets almost an acre, houses the design departments and the supply of all props; an Artists' and scenic servicing, and provides storage for Contracts Department; a Script Unit; a large sets and properties. Film Operations and Services Department BBC Television has a number of other which includes the Film and Videotape buildings in west and north-west London. At Library; and a Design Group. BBC Television Shepherd's Bush, for example, there is the Design Group is the largest in the world. A Television Theatre, used mainly for light staff of some 400 professional designers are entertainment shows, and at nearby Lime engaged in producing the settings, costumes, Grove there are the production studios for make -up, graphics and visual effects for the current affairs output. Filming operations are programmes. Design Group staff are involved based at the BBC Television Film Studios in in every type of programme, but the heaviest Ealing. Most kinds of programme make use demands on their services come from drama of film and at any given time more than 50 and light entertainment productions. BBC film camera crews are in operation in this In many stages of production, as in the country and overseas. Editing and dubbing is final vital stage of transmission of pro- done in numerous cutting rooms and dubbing grammes to the viewer, the success of a theatres at Ealing and at other BBC premises. television service depends on the skill and As to the methods of producing the tele- inventiveness of its engineering staff - in BBC vision picture, programmes transmitted are Television, the Operations and Maintenance either live or recorded, or a mixture of both. Group, headed by the Chief Engineer, A live programme is shot by electronic Television. cameras and broadcast directly, as it happens. A recorded programme may be recorded either on video tape, in which case it is shot by electronic cameras, or by film cameras, for later transmission. Each method has specific advantages. Live programmes have a special quality of immediacy and excitement, giving the viewer a feeling of direct participation in the event. Electronic recordings are often made in conditions like those of a live broad- cast but they allow greater flexibility in that scenes can be re-shot to achieve a better result, and the final production can be edited. The virtues of film recording are mainly those of

www.americanradiohistory.com The broadcasting services 199 ABC Radio channels can be set up, part of the general -Network radio radio service is thus available only on medium wave, while the vhf is devoted to education, This is a time when radio continues full of and the listener should have a set capable of vigour, notwithstanding the cuts in service receiving long wave, medium wave and vhf which have been forced on the BBC by the transmissions. need for economies. Up till the end of 1974 the radio output had continued to grow in BBC Radios 1 and 2 quantity and scope, and its sources of strength BBC Radio's service of popular music broad- remain unimpaired: it is technically simple, casting is on Radios 1 and 2, two networks flexible and relatively cheap, so that it can each with its own style which come together supply a flow of the most up-to -date and at certain times. Radio 1 is the pop channel, direct information, while also allowing time for while Radio 2 covers all aspects of middle -of- great diversity in programmes and the serious the -road music. Taken together, they account treatment of many subjects in depth. In some for nearly 80 per cent of radio listening. They fields, such as music, it still has a unique role; also give prominence to minority musical generally it is important because it is available interests such as jazz, experimental pop, folk everywhere through the portable transistor and brass bands. Both networks carry a set. continuing up -to -date service of news sum- The BBC's national radio service sets out to maries, news flashes, weather reports and exploit these advantages by its specialised information about road conditions, with the (generic) channels or networks, each offering co- operation of the Automobile Association a particular range of interests. The four net- and police forces throughout the country. works, Radios 1, 2, 3 and 4 are described Radio 2 also carries four shipping forecasts a below; they provide for the listener a wide day on 1500 m. immediate choice throughout the day, three Radio 1 has in eight years become a national of them being broadcast not only on medium institution, and many of its disc jockeys have or long wave, but also from the vhf trans- become household names. As well as its pop mitters which have been built throughout the music programmes the network includes country to improve coverage and the quality special series on outstanding figures such as of reception. All the vhf networks can be The Beach Boys, The Who and Simon and developed for stereophonic broadcasting, an Garfunkel, the Sunday discussion Speak improvement which is as significant for radio Easy, and the twice -daily Newsbeat current as colour is for television; most Radio 3 affairs programme which aims specially to programmes and a large part of Radio 2 are bring the topics of the moment to the net- already transmitted in stereo widely over work's audience in the 15 -25 age group. England, central Scotland and South Radio 2 has its own personalities presenting Wales. continuous programmes of music during the As well as its general programme services of daytime, and some make a special emphasis information and entertainment, BBC Radio (e.g. Jimmy Young features discussions on provides more specialised educational services, welfare and consumer affairs). It is also the in its broadcasts to schools on Radio 4 vhf and main sports network, carrying commentaries its adult education programmes, largely on on major events, the Saturday afternoon Radio 3 medium wave. Sport On Two sequence, and a regular service The BBC also has an agreement with the of sports news; while in the early evenings Open University to provide up to 30 hours of on weekdays it offers music programmes radio time a week; these broadcasts are on catering for a wide variety of specialised or Radio 3 vhf and Radio 4 vhf. Until extra vhf minority interests (such as jazz, big band

www.americanradiohistory.com 200 Reference music, theatre music, folk, and country music). Comedy shows also feature prominently at BBC Radio 4 the weekends. Radio 4 is the main service of speech pro- grammes, including news and current affairs. BBC Radio 3 These programmes are of such variety that the Radio 3 sets out to offer a comprehensive network has a wider internal range than the service for all listeners who care about serious other three, providing a continuous service of music of any kind, as well as to provide a general broadcasting throughout the day on catholic cultural channel for the diffusion of medium wave. It does in fact contain three ideas and the presentation of the dramatic and broad streams of output, each of which in an fine arts. It is on the air until 11.30 pm ideal world would have a network to itself. throughout the week, and carries news bul- First, Radio 4 is the principal channel of letins at certain points of the day so that national news and comment, with a special listeners can keep up to date without having responsibility to present them in a com- to switch to another channel. prehensible and authoritative style. This Over 100 hours a week of serious music responsibility is fulfilled now by a service of broadcasting enables the BBC to do justice to news bulletins read by experienced news- every musical taste, though still giving pride of readers, broadcast every hour from 7 am to place to the main classical repertoire. The 7 pm, and by the current affairs magazine programmes, while using fully the great sequences (Today, The World at One, PM wealth of high -quality gramophone recordings Reports, News Desk, The World Tonight) now available from all over the world, place a which occupy nearly a third of the network's special emphasis on live relays of concerts and time on the air. In addition the network offers operas from home and abroad, and on per- regular coverage of Parliament and pro- formances commissioned specifically for radio. grammes by the BBC's correspondents and BBC concert promotions are of great im- reporters at home and abroad. portance here, and foremost among them are Secondly, there are programmes of general the Promenade Concerts, which for eight entertainment and information. The entertain- weeks each summer offer an unrivalled variety ment includes over 20 hours a week of plays of musical experience. The BBC also benefits and readings, many comedy shows and panel from access to many excellent music recordings games, and easily acceptable music pro- made by other broadcasting organisations. All grammes such as These You Have Loved, these programmes of music are complemented together with orchestral concerts for which by a wide range of programmes about music, the network joins Radio 3 at certain times. covering not only criticism and exposition but The information comes in the daily magazines also the world of musical affairs. You and Yours and Woman's Hour dealing Apart from music, Radio 3's cultural activity with everyday life; in the daily magazine is concerned with drama and other forms of Kaleidoscope devoted to a review of the arts; the spoken word. The network's policy is still in more specialised programmes dealing with to commission new works for radio and to topics such as consumer affairs, science, the present masterpieces of world theatre which environment, natural history, motoring, gar- are both challenging and on a large scale. dening and antiques; and in phone -in pro- Regular poetry programmes are an essential grammes such as It's Your Line, where the part of the output, and the eight hours a week listeners themselves become the broadcasters. of speech content also include intellectually Finally, there are the more demanding demanding and unorthodox programmes on programmes on world affairs, politics and scientific or philosophical subjects, together social issues, such as Analysis and the Reith with information and criticism in the fine arts. Lectures. These deal in a rigorous manner

www.americanradiohistory.com The broadcasting services 201 with their subject, and are able to reach sub- also non -sporting events such as the Trooping stantial audiences without making any con- of the Colour. is cession to easy popularity. The Religious Broadcasting Department responsible not only for broadcast services of Programme organisation worship but also for talks and other pro- Under the Managing Director, Radio, the grammes with a religious basis (e.g. Pause for Director of Programmes is responsible for pro- Thought and Speakeasy). gramme policy and output in all four networks. The Archive Features Unit produces pro- Editorial responsibility for the networks, which grammes based on recordings in the BBC's docu- includes choice of programmes, and planning Sound Archives, and also contributes the sequence in which they are broadcast, is mentary programmes to Radio 3 and Radio 4. the Week vested in three Controllers (one for Radios 1 Among its regular series are Pick of and 2, and one each for Radios 3 and 4); each and Music Now. pro- of these is also responsible, through a Presenta- The Light Entertainment Department many tion Editor, for the continuity of operation of vides radio entertainment shows of The his network, including all announcements, news kinds, including situation comedy (e.g. reading and programme promotion. Men from the Ministry), satire, quiz and panel The production of the programmes is under- games, and light drama. of taken by specialised output departments, whose The Music Programmes Department, part executive heads are in general answerable im- Music Division, is responsible for programmes mediately to the Director of Programmes. All of serious music not on gramophone records; their expenditure, both payment to con- they include performances for broadcasting, tributors and the use of staff and technical relays of public concerts and operas, and talks facilities, is closely controlled by systems in- about music. troduced in the past few years; this has enabled The Gramophone Programmes Department Radio to reduce its programme cost per hour supplies Radio 3 and Radio 4 with a wide by 30 per cent (at constant -price levels, ex- range of programmes based on gramophone cluding the effect of inflation) since 1965, records of music (e.g. Desert Island Discs, without loss of standards. Pied Piper) and the magazine Music Weekly. The Drama Department supplies the net- The Radio 1 Music Department and Radio 2 works with the full range of radio plays, drama- Music Department provide the whole musical tised features and serial readings. content of their respective networks, using both The Talks and Documentaries Department BBC recordings and commercial gramophone provides programmes on the arts and sciences, records; the latter department also supplies the programmes about world affairs and the en- lighter music programmes (e.g. Homeward vironment (e.g. Analysis and This England Bound) broadcast on Radio 3. and Now), and poetry programmes. The School Broadcasting Department The Current Affairs Group is made up of Further Education Department supply the departments responsible for all the main daily radio component of the BBC's educational current affairs sequences (Today, The World broadcasting service. re- at One, etc.) and Current Affairs Magazine Finally, the Radio News Department, Programmes Department, which produces sponsible to Editor, News and Current Affairs, news Woman's Hour, You and Yours, and a range provides all networks with news bulletins, of other magazines including phone -in summaries, and reports on Parliament. programmes. The Outside Broadcasts Department handles all the sports programmes on radio, including the supply of sports news to other programmes;

www.americanradiohistory.com 202 Reference

Local radio for an experimental Lent course intended- to stimulate discussion among Christians. The basis of BBC Local Radio is community The programme led to the formation of a service. The manager and staff of each station number of community groups and a further are free, within the general framework of BBC programme series made in co- operation with policy and budgeting, to determine how their the local Social Services Department to help resources can best be used to reflect the voluntary associations come into being. enthusiasms and concerns of their own par- All stations make increasing use of the ticular area. They are helped in their decisions telephone in their programmes. Listeners can by a Local Advisory Council made up of local now talk on the air with such people as local people. And because areas and people are MPs and councillors, Chief Constables, different, stations have developed along in- supermarket managers and consumer advice dividual lines though with many features in specialists and doctors. Radio Leicester common, such as the importance attached has a weekly phone -in programme in Hin- everywhere to local news and information. dustani for the local immigrant population. Besides providing its own intensive service Radio Nottingham ran a phone -in on of child- bulletins and news flashes, each local news- minding during which the local authorities room contributes increasingly to national offered a 48 -hour amnesty to illegal child- output. This year, for example, the newsroom minders who contacted the station. Nearly 100 at Radio Humberside has provided network came forward. At Radio London there is even radio with front -line coverage of a series of a fortnightly transatlantic phone-in. Listeners major national stories. There was the Flix- join with the audience of a New York station borough disaster, and the subsequent for live discussion of the problems, and enquiry and report. There was the shelling of delights of big city life. the Hull trawler C.S. Forester, the inquiry into Much importance is attached to educational the loss of the trawler Gaul, the closure of the broadcasting, and around 500 educational Imperial typewriter factory, the search for the series are broadcast by the 20 stations each missing Grimsby fishing smack Morena, the year. Each station has a specialist producer fishermen's blockade. who works in close association with the local The Flixborough operation illustrated par- authorities, many of which have seconded ticularly well how much the local radio teachers to help with the work. At Radio station has become part of the life -style of the Solent a teacher on secondment has been com- new county of Humberside. The emergency piling material for a unique educational service. services used the station as a primary com- Just as municipal libraries collect local history munications centre for several days, appealing through the written word, children in local to off -duty police and firemen to report back schools can now make use of the spoken word for duty, keeping roads clear and evacuating in their studies, through a cassette library of villages. material collected from the station's archive But important though national occasions recordings. are, the strength of local radio lies in the way Not only educationalists make programmes it can relate to aspects of local life of little for their local stations. They are made by interest outside the community. Radio Carlisle Women's Institutes and Townswomen's operates a lamb bank that enables farmers to Guilds, by the churches, by immigrants, by exchange with the necessary speed orphan groups of the blind and the disabled, by lambs or ewes whose lambs have died. During enthusiasts for railways and canals, to an the brief lambing season more than 400 farmers extent that one local manager says `at its made use of the bank. Radio Stoke recruited best, local radio is the community talking over 2,000 people into local listening groups to itself'.

www.americanradiohistory.com The broadcasting services 203

Broadcasting in England began with Regional broadcasting small local stations but the shortage of fre- Northern Ireland quencies and the development of high powered transmitters brought a switch to the BBC Northern Ireland operates from a main pattern of network and regional radio which base at Broadcasting House in central Belfast. lasted until very recently. But, in 1966 the This houses all the radio facilities and a small Government authorised the BBC to open, as colour television studio used mainly for news an experiment, up to nine local radio stations, and current affairs programmes. A new office largely financed by local authorities, and block being added on the same site will bring closely related to the communities they served. all programme staff under one roof with The stations were to broadcast for two years, immediate access to studios and production when the Government would decide on their facilities. Larger television productions are future. If the stations failed to make any handled in a converted exhibition hall some impact they could be closed or taken over by two miles away. With a floor area some four is the some other organisation. times that at Broadcasting House it The first on the air was Radio Leicester, in largest television studio in Ireland. The hall is November 1967. It was followed by stations at used on a `drive-in' basis by the region's has been Sheffield, Merseyside, Nottingham, Stoke -on- colour OB unit. Full studio lighting Trent, Brighton, Leeds and Durham, and by installed and such facilities as make -up and August of 1969 the Government was ready to dressing rooms, a band room, extensive declare that in programme and social terms scenery dock and a canteen service for staff the stations had been a success. and artists. There is a small unattended radio Local authority finance was thought in- station in Londonderry. sufficient to maintain a permanent service and Regional television output amounts to a the BBC was authorised to take over the total little under five hours a week, more than half finance from an increased license fee, and to of which is news and current affairs material, expand the system. Work immediately started together with religious programmes, schools on stations at Birmingham, Blackburn, Bristol, programmes, documentaries, light entertain- Derby, Humberside, Manchester, Medway, ment and programmes about the arts, sport Newcastle, Oxford, Solent and Teesside - now and farming. Radio output contains the same known as Radio Cleveland. Because this elements plus a proportion of drama pro- station and Radio Newcastle were so close to grammes by local writers, who are also com- Durham it was subsequently decided to close missioned to write documentaries and a Radio Durham and move it across the Pen- variety of scripts for the Northern Ireland nines to Carlisle where it opened in 1973. schools service. All the radio drama, and a Shortly before this all stations were enabled to wide range of other programmes, is produced broadcast on the medium wave band as well for the national networks to a total of about as on vhf. Audiences have considerably in- three hours a week. The Music Department creased, and in some areas, are now com- contributes significantly to the musical life of parable to those for Radio 4. Indeed, in its the province as well as providing an important evidence to the Annan Committee the BBC part of the broadcast output - almost all of it states its belief that `local community radio in stereo contributions to the national radio will be main growth area in radio during the networks from the BBC Northern Ireland last quarter of this century'. Orchestra. BBC Northern Ireland also makes a considerable number of contributions to the national television networks. Inevitably, per- haps, during the emergency situation, these have been predominantly concerned with

www.americanradiohistory.com 204 Reference current affairs. It is hoped in the future to and Aberdeen have been improved by the provide more programmes for the United availability of stereo outside broadcast equip- Kingdom as a whole, thus providing a more ment, and Studio 1 in Edinburgh has been rounded view of the province and the Irish refurbished as a stereo capable studio used cultural dimension. mainly for music. The new Broadcasting On 1 January 1975 BBC Radio Ulster came House in Inverness to be opened at the into operation, replacing the Radio 4 Northern beginning of 1976 improves the service to the Ireland opt -out service. It supplements its Highlands, both in English and Gaelic. own material with a wide mix of programmes A growing proportion of BBC Scotland of its own choice drawn from all four national productions is being broadcast to the entire networks. In the initial stages local output has United Kingdom audience. Programme output reached 25/30 hours a week, including besides from the Scottish studios has reached a weekly established regional programmes local maga- average of over 40 hours on radio and about zine programmes, hosted shows, `access' pro- nine on television. There are producers work- grammes, opportunities for local talent, ing in most fields of broadcasting: drama, regular information items as well as news and light entertainment, news, current affairs, sports coverage. schools and further education, documen- The BBC has 12 transmitter stations in taries, features, outdoor activities, Gaelic, Northern Ireland which between them make agriculture, music and the arts. BBC -1 and the radio services, on medium The uhf development has continued very wave and vhf, available to more than 98 per rapidly in Scotland. Eighty -seven per cent of cent of the population. Reception of BBC -2, the Scottish population can now receive available now to some 80 per cent of homes, BBC -1 and BBC -2 in colour on uhf, and is being extended as rapidly as conditions main stations have been opened on the allow. islands of Lewis and Mull as well as many relay stations. Scotland Vhf radio reception has been improved by the provision of transmitters at Ayr, Millburn BBC Scotland's main production studios and Muir and Rosneath. ancillary services are located at Broadcasting Responsibility for policy and the content of House, Glasgow. There are supporting, fully - BBC Scotland's television and radio pro- staffed establishments in Edinburgh, Aber- grammes lies with the Broadcasting Council deen and Inverness, with an unattended for Scotland. The Council comprises a Chair- studio in Dundee. man (who is also the National Governor for The television studios in Glasgow, Edin- Scotland on the BBC's Board of Governors) burgh and Aberdeen are equipped for colour and 11 members. Advisory Committees operation. Studio A in Glasgow is used for a provide specialist guidance in specific areas wide range of programmes, from current of broadcasting: agriculture, appeals, music affairs to drama, light entertainment and (with a piping sub -committee) and religion. religion. Studio B is smaller and used for The School Broadcasting Council for Scotland Reporting Scotland and Sportsreel, and for is an autonomous body which co- operates productions requiring minimal facilities. with its counterparts in sponsoring BBC The arrival of two new colour outside broad- educational programmes. cast units in 1976 improves the flexibility possible in outside broadcast planning, and will allow Studio B to be fully available irre- spective of outside broadcast commitments. The stereo facilities in Glasgow, Edinburgh

www.americanradiohistory.com The broadcasting services 205 Wales main areas of Welsh life. The Chairman of the Council is a member of the BBC's Board BBC Wales is a bilingual service producing of Governors. Four advisory bodies guide the radio and television programmes for the work of BBC staff in certain specialised fields: people of Wales. the School Broadcasting Council for Wales, Radio broadcasting is divided between pro- the Welsh Religious Advisory Committee, the grammes in Welsh with an average weekly Welsh Appeals Advisory Committee and output of about 26 hours and those in English the Welsh Agricultural Advisory Committee. amounting to about 18 hours a week. Stereo The Controller is the senior member of the transmissions from Wenvoe began in Novem- BBC Wales staff. There are three main depart- ber 1974. Special use is made of the medium- mental heads, those of programmes, pro- wave and vhf systems to provide simultaneous gramme services and engineering, and admin- series of programmes, particularly from 8 am, istration. The staff numbers about 900. The for early morning listening in English (medium BBC Welsh Symphony Orchestra gives many wave) and Welsh (vhf). In time to come these concerts each year from the concert hall at separate services will extend through most Broadcasting House or from public halls in daylight hours. various centres. This objective was supported in the re- The headquarters of BBC Wales is at commendations made by the Committee on Broadcasting House, Llandaff. This modern, Broadcasting Coverage (Chairman Sir Stewart purpose -built studio complex houses radio, Crawford) in its report in November 1974. administration, engineering, the newsroom The report also recommended the use, in and a general purpose television studio. The Wales, of the spare uhf network (the `Fourth opening of this new colour studio at Llandaff Channel') to provide a separate television in March 1974 marked the conclusion of the service in which Welsh language programmes first stage of a development planned so that in would be given priority. At present BBC due course television operations, which have Wales television programmes seven hours a so far been accommodated elsewhere in week in Welsh and five in English, almost all Cardiff, will become fully integrated at Broad- of which are in colour -are transmitted on uhf casting House. The second stage of the develop- and vhf networks based on BBC-1. Use of the ment began in April 1975 with the start of fourth channel will overcome many of the work on an additional office block which it is problems associated with BBC Wales's task planned to follow, in due course, with the of providing services in a country where two building of a further television studio. Two languages exist. mobile colour television outside broadcast The wide range of programmes includes units are already based at Llandaff. There is news, current affairs, drama, talks, music fea- a radio studio centre at Bangor in North tures, documentaries, children's programmes, Wales (which is also equipped with a mono- sport, light entertainment, religion, and agri- chrome television studio) and unattended cultural broadcasts as well as educational radio studios at Wrexham, Aberystwyth, programmes for children in school and for Carmarthen and Swansea. adults. The majority of BBC Wales pro- The provision of adequate reception in ductions are broadcast in Wales only but there Wales is made difficult by the mountainous are frequent contributions to United Kingdom nature of much of the country. Four medium - radio and television networks. wave transmitters and 13 vhf /fm transmitters Responsibility for the policy and content of bring radio to virtually the whole of Wales BBC Wales programmes is vested in the although reception on medium wave deterior- Broadcasting Council for Wales whose 11 ates during hours of darkness. About 94 per members are broadly representative of the cent of the population are served by the vhf

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transmitters and some 70 per cent are able to opportunity to back his judgment. receive stereo transmissions from Wenvoe and In Birmingham the specialism is English certain of its relay stations. regions television drama which, under the A chain of 19 vhf 405 -line transmitters leadership of David Rose, is discovering new provides BBC Wales television to 75 per cent writing talent and bringing to the screen a of the population. Under the uhf 625 -line particular style of drama with firm roots in development plan, several scores of transmit- urban and rural England. ters will be needed to provide most of Wales In addition to drama the Birmingham net- with BBC Wales television and BBC-2. The work production centre produces a wide range addition of a number of new relay stations of other programmes, including the daily 45- during 1975, brought uhf 625 -line colour minute Pebble Mill and the special programmes coverage to 85 per cent of the population. for Asian immigrants in their own language. Birmingham is also the main centre for output The English Regions of agricultural programmes. It has an editor for radio who is responsible for the programmes There are three principal ways in which the On Your Farm and the London -produced BBC reflects within its total programme output Farming Today. The television programme the special character of England, which it Farming is produced in Birmingham, as well seems can only be described in the rather as Gardener's World. cumbersome epithet `non -metropolitan' - Manchester has aimed for diversity with meaning England excluding London and the an emphasis on light entertainment. Attracting South -east. The first of these non -metropolitan one of the largest audiences is It's a Knockout elements is provided by the three network and its continental counterpart Jeux sans production centres in Birmingham, Bristol Frontières. Other productions include pro - and Manchester, each of which make radio grammes from the distinguished Northern and television programmes for transmission Symphony Orchestra, Gardeners' Question in the BBC's network services broadcast Time and the Good Old Days. A new strand throughout the United Kingdom. of current affairs programmes is being Bristol has a long established and world- developed to present a non -metropolitan wide reputation for its specialisation in view of the affairs of the nation. The BBC natural history programmes. Since it started staff in Manchester is moving to a new in 1957 the BBC Natural History Unit has headquarters at All Saints. produced many original and unusual films, The concept of `the reflection of the region whether from the countryside around Bristol to itself' is served by the eight television or from distant parts of the world, and varying regional stations in England - three of them in scope from scientific studies of animals to co -sited with the network production centres issues of conservation. It uses the most and the remaining standing alone in the cities sophisticated film techniques and is at present of Newcastle, Leeds, Norwich, Plymouth and experimenting with remote -controlled elec- Southampton. Each produces a daily 25 tronic cameras. The unit maintains a large minute news magazine programme, a half- film library on natural history. It also contri- hour weekly general programme and a short butes two programmes each week - The Living sports programme on Saturdays. From World and Wild Life - to network radio. January 1976 their output includes a second The Bristol network production centre is half-hour weekly programme. also developing other kinds of output; an The third non -metropolitan element in the example is the light entertainment series featur- BBC's output in England is provided by the ing Diane Solomon. She was a discovery of a local radio stations, already described. Bristol based producer who was given the

www.americanradiohistory.com The broadcasting services 207 The External Services organic one: a listenership is built up over a long period of time. It is a growth that does Broadcasting to the world not take well to drastic pruning or root disturbance. Introduction The External Services' global audience In a world generally supposed to be increas- looks to London firstly for information. ingly addicted to television it may be sur- News bulletins are tuned into by individuals, prising that radio set ownership continues to by officials, journalists, editors and the like grow at a much faster rate than for television. who use the BBC both as a source of, and a In the developing world particularly, the check on, news stories. It is not easy for those transistor set is the principal tool of com- living in an open society such as Britain's, to munication and presents the BBC with its conceive what constraints are placed on the greatest audience. It is an audience with flow of information in many parts of the rising expectations for knowledge as well as world. Whether it be because of political for material goods. pressure, government control or professional The competition for the ear of this world- inadequacy, many people do not trust their wide listenership is intense. Other major local media, particularly at times of crisis, nations devote far more time and resources to and many turn to the BBC to find out what is external broadcasting than does the United going on around the globe, and, often, in Kingdom, yet the BBC External Services their own countries. continue to hold their paramount place as the Besides the demand for news and analysis, touchstone of fact and as the international there is a keen appetite for music, drama and point of reference. They have maintained this comedy. The vitality of the British pop scene position thanks to being part of a national as well as the establishment of London as a institution which has established its indepen- major international centre for serious music is dence and impartiality from its foundation. reflected in the output of the World Service This autonomy and objectivity, while not and the 39 language services. Listeners are always necessarily understood, is accepted able to hear about the British literary and abroad and is the chief reason for Britain's artistic scene, about developments in the field undoubted success in this field. The other is of science, medicine and technology, and the skill and experience of her broadcasters about the role Britain is playing in providing and engineers. The professionalism of Fleet technical assistance to developing countries. Street, London's position as a nexus of world In every language the aim is to reflect the communications, and the multitudinous talents whole spectrum of life in Britain in all its of a homogeneous society are all called into richness and variety. The teaching of English play. The BBC's engineers have shown the by radio and television has been a notable same resource in the international field as success. In broadcasting to communist coun- they have in the domestic. A global network tries, whose peoples are cut off from cultural has been created at the minimum of cost, contact with the outside world, the BBC capitalising on the legacy of empire in the places particular emphasis on reflecting the matter of sites. ideas and achievements of open societies and The BBC has had to suffer its share of cut- on exposing its listeners to the experience of backs resulting from the nation's economic pluralism in the intellectual and political difficulties. This is hard for foreign audiences fields. to comprehend - especially when other In those countries to which the BBC broadcasters are maintaining, or strengthen- broadcasts in the vernacular London has ing, their own transmissions. The relationship come to be, over the years, an essential between a broadcaster and his audience is an ingredient in the mix of sources from which

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the population draws its information. In is also the World Service, on the air in English particular in all totalitarian nations to which for 24 hours each day. the External Services broadcast there is a The programmes originate mainly from 52 large, steady listenership which regards the studios in Bush House, London, headquarters BBC as its main means of access to the of the External Services, and are carried round realities of the world at large, information on the world on 76 transmitters, 46 of them in the which is normally denied them. United Kingdom and 30 on relay bases over- It may seem strange that at a time when seas. The output is summarised on page 123. Britain's status as a world power has sharply In addition to these transmissions the External declined and the country faces serious Services supply many programmes in recorded economic difficulties it should continue to form to overseas radio stations. hold such a dominating position in world The complicated operation of producing 100 broadcasting. The answer is that irrespective hours of news and programmes in 40 languages of political differences and conflicting national every day is unified by common objectives: to interests the appetite for what Britain has to give unbiased news, to reflect British opinion offer through the BBC and the respect for the and to project British life and culture and underlying values of British broadcasting developments in science and industry. Broad- remain undiminished. It can even be argued casters and journalists of many different that Britain's withdrawal from imperial nationalities work together to produce a wide power has strengthened the credibility and variety of programmes. influence of her voice overseas because she is now seen to be genuinely disinterested and Programme operations impartial. As the world contracts amid acute Over 3,000 hours of work on transmissions economic and ideological tensions that and recordings is done in Bush House every voice, with all the experience and skills it week, and the Programme Operations depart- is able to draw upon, is able to speak ment plans the allocation of these areas, and coolly and authoritatively, in contrast to employs the staff of studio managers who the more strident propaganda of many of its operate them. They are responsible to indi- rivals. vidual producers for the sound balance, mix- ing, recording and editing of External Services Organisation and output programmes, and they handle transmissions The External Services are an integral part of contributing to eight networks round the the BBC. They operate under the same Royal clock. The studio managers are recruited Charter as the BBC domestic services and share mainly from universities and from within the same traditions. The British Government the corporation. prescribes the languages in which the External Further support services to the programme Services broadcast and the length of time each production departments are provided by a language is on the air. Beyond this point the bookings unit, a gramophone library which BBC has full responsibility for the broadcast- stocks over 10,000 commercial records and ing operation and is completely independent BBC effects records and a recorded pro- in determining the content of news and other grammes library which stores English lan- programmes. The External Services are guage tapes, and handles the arrangements financed by a parliamentary grant -in -aid. for despatching over 600 tapes every week to The BBC External Services broadcast to the other radio organisations and to the BBC world in English and 39 other languages for a relay bases overseas. total of 730 hours a week. There are trans- missions in 17 languages to Europe and in 22 languages to countries beyond Europe. There

www.americanradiohistory.com The broadcasting services 209 languages news and comment on international The European Services affairs form the basis of the output which also The French Language Service broadcasts to includes programmes on many aspects of Europe for 28 hours a week, to Africa for 23i British life. The audience is considerably hours a week, including 32 hours broadcast increased through recorded programmes and simultaneously to both areas. despatches sent to radio stations in all The German Service broadcasts special countries in the area, including Israel which daily transmissions for East Germany, as well is served by a Hebrew language unit. as a general service for all who understand the language. It also offers several thousand The World Service items each year dealing with current affairs The BBC World Service broadcasts in English and British views on a wide range of subjects for 24 hours each day. It is a complete radio for rebroadcast by radio stations in West service, unique amongst the world's external Germany, Austria and Switzerland. broadcasting services in providing not only The East European Service broadcasts in news and every kind of talks programme, but Russian, Bulgarian, Romanian, and in Serbo- also sport, drama, light entertainment and Croat and Slovene (for Yugoslavia). The music in continuous transmissions addressed Central European Service broadcasts in Polish, to all parts of the world and to all who can Hungarian, Czech and Slovak, and in Finnish. understand English. The round-the -clock In all these countries, except Finland, world -wide service is supplemented at appro- listeners live in closed societies in which the priate peak listening times by additional media are state -controlled, and the services streams of programmes specially designed for therefore concentrate on world news bulletins audiences in Africa and South Asia. Centralised and objective comment about Britain and planning of this network, with adaptable pro- major world developments. These are reported gramme and technical facilities, enables World by BBC foreign correspondents, analysed by Service to carry live coverage of major inter- experts in Britain and commented on in national events while maintaining a daily sched- reviews of editorials in British papers. In ule of over 50 news broadcasts a day. These addition, specialist programmes explore sig- include bulletins of World News, News About nificant developments in British theatre, Britain, Radio Newsreel, Press Reviews, and, at cinema, literature, music, sport, science, two peak early morning listening periods, flex- technology and trade. Broadcasts are spaced ible half-hour news programmes embracing all throughout the 24 hours so that the `news these elements. There are, additionally, regular and views from London' are available more daily bulletins of financial news. The world or less at regular intervals. The broadcasts affairs programme Twenty-four Hours provides also include discussion programmes with authoritative comment and analysis after the British and foreign journalists on topical news four times daily, while another regular international issues. daily programme The World Today discusses in While other services concentrate on varied depth one of the day's major news topics. current affairs magazines, the Finnish Service There are also regular programmes of relevance (which is included in the Central European to business interests. Service for administrative reasons) broadcasts The World Service presents the best of a larger proportion of programmes about classic and contemporary drama each week Britain with emphasis on science, technology and broadcasts concerts from London and and trade. from music festivals throughout Britain, The South European Service broadcasts in including a considerable number of perform- Italian, Spanish, Portuguese (to Portugal and ances from the Promenade Concerts. Africa), Greek and Turkish. In these five Activities in the arts in Britain and the

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world are extensively covered, both through from the BBC's Eastern Relay Station, as well specialised programmes, including Theatre as by short waves from the East Mediterranean Call, Focus on Film, Books and Writers, Music and direct from the United Kingdom. In Now and The Lively Arts, and within the daily addition to eight news bulletins a day, listeners topical magazine programmes which are a can hear a varied range of output, including feature of the World Service. talks, features, music, drama and variety Radio stations around the world rely on programmes. Many of these programmes are World Service to supplement their own inter- recorded in the studios of the BBC offices in national coverage not only on special occasions Beirut; programme recording tours are also but with daily relays of BBC news, sport and made and contributions come from all parts other programmes. The 1100 GMT and 1600 of the Arab world. GMT World News Bulletins, for example, are The Eastern Service broadcasts daily at rebroadcast by 26 stations, and the 1300 GMT dawn and in the evening in Persian, Urdu, bulletin by 23 stations. In all, there are some Hindi, Bengali and Burmese. There are also 3,000 separate rebroadcasts each week of indi- three half-hour transmissions a week in Tamil, vidual programmes by radio stations in about two in Sinhala and three quarter-hour trans- 50 countries. missions in Nepali. All transmissions are carried on short waves and Persian, Urdu and The Overseas Services Hindi are also available on medium waves. The African Service broadcasts world news The kernel of these transmissions is news, bulletins, topical commentaries, features, with topical magazine programmes providing export promotional material and magazine background and analysis to current develop- programmes of an educational nature in ments in Britain, Asia and the world. Com- Hausa for West Africa, Somali for the Horn merce, business and industry figure promi- of Africa and Swahili for East Africa. The nently in transmissions in Persian. Hausa Service has three transmissions daily The Far Eastern Service broadcasts to South - at dawn, in the early afternoon and in the East Asia and the Far East in seven languages: evening. The Swahili Service has a dawn trans- Chinese (Standard Chinese and Cantonese), mission and a longer evening transmission Japanese, Indonesian, Malay, Thai and Viet- each day. The Somali Service has a daily after- namese. There are three transmissions daily in noon and evening transmission. Standard Chinese, Indonesian and Vietnamese; The African Service also produces English two transmissions daily in Japanese, Cantonese programmes which are included in the World and Thai and one 15- minute transmission daily Service as alternative programmes for Africa. in Malay. In addition to these direct broadcasts They include Focus on Africa which covers from London, radio stations throughout political events in Africa and The Morning South -East Asia and the Far East relay and Show a lively breakfast half-hour of infor- rebroadcast many of the transmissions. The mation, interviews and music. Far Eastern Service also supplies radio tapes Many African radio stations rebroadcast in several languages to local stations. BBC African Service programmes which are The Latin American Service broadcasts pro- despatched to them on tape. The Script Service grammes in Spanish and Portuguese to the 19 for Africa sends English scripts to 61 recipients republics of the area. News bulletins, com- every week for translation by African broad- mentaries on current affairs and news develop- casting services. ments form the basis of the programmes, The Arabic Service is on the air for 10 hours which also include talks, features and mag- daily. It reaches a large audience in the Middle azine programmes about British life and East, the Gulf and North Africa by medium- achievements, with regular programmes on wave relays from the East Mediterranean and science, industry and technology. English by

www.americanradiohistory.com The broadcasting services 211 Radio lessons are widely used. Both the wealth and EEC correspondents who carry Spanish and Brazilian services are extensively out frequent assignments abroad. rebroadcast, particularly their news bulletins; Although the BBC's overseas news caters and semi -topical programmes on disc and tape for listeners of widely different backgrounds are also distributed to local stations. it follows the same basic principles as news for The Overseas Regional Services mount listeners at home. Above all, it aims to be special operations for rebroadcasting in coun- accurate and impartial, so that even in times of tries of the English- speaking world, notably crisis and conflict it will be generally recognised North America, the West Indies, Australia, as the most reliable source of information. New Zealand and the Pacific Isles. Output is Radio Television divided between airmailed programmes on tape, English by and programmes fed via cable link or satellite and The function of this department of the External direct radio transmissions. The Service makes Services is to teach English to overseas learners available daily topical programme material to through radio, television and a wide range of National Public Radio in the United States, cassette and record courses derived from the and news programmes for direct relay in broadcast output. In a situation where the Canada and Australia. There are transmissions demand to learn English greatly exceeds the to the Falkland Islands, to Malta in Maltese, supply of trained teachers the value of such an to Canada in French and to Mauritius in operation is evident. French and English. English language pro- Radio English lessons are broadcast to all grammes covering a wide spectrum of spoken parts of the world with explanations in English word output are pre-recorded and distributed and 26 other languages in the External Services. world -wide under the Topical Tapes label. Many of these programmes, and others specially recorded for the purpose, are supplied Broadcasting news to the world to some 280 overseas radio stations in 90 The BBC External Services broadcast about countries. 250 news programmes every 24 hours. In The department's English by Television English or in translation they reach many series are generally made in, but of course not millions of listeners all over the world either broadcast from, London. They are sold to direct or through rebroadcasts by local stations. television stations in some 60 countries and In addition to bulletins of world news there are also to numerous educational establishments bulletins of news about Britain, radio newsreels in all parts of the world. Nine series have been comprising despatches by correspondents, produced to date, some in collaboration with reviews of the British press and sports news. the British Council, others as co- productions There is also a twice -daily news programme with overseas broadcasting organisations. In in which most of these elements are combined 1975 the Ministry of Overseas Development in a half-hour sequence. All these programmes financed the production by the BBC of a series are prepared by a newsroom which, with an of films for teachers of English, most of which editorial staff of well over 100, is the biggest was shot on location in Ghana, Nigeria, Swazi- in the BBC and one of the largest in the world. land, Sri Lanka, Singapore and Malaysia. As well as using all the news sources avail- A substantial proportion of the cost of the able to the BBC's domestic services, the Exter- English by Radio and Television operation is nal Services have five foreign correspondents met by income from sales of English- speaking of their own. They cover South -East Asia, courses on records and cassettes which are Latin America, the Middle East, the West marketed throughout the world by a network of Mediterranean and East and Central Europe. educational publishers and record companies. In addition the News Department has its The highest sales at the present time are in own diplomatic, political, economic, Common- Japan where The BBC Complete English

www.americanradiohistory.com 212 Reference Course, consisting of 30 cassettes and Information about industry, new products, seven books with explanations in Japanese, export orders, visits abroad, sales missions, is selling at the rate of a quarter of a million participation in overseas trade fairs etc., should copies a year. be sent to the Editor, Science, Industry and Exports, BBC External Services, Bush House, Industry and exports London WC2B 4PH, who also deals with Export publicity on a world-wide basis is an enquiries from business organisations. essential part of the work of the External Services and the BBC makes every effort to Transcription Services encourage British manufacturers to provide A transcription is a recording of a radio pro- information about interesting new products, gramme for rebroadcast by other stations. The developments and export successes. function of BBC Transcription Services is to A wide variety of programmes conveys an make available to overseas broadcasters the image of modern industrial Britain through pick of BBC radio programmes. Other topical features about British achievements in countries also provide such discs and tapes business, finance and industry, agriculture, but the BBC service differs from all other science and technology. The primary aim of international transcription services in charging these broadcasts is to report Britain's progress for the service. This policy makes possible a as an industrial and trading nation. The direct bigger catalogue and an unrivalled range of selling of goods is not the job of External Ser- content and quality. Each year 500 hours of vices, whose role is to create a climate favour- first -class radio programmes are issued and a able to the exporter. Particular attention is large proportion of them survive to enrich the paid to British trade events abroad which pro- permanent library. This central purpose has vide opportunities for special programmes in led to the specialised development of mobile advance about the products to be exhibited. tape and disc recording with quality work The BBC's global reputation for giving being made available to the record industry, honest and reliable information is an import- at commercial rates, as well as to other BBC ant factor in arousing and maintaining interest departments. The engineering skills of the BBC in British goods. In addition to direct broad- Transcription Recording Unit match the casting, items about British products or highest commercial standards and are honoured industrial developments are rebroadcast in professionally all over the world. Its multi- more than 90 countries. track mobile equipment is to be found record- Products and manufacturers are named and ing live concerts at the Aldeburgh and Chelten- the regular flow of enquiries resulting from ham music festivals, at Proms and at audience these broadcasts and from other programmes pop shows performed by major groups. about British products or industrial develop- Quadraphonic recordings are increasingly ments is passed on to manufacturers. Evidence available in matrixed or discrete form, accord- from listeners overseas, from independent ing to the needs of broadcasters. statistical surveys, from foreign firms making Every day BBC Transcriptions are on the trade enquiries and from British exporters air somewhere in 110 customer countries in all points to the value of the BBC export pro- five continents, spreading the prestige of motion service. British performers and creators world -wide The BBC maintains close contact with the and earning foreign currency from subscrip- Department of Trade and Industry, the British tions and sales. Outlets include more than 200 Overseas Trade Board, and other export and stations in USA alone. industrial agencies and welcomes enquiries In order to acquire rights to place radio from industrial firms, organisations and groups programmes overseas, the payment of ad- active in the export field. ditional fees has to be made to artists and

www.americanradiohistory.com The broadcasting services 213 owners of copyright amounting to more than the original cost of the broadcast, and it is the The Monitoring Service programmes of high cultural value which tend The Monitoring Service's function is to report to be the most costly. Against this are set less upon the contents of selected broadcasts from costly programmes, of popular appeal, which foreign radio stations. This activity, which are issued to earn the extra revenue to pay for began just before the outbreak of the Second the expensive and sometimes loss -making World War, has been found from experience projection of the cultural life of the UK. The to provide valuable information about events existence of Transcription Services is under- and attitudes abroad not always so readily or written by External Services Grant -in -Aid but so economically available from other sources. at least 85 per cent of the programme costs This is particularly so in the case of are derived from sales. countries from which, either for geographical or political reasons, normal reporting is Topical Tapes difficult. Topical Tapes, edited and produced by Over- As a source of international news, monitor- seas Regional Services in collaboration with ing can be very fast, sometimes ahead of other Transcription Services, who distribute them, sources. The Service provides to BBC news- are regular weekly programmes in English rooms and government departments a round - especially designed for rebroadcasters. They the -clock teleprinted news service which sup- cover world affairs, science, sport, develop- plements news agencies' and correspondents' ment, money, education and the arts. Each reports. It also supplies, through its daily week over 300 radio tapes are sent by air from publication, the Summary of World Broadcasts, London direct to 70 subscriber radio organis- much detailed political and economic informa- ations. The time between production in London tion and reports upon propaganda trends and and appearance on the rebroadcaster's air developments. These are of particular interest varies from three to 14 days and this imposes to political analysts and to those agencies, special editorial problems on a topical service. including the BBC External Services, whose A number of programmes are specially task it is, in the British interest, to correct designed for rebroadcasters in the Third World falsehoods and inaccuracies and make good on development themes, offering specialised omissions in the picture of current affairs advice and information but also aiming to presented in bewildering variety by the radios interest general audiences. Hello Tomorrow of the world. presents the latest ideas from all over the world Tens of millions of words are broadcast on tropical medicine, agriculture, building, every day from thousands of radio stations in transport, irrigation and social development; over 200 countries and in scores of languages. The International Money Programme aims to It would be totally uneconomic to attempt to explain the facts beyond the jargon of the world cover all such broadcasts. Selection of of finance and economics; The World of Edu- countries to be monitored is made basically by cation looks at teaching theory and practice the Service's official sponsors, which include from pre -school to university; and environ- the language services of the BBC and the For- mental and social themes are covered in the eign and Commonwealth Office. The stations discussion programme Your World. and the particular broadcasts and the items Topical Tapes are used either in whole or to be translated and published are chosen by part by over 250 stations in over 50 countries, the Service itself from its knowledge of foreign including 100 stations in the USA. broadcasts, of its consumers' requirements and of the general international situation. The system is flexible enough to enable coverage to be switched at a moment's notice to almost any

www.americanradiohistory.com 214 Reference part of the world where developments create a the Monitoring Service, Caversham Park, special temporary interest (for example a coup Reading RG4 8TZ. d'état or a war). Back issues of monitoring reports since their By no means all of the broadcasts which it is inception in September 1939 are available on desired to monitor can be heard in the United microfilm from University Microfilms Ltd Kingdom. The Service has therefore established which also markets current issues of the Sum- over the years a number of outposts overseas mary of World Broadcasts weekly on micro- which file translated and edited copy back to fiches. Enquiries should be addressed to Uni- headquarters by teleprinter. More significant, versity Microfilms Ltd., Tylers Green, Penn, however, to the achievement of the almost High Wycombe, HP10 8HR. world -wide coverage to which the Service has access is its long- standing exchange agreement External Services engineering with the US Government's monitoring agency, The External Services use a total of 76 trans- the Foreign Broadcast Information Service mitters, 46 of them at sites in the United King- (FBIS). This agreement dates back to wartime. dom and 30 of them at relay bases overseas. In effect the two organisations have divided up The UK transmitters carry the entire output of

the world between them and exchange the full External Services : most of them are short -wave product of their monitoring by means of a fast transmitters, but certain high -power medium teleprinter network, thereby providing - at a and long-wave transmitters are used for the great reduction in cost to both services - regular European Services. The signals from the BBC's and methodical coverage of 120 countries in transmitters in the UK are reinforced by six over 50 languages. Through a marked degree relay stations in strategic positions round the of coincidence of interest and a well- nourished world. spirit of co- operation this agreement has In Berlin the External Services are relayed by proved to be of outstanding value to the one medium -wave and one vhf transmitter. sponsors of both services. The Eastern Relay Station serves India, Paki- The Monitoring Service also has an exchange stan, Afghanistan, Iran, the Arabian Peninsula agreement with the West German Deutsche and the Gulf area. It operates on medium Welle monitoring service which usefully fills waves with a maximum power of 1,500 kW, gaps in its own coverage of broadcasts in and broadcasts both the World Service and German. vernacular services to the area. The Monitoring Service is financed by a The East Mediterranean Station operates Treasury grant -in -aid, made because the infor- medium -wave relays for the Arabic Service, mation it provides is considered essential by Persian Service and World Service. It also re- the UK overseas information services and lays these and other services on short waves, Government departments. It is also evidently covering the Middle East and parts of Asia, valued by a growing number of subscribers Africa and Europe. both to its daily publication, the Summary of The BBC Far Eastern Station relays on World Broadcasts, and to selections from its short waves the World Service and most of the news file. Subscribers include foreign and Com- language services for South and South -East monwealth governments, news agencies and Asia and the Far East. newspapers, universities and research insti- The Atlantic Relay Station on Ascension tutes, industrial and commercial organisations Island uses four 250 kW short -wave trans- with overseas interests, and private individuals. mitters to serve West, Central and South Africa Particulars of subscriptions to these publica- and South and Central America. It carries the tions and to the weekly World Broadcasting In- World Service, African Service, French and formation on international broadcasting de- Portuguese Language Services for Africa, and velopments can be obtained from the Head of the Latin American Service. The World Service

www.americanradiohistory.com The broadcasting services 215 and African Service are also relayed by a low - News and current affairs power vhf transmitter in Lesotho. The World Service can be heard on medium In radio and television there are four main waves in the East Mediterranean area on 227, groups concerned with news and current 417 or 470 metres, in Pakistan on 428 metres, affairs: Radio News and the radio Current and in Western India, Pakistan, the Gulf area Affairs Group, both located in Broadcasting on 213 metres, reception being best during House, Television News at Television Centre darkness. Listeners in Europe can hear the and the television Current Affairs Group at BBC External Services on 232 metres and 276 the Lime Grove studios in Shepherds Bush. metres medium wave with transmissions in Though housed separately and organised English, Central and Southern European differently, these departments share a common languages, French and German. policy and common standards, which are Full details of the BBC External Services maintained through their responsibility to the programmes and frequency schedules can be Editor, News and Current Affairs, who is in obtained from BBC, PO Box 76, Bush House, turn directly responsible to the Director - Strand, London WC2B 4PH, and leaflets giving General, the BBC's editor -in- chief. advice about reception of BBC transmissions The BBC's output in news and current are also available free on request. affairs is constantly under review. The Editor, News and Current Affairs, holds a weekly meeting in which the senior executives discuss current and future problems. The meeting acts as a forum for issues which affect the policy and standards of news reporting and current affairs coverage throughout the BBC. The minutes of this meeting act as a guide to editorial principles and practice, and are widely circulated to editors and producers. The BBC subscribes to the major inter- national and domestic news agencies and their material is available to all news and current affairs outlets. This international and domes- tic coverage from outside sources is substan- tially augmented by the BBC's own news Certain kinds o programme are centrally gathering systems. Overseas there are BBC organised in the BBC, so that one division or correspondents in 16 foreign capitals, and a group of departments may serve both radio and worldwide network of freelance correspon- television, and, as required, the external dents. In the United Kingdom the BBC has services. This is so arranged that there can be specialist correspondents covering a number devolution of responsibility for production of subjects such as political and diplomatic combined with economy in the use of resources affairs, industry, agriculture, economics and and the achievement of a common BBC policy. defence; and its own regional and local radio The provision of news is an example to which newsrooms provide an additional and grow- all these factors apply. They also apply in ing source of information flowing into the varying degrees to political and parliamentary network newsrooms. The traffic is two -way. broadcasting, to music output and concert At Broadcasting House, the General News promotion, to educational broadcasting and to Service desk acts as an internal news agency religious programmes. These sectors of BBC for collating overseas and domestic news and programme output are now described. distributing it on an internal teleprinter

www.americanradiohistory.com 216 Reference network to the appropriate location, be it in Political and parliamentary London, regional television or local radio. broadcasting The unit operates 24 hours a day, and also initiates coverage of London events of interest Broadcasting on political issues began to be to provincial stations. seriously developed in 1928 when the BBC was Alongside this input of factual information made free to broadcast on controversial Television News operates a worldwide system matters. The importance of broadcasting as a for the collection of visual information. This medium for spreading political ideas and is achieved by means of the BBC's own knowledge among a widening public was soon reporters and camera crews, through a daily recognised by the parties. It proved difficult in delivery of overseas film and videotape from the early years to secure agreement between the Visnews and CBS international agencies, them on the arrangement of balanced broad- and through a daily news exchange with the casts on political issues - the General Election Eurovision network. Twenty -five countries of 1931 was an example. participate in the exchange of news pictures In 1935, when the record of the Corporation through Eurovision, which takes place three over its first ten years came under review by times a day. The exchange is engineered from the Ullswater Committee, political broad- a technical centre in Brussels, and each of the casting was established as one of the important member organisations takes turns in acting as duties of the BBC. The Committee paid tribute editorial co- ordinator. The Eurovision system to the BBC for its policy of holding the scales is linked in turn with Eastern Europe, Asia evenly between the political parties, and its and South America for further exchanges. recommendations were largely an endorsement The BBC's reporting of foreign news is sup- of the BBC's practice as it had been built up in ported as the need arises by the deployment of the early years. The Committee recommended reporters, correspondents and camera crews that there should be co- operation and consul- from London; and in the past year, London tation between the BBC and the authorised units have been heavily committed in the Far spokesmen of the recognised political parties, East, in the Middle East and in Europe for the but took care to point out that they were far major news breaks. A recent development has from implying that all broadcast treatment of been the strengthening of the BBC repre- political questions should be controlled by the sentation in Brussels to report the progress of political party organisations. the European Economic Community. Some years later, in 1947, an agreement was News and current affairs are the depart- reached between the BBC, the Government ments chiefly concerned with political broad- and the Opposition, and recorded in an Aide casting. Radio news has the responsibility of Mémoire, which was published as an appendix providing daily reports on the proceedings of to the Report of the Broadcasting Committee Parliament and in 1975 conducted the experi- 1949. It established the subsequent pattern of ment of broadcasting direct from the House of political broadcasting after the war, and indeed Commons. These and other political pro- for the next 25 years. Certain detailed amend- grammes are described in the following ments to the agreement were introduced in section. 1948 and one of its clauses was suspended in 1955 after debate in Parliament. In 1969 the agreement was reviewed by representatives of the main political parties and of the BBC, and certain agreed amendments were set out in a revised Aide Mémoire.

www.americanradiohistory.com The broadcasting services 217 by him, wishes to broadcast to the nation in Party political broadcasts order to provide information or explanation of As well as leaving the BBC free to produce events of prime national or international programmes on political topics, the agreement importance, or to enlist public co- operation. provides for broadcasts by party spokesmen, In this second case the Opposition has an and each year a limited amount of broad- unconditional right of reply. This right if casting time is offered by the BBC to the exercised leads to a third programme, a dis- political parties. cussion, in which any party with electoral The broadcasting authorities (the BBC and support comparable with that of the Liberal IBA) and representatives of the leading Party, at the time when the Aide Mémoire was political parties agree annually on the detailed revised, is entitled to be represented, together arrangements, the number and length of with the two main parties. broadcasts allocated to each party being determined by a formula based on the number Budget broadcasts of votes cast for the party at the previous For many years past, the BBC has offered time general election. These broadcasts are known to the Chancellor of the Exchequer and to a as party political broadcasts. The BBC has no spokesman nominated by the Opposition to editorial responsibility for their content; sub- broadcast on successive evenings in budget jects, speakers and content are chosen by the week. These budget broadcasts take place both parties and any party may if it wishes use one on radio and television. or more of its quota to reply to a previous broadcast. The broadcasts are arranged in two Other broadcasts by MPs series, one given on television and one on radio. Over and above these relatively formal In addition to the series of national network arrangements, the BBC takes steps to ensure broadcasts, the Scottish and Welsh national that in radio and television a fair balance over parties have since 1965 been allocated party a period is maintained between appearances in political broadcasts in Scotland and Wales programmes by Members of Parliament of respectively. the political party in power and appearances by members of parties in opposition. Ministerial broadcasts The agreement with the parties also provides General elections: party election broadcasts for a class of broadcasts known as Ministerial; The arrangements for party election broad- these are broadcasts for which the initiative casts during a general election are agreed comes from the Government and in which the beforehand by a committee comprising speaker is a minister of the crown. political parties and the broadcasting authori- There are now two categories of such ties (the BBC and IBA). At a general election broadcasts. The first relates to ministers broadcasting time is made available to the wishing to explain legislation or administrative political parties for election broadcasts in policies approved by Parliament, or to seek the radio and television. The committee decides co- operation of the public in matters where how the time shall be allocated. Other parties there is a general consensus of opinion. The not included in these arrangements may BBC undertakes to provide suitable oppor- qualify for a broadcast if they have 50 or more tunities for such broadcasts within the regular candidates in the field on Nomination Day. framework of its programmes; there is no The government of the day customarily right of reply by the Opposition. speaks first and last. The second category relates to those Details of the apportionment of broad- occasions, when the Prime Minister, or one of casting time for party election broadcasts in his most senior cabinet colleagues designated October 1974 may be found on page 33.,

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Referendum broadcasts Broadcasting and electoral law The referendum as a constitutional innovation The participation of parliamentary candidates in the UK posed new problems of political in broadcast programmes is governed by coverage for the broadcasting organisations. electoral law. The Representation of the It was decided well before the legislation for People Act, 1949, required candidates, or their the Common Market referendum had been agents, to include expenses incurred in introduced in Parliament that the primary broadcasting in their returns of electoral ex- object of the BBC must be to achieve fairness. penses. The law has since been revised, and The reflection of the balance of opinion at under the Representation of the People Act, Westminster was no longer an appropriate 1969, broadcasting is given the same exemp- guide since, in a yes or no situation, it was the tion as the press in regard to electoral expenses. people at large who were to be the final Under the new Act, however, a candidate is arbiters. It was therefore decided that the still guilty of an illegal practice at election time BBC had no real alternative but to settle for if for the purpose of promoting or procuring some sort of 50 -50 division of time and his election he takes part in a broadcast about opportunity for the pro and anti sides in the his constituency in which any other rival campaign. This decision was never seriously candidate neither takes part nor consents to challenged by any of the protagonists. its going forward without his taking part. When A formula was agreed by the BBC, the the Bill was debated, it was stated in both IBA, the main political parties and the two Houses of Parliament that `taking part' was organisations campaigning for and against intended to imply active and conscious Britain's membership of the Common Market participation. In practice the 1969 Act has not (Britain in Europe and the National Referen- imposed any new legal restriction on straight dum Campaign) who issued a joint announce- political reporting and, by setting definite ment on 24 April 1975. anterior time limits for all kinds of elections, it The agreement provided for two series of has removed any doubt about the length of an broadcasts. On television each of the two electoral period. campaigning organisations was allocated four broadcasts of 10 minutes, all of them carried Reports of Parliament in session on BBC -1, BBC-2 and ITV and three of them The BBC has always looked to Parliament as a transmitted simultaneously on all three major source of news, and all important channels. On radio each organisation was debates are reported in the bulletins. Since allocated three 10- minute broadcasts on October 1945, the news reports have been Radio 4 and two 5- minute broadcasts on supplemented with the fuller account given in Radio 2. Today in Parliament which is broadcast every In addition to these official broadcasts the evening on Radio 4 when Parliament is in BBC presented many programmes in London session and repeated with any necessary and in the regions about the referendum, additions next morning as Yesterday in including an Oxford Union debate on tele- Parliament. vision and a series of phone -in programmes on In addition to these daily factual reports, radio (Referendum Call following the success- The Week in Westminster is broadcast on ful formula of Election Call used during Radio 4 on Saturday mornings during the general elections). sessions. In this, members of one or the other A study of the BBC's referendum coverage House are invited to discuss and comment on is being made by Dr Jay Blumler of Leeds the main aspects of the week's parliamentary University and will help in assessing the proceedings. Here again the speakers in this effectiveness of these broadcasts. long established series (the programme began

www.americanradiohistory.com The broadcasting services 219 -in 1929) are chosen so as to ensure a proper In May 1974 Mr. Phillip Whitehead, MP, balance between the parties. In television, succeeded in introducing a Bill under the Ten Westminster, a weekly feature on BBC -2 Minute Rule, designed to establish a broad- depicts the background to the British political casting unit under the control of Parliament to scene. On BBC -1 current affairs programmes prepare radio and television broadcasts for an frequently deal with parliamentary affairs. experimental period. The Second Reading of Reports of parliamentary proceedings as this Bill did not, however, take place. seen from Scotland and Wales are given in the In February 1975, the Government intro- Scottish and Welsh Radio 4 Services. In duced a Motion asking the House of Commons Northern Ireland there are many special pro- to authorise public experiments in sound and grammes. television broadcasting. The television experi- ment was rejected by 275 votes to 263; the Broadcasting from Parliament radio experiment was approved by 354 votes Parliament has given consideration at various to 182. The four -week experiment took place times to the question of broadcasting its from 9 June to 4 July, both the BBC and the actual proceedings. In 1966, a Select Com- IBA participating. mittee recommended an experiment in radio and television, but the House of Commons decided against it on a free vote, by a majority of one. In 1968, both Houses carried out closed circuit experiments. The House of Lords was the scene of a three -day experiment in Feb- ruary of that year, when the proceedings of the House were relayed in sound and vision on closed circuit to various points in the Palace of Westminster, and later, edited television and radio programmes were played back to Peers, Members of Parliament and the parliamentary press. In April/May the same year a four-week radio experiment was carried out in the House of Commons, with edited recordings of the proceedings in the House. However, neither experiment was followed up. In July 1971, the House of Commons Services Committee considered a proposal by various MPs that the long House of Commons debates on the question of Britain's entry into the Common Market should be broadcast live on radio only. The BBC declared itself ready to do so. The Committee, however, by a vote of six to four, decided against recommending it to the House. In October 1972 the House of Commons again debated a proposition that there should be a further experiment in the public broadcasting of its proceedings by radio and television. The motion was defeated by 191 votes to 165 on a free vote.

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Music in this country and other parts of Europe (and occasionally from outside Europe), perform- The BBC broadcasts more than 50 hours of ances by the BBC's own orchestras and choirs, different kinds of music each day. A high studio recitals, gramophone records and re- proportion is live and much of it is originated cordings from overseas radio stations. The by the BBC, which maintains 12 of its own BBC maintains four symphony orchestras: the orchestras and also promotes numerous BBC Symphony Orchestra (based in London) public concerts. Much the largest part of the with a hundred players under Rudolf Kempe total output is broadcast on the domestic as Chief Conductor and Pierre Boulez and radio services. Colin Davis as Chief Guest Conductors; the Northern Symphony Orchestra (Manchester) Music on radio under Raymond Leppard; the Scottish Symphony Orchestra (Glasgow) under Chris- Most of the BBC's `serious' music is broadcast topher Seaman, and the Welsh Symphony on Radio 3. This category of output represents Orchestra (Cardiff) under Boris Brott. A a massive investment over many years, having smaller orchestra, constituted for the training consistently been one of the BBC's prime com- of young musicians, the Academy of the BBC mitments as a public service broadcasting (under Norman Del Mar), is based at Bristol. system. The BBC's music policy has remained The BBC Music Division, together with the constant and is based upon the aims of excel- Gramophone Programmes Department, is lence of performance, enterprise in presenta- responsible for most of the output of serious tion and variety of content. The repertoire music. The Music Division is also responsible ranges from the contemporary and avant- for orchestral management and for the pro- garde back to the beginnings of western motion of public concerts - and this includes music, and also includes some programmes the planning and direction of the season of devoted to other, non -European traditions. Promenade Concerts. More recently the Within this span of time and content, the division has accepted responsibility for the emphasis goes first on the mainstream of promotion of the Robert Mayer Concerts. western music, the accepted masterpieces which have the greatest appeal to the audience The Promenade Concerts and which, more often than not, are the works The Proms, started in 1895 under Sir Henry which bring appreciation of music for the first Wood, have been organised and financed by time to new listeners. the BBC since 1927. In promoting these con- The BBC also accepts a responsibility to certs the BBC aims to recover through ticket present new kinds of music, to make the un- sales sufficient to cover its costs, excluding the familiar more familiar and to help to develop cost of house orchestras and staff. All the more catholic tastes: for example, to push back concerts are broadcast live in stereo on Radio 3 the frontiers in time through first -class per- (and some simultaneously on Radio 4), many formances of pre-classical music, and on the are broadcast in the World Service and some other hand to encourage the work of com- of them on BBC Television. posers of the present day. Thus, the BBC has The Proms have become a huge musical had a part in the process that has extended the festival and a very special broadcasting event. regularly performed repertory back to the A season of concerts lasting approximately two Renaissance and even the medieval masters, months fills the Royal Albert Hall - and in and at the same time is one of the few organi- recent years concerts have been successfully sations regularly to commission new works. introduced at other centres, notably West- The music is produced from various sources: minster Cathedral and the Round House. The live relays from concert halls and opera houses Proms attract the biggest audiences of the

www.americanradiohistory.com The broadcasting services 221 year to Radio 3 and their appeal extends Radio Orchestra, which frequently breaks world -wide; listeners to the World Service down into smaller units to record different relays of the Proms write from the most kinds of music, holds a key position in Radio 2 distant countries to explain that while they programmes. The London Studio Players, the may miss some of the subtleties of the music BBC's only part -time orchestra, is a group of through short -wave reception, they sense and versatile string players providing for Radios 2 enjoy the unique atmosphere of the concerts. and 3 a selection of music ranging from the The season extends from the second half of baroque to popular tunes of today. The Mid- July to mid -September and comprises upwards land Radio Orchestra, the Scottish Radio of 50 concerts. In 1975 there were 57 concerts Orchestra, the Northern Radio Orchestra, with nearly 30 different orchestras and en- and the Northern Ireland Orchestra all con- sembles, 14 choirs, 92 singers, 46 solo instru- tribute in their distinctive styles. Radio 2 mentalists and 40 conductors. The four promotes an annual Festival of Light Music at orchestras making their first appearance at the the Royal Festival Hall and also collaborates Proms in 1975, together with Kent Opera, with member organisations of the European illustrate something of the musical range of the Broadcasting Union in the co- production and event: the orchestras were the Cleveland, the exchange of popular music programmes. New York Philharmonic, the Menuhin Festival Orchestra and the International Youth Or- Music on television chestra. Of the 228 works in the 1975 season, approximately 45 per cent (103 works) were Serious music on BBC Television is produced being performed at the Proms for the first by the Music and Arts Department. In the time. Pierre Boulez, Sir Michael Tippett and field of performance there is a wide range of Aaron Copland conducted their own music, programmes. BBC -1 televises a summer and there were four premières of works by season of symphony concerts from the British composers, three of them commis- Proms; André Previn regularly introduces sioned by the BBC for the occasion. popular classics in his Music Night and some of the great performers of the age appear in Popular music Gala Performance. Both channels provide Pop music of all kinds is to be found chiefly on relays from major public concerts during the Radio 1, which concentrates on the current hits year, including events from abroad like the and new releases in the daytime, and at certain New Year's Day Strauss waltzes from Vienna. other times broadcasting the more `progres- BBC -2 has the scheduling flexibility to offer sive' music in stereo. more specialised musical pleasures, such as a Middle -of-the -road music, with a wide nightly cycle of the late quartets of Beethoven appeal, is the basis of Radio 2 output, par- or the four Brahms symphonies in successive ticularly during the daytime. There is also weeks. much to interest specialised or minority tastes BBC Television has also developed many in the evening and at the weekend, if never programme series about music, including quite enough to satisfy everybody: for ex- Workshop, Master Class and In Rehearsal. The ample, jazz, big band music, theatre music, most popular in recent years have included folk and country music are well represented. Joseph Cooper's quiz Face the Music, André An important contribution to Radio 2 Previn's Omnibus features, The Great Orches- music comes from BBC house orchestras. The tras of the World and profiles of opera BBC Concert Orchestra, with 54 players, is singers, including the Portrait of Beverley Sills probably best known for Friday Night is which won an American `Emmy' in 1975. Music Night, though it is adaptable enough to Opera is provided by occasional relays from be heard in opera on Radio 3 as well. The the world's opera houses, notably in 1975

www.americanradiohistory.com 222 Reference Verdi's A Masked Ball from Covent Garden, BBC Northern Radio, as well as by major studio productions such Neil Richardson 22 as Wagner's The Flying Dutchman, in which London Studio Players 19 electronic techniques are deployed to their full The extent in support of the musical drama. Academy of the BBC Norman Del Mar Music, with its common language, is one of up to 35 the most fruitful areas for international tele- BBC Singers, John Poole 28 singers vision collaboration and the BBC has close BBC Northern Singers, links with European and American television Stephen Wilkinson up to 48 organisations for the production of major programmes. BBC Choral Society The development of simultaneous stereo- The BBC Choral Society started life as the phonic sound and television broadcasts National Chorus in 1928. It is the only amateur represents an important step towards the choir to broadcast regularly and performs a improvement of sound quality for the public. uniquely interesting repertoire under its con- Most of the light and popular music on ductor, John Poole. One of the main objects of BBC Television is produced by the Light its formation was the performance of works not Entertainment Department. Individual singers usually attempted by other choral societies - of outstanding calibre and of greatly different and this purpose has been well maintained. styles - Glen Campbell, Lulu, Twiggy, The Many of the world's finest conductors have Bachelors - have their own series of pro- given performances with the society. About grammes, while the BBC -2 programme In 20 concerts are given each year, usually Concert introduces a range of music from jazz with the BBC Symphony Orchestra, and the to pop and includes emerging artists in these Society plays an important part in the Promen- fields. Top of the Pops, now in its 11th year, ade Concerts. and The Black and White Minstrel Show each Auditions (see page 297) are arranged at retains an enthusiastic audience. Among various times during the year for amateur recent special programmes was a rare profile singers who wish to become members of the of the evergreen favourite Perry Como. BBC Choral Society.

BBC orchestras, choirs & BBC Singers conductors This is the BBC's permanent professional choir and it broadcasts regularly a wide repertoire of BBC Symphony, Rudolf Kempe 101 players choral music both with its own conductors and BBC Northern Symphony, with visiting conductors. The choir sings fre- Raymond Leppard 70 quently with the BBC orchestras and is some- BBC Scottish Symphony, times augmented for such concerts from a Christopher Seaman 68 panel of professional singers. At other times large choral works are performed in conjunc- BBC Welsh Symphony, Boris Brott 60 tion with the amateur BBC Choral Society. BBC Concert, Ashley Lawrence 54 Eight of the singers broadcast the Daily BBC Radio 56 Service live throughout the year. BBC Midland Radio, Norrie Paramor 32 BBC Northern Ireland, Kenneth Alwyn 30 BBC Scottish Radio, Brian Fahey 32

www.americanradiohistory.com The broadcasting services 223 ?ducational broadcasting may add knowledge and skill in conventional subject areas; notable examples are those in ?ducation is one of the three great Charter reading, mathematics and foreign languages. esponsibilities of the BBC, and its educational But of whatever kind, and however good ,roadcasting departments provide a service to they may be, broadcasts for schools need to be ,hildren and students in schools of all kinds developed by the individual teacher in accord- -end to adults both in colleges and other ance with the needs and background of his nstitutions of further education and in their own particular pupils. An effectively used tomes. broadcast is preceded by preparation by the teacher with his pupils, and leads to imagina- Schools tive and active follow-up work. The wide Nearly all schools are equipped to receive range of teachers' notes and pupils' pamphlets radio broadcasts and 90 per cent are equipped that accompany most educational broadcast for television. The extent of schools' use of series are intended to encourage and facilitate broadcasts is approximately as follows: such preparation and follow -up by providing supplementary information in word and pic- Percentage of schools ture and suggesting activities which might in the UK using: exploit more fully the material of the broad- radio television casts. Primary schools: 97 88 Resources both of air time and of money Secondary schools: 60 62 are scarce, and the radio and television In addition to using broadcasts directly off - departments seek to avoid uneconomic over- air, schools, particularly secondary schools, lap and to use each medium in the areas where make more extensive use of them as resource it is most effective. The limitation of resources material at their own convenience by tape means that only some of the many contribu- recording radio programmes, by video record- tions that broadcasting is so well suited to ing television off -air, or by hiring certain make can be realised. There is a constant television school programmes made available problem of priorities, and in this the BBC is by the BBC on film. helped and guided by the School Broadcasting BBC programmes for schools are planned to Council for the United Kingdom (see page 41). contribute to a wide range of activities in School broadcasts are planned in series, schools of all types and age- ranges. They aim each with a defined educational aim and target at providing experiences within the classroom audience. In 1975 -76 there are 135 separate that are not readily and sometimes not at all series of which 98 are broadcast to the available from other sources, at widening the United Kingdom as a whole, the rest catering horizons of the children, stimulating their for the special needs of schools in Northern imaginative and creative faculties, encouraging Ireland, Wales and Scotland. Most are three- their interest in the world in which they live, term series but a number, particularly in its art and literature, its past and present, its television, are one or two terms in length. science and technology. Their purpose is to encourage and enable children to learn better Further Education and more richly, and in doing this they often Further education broadcasts in radio and help to develop new approaches to teaching by television are intended for adults of all ages, exemplifying the most up -to -date ideas about sometimes in formal classes in technical the curriculum and teaching methods. colleges, evening institutes and other educa- While some series are designed specially to tional institutions, but more often in their develop children's own individuality and homes. `Educational broadcasts' differ from powers of imagination and expression, others the educative programmes of the general

www.americanradiohistory.com 224 Reference service in that they are arranged in series and university. The BBC produces and broadcast aim to give the viewer or listener a progressive programmes for Open University students in mastery of some skill or field of learning, a close working relationship with the Univer- vocational or recreational. The fields of sity. During 1976 the University is offering learning include science and languages, art almost 100 courses or part- courses to more and literature; the recreative skills cover a than 50,000 students. wide range of interests and activities for adults The Department of Education and Science of all ages from rugby and yoga to flower - pays a grant to the Open University from arranging and model- making. Among the which the BBC finances its production pro- vocational output are series for teachers, grammes. Students pay a proportion of tuition social workers and students of engineering and fees, the cost of summer schools, set books and catering. other expenses to the University. Details are During 1975 -76 BBC Further Education is available from the Admissions Office, providing 66 television series and 35 radio The Open University, P.O. Box 48, series. In addition Scotland is providing two Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AB. television series on subjects of special interest The radio and television programmes for to its audience and Wales is providing a courses occupy 274 hours of radio time and combined television and radio course in the rather more than 30 hours of television time Welsh language. each week for 34 weeks of the year. They are Many further education series are supported followed by many thousands of interested by printed publications and other materials, listeners and viewers, in addition to the Open by text -books, pamphlets, gramophone re- University students. cords, slides or filmstrips, and where study groups are planned there are notes for group leaders. Where the educational need exists, study kits consisting of a combination of these elements are provided. In this field the BBC is helped by an advisory body, the Further Education Ad- visory Council (see page 42). Broadcasts available for sale BBC Enterprises make school and further education television series available on 16 mm film for sale or hire. Several school radio series and radiovision programmes are also available for sale on tape and filmstrip from BBC Publications; these include the one -term series Hello! Hello! which helps with the teaching of English to immigrant children, modern language series in French, German and Spanish, and the long- running Junior Science. Open University The Open University is a system of higher education for adults involving a partnership between the BBC and the Open University - an independent teaching and degree- awarding

www.americanradiohistory.com The broadcasting services 225

normally a television service on BBC -1 every Religious broadcasting other week. Over the years there have been a number The Religious Broadcasting Department pro- of attempts to devise worship programmes duces programmes for both television chan- specially for broadcasting, making full use of nels, all four domestic radio services and the the techniques of radio and television and not World Service. simply relaying what is going on in a church. The extent of religious broadcasting has The People's Service on Radio 2 has been an increased with the BBC's general output, but outstandingly successful example of this in more important than quantity is the develop- radio but the long- running Seeing and Believ- ment over the years of the variety and range of ing series on Sunday morning television has programmes. The talks and religious services gone further in seeking new ways of evoking which constituted the whole output in the a reflective and worshipful response from the early days are still there but they are now audience. Much still remains to be done in this supported by programmes of discussion and field and ideas for the future are abundant. argument. Concern about general moral and There is substantial regional broadcasting in social issues has resulted in programmes like Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. In all Speak Easy on Radio 1 and the Sunday even- three areas what is taken from the network is ing television programme The Sunday Debate. supplemented by programmes specially made Another important development has been the for home consumption. There is, for example, religious magazine programme Sunday on large coverage of the General Assembly of the Radio 4 which brings religious news to a large Church of Scotland as well as more ordinary audience. More recently Anno Domini on fare such as Scottish editions of Thought for BBC -1 has begun to do the same thing for the Day and Songs of Praise. In Wales there television. Both these programmes aim to be are programmes for English speaking Welsh- international in scope. men as well as a large number of religious All these diverse broadcasts are in many programmes in the Welsh language. In different ways designed to fulfil the broad Northern Ireland too there are programmes aims of religious broadcasting: to present the specially designed for that Province. worship, thought and action of the churches, The World Service of the BBC, not ordi- to explore the contemporary relevance of the narily heard by listeners at home, also carries Christian faith for listeners and viewers, religious programmes daily. Many of them are whether church members or not, and to acts of worship -a brief daily service and a reflect fresh religious insights. much longer one on Sunday but there also are The broadcasting of worship forms a sub- occasional series of talks by contributors of stantial part of the religious department's distinction. work, especially in radio. The Daily Service, All these programmes are made by religious every weekday morning on Radio 4, is central department producers who now number over here. It is a live broadcast, normally from All 40. Under the general direction of the Head Soul's, Langham Place (just beside Broad- of Religious Broadcasting the broadcasts are casting House), and is taken by members of planned and supervised by two heads of the BBC's own religious broadcasting staff, the programmes, one each for radio and television. music being provided by the BBC Singers. This Producers generally work in one medium or programme, one of the oldest in broadcasting, the other though a few of the regional staff holds a large and appreciative audience, a fair make programmes for both. About half the part of which makes a point of listening daily. producers are clergy and represent all the On Sunday mornings there are radio services major denominations, but the number of on Radio 4 and later on Radio 2 and there is laymen has been increasing in recent years.

www.americanradiohistory.com 226 Reference

In matters of religious policy the BBC is advised by the Central Religious Advisory Committee and similar committees in the national regions. CRAC, as it has long been called, consists of 29 members of whom 24 represent the main Churches in the United Kingdom - the Church of England, the Church of Scotland, the Church in Wales, the Baptist, Methodist, United Reformed Churches and the Roman Catholic Church. The other five members are laymen chosen for their personal qualities and concern for religious broadcasting rather than as denomi- national representatives. The Committee meets twice a year and reviews programmes recently shown as well as discussing policy questions arising out of them. It also considers progress reports written by the Head of Religious Broadcasting and papers on special aspects of the work given by members of religious broad- casting staff.

www.americanradiohistory.com Engineering and technical

Engineering Division these into digital form, that is to code them into a stream of digital pulses which describe The BBC's Engineering Division provides the the successive levels achieved by the analogue technical facilities on which the television, signal. It is of course necessary to convert such radio and external services depend. The work digitally -coded signals back into analogue falls into three broad headings: form prior to transmission, but the use of digital processing for the intermediate stages Research and design has many advantages. The signals are extreme- It is the job of the Research and Designs ly robust and they do not suffer from the usual Departments to consider how future broad- degradation which occurs when speech or casting needs can be met, to evaluate new music is transmitted over long landline or radio developments in electronics and study their circuits. Two examples of digital audio signal possible application to broadcasting, and to processing, both developed by the BBC, are develop specialised equipment, if this cannot Sound -in- Syncs, which enables the sound be obtained from any other source. component to be conveyed from the source to Research into radio propagation is clearly of the transmitters as part of the television signal; vital importance to any broadcaster, and the and the Pulse Code Modulation system, which planning of the uhf transmitter network is one is now used to distribute the main radio of the major tasks of the Research Department. programmes from London to transmitters Only a limited number of frequency channels throughout the country, with a standard of is available, and each has to be used by 30 or stereo quality which has never previously been more transmitters in different parts of the possible over long distance circuits. country. Thus very careful planning is needed Another important development in digital if mutual interference is to be avoided, and this communication was the development by the involves the use of a powerful computer with BBC of CEEFAX (see pages 14-15, 306 -7). access to detailed information on the topo- graphy of the country, and the distribution of Capital projects population. The BBC currently allocates about a tenth of The BBC devotes a great deal of research its income to capital expenditure - on new effort to ensuring that the picture and sound transmitting stations, new studio centres, and signals are produced to the highest standards on the replacement of obsolete or worn out of quality. In recent years there has been a equipment. The control of this expenditure, fundamental change in the way in which many and the planning and execution of the projects, of the signals are handled in distribution from is undertaken by three departments concerned the studios to the transmitters. Formerly the respectively with studio equipment, trans- signals were in the form of a continuously mitters, and building and civil engineering. varying voltage - rising and falling as an Substantial new facilities have been provided analogue of the sound level or brightness in at several regional centres, including colour the image. The tendency now is to convert equipment at Leeds, Plymouth and Norwich; 227 www.americanradiohistory.com 228 Reference and a large new studio centre is under con- tion. As a result, the BBC is able to offer struction in Manchester. It is also becoming exceptionally wide career opportunities in the necessary to replace some of the earliest colour field of broadcasting and telecommunications equipment, which has been in continuous use The Engineering Division is responsible fox since 1967. technical and professional engineering stand- Up to 100 new uhf television transmitting ards throughout the BBC. It is important in an stations are in various stages of construction organisation where rapid and efficient inter- at any time. The main centres of population change of material is desirable, that similar having been covered, much of the present work standards of technical performance and safety is on stations in the more remote mountain are specified for all equipment - wherever it areas of Wales and Scotland, and on islands is used - and that it is maintained to the same such as the Hebrides and Orkneys. standards. Communications and transmitters The Communications Department is respons- ible for the network of circuits, mostly rented from the Post Office, which link the studios Frequency allocations with the transmitters. The department is also Broadcasting is only one of many communica- responsible for the BBC's internal com- tion services requiring radio frequencies and munications by telephone and teleprinter. One because of the wide radio -frequency band- of the most significant developments in recent widths required, especially for the television years has been the need to provide good quality services, its demands on the radio- frequency stereo circuits, so that stereo programmes can spectrum are greater than those of most other be broadcast, not only from the main studio services. Moreover, these demands are con- centres, but from concert halls throughout the tinually increasing as new services are intro- country, and from abroad. duced and new techniques developed, and to The BBC operates several hundred trans- ensure some degree of order in the spectrum mitting stations, located in almost every part it is essential that the use of frequencies for the of the United Kingdom, and at several bases various services be negotiated on an inter- overseas. An increasing number of them have national basis. no permanent staff, and are designed to The international body responsible for the operate automatically for weeks on end. They allocation of frequencies on a world -wide scale are maintained by mobile maintenance teams. is the International Telecommunications The use of automatic control and monitoring Union, a specialised agency of the United systems has enabled an increasing number of Nations. World radio conferences are held transmitters to be brought into service without periodically to allocate blocks of frequencies any increase in the total numbers of staff to the various radio services, (e.g. broadcast- involved. ing, maritime, aeronautical and mobile) The Engineering Division deals with the according to their present and future needs. In recruitment and training of all engineering the case of the broadcasting services, as with staff, including those who work in television, most other services, regional planning con- radio and the external services. Common ferences are held following the world confer- standards are applied to the recruitment, train- ences, to assign specific frequencies to ing and professional ability of all technical individual radio stations within the frequency staff. It also facilitates the co- operation which blocks allocated to the service as a whole. The is frequently necessary between them and regional conferences produce frequency plans makes it possible for engineers and others to which may remain in force for many years; transfer between different parts of the Corpora- for example, the Copenhagen Plan, which

www.americanradiohistory.com Engineering and technical 229

Wavebands allocated to broadcasting in the United Kingdom

Band Frequencies

Long wave 160 -255 kHz One frequency (200 kHz) assigned to BBC and used at (If) (1,875 -1,176 m.) Droitwich for Radio 2. Medium wave 525 -1,605 kHz Frequencies assigned to BBC for Radios 1, 2, 3 and 4 and (mf) (571 -187 m.) local radio including two international common fre- quencies, 1,484 kHz and 1,594 kHz. Two exclusive fre- quencies for BBC External Services to Europe. Frequencies for IBA local radio are also provided in this band.

Short wave 3,950 -4,000 kHz Frequencies in these bands are used as required by the (hf) (75 -m. band) BBC's External Services for broadcasting to Europe and 5,950 -6,200 kHz overseas. The order of frequency for particular service (49 -m. band) areas depends upon diurnal and seasonal conditions. 7,100-7,300 kHz (41 -m. band) 9,500-9,775 kHz) (31 -m. band) 11,700 -11,975 kHz (25 -m. band) 15,100- 15,450 kHz (19 -m. band) 17,700- 17,900 kHz (16 -m. band) 21,450- 21,750 kHz (13 -m. band) 25,600- 26,100 kHz (11 -m. band)

Band I (vhf) 41 -68 MHz Five channels each 5MHz wide for BBC 405 -line tv.

Band II (vhf) 87.5-100 MHz Frequencies at present restricted to the sub -band 88- 97.6 MHz and used for fm sound broadcasting, BBC Radios 2, 3, 4 and local radio, and IBA local radio.

Band III (vhf) 174 -216 MHz Eight channels, 5 MHz wide, BBC and IBA 405-line tv.

Band IV (uhf) 470 -582 MHz Fourteen channels each 8 MHz wide for BBC and IBA 625 -line tv.

Band V (uhf) 614 -854 MHz Thirty channels each 8 MHz wide for BBC and IBA 625 -line tv.

Band VI (shf) 11,700 -12,500 MHz Allocated for both terrestrial and satellite broadcasting and likely to be the first band used for the latter service.

Band VII (ehf) 41-43 GHz Allocated for satellite broadcasting.

Band VIII (ehf) 84-86 GHz Allocated for satellite broadcasting.

www.americanradiohistory.com 230 Reference assigned frequencies for long and medium - How to get good reception wave broadcasting stations in the European Broadcasters go Broadcasting Area, was drafted in 1948 and to considerable trouble to ensure that their implemented in 1950. This particular plan has programmes can be seen and heard clearly been in force for 25 years although during on ordinary domestic receiving much of that time it has been contravened, to equipment. The transmitter networks are carefully planned a greater or lesser extent, by most European to provide the best possible countries and has thus become largely in- service throughout the country, but good reception can only be listeners effective. However, the Copenhagen plan is obtained if and viewers are due to be replaced in 1977 by a new plan for prepared to play their part by long and medium -wave broadcasting which equipping themselves with receivers and was prepared at a regional conference held in aerials which are suitable for the area in which they live, and the Geneva in the autumn of 1975. The object of services they want to the new plan, which includes frequency receive. The performance of even the best receiver assignments for broadcasting stations in can be spoilt by the use of an inade- quate aerial, is Europe, Africa, Asia and Oceania is to pro- which responsible for most of duce a reduction in the night -time inter- the complaints about poor reception, both on ference from other stations, but with the radio and television. An outside aerial is advantageous increasing number of transmitters, it is un- for vhf certain how much can be achieved. radio as well as for television, for these In the European Broadcasting Area, fre- reasons: By providing stronger quencies for sound broadcasting in Band II a signal, it enables the (87.5 -100 MHz) and television broadcasting in receiver to operate with less overall amplification, and this means noise will Bands I, III, IV and V (41 -68 MHz, 175-216 that be much less MHz, 470 -582 MHz and 614 -854 MHz re- obtrusive. Because it is is spectively) were last planned at the European outside the house, it less likely to pick up interference from Broadcasting Conference, Stockholm 1961. electrical The frequency plans produced in Stockholm appliances. Because its directional properties, it can were implemented in 1962 and are still current, of discriminate in favour although they have been fairly extensively of the wanted modified. station, against other stations (often on the same frequency) which might otherwise interfere with reception.

Note: The relationship between frequency and wavelength is as follows: 300 wavelength (in metres) - Frequency (in MHz) Thus the wavelength corresponding to a frequency of 60 MHz is 6 = 5 metres; 13 the frequency corresponding to a wavelength of 1,500 metres is = 0.2 MHz or 200 kHz. ,500

1 Hertz = 1 cycle per second If = low frequency 1 kHz = 1,000 Hz mf = medium frequency 1 MHz = 1,000 kHz hf = high frequency i GHz = 1,000 MHz vhf = very high frequency uhf = ultra high frequency shf = super high frequency ehf = extra high frequency

www.americanradiohistory.com Engineering and technical 231 Television Radio Most receivers in use today - except for some To make full use of the BBC's radio services it used with wired relay systems - are designed is essential to have a receiver which covers the to use the 625 -line services, which are trans- long, medium and vhf wavebands. mitted on uhf. These are now available to The majority of sets sold nowadays are about 95 per cent of the United Kingdom transistor portables; these are capable of population, and in each area three pro- providing most people with a sufficiently wide grammes - BBC -1, BBC-2 and ITV - are trans- range of programmes but it is worth remember- mitted from the same mast and with equal ing that, for long and medium waves, as well power. As a result it is almost always possible as vhf, the use of an external aerial will often to obtain equally good reception of all three provide a wider range of stations, and greater programmes with a single outside uhf aerial; freedom from electrical interference. Very but the strength of each signal will vary over few portable sets are equipped with sockets for quite short distances, and it is necessary to an external aerial. find a position for the aerial in which it will Long and medium wave signals can be provide equally good reception on all three received over considerable distances at night- programmes. This will normally be done by time, when they are reflected from the iono- the aerial contractor, who will use a meter to sphere. This means that the reception of measure the strength of the signals, and check nearby stations often becomes more difficult the picture quality on the receiver. because of interference from distant trans- Aerials are made in four different types, and mitters, which are not audible during daytime. it is most important to use the correct type to The interference takes the form of another suit the particular group of channels used by programme, heard in the background. With a the local transmitters. A good uhf aerial is portable receiver it is sometimes possible to equally suitable for colour or black and white reduce this by carefully turning the set, to reception. make use of its directional aerial. Indoor (set -top) aerials can be used in The shortage of suitable frequencies has places close to a transmitter, but the results made it necessary that most of the BBC's are seldom as satisfactory as they would be medium wave transmitters are operated in with an outside aerial. synchronised groups, with a number of trans- In most of the areas which are not yet mitters radiating the same programme on a served on uhf, BBC-1 is available on the 405 - single frequency. Satisfactory reception can line vhf system. For this service, 405 -line or usually be obtained, provided that there is a dual- standard sets (designed for both 405 and strong signal from one or other of the trans- 625 -line reception) may be used. The 405 -line mitters, but in places where the signals from services will be closed down ultimately, but two or three transmitters are received at they will be retained for some time to come. similar strength, reception suffers from a When viewers change from 405 -line to 625 - characteristic form of rhythmic fading and line reception, a new uhf aerial will be needed. distortion. It is sometimes possible to improve It will probably be desirable to remove the old matters by making use of the directional aerial vhf television aerials since they will deteriorate on a portable receiver, to select the signal from in time and might cause damage to the build- one transmitter rather than another. ing. They are likely to be of further use not Vhf radio unless a 405 -line receiver is being retained as a second set. The vhf service providing Radio 2 (or at times Radio 1) Radio 3 and Radio 4 is available to more than 99 per cent of the United King- dom population. Vhf provides reception which

www.americanradiohistory.com 232 Reference is normally free from the noise and inter- Stereo ference which often spoils reception on the Many of the radio programmes transmitted on medium and long wavebands, and it can also vhf are now produced in stereo. Stereo- provide a much higher standard of sound phonic reception, involving the use of two quality than is possible on medium or long separate sound channels, is inevitably more waves. Local radio programmes are trans- demanding than monophonic reception, and mitted on vhf as well as on medium wave. it may be found that in changing to stereo the Portable receivers with vhf have telescopic background noise or hiss increases to an un- aerials which should be extended to a length acceptable extent. If this happens, the remedy of about n feet, and these aerials can give is nearly always to employ a more efficient good results in areas which are not too far aerial system, which in practice means an from a transmitter. The position of the aerial outside aerial having a greater number of can have a marked effect on the standard of elements, (3, 4 or even 6 elements) possibly reception, and it may be necessary to try the mounted higher than before. aerial at different angles and with the set in various positions. Reception will tend to be Information about reception better upstairs than down and it is sometimes The Engineering Information Department of impossible in basements. the BBC has extensive records of reception Some receivers such as table sets and radio- conditions, both radio and television, in grams incorporate a vhf aerial inside the different parts of the country. Advice about cabinet. This can give good results in strong reception may be obtained by writing to: signal areas, but it has directional properties BBC, Engineering Information Department, and some experiment with the receiver in Broadcasting House, London W1A IAA, different positions may be necessary to obtain or by telephoning 01- 580 4468 extension 2921, the best results. between 09.30 and 17.30 Monday - Friday. Most receivers, other than portables, have provision for an external aerial, and the use of such an aerial is essential if good reception is to be obtained in places some distance from a transmitter. The simplest type of outdoor aerial for vhf radio consists of a horizontal rod about 5 feet long and it can often be mounted on the same pole as that used for the television aerial. Aerials having at least two elements are, however, much to be preferred because of their directional properties and in more difficult situations more elements may be needed. If the transmission reaches the receiver over two or more different routes because of reflections from hills or buildings, an unpleas- ant form of distortion may occur. This is like a buzz and it is especially noticeable on piano and guitar music. Larger, more directional aerials, can give some protection against this kind of distortion by discriminating against the reflected signals.

www.americanradiohistory.com Engineering and technical 233 Transmitting stations Lists of maps and tables Page On the following pages are details of all the 625 -line television 234 BBC's domestic television and radio trans- London, South -east and South mitters. For television there are separate maps Midlands and East for the 625 -line colour services and the 405-line South -west and West monochrome services. The maps of England North -west and North show, by different shading, the areas covered North -east by the different English regional versions of Wales BBC-1. Scotland Each map is preceded by a table which gives Northern Ireland details of the transmissions. In order to sim- plify the maps, they have been drawn in such 405 -line television 247 a way that overlaps in service areas are not England shown and an indication is given of which Northern Ireland transmitter is likely to provide the best service Wales in a particular area. Scotland For 625 -line colour television the tables give details of all the channels now in Oper- Vhf radio 254 ation, including the IBA channel (the IBA London and South -east shares the transmitting stations with the BBC Midlands and East and transmits the uhf signals from the same North -west, North and North -east masts). Each 625 -line television station has South, West and South -west been allocated a fourth channel, the use of Wales which has not yet been determined. Scotland For 625 -line television and for vhf stereo- Northern Ireland phonic radio, the maps and tables include forecasts of additional stations which are Vhf sterophonic radio 263 likely to start service during 1976. Because of the time lag between the preparation of this Long and medium-wave radio 264 annual Handbook and its publication, it is Radio 1 impossible to guarantee the accuracy of such Radio 2 forecasts. The opening dates for new services Radio 3 are affected by many interdependent factors, Radio 4 such as obtaining the necessary planning consents, delivery of equipment and com- Local radio 266 pletion of programme links. For the latest information on BBC transmitting stations or advice on reception, write to the BBC Engin- eering Information Department, Broadcasting House, London W1A IAA. All relay stations are shown in the tables in italics.

www.americanradiohistory.com 234 Reference 625 -line television London and South -east and South

625-line television Channel Aerial Pol'n Max. vision BBC -1 BBC -2 IBA group erp(kW) London and South -east Bluebell Hill 40 46 43 E 30 Crystal Palace 26 33 23 A 1000 Chesham (1976) 40 46 43 B 0.1 Great Missenden 58 64 61 C/D 0085 Guildford 40 46 43 B 10 Hemel Hempstead 51 44 41 B 10 Henley -on- Thames 48 64 67 C/D 0.1 Hertford 58 64 61 C/D 2 High Wycombe 55 62 59 C/D 0.5 Luton 55 62 59 C/D 0.1 Reigate 57 63 60 C/D 10 Tunbridge Wells 51 44 41 B 10 Wooburn (1976) 49 52 56 C/D 0.1 Woolwich 57 63 60 C/D 0.6 Dover 50 56 66 C/D 100 Chartham 21 27 24 A 0.25 Heathfield 49 52 64 C/D 100 Hastings 22 25 28 A 1 Newhaven 39 45 43 B 2 Oxford 57 63 60 C/D 500 South Hannington 39 45 42 E 250 Midhurst 61 55 58 C/D 100 Rowridge 31 24 27 A 500 Findon 51 44 41 B 0.05 Salisbury 57 63 60 C/D 10 Ventnor 39 45 49 B 2 Whitehawk Hill (Brighton) 57 63 60 C/D 2 Winterborne Stickland (1976) 40 46 43 B 1

www.americanradiohistory.com Engineering and technical 235

,` ., `, ti - / t- s, -, r r` ti > s'', ` r1L' . ' f J i v i'¡, ' 1^y " ` " Luton' M1' r S. 1 û , Heftforlj t - ^ ford Chesham i . Hemel Hémpsteád , Great Missenden t, a r : L High Wycombe . .: Woolvnch - ;,Woburn,n.,_ , r . r 1nléy-onThámes ..4 4" a Crystal Palace. J 1),,4,) Blueb II Hill Hanriìrigtö- A R,iaft. 'hartham .,. r ..' Tunbr Iciue :'' I ls :Dover

Salsbur :Midhurst. ,. Heathfi Winterborne Stickland %Hastings

:Ven

The shading indicates the grouping of transmitters in the programme regions. Main station relay station London & South South East

www.americanradiohistory.com 236 Reference Midlands and East

625 -line television Channel Aerial Pol'n Max. vision BBC -1 BBC -2 IBA group erp (kW) Midlands Ridge Hill 22 28 25 A H 100 Garth Hill (1976) 57 63 60 C/D V 0.025 Sutton Coldfield 46 40 43 B H 1000 Ashbourne 22 28 25 A V 025 Bolehill 57 63 60 C/D V 025 Brierley Hill 57 63 60 C/D V 10 Bromsgro ve 31 27 24 A V 4

Buxton 21 27 24 A V 1 Fenton 31 27 24 A V 10 Icomb Hill 22 28 25 A V 0-11 Kidderminster 58 64 61 C/D V 2 Lark Stoke 33 26 23 A V 25

Leek 22 28 25 A V 1 Malvern 56 62 66 C/D V 2 Nottingham 21 27 24 A V 2 Stanton Moor 55 62 59 C/D V 2 The Wrekin 26 33 23 A H 100 Waltham 58 64 61 C/D H 250 East Sandy Heath 31 27 24 A H 1000 Sudbury 51 44 41 B H 250 Tacolneston 62 55 59 C/D H 250 Aldeburgh 33 26 23 A V 10 West Runton 33 26 23 A V 2 `r - 'Stanton ¡ ¡Stanton M oor Buxton ¡ r , Bolehill Leek tyiNottingham on Fenton (1/4 kAsh3O ^rne' iWaltham f' J a t ts The Wrekin r\ Sutton wy+s: fT,tfr Çoldtield' íBrverleyY TacöÍriéston 4 A ';Ai-Bromsgróve Garth Hill Kidderminster fsJ ° ' Malvern Lark oke;w Ridge Hill. ) eIcomb Hill

( sv." Sr. y Main station A Relay station J rKl The shading indicates the grouping of 1 transmitters in the programme regions. Midlands East r -1

www.americanradiohistory.com Engineering and technical 237 South -west and West

Channel Aerial Pol'n Max. vision 625 -line television BBC -1 BBC -2 IBA group erp (kW)

South -west Beacon Hill 57 63 60 C/D 100 Caradon Hill 22 28 25 A 500 Plympton 58 64 61 C/D 2 St Austell (1976) 55 62 59 C/D 0.1 Huntshaw Cross 55 62 59 C/D 100 Redruth 51 44 41 B 100 Isles of Scilly 21 27 24 A 0.5 Stockland Hill 33 26 23 A 250 Bridport 51 44 41 B 0.1 St Thomas (Exeter) 51 44 41 B 0.25 Weymouth 40 46 43 B 2 West Mendip 58 64 61 C/D H 500 Bath 22 28 25 A V 0.25 Bristol Ilchester Crescent 40 46 43 B V 0.5 Bristol Kings Weston Hill 45 48 42 B V 1 Cerne Abbas (1976) 22 28 25 A V 0.11 Cirencester 33 26 23 A V 0.25 Marlborough 22 28 25 A V 0.1 Stroud 48 45 42 B V 0.5 Westwood 40 46 43 B V 0.1

r Stroud r A Cirencester ' t tinte

ri t ristol Kings Weston Hill. Marlborough Bath Bristol I IchesterCrrescent .- -- 1 Westwood ,..._.....''Mendipa r ti

f` - -.) Stockland Hill Cerne Abbas -1 .Thornasü2ii (Exeter)

St.Austell;::?

Plympton :

Main station A relay station The shading indicates the grouping of transmitters in the programme regions.

South West West

www.americanradiohistory.com 238 Reference North -west and North

Channel 625 -line television Aerial Pol'n Max. vision BBC-1 BBC -2 IBA group erp (kW)

North -west Winter Hill 55 62 59 C/D H 500 (1) Bacup 40 46 43 B V 025 (2) Birch Vale 40 46 43 B V 0.25 (3) Congleton 51 44 41 B V 0.2 (4) Coniston High Man 21 27 24 A V 0.1 (5) Darwen 39 45 49 B V 0.5 (6) Glossop 22 28 25 A V 025 (7) Haslingden 33 26 23 A V 2 (8) Kendal 58 64 61 C/D V 2 (9) Ladder Hill 33 26 23 A V 025 (10) Lancaster 31 27 24 A V 10 (11) Littleborough 21 27 24 A V 0.5 (12) North Oldham 21 27 24 A V 0.04 (13) Oakenhead 51 44 41 B V 0.1 (14) Pendle Forest 22 28 25 A V 0.5 (15) Saddleworth 52 45 49 B V 2 (16) Sedbergh 40 46 43 B V 0.5 (17) Todmorden 39 45 49 B V 0.5 (18) Trawden 57 63 60 C/D V 02 (19) Walsden 57 63 60 C/D V 0.05 (20) Whalley 40 46 43 B V 0.05 (21) Whitewell 57 63 60 C/D V 0.08 (22) Whitworth 22 28 25 A V 0.05 (23) Windermere 51 44 41 B V 0.5 North Belmont 22 28 25 A H 500 Emley Moor 44 51 47 B H 1000 (24) Beecroft Hill (1976) 55 62 59 C/D V 1.0 (25) Calver Peak 39 45 49 B V 025 (26) Chesterfield 33 26 23 A V 2

(27) Cop Hill 22 28 25 A V 1 (28) Halifax 21 27 24 A V 0.5 (29) Hebden Bridge 22 28 25 A V 0.25 (30) Heyshaw 57 63 60 C/D V 0.5 (31) Idle 21 27 24 A V 025 (32) Keighley 58 64 61 C/D V 10 (33) Oliver's Mount (Scarboro') 57 63 60 C/D V 1 (34) Oxenhope 22 28 25 A V 02 (35) Ripponden 58 64 61 C/D V 0.06

(36) Shatton Edge 52 58 48 C/D V 1 (37) Sheffield 31 27 24 A V 5 (38) Skipton 39 45 49 B V 10 (39) Tideswell Moor 56 63 60 C/D V 0.25 (40) Wharfedale 22 28 25 A V 2

www.americanradiohistory.com Engineering and technical 239

, v/-- , A23 4A ! 816 \ f

V31 g '24 !1 !28 i ,v27 Emley tNoor 'f4 - i nl°'r 2 36s 1 v37 25 ,v39 7 C,3

Hill Main station Relay stations Winter Emley Moor The shading indicates the grouping of transmitters in the programme regions.

North West North

On this map it is not practicable to name the relay stations, because of their close spacing. Each relay station has been numbered; the table opposite gives the corresponding names.

www.americanradiohistory.com 240 Reference North -east

Channel Aerial Pol'n vision 625 -line television Max. BBC -1 BBC -2 IBA group erp (kW)

Bilsdale West Moor 33 26 29 A H 500 Whitby 55 62 59 C/D V 025 Caldbeck 30 34 28 A H 500 Halt whistle 55 62 59 C/D V 2 Langholm (1976) 57 63 60 C/D V 0025 Whitehaven 40 46 43 B V 2 Chatton 39 45 49 B H 100 Pontop Pike 58 64 61 C/ D H 500 Alston 52 45 49 B V 0.4 Carton Beacon 40 46 43 B V 0.14 Haydon Bridge (1976) 51 44 41 B V 0.1 Fenham 21 27 24 A V 2 Morpeth 22 28 25 A V 0.044 Newton 33 26 23 A V 2

Weardale 44 51 41 B V 1

Langholm

Haydon Bridge Y: le A A Catton Beacon

Ca Id beck AlstonA\\Yr

Whitehaven

1 / 1, Jtiir t r

Main station Relay station r'

www.americanradiohistory.com Engineering and technical 241

Vales Channel Aerial Pol'n Max. vision X25 -line television BBC Wales BBC -2 IBA group erp (kW)

100 Blaenplwyf 31 27 24 A H -Llandinam 44 51 41 B V 0.25 Long Mountain (1976) 58 64 61 C/D V 1 H 100 Carmel 57 63 60 C/D V 2.8 Llandrindod Wells (1976) 39 45 49 B V 0.1 Llanelli 39 45 49 E H 100 Llanddona 57 63 60 C/D (1976) 51 44 41 B V 3 Arfon 0025 Bethesda 57 63 60 C/D V V 05 Betws-y-Coed 21 27 24 A Conway 40 46 43 B V 2 V 0.3 Llandecwyn 58 64 61 C/D H 100 Moel-y-Parc 52 45 49 B V 02 Bala 33 26 23 A H 100 Presely 46 40 43 B H 500 Wenvoe 44 51 41 B V 0.5 (1) Aberdare 21 27 24 A V 1 (2) Abergavenny 39 45 49 B V 028 (3) Abertillery 22 28 25 A V 0.05 (4) Abertridwr 57 63 60 C/D V 03 (S) Bargoed 21 27 24 A V 0.01 (6) Bedlinog 21 27 24 A V 0.15 (7) Blaenavon 57 63 60 C/D V 0.1 (8) Blaina 40 46 43 B V 1 (9) Brecon 58 64 61 C/D V 016 (10) Clyro 51 44 41 B V 012 (11) Croeserw 58 64 61 C/D V 0.07 (12) Cwmafan 21 27 24 A V 0.05 (13) Deri 22 28 25 A V 05 (14) Ebbw Vale 55 62 59 C/D V 0.08 (15) Ferndale 57 63 60 C/D V 0.05 (16) Gilfach 21 27 24 A 10 (17) Kilvey Hill 33 26 23 A V 0.15 (18) Llangeinor 55 62 59 C/D V 0.03 (19) Llanhilleth 39 45 49 B V 0.25 (20) Maesteg 22 28 25 A V V 0125 (21) Merthyr Tydfil 22 28 25 A V 025 (22) Mynydd Bach 58 64 61 C/D 2 (23) Mynydd Machen 33 26 23 A V V 0125 (24) Ogmore Vale 57 63 60 C/D 1 V 005 (25) Pennorth (1976) 33 26 23 A V 005 (26) Pontardawe 58 64 61 C/D V 025 (27) Pontypool 21 27 24 A V 0.5 (28) Pontypridd 22 28 25 A V 008 (29) Porth 40 46 43 B V 2.5 (30) Rhondda 33 26 23 A V 015 (31) Rhymney 57 63 60 C/D V 0.02 (32) Taffs Well 55 62 59 C/D V 0.02 (33) Tonypandy 55 62 59 C/D V 0.05 (34) Treharris 56 48 52 C/D

www.americanradiohistory.com 242 Reference (

Moel-y-Parc Bethesda Betws-y-Coed Arfon

Llandecwyn )

? _ r i Ar Long Mountain î IC] ( '- `t Llandinam 3 S Llandrindód Wells

I / L See map\opposite

v(

Wenvoe

Main station Relay station

www.americanradiohistory.com Engineering and technical 243 relay On this map it is not practicable to name the relay stations, because of their close spacing. Each station has been numbered; the table on page 241 gives the corresponding names.

1 »A

) l

A9 1 A25 \ rj I .,,.l r Cerrnel -'1 tl i ' ----A2

YJ A8 -7 . f 26 A3 27 t `? '1

..:-.,,¡,-.,:---1": : Main station Relay station

www.americanradiohistory.com 244 Reference Scotland

625 -line television Channel Aerial Pol'n Max. vision BBC -1 BBC-2 IBA group erp (kW) Angus 57 63 60 C/D H Crieff 100 33 26 23 A V Pitlochry 025 22 28 25 A V 0.15 Tay Bridge 51 44 41 B V 05 Black Hill 40 46 43 B H 500 Biggar 22 28 25 A V 0.5 Craignure (1976) 22 28 25 A V 20 Killearn (1976) 65 62 59 C/D V 0.5 Kilmacolm 21 27 24 A V 004 South Knapdale 57 63 60 C/D V 1 45 Caldbeck (BBC-1 NE England) 30 34 28 A H 500 Chatton (BBC-1 NE England) 39 45 49 B H 100 Craigkelly 31 27 24 A H 100 Penicuik (1976) 58 64 61 C/D V Perth 2 39 45 49 B V West Linton 1 33 26 23 A V 0-025 Dunkeld (1976) 51 44 41 B V Darvel 0.1 33 26 23 A H 100 Campbeltown 57 63 60 C/D V 0.125 Girvan (1976) 55 62 59 C/D V 0.25 Kirkconnel 58 64 61 C/D V 0.25 Lethanhill 57 63 60 C/D V 025 Millburn Muir 39 52 42 B V Durris 025 22 28 25 A H 500 Balgownie 40 46 43 B V 0.04 Gartly Moor 58 64 61 C/D V Peterhead 22 55 62 59 C/D V 0.1 Rosehearty 51 44 41 B V 2 Eitshal (1976) 33 26 23 A H 100 Keelylang (1976) Hill 40 46 43 B H 100 Bressay (1976) 22 28 25 A V 10 Knock More 33 26 23 A H 100 Rosemarkie 39 45 49 B H 100 Auchmore Wood (1976) 22 28 25 A V 0.1 Rumster Forest 31 27 24 A II 100 Selkirk 55 62 59 C/D H 50 (1) Eyemouth 33 26 23 A V 2 (2) Galashiels 51 44 41 B V 0 1 (3) Hawick 33 26 23 A V 0.05 (4) Innerleithen 58 64 61 C/D V 0.1 (5) Peebles 22 28 25 A V 01

www.americanradiohistory.com Engineering and Technical 245

:Shetland Islands

Rumster Forest.. Ei

:: Rosehearty

Peterhead

Gartly Moor Balgownie;::: Durris

. '" _--<ì APitIOChr '' ^ Dunkeld:::;:: Angus l L eign ara A Crieff1 Perth Killearn Tay Bridge Millburn Muir fj : Kimacolm`` Craigkelly::::------BBC-1 North East England..;:: 'S.KnapdaleI 5 "Chatton Campbel-own Bigga4

...... KirkconiJel 3 ` \ Lethanhillr:: -v1 _7

Main station Caldbeck A Relay station

www.americanradiohistory.com 246 Reference Northern Ireland

625 -line television Channel Aerial Pol'n Max. vision BBC -I BBC -2 IBA group erp (kW)

Divis 31 27 24 A H 500 Black Mountain 39 45 49 B V 0.025 Carnmoney Hill 40 46 43 B V 0.02 Kilkeel 39* 45* 49* B V 2 Killowen Mountain 31* 27* 24* A V 0.15 Larne 39* 45 49* B V 0.5 Limavady 55 62 59 C/D H 100 Londonderry 51 44 41 B V 32

* Not in service at date of publication.

Londondérryf ( --

r \_

_J S/

/

Killowen Mountain

Main station A Relay station

www.americanradiohistory.com Engineering and technical 247

405 -line television England

Channel Polari- Maximum Channel Polari- Maximum zation effective zation effective radiated radiated power power (kW) (kW)

London and South -west South -east Les Platons 4 H 1

Crystal Palace 1 V 200 North Hessary Tor 2 V 15 Bexhill 3 H 0.15 Bude 4 V 0.1 Eastbourne 5 V 0.05 Okehampton 4 V 0.04 Hastings 4 H 0.015 Sidmouth 4 H 0 03 Hungerford 4 H 0.025 Redruth 1 F1 10 Newhaven 8 V 0.05 Bodmin 5 H 0.01 Rye 3 H 0.05 Isles of Scilly 3 H 0 02 Oxford 2 H 0.65 Swingate 2 V 1.5 North -west Canterbury 5 V 0.03 Winter Hill 12 V 125 Folkestone 4 H 0.04 Douglas 5 V 3 Kendal 1 H 0025 Midlands Morecambe Bay 3 H 5 Sutton Coldfield 4 V 100

Churchdown Hill 1 H 025 North Hereford 2 11 0.05 Belmont 13 V 20 Northampton 3 V 0I Skegness 1 11 006 Holme Moss 2 V 100 Eut Scarborough 1 H 0.5 Peterborough 5 H 1 Sheffield 1 H 0.05 Bedford 10 H 3 Wensleydale 1 V 0.02 Cambridge 2 H 0.1 Tacolneston 3 H 45 North -east Aldeburgh 5 V 0-025 Pontop Pike 5 H 17 Mmmingtree 4 H S Richmond 3 V 0.045 Weardale I H 0.15 South Whitby 4 V 0 04 Rowridge 3 V 100 Sandalo 4 H 30 Brighton 2 V 0.4 Ventnor 5 H 0.01

Weymouth 1 H 0.05

West Wenvoe 5 V 100 Barnstaple 3 11 0.2 Bath 6 1-1 0.25 Marlborough 7 11 0025 Swindon 3 H 02

See map overleaf

www.americanradiohistory.com 248 Reference 405 -line television: England

405-line television Northern Ireland

Taeolneston

: Aldeburgh :fee Manningtree;?;: alate

Barnstaple' ,Swingate :.::Folkestone Rye Ç Hastings

:: Bexhill Eastbourne Newhaven Brighton ::

*Main station es Platons Relay station

The shading indicates the grouping of transmitters in the programme regions North East ti! Midlands \\ South No rth East West 11111111111 -- London and North West South West South East

www.americanradiohistory.com Engineering and technical 249

Northern Ireland

Channel Polarization Maximum effective 405 -line television radiated power (kW)

Divis 1 H 35 Baliycasile 4 H 0.05 Brougher Mountain 5 V 7 Kilkeel 3 H 0025 Larne 3 H 0.05 Londonderry 2 H 1.5 Maddybenny More 5 H 0.02 Newryt 4 V 0-03 t Temporarily out of service.

Brougher Mountain

Main station A Ps ay station

www.americanradiohistory.com 250 Reference Wales

405 -line television Channel Polarization Maximum effective radiated power (kW) BBC Wales Blaenplwyf 3 H 3 Dolgellau 5 V 0.025 Ffestiniog 5 H 0.05 Machynlleth 5 H 0.05 Haverfordwest 4 H 10 Ammanford 12 H 0.02 Cardigan 2 H 0.045 Llanddona 1 V 6 Holyhead 4 H 0.01 Moel -y -Parc 6 V 20 Betws-y -Coed 4 11 0.035 Llangollen 1 H 0.035 Wenvoe 13 V 200 Abergavenny 3 H 0.03 Carmarthen 1 V 0.02 Kilvey Hill 2 1-1 0.5 Llandrindod Wells 1 11 1.5 Llanelli 3 V 0.0 Llanidloes 13 11 0.0252 BBC-1 Holme Moss 2 V 100 Sutton Coldfield 4 V 100 Wenvoe 5 V 100

Some parts of North and East Wales are served by the 405 -line BBC -1 service from Holme Moss (channel 2V) or Sutton Coldfield (channel 4V)

www.americanradiohistory.com Engineering and technical 251

., Moel=.y-Parc - :i>i:;:j ...... etws-y-Coed

e-^ Llangollenn A F(estiniog /-, )

A Dolgellau r' 5 A Machynlleth 3 -L5 A Llanidl es

Lladdrindod Wells

_----Wenvoe BBC-1

Abergavenny

Main station A Relay station

www.americanradiohistory.com 252 Reference

Scotland

Channel Polarization Maximum effective 405 -line television radiated power (kW)

Kirk o'Shotts 3 V 100

Ashkirk 1 V 18 Ayr 2 H 0.05 Campbeltown 5 V 0.5 Dundee Law 2 V 0.01 Forfar 5 V 5 Girvan 4 V 0.02

Lochgilphead I V 0.02

Millburn Muir 1 V 0.01 Perth 4 V 0.025

Pitlochry 1 H 0.2 Port Ellen 2 V 0.05 Rosneath 2 V 0.02 Toward 5 V 0.25 Meldrum 4 H 17

Ballater 1 V 0.01 Bressay 3 V 6 Orkney 5 V 15

Thrumster 1 V 7 Rosemarkie 2 H 20 Ballachulish 2 V 0.1 Fort William 5 H 1.5

Grantown 1 H 0.4 Kingussie 5 H 0.035

Kinlochleven I V 0.005 Melvaig 4 V 25 Oban 4 V 3 Penifiler I H 0.025 Skriaig 3 H 12 Sandale 6 H 70

www.americanradiohistory.com Engineering and technical 253

i:Shetland Ìstands :

...... ;w ... .._

f:eB¡essay :;

Grantown h Kingussie i ... " ti Pitlochry Kinlochlevenr

Ballichuhsh ...... ban r o;

ochgilphead Toward

Main station 405 -line television Northern Ireland Relay station

www.americanradiohistory.com 254 Reference Vhf radio Notes: All transmissions are horizontally polarized (s) - Transmits stereophonic programmes England London and South -east

Vhf radio Frequency (MHz) Maximum effective Radio 1/2 Radio 3 Radio 4 radiated power (kW)

Oxford 89.5(s) 91.7(s) 93.9(s) 22 Swingate 90.0(s) 92.4(s) 94.4(s) 7 Wrotham 89.1(s) 91.3(s) 93-5(s) 120

www.americanradiohistory.com Engineering and technical 255

Midlands and East

Frequency (MHz) Maximum effective Vhf radio Radio 1/2 Radio 3 Radio 4 radiated power (kW)

Midlands Sutton Coldfield 88.3(s) 90.5(s) 92.7(s) 120 Churchdown Hill 89.0(s) 91ß(s) 93.4(s) 0.025 Hereford 89.7(s) 91.9(s) 94.1(s) 0.025 Northampton 88.9(s) 91.1(s) 93.3(s) 0.06 East Peterborough 90.1 92.3 94.5 20 Cambridge 88.9 91.1 93.3 0.02 Tacolneston 89.7(s: 1976) 91.9(s: 1976) 94.1 120

s ti

f Z ) í

)

f + rr '1 /' \`,.,v r' a 1 r xs ~ Sutton Col-dfieÌd_i >',.., f Tacol4ston ; ::.`;; ì > t` .... `, i ` +..rti i C. l ryr,,c } \ L..,..i.tir.- ` ry S.. r Y z rsi 5V Northr3nipton r r5 ` .'a J 1 ..i S r° lt .. > i Y Hereford e,,,1 ls e 4...1 S S 1 ) S S _ Churchdown Hill `` - ! 1 j 4 !f w St?" ¡'(^ I \ < Main station Relay station ...-' --*,i L. y,. The shading indicates the grouping of it the programme regions. transmitters Ars East Midlands )r _

www.americanradiohistory.com 256 Reference North -west, North and North-east

Vhf radio Frequency (MHz) Maximum effective Radio 1/2 Radio 3 Radio 4 radiated power (kW)

North -west Holme Moss 89.3(s) 91.5(s) 93.7(s) 120 Douglas 88.4 90.6 92.8 6 Kendal 88.7(s) 90.9(s) 93.1(s) 0025 Morecambe Bay 90.0(s) 92.2(s) 94.4(s) 4 Windermere 88 -6(s) 90.8(s) 93.0(s) 0.02 North Belmont 88.8(s) 90.9(s) 93.1(s) 8 Holme Moss 89.3(s) 91 -5(s) 93.7(s) 120 Scarborough 89.9(s) 92.1(s) 94.3(s) 0.025 Sheffield 89.9(s) 92.1(s) 94.3(s) 0.06 Wensleydale 88.3(s) 90.5(s) 92.7(s) 0.025 North -east Pontop Pike 88.5(s) 90.7(s) 92.9(s) 60 Weardale 89.7(s) 91.9(s) 94.1(s) 0.1 Whitby 89.6(s) 91.8(s) 94.0(s) 0.04 Sandale 88.1(s) 90.3(s) 94.7(s) 120

www.americanradiohistory.com Engineering and technical 257

_ J 1

Y i

A {¡ S 4r r v y-\ r141-Holme M os s a 7- f f i,,,,t ,.$ .t-i , t r L 7 s :`ÿl ti) { j 1 t r i r S t ` /< I v`1 ¿ !S

1 fJ / l r L S i ;,1",..r ....r - ' L, ® Main station Relay station Ça -, 1 < The shading indicates the grouping of transmitters in the i" / '`,___, programme regions. w ---'

North West and North North East r ' .:::fir;<: .,' `1 a

www.americanradiohistory.com 258 Reference South, West and South -west

Vhf radio Frequency (MHz) Maximum effective Radio 1/2 Radio 3 Radio 4 radiated power (kW)

South Rowridge 88.5(s) 90.7(s) 92.9 60 Brighton 90.1(s) 92.3(s) 94.5 0.15 Ventnor 89.4(s) 91.6(s) 93.8 0.02 West Wenvoe 89.95(s) 96.8(s) 92.125(s) 120 Bath 88.8(s) 91.0(s) 93.2(s) 0.035 South -west Les Platons 91.1 94.75 97.1 1.5 North Hessary Tor 88.1 90.3(s) 92.5 60 Barnstaple 88.5(s) 90.7(s) 92.9(s) 0.15 Okehampton 88.7 90.9(s) 93.1 0.015 Redruth 89.7 91.9(s) 94.1 9 Isles of Scilly 88.8 91.0(s) 93.2 0.02

tif,

1ti `.-Ma 1,,5 ..ri y 1 f S^'..,... } 1 1. ! ) p`? S ` f s.t? / t` ti s r -i' ti Yi- - ;,,__ti tiv ú,k ! %... -- MT ! ir-} .y ..i... Brighton

...:Isles of Scilly

Main station A Relay station The shading indicates the grouping of transmitters in the programme regions.

South West South West

www.americanradiohistory.com Engineering and technical 259

Vales

Frequency (MHz) Maximum effective 'hf radio Radio 1/2 Radio 3 Radio 4 radiated power (kW)

ilacnplwyf 88.7 90.9 93.1 60 )olgellau 90.1 92.3 94.5 0.015 festiniog 88.1 90.3 92.5 0.05 -1lachynlleth 89.4 91.6 93.8 0.06 laverfordwest 89.3 91.5 93.7 10 .landdona 89.6 91.8 94.0 12 Betws-y-Coed 88.2 90.4 92.6 0.01 Uangollen 88.85 91.05 93 -25 10 Wenvoe 89.95(s) 96.8(s) 94.3(s) 120 Brecon 88.9(s) 91.1(s) 93.3 0.01 Carmarthen 88.5(s) 90.7(s) 92.9(s) 0.01 Llandrindod Wells 89.1(s) 91.3(s) 93.5(s) 1.5 Llanidloes 88.1(s) 90.3(s) 92.5(s) 0005

Llangollen

ndrindod Wells

...... Main station Relay station

www.americanradiohistory.com 260 Reference Scotland

Vhf radio Frequency (MHz) Maximum effective Radio 1/2 Radio 3 Radio Scotland radiated power (kW)

Kirk o'Shotts 89.9(s) 92.1(s) 94.3(s) 120 Ashkirk 89 -1(s) 91.3(s) 93.5(s) 18 Ayr 88.7(s) 90.9(s) 93.1(s) 0.055 Campbeltown 88.6(s) 90.8(s) 93.0 0.035 Forfar 88.3(s) 90.5(s) 92.7(s) 10 Lochgilphead 88.3(s) 90.5(s) 92.7(s) 0.01 Millburn Muir 88.8(s) 91 -0(s) 93.2 0.025 Perth 89.0 91 2 93.4 0.015 Pitlochry 892 91.4 93.6 0.2 Rosneath 892(s) 91.4(s) 93.6(s) 0.025 Toward 88-5(s) 90.7(s) 92.9(s) 025 Meldrum 88.7 90.9 93.1 60 Bressay 88.3 90.5 92.7 10 Grantown 89.8 92.0 94.2 0.35 Kingussie 89.1 91.3 93.5 0.035 Orkney 89.3 91.5 93.7 20 Thrumster 90.1 92.3 94.5 10 Rosemarkie 89.6 91.8 94.0 12 Ballachulish 88.1 90.3 92.5 0.015 Fort William 89.3 91.5 93.7 1.5 Kinlochleven 89.7 91.9 94.1 0.002 Melvaig 89.1 91.3 93.5 22 Oban 88.9 91.1 93.3 1.5 Penifiler 89.5 91.7 93.9 0.006 Skriaig 88.5 90.7 92.9 10 Sandale 88 1(s) 90.3(s) 92.5 120

www.americanradiohistory.com Engineering and technical 261

Shetland Islands

`:_ J Kingussie` s 40Fort Williams "^---s Kinlôchleven -" S' ::;A:.itloch ` Ballachulish M'\ :rr i r ()bane; a Perth á : :::::::: ü Rosneai h ` LochoiIphead ...;.vr'rl

Main station Radio 4 N. Ireland Sandal A Relay station

www.americanradiohistory.com 262 Reference Northern Ireland

Vhf radio Frequency (MHz) Maximum effective Radio 1/2 Radio 3 Radio 4 radiated power (kW)

Divis 90.1(s:1976) 92.3(s: 1976) 94.5(s:1976) 60 Ballycastle 89.0 91.2 93.4 0.04 Brougher Mountain 88.9 91.1 93.3 2.5 Kilkeel 88.8 91.0 93.2 0.025 Larne 89.1 91.3 93.5 0.015 Londonderry 88.3 90.55 92.7 13 Maddybenny More 88.7 90.9 93.1 0.03 Newryt 88.6 90 8 93.0 0.03 t Temporarily out of service.

:Divis ra Brougher Mountain ,` ;az `r" 4 ., ` :':::...... :<;'. I \ i ó1 r

4) Main station Relay station

www.americanradiohistory.com Engineering and technical 263 Vhf stereophonic radio

-,

In service ,,r Opening in 1976 Rosneathi+y,

Lochgilphead Millúur i iuir': ' :xJf.C` ^2. -..'

CampbeltoWn

ti

Holme Moss," r;y Sheffield,

Sii'ttonColdfieldlikK .s Tacolheston :::.... 7LlanidloesA ç ;::Llandrindo*(1WéllsA / ` Northampton ;z;' Breci n I Hill;> ; Carmarthen 5, ' Ghurchdówn Oxfófd \-,ff ...... _ . . 'Y. tY- rot ham E3rìth Swing ate AOkehamptón ; t,-l- Ven'tnor '41111North Hessary;.;;:::;:Rowridge ;

Main station A Relay station. isies of Scilly

The areas receiving, or shortly to receive, the stereophonic services of Radio 1/2, 3 and 4 and Radio Scotland. See preceding pages for station details.

www.americanradiohistory.com 264 Reference Long and medium -wave radio

Radio 1

Frequency Wavelength Power Main areas served (kHz) (metres) (kW)

Bournemouth 1,484 202 2 Bournemouth and Poole District Brighton 1,214 247 1 Brighton and Worthing Brookmans Park 1,214 247 50 London and parts of South-east England Burghead 1,214 247 20 Moray Firth area Droitwich 1,214 247 30 Midland counties Fareham 1,214 247 1 Southampton, Portsmouth, Isle of Wight Hull 1,214 247 0.15 Hull Lisnagarvey 1,214 247 10 parts of Northern Ireland Londonderry 1,214 247 0.25 } Moorside Edge 1,214 247 50 South Lancashire & South -west Yorkshire Newcastle 1,214 247 2 Tyneside Plymouth 1,214 247 1 Plymouth Postwick 1,214 247 1 East Norfolk, North Suffolk Redmoss 1,214 247 2 Aberdeen Redruth 1,214 247 2 Redruth and Camborne district Torquay 1,484 202 0.5 Torbay, Newton Abbot, Totnes Tywyn (1976) 1,214 247 0.5 Cardigan Bay area Washford 1,214 247 60 Parts of South Wales Westerglen 1,214 247 40 Central Scotland

Radio 2

Frequency Wavelength Power Main areas served (kHz) (metres) (kW)

Main transmission Droitwich 200 1,500 400 Most of British Isles Auxiliary transmissions Dundee 1,484 202 2 Dundee area Edinburgh 1,484 202 2 Edinburgh Glasgow 1,484 202 2 Glasgow area Redmoss 1,484 202 2 Aberdeen area

Radio 3

Main transmission Within a radius of about 100 miles of Daventry 647 464 150 Daventry, Northants. Auxiliary transmissions Dundee 1,594 188 025 Edinburgh 647 464 2 Exeter 647 464 0.5 Glasgow 647 464 2 Newcastle 647 464 2 Local districts Plymouth 647 464 0.5 Redmoss 647 464 2

Redruth 647 464 1

Swansea 647 464 1

www.americanradiohistory.com Engineering and technical 265

Radio 4

Frequency Wavelength Power Main areas served (kHz) (metres) (kW)

England National Barrow 1,052 285 2 Barrow district Bartley 692 434 10 South Hants, South Wiltshire Bexhill 1,052 285 2 Eastbourne, Hastings and Bexhill district Brighton 692 434 2 Brighton district Brisco (Carlisle) 1,052 285 2 Carlisle area Brookmans Park 908 330 140 London and South-east England Clevedon 908 330 20 Somerset, South Gloucestershire Cromer 692 434 2 North -east Norfolk Droitwich 1,052 285 150 Midland counties Folkestone 1,052 285 1 Folkestone district Hull 908 330 2 Hull district Moorside Edge 692 434 300 Lancashire, Yorkshire, N. Nottinghamshire, N. Derbyshire, N. Lincolnshire, Cheshire, E. Clwyd (Wales) Postwick 1,052 285 7.5 Norwich area Ramsgate 692 434 2 Ramsgate district Redruth 908 330 2 Camborne and Redruth district Scarborough 908 330 2 Scarborough district Stagshaw 908 330 100 N.E. England and Border area Start Point 1,052 285 100 S. Cornwall, S. Devon, Dorset, Isle of Wight Stockton 1052 285 2 Teesside and Darlington area Swindon 1,340 224 0.5 Swindon Whitehaven 692 434 1.3 Whitehaven district England South -west Barnstaple 683 439 2 Barnstaple- Bideford district Exeter 989 303 1 Exeter, Exmouth Plymouth 1,457 206 1 Plymouth district Redruth 755 397 2 Camborne and Redruth district Torquay 854 351 1 Torbay Northern Ireland Belfast 719 417 0.5 Belfast area Londonderry 719 417 0.25 Londonderry area Radio Ulster Lisnagarvey 1,340 224 100 Most of Northern Ireland Londonderry 1,340 224 0.25 Londonderry district Radio Scotland Burghead 809 371 100 Moray Firth area Dumfries 809 371 2 Dumfries district Redmoss 809 371 5 Aberdeen area Westerglen 809 371 100 Central Scotland Wales Penmon 881 341 10 N. Wales Tywyn 881 341 5 W. Wales Washford 881 341 70 S. Wales Wrexham 881 341 2 Wrexham district

www.americanradiohistory.com 266 Reference BBC local radio transmitting stations: medium wave and vhf

Medium wave Vhf Effective Frequency Wavelength Power Frequency radiated Pol'n* power (kHz)kHz (metres) (kW) (MHz) (kW) Radio Birmingham 1,457 206 10 95.6 5.5 H Radio Blackburn 854 351 0.5 96.4 1.6 S Radio Brighton 1,484 202 1 95.3 0.5 H Radio Bristol 1,546 194 2 95.5 5 H Radio Carlisle (main) 755 397 1 95.6 5 H Whitehaven relay 1,457 206 0.5 Radio Cleveland - - - 1,546 194 1 96.6 5 H Radio Derby (main) 1,115 269 0.5 96.5 5.5 S Derby relay - 942 0.01 V Radio Humberside 1,484 202 2 96.9 4.5 H Radio Leeds 1,106 271 1 92.4 5.2 S Radio Leicester 1,594 188 0.5 95.1 0.3 S Radio London 1,457 206 50 94.9 16.5 H Radio Manchester 1,457 206 8 95.1 42 S Radio Medway 1,034 290 0.5 96.7 5.6 H Radio Merseyside 1,484 202 2 95.8 5 H Radio Newcastle 1,457 206 2 95.4 3.5 H Radio Nottingham 1.520 197 025 95.4 0.3 S Radio Oxford 1,484 202 0.5 95.2 4.5 H Radio Sheffield (main) 1,034 290 1 97.4 52 S Sheffield relay - - - 88.6 0.05 H Radio Solent (main) 998 301 1 96.1 5 H Bournemouth relay 1,594 188 025 Radio - - - Stoke -on -Trent 1,502 200 0.5 96.1 2.5 H

* H - Horizontal, S - Slant, V - Vertical

The maps on the following four pages show the vhf and daytime medium -wave coverage for each of the 20 BBC local radio stations.

www.americanradiohistory.com Engineering and technical 267

Burton upon Trent Birmingham I Stafford Bristol Shepshed Tewkesbury -- ' Coalville r . Ross -on -Wye Gloucester Oaken 9gates Cannock Leicester Wolverhampton / s / __ Hinckley Monmouth / Cirencester Dudley Birmingham ! Stroud `. Coventry Rugby Solihull Bristol \ Swindon Warwick 1 Droitwich Stratford upon Avon Bath Devizes Minehead ;:::`:is: /Frome Lancaster s, Skipton Bridgwater / ._ _ ,-. Street // Clitheroe ` olne t Salisbury Blackpool Preston J Taunton \1 -,.? Shaftesbury

Blackb rn Tiverton Chard Blandford Forum Southport Bury Rochdale Honiton Bridport Bolton Salford$ Manchester erpool.- Carlisle Moffat Stockport Runcorn Brighton' / / Langholm

Dumfries,/ Lockerbie I Haltwhistle Crawley Dalbeattie Annan E.Grinstead Horsham._ Carlisle Hexham % "% ! Cuckfield \\ Arundel/ ov- . ewes r Penrith I Workington f Whitehaven '' Keswick, ii Appleby Siv Ambleside

wave Medium wave Vhf transmitter OMediumtransmitter Vhf service area service area - - (daytime)

www.americanradiohistory.com 268 Reference

Cleveland äiÿtr;: Leeds Tynemouth Newcastle S.Shiel upon Tyne Ripon I Consett / Harrogate ,\ Skiptori'" Durham pYork Ilkley Crook 6\eY/ gradfd dJ Leeds Selby Stóckton -on -Tees MiddlesbroUgFi '-lalifa( Goole Barnard iastle 0 r 9Wakefield \ Darlington /! Wh'í6y Nticrdersfffld I Dewsbury / I Rochfiale 1 /+ Doncaster l Scarboroug \ North/allerton Oldham \ / Rottferham \ / Glossop .-/ Malton Sheffieid 'Ripon Buxton Harrogate Derby Chesterfield York . Leek Matlock Bradford Leeds Selby Alf reton ..1 St4e on Trent Hucknall Derby Jottingham Humberside 4 Sec one 1

Ripon Norton Buro upon Trente Loughborough Cannock Leice t York / Harrogate Hinckley Birmingham Selby Hull / Leicester Dewsbury Goole Nottingham CO Walefield Derby /- Grimsby sfe/ Dioncaster / Loughborough Shepshedt vfNtelton Rotherham Úáinsborough i Mowbray \ She Louth Leiér Worksop Hinck e / Corby Bolsover C2Lincoln Nuneaton ''s J Chesterfield l-- .'Market Mansfield Harborough Rugby*

www.americanradiohistory.com Engineering and technical 269

London ( Sandy Newcastle Haverhill ,.` Sudbury Alnwick Ampthili 9 Stevenage i Tringi Luton i / Morpeth / Maldon 1 Newcastle upon Tyne Cheiham , 1 Hexham / Greater / London Reading \ Durham: y. 'Crook Farnborought Canterbury ,/ Stockt Dorking Maidston Q-ól-TeesJ Godalmin i Darlingto Middóug Tunbridge Weli Hasleme - Richmond* - Northallerton Sheffield(

5 e Selby sf. ate Goole J i Basingsto e Doncaster Barnsley Wilton Rotherham Romsey Glosso Gainsborough Shef f ielyt' Shaftes Southampton i Chesterfield AlLincoln Bakewel ( Poole I i Matlock\ 1 Dorches er t,,./ Heanor Grantham Stoke on Trent Manchester Warrington 60 . Bacup Stockport "qv Rpchdate Macclesf leld Flint rt MancJipster Chester Leek Ruthin StQçkport ; Crewe on Trent Wrex am Stoke Warrington` - .; Buxton Llangollen Uttoxeter , Stafford Oakengates fiugeley Wrexham Stoke on Trent Cannock Shrewsbury - Llangollen Wolverhampton

www.americanradiohistory.com 270 Reference

Merseyside Nottingham Fleetwood Blackpool \\ Preston a \ QBlackburn .e ` ry \e , N arKo rent Roc\ Bolton Oldham Wigan Q / Heanor Manchester \ Grantham Liverpool (*' , \ Stoc' Nottingh.m restat Derbyt Warrington Melt$n Mowbray Chester Winsford Coalville i Llanfairfechan , Mold ?. Oakham Denbigh Leicester

Llangollen Stoke on Trent

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Luton -Bicester \ / \Oxford'. i \ Abingdon Chesham ° - Swindon Maidstone Canterbury Wantage-' Marlow Ashford s.) eading _ ( Dover olkestone>::i: Marlborough Newbury

.,a Basingstoke &sc'& stings::::

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www.americanradiohistory.com Constitutional

The Constitution of the BBC (when the broadcasting service in this country began) to 1926, after which the newly -formed The BBC's powers and responsibilities Corporation took over. The BBC is a body corporate set up by Royal The Company was formed, at the invitation Charter and operating under Licence. Its object of the then Postmaster General, by the princi- is to provide a public service of broadcasting pal manufacturers of wireless apparatus, who for general reception at home and overseas. appointed as their General Manager Mr J. C. The members of the Corporation are its W. Reith (the late Lord Reith). The Company Governors, and they are appointed by the soon became widely known as `the BBC'. It was Queen in Council. The Governors, who are required, under Licence, to provide a service twelve in number, are not called upon to make 'to the reasonable satisfaction of the Postmaster broadcasting their sole concern. The term of General'. The Postmaster General was the final appointment is normally five years. The Gover- arbiter as to what kind of matter might or nors work through a permanent staff headed might not be broadcast. The Company had no by the Director -General, who is the chief Charter. executive officer of the Corporation. The BBC's policy during those years was The BBC is responsible for the whole process based on Reith's conviction, not universally of broadcasting, including the engineering shared, that broadcasting, then in its infancy, operation, from the planning and origination held great potentialities. He saw it as being in of programmes in television and radio to their the future a source, not only of entertainment, ultimate transmission over the air. but also of information and enlightenment To provide the necessary links between its available to all. Its motive should be that of studios and outside broadcasting points and its public service, and he stressed the need for transmitting stations, the BBC relies on the co- high standards and a strong sense of responsi- operation of the Post Office which provides bility. The Company established a policy of circuits and charges the BBC with a rental absolute impartiality in broadcasting talks and for the use of them. Subject to the law of the speeches. On the basis of its record and rapid land and to the obligations laid down in, or progress, the Company sought constantly to arising from, the Charter and the Licence and establish its claim to a greater measure of in- Agreement, the BBC is accorded full indepen- dependence in dealing with news, events, and dence in the conduct of its day -to -day pro- opinions - the broadcasting of which had been gramme and other activities. subject to many restrictions. It was on the basis of approval of what had Its foundation been done, and of a recognition of the further The constitutional position of the BBC, which possibilities, that Lord Crawford's Committee has remained broadly unaltered since the of 1925, which had been appointed by the granting of the first Charter in 1927, was deter- Government to advise on future management mined largely by the policy adopted by the and control, recommended that the broad- British Broadcasting Company from 1922 casting service should be conducted in the 271

www.americanradiohistory.com 272 Reference future by a public corporation `acting as reserve power and the Corporation has en- trustee for the national interest'. joyed, and enjoys, complete freedom in the In accordance with the Crawford Com- handling of its programme activities. mittee's recommendations, the entire property The policy from which this freedom derives and undertaking of the British Broadcasting dates back to the time before the first Royal Company `as a going concern', together with Charter was granted. The view expressed on its existing contracts and staff, were taken over this matter by Sir William Mitchell -Thomson by the British Broadcasting Corporation on (later Lord Selsdon), who, as Postmaster 1 January 1927. General, was responsible for the establish- ment of the Corporation at the end of 1926, was The Licence and Agreement approved at the time by the House of Com- mons. Speaking in the House of Commons In order to carry on its business as broadly on 15 November 1926, he said: stated in the Charter, the BBC is required under the Charter to acquire a licence from the 'While I am prepared to take the responsibility for Secretary of State for the Home Department broad issues of policy, on minor issues and measures of domestic policy and matters of day -to -day control I (who in 1974 March assumed responsibilities want to leave things to the free judgment of the exercised by the Ministry of Posts and Tele- Corporation.' communications before its dissolution). This This policy was reaffirmed in a resolution of requirement arises by virtue of the statutory the House of Commons in 1933 and has been powers of the Minister under the Wireless endorsed by successive Ministers on numerous Telegraphy Acts, consolidated in the Act of occasions since then, and several times within 1949. the last decade. The major part of the BBC's Licence and Agreement with the Minister is devoted to a The BBC's obligations statement of the terms and conditions under Apart from the formal power of veto which it which the Corporation is permitted to establish confers on the Secretary of State, Clause 13 also and use its transmitting stations and apparatus lays a number of specific obligations on the for wireless telegraphy. There are also import- BBC. The BBC is required, inter alia, ant clauses relating to finance, and others 'To broadcast an impartial account day by day, relating to programmes. prepared by professional reporters, of the pro- ceedings in both Houses of Parliament' (Clause The powers of the Government 13 (2) ). The Licence reserves to the Secretary of State This provision ensures the continuance of a certain powers in relation to programmes. practice originally begun by the BBC, on its Under Clause 13 (4) of the Licence, the own initiative, in 1945. A further requirement Secretary of State: is that the BBC shall broadcast official an- may from time to time by notice in writing require the nouncements whenever requested to do so by a Corporation to refrain at any specified time or at all Minister of Her Majesty's Government (Clause times from sending any matter or matters of any class 13 (3) ). In practice, the purposes of this clause specified in such notice. are achieved without Ministerial intervention. This clause enables the Government or Government announcements of major impor- Parliament to have the last word on issues tance naturally find a place in scheduled news in which their views and those of the bulletins as matters of news interest, while the Corporation might be in conflict. It confers on broadcasting of more routine announcements, the Government a formally absolute power of such as police messages, reports of the out- veto over BBC programmes. However, in break of animal disease, and the like, is ar- practice, this has always been treated as a ranged informally between the government

www.americanradiohistory.com Constitutional 273 department concerned (or the Central newspapers are at liberty to `editorialise' on Office of Information) and the BBC news- any subject they choose whereas the broad- rooms. casting authorities are specifically prevented was Clause 12 of the Licence in effect forbids the from doing so. The second requirement BBC to obtain revenue (or any consideration designed as a safeguard against `subliminal' in kind) from the broadcasting of advertise- advertising or indoctrination. of ments or from commercial sponsorship of pro- In the same Memorandum, the Secretary by grammes. This means that the BBC's whole State takes note of certain assurances given Lord broadcast output corresponds as it were to the the then Chairman of the BBC (the late editorial columns of a newspaper or periodical Normanbrook) in a letter dated 19 June 1964, - but without the advertising that they carry. and since reaffirmed. In that letter the BBC's treat The distinction is a clear one and presents no Chairman recognised the BBC's duty to and difficulty. But the problem does not end there. controversial subjects with due impartiality Editorial publicity for peoples, places, things to ensure that, so far as possible, programmes and activities is inseparable from any form should not offend against good taste or decency, of publishing, whether in print or in broad- or be likely to encourage crime and disorder, or all, casting. For the BBC, such publicity needs be offensive to public feeling. These are BBC to be regulated in a sensible and consistent strictly speaking, obligations which the com- way so as to reconcile a policy of 'no adver- has imposed on itself, but their formal tising' with the abiding need to provide a munication by the BBC's Chairman to the full service of news, comment, and information Minister and the latter's formal acknowledg- generally. The BBC's policy is to avoid giving ment of them have invested them with some- publicity to any individual person or product, thing of the nature of a prescription. firm or organised interest, except in so far as In addition to the duties and responsibilities as cor- this is necessary in providing effective and in- arising from its constitution the BBC, a formative programmes. porate citizen of this country, is of course There are other obligations which are laid on bound to observe the laws of the land; and, like the BBC not in the context of the Licence but in others engaged in the business of communica- the form of 'Prescriptions' from the Secretary tion, it must take special account of the fol- of State, acting within the powers vested in lowing laws in particular: him by the Charter and by the Licence and The Representation of the People Act (in Agreement. These prescriptions, known as the connection with the broadcasting of Parlia- Prescribing Memoranda, serve as a kind of un- mentary elections) published appendix to the Charter and Licence. The Race Relations Act One such memorandum elaborates on Clause The Law of Defamation of Court 13 (4) of the Licence by The Law relating to Contempt i) requiring the BBC to refrain from express- The Official Secrets Act. ing its own opinion on current affairs or on Finance matters of public policy; view, the ii) forbidding the transmission of television From the constitutional point of images of very brief duration 'which might main facts about the financial position are: convey a message to or influence the minds a) that the services for listeners and viewers of an audience without their being aware, in the United Kingdom are financed out or fully aware, of what has been done'. of the revenue from the issue of broadcast The first of those two requirements under- receiving licences, i.e. the cost is met by lines one of the major differences between the the consumer; and that this system which freedom of the press and the freedoms of the guarantees the independence of domestic broadcasting media in Britain: the fact that broadcasting has been in operation since

www.americanradiohistory.com 274 Reference

1922 and has been endorsed by successive article written in 1945: Governments and committees of inquiry : `Impartiality does not mean so artificially b) that the services for overseas listeners - "balancing" the speakers that the listeners can the External Services - are financed by a never come to a conclusion on the basis of the Grant -in -Aid from the Treasury, i.e. by argument.' the taxpayer. More than twenty years later another Direc- Under the Charter, the Corporation must tor- General, Sir Hugh Greene, developed it apply the whole of its income solely in pro- further: 'We have to balance different points of moting its objects. The remuneration of the view in our programmes but not necessarily Governors is laid down in the Charter, and no within each individual programme. Nothing is funds or moneys of the Corporation derived more stultifying than the current affairs pro- from any other source may be divided by way gramme in which all the opposing opinions of profit or otherwise among them. cancel each other out. Sometimes one has to use that method but in general it makes for greater Controversy, impartiality and independence liveliness and impact if the balance can be Reference has been made above to the fact that achieved over a period, perhaps within a the Licence requires the BBC to refrain from series of related programmes.' 'editorialising'; that is, to refrain from express- The policy so described is that of the BBC ing a point of view of its own on any matter of today. Balance within the single programme public controversy or public policy. Careful is not sought after religiously on every occasion safeguards have been erected within the BBC but only where the circumstances, and the to prevent breaches of this rule. nature of the issue being discussed, are deemed For the BBC to take sides in any controver- to call for it. The identification of those cir- sial issue would in any case be contrary to its cumstances is a matter for careful editorial own long -established policy of impartiality -a judgment. policy which, unlike the rule on editorialising, Secondly, it has never been the policy of the has always been self-imposed. The essence of BBC to try to 'balance' news bulletins inter- impartiality is balance, and this element, so nally. The content of bulletins is manifestly important to the proper handling of controver- dependent on the uncontrolled succession of sial subjects, in fact helps the BBC to carry out events which make the news, from hour to its obligation to avoid expressions of editorial hour and from day to day. To attempt to bal- opinion. Careful attention to balance is one ance it artificially would be to distort it. And, way by which the BBC seeks to ensure that it in any case, over a period of time the news tends cannot justly be identified as a supporter of any to be self -balancing. Thus, there may be a day particular 'line'. when the Prime Minister makes an important However, there are two important qualifica- political speech, which is fully reported in the tions to be made with regard to this concept of news, but when there is nothing newsworthy to balance. First, although it used to be thought report from the Opposition side; a day or two essential that every programme dealing with a later the circumstances may be reversed. controversial subject should be balanced with- The statement about the BBC's impartiality in itself, so that all sides of the question were needs one footnote: impartiality does not heard together, long experience of working in imply an Olympian neutrality or detachment this way taught the BBC that too much em- from those basic moral and constitutional phasis on balance within the single programme beliefs on which the nation's life is founded. tended to produce a result which was confusing The BBC does not feel obliged for example to to the listener and more productive of heat than appear neutral as between truth and untruth, of light. A former Director- General of the justice and injustice, freedom and slavery, BBC, Sir William Haley, made the point in an compassion and cruelty, tolerance and in-

www.americanradiohistory.com Constitutional 275 tolerance (including racial intolerance). This Constitutionally, the Councils are linked is an important reservation, but not one which with the Corporation by virtue of the fact that detracts from the BBC's overall determination their Chairmen are Governors of the BBC and to be impartial in its presentation of contro- bear the title of National Governor for Scot- versial issues. land and National Governor for Wales res- Finally, it should be stressed that the policy pectively. (There is likewise a National Gover- of impartiality is closely bound up with the nor for Northern Ireland who also serves as independent status of the BBC. Without Chairman of the Northern Ireland Advisory genuine independence, it is difficult, if not im- Council.) possible, for broadcasters to maintain the The members of the two National Broad- highest standard of truthfulness and impar- casting Councils are appointed by the Corpor- tiality. Conversely, without having established ation on the recommendation of panels a reputation for just those qualities it is dif- nominated for the purpose by the BBC's ficult for any broadcasting organisation to be General Advisory Council. recognised as being truly independent and Advisory councils and committees worthy of trust. The BBC's Charter requires it to appoint a General Advisory Council and Advisory Coun- cils in Northern Ireland and in each of its Broadcasting and advisory regions in England. The Charter also em- councils powers the BBC to `appoint persons or com- mittees for the purpose of advising the Cor- The National Broadcasting Councils poration with regard to matters connected with The Corporation's responsibility for pro- the broadcasting services, business, operations grammes is shared in Scotland and Wales and affairs of the Corporation.' The BBC has with the National Broadcasting Councils for taken full advantage of these powers, over the Scotland and Wales. These Councils have been years, and it currently appoints advisers to established by the BBC under Article 10 of serve on 52 advisory bodies. The majority of its Charter. The Charter also makes provision these bodies have a lengthy history, in broad- for the setting up in certain circumstances casting terms, but additions to their number (which as yet have not arisen) of a similar during the past decade have reflected the deve- Broadcasting Council for Northern Ireland. loping needs of the broadcasting services. In At present there is a Northern Ireland 1964, for example, a small group of distinguish- Advisory Council appointed by the BBC. ed scientists and technologists was established The Broadcasting Councils have as their for the purpose of consultation on programme main functions to control the policy and matters relating to science and technology; in content of those programmes in the radio and 1965, when the BBC began broadcasting ver- television services of the BBC which are nacular programmes for immigrants, a Pro- provided primarily for reception in Scotland grammes for Immigrants Advisory Committee and Wales. (now called the Asian Programmes Advisory The Councils are required to exercise this Committee) was set up; and in 1971, in control with full regard to the distinctive response to the increasing public interest in culture, language, interests, and tastes of the the results of research into the effects of peoples of the countries concerned. They may television, an Advisory Group on the Social tender advice to the Corporation on any mat- Effects of Television was established. A Local ters relating to its other broadcasting services Radio Council has also been appointed to which may affect the interests of the peoples of serve in each area of the BBC's 20 local radio Scotland and Wales. stations.

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The General Advisory Council was estab- 1937 Second Charter granted after Parlia- lished in 1934 by the BBC, on its own initiative, mentary consideration of the Report of Lord in order to `secure the constructive criticism and Ullswater's Committee of 1935. The new advice of representative men and women over Charter authorised the BBC to carry on the the whole field of its activities.' The BBC hoped, service `for the benefit of Our dominions beyond at the same time, that members of the Council the seas and territories under Our protection'. `would use their influence in helping towards a The BBC was thus charged with the duty of fuller understanding of the BBC's problems carrying on the Empire Service, which it had and policy on the part of the general public.' initiated on its own responsibility in 1932. The 1937 Charter, as a result of a recommend- This Charter also entrusted the BBC with ation in the Report of the Ullswater Commit- television broadcasting in accordance with the tee which had approved the BBC's action, em- recommendation of Lord Selsdon's Television powered the Corporation to appoint advisory Committee of 1934, which was endorsed by committees on any matters connected with the Ullswater Committee. The first high- defini- the broadcasting service. The requirement to tion Television Service began from Alexandra appoint a General Advisory Council was in- Palace on 2 November 1936. cluded later, in the Charter granted in 1952, 1947 Third Charter granted after Parliamen- which provided also for the formation of the tary consideration of the Government's White National Broadcasting Councils, in place of the Paper on Broadcasting Policy, Cmd 6852 of then existing Advisory Councils, for Scotland 1946. The BBC was authorised to provide and Wales. The Regional Advisory Councils, broadcasting services for reception `in other which were formally brought into existence countries and places' outside the British Com- under the Charter of 1947, were re- organised in monwealth; this reflected the fact that the 1970 following the creation of eight English Empire Service in English had developed into regions. a world service in many languages. The Corporation was required in this Charter to establish machinery for joint consultation Constitutional documents with the staff of the Corporation. The Charter was extended from the end of The Charters of the BBC 1951 to 30 June 1952. 1927 The First Charter, which came into 1952 Fourth Charter granted after Parlia- force on 1 January 1927, was granted after mentary consideration of the Report of Lord Parliamentary consideration of the report of Beveridge's Committee of 1949 and of the Lord Crawford's committee of 1925 which fol- Government's White Papers Cmd 8291 of July lowed an earlier Report by a committee under 1951 (Mr Attlee's Administration) and Crud the chairmanship of Sir Frederick Sykes (1923). 8550 of May 1952 (Mr Churchill's Administra- The Crawford committee recognised the need tion). In the second of these White Papers, the for a highly responsible body with an inde- Government said they had `come to the con- pendent status to develop broadcasting in the clusion that in the expanding field of television national interest along the lines which had been provision should be made to permit some established. This resulted in the declaration element of competition'. The Licence which the which has been re-affirmed and endorsed by BBC acquired from the Postmaster General in successive Ministers on numerous occasions, terms of this Charter was, accordingly, for the of the policy that day -to -day control should be first time described as a non -exclusive licence. left to the judgment of the Governors represent- Subsequently, the Postmaster General issued a ing the Corporation, although Parliament broadcasting licence, for television only, to the must have the `ultimate control'. This Charter Independent Television Authority, which was was granted for ten years. set up under the Television Act of 1954:

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In the White Paper on Television Policy became vested in the Minister of Posts and -Cmd 9005 of November 1953, the Govern- Telecommunications. said that the proposal that there should 1973 In March the Government announced be competition with the BBC was in no way a its intention to extend the duration of the criticism of that body. It had been made clear current BBC Charter (and also of the Tele- throughout that the BBC would continue to be vision and Sound Broadcasting Acts by which the main instrument for broadcasting in the the IBA is governed) by an additional five United Kingdom. years, ending in July 1981. The BBC's Charter of 1952 provided for the The new Labour Government declared establishment of National Broadcasting Coun- 1974 soon after taking office in March that the cils for Scotland and Wales. by an additional This Charter was extended to 29 July 1964 Charter would be extended in July 1979. Shortly after- (Cmnd 1724). three years, ending wards a Committee on the Future of Broad- 1964 Fifth Charter granted after Parliamen- casting was set up under Lord Annan. In tary consideration of the Report of the Com- April the Government transferred the functions mittee on Broadcasting 1960 under the chair- exercised by the Minister of Posts and Tele- manship of Sir Harry Pilkington and of the communications in relation to broadcasting Government White Papers Cmnd 1770 and to the Secretary of State for the Home Cmnd 1893 of 1962. Department. In June a supplemental Royal The Charter on this occasion was for the first Charter was granted in order to take into time granted for a period of twelve years, until account the transfer of functions to the 31 July 1976 (Cmnd 2385). Secretary of State (Cmnd 5721). the BBC and Two changes proposed by The text of the Royal Charter (Cmnd 2385) Committee on Broadcasting approved by the and the text of the Licence and Agreement into the Charter. First, the were incorporated (Cmnd 4095) follow. BBC was authorised to borrow up to £10m. for temporary banking accommodation and up to £20m. for capital expenditure subject to the approval of the Postmaster General. Secondly the Broadcasting Councils for Scot- land and Wales were given powers in television similar to those they already possessed in radio. This meant that the content of television pro- grammes designed primarily for Scotland and Wales is now a matter for the Councils to decide within the limits of the resources at their disposal. Under the 1964 Charter the size of the Councils, previously fixed at eight, may be any number between eight and twelve. The former requirement that three members of each Council should be chosen to represent local authorities was dropped. 1969 Supplemental Royal Charter (Cmnd 4194) granted in order to take into account the provisions of the Post Office Act, 1969, whereby the powers formerly exercised by the Post- master General in relation to broadcasting

www.americanradiohistory.com 278 Reference Royal Charter cretion; willing and ordaining that the Corporatior shall and may sue and be sued in all Courts and be cap. ELIZABETH THE SECOND by the Grace God of of the able in law to take and hold real and personal property United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern and do all matters and things incidental or pertaining- Ireland and of Our other Realms and Territories to a body corporate, but so that the Corporation shall Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the - apply the whole of its income solely in promoting its Faith : objects. The Governors of the Corporation shall be the TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, GREET- members thereof. ING! WHEREAS on the twentieth day of December in the year of our Lord One thousand nine hundred and Term of Charter twenty -six by Letters made Patent under the Great 2. This Charter shall come into operation on the Seal, Our Royal Predecessor His Majesty King thirtieth day of July One thousand nine hundred and George the Fifth granted unto the British Broadcasting sixty -four and (subject as herein provided) shall con- Corporation (hereinafter called the Corporation') a tinue in force until the thirty -first day of July One Charter of Incorporation: thousand nine hundred and seventy -six. AND WHEREAS on divers dates by Letters made Patent under the Great Seal, a Supplemental Charter and Objects of the Corporation further Charters of Incorporation have been granted 3. The objects of the Corporation are as follows: unto the Corporation: a) To provide as public services, broadcasting services AND WHEREAS the period of incorporation of the Cor- of wireless telegraphy by the method of telephony poration will expire on the twenty -ninth day of July for general reception in sound, and by the methods One thousand nine hundred and sixty -four and it has of television and telephony in combination for been represented unto Us by Our right trusty and be- general reception in visual images with sound, in loved Counsellor John Reginald Bevins, Our Post- Our United Kingdom of Great Britain and North- master General, that it is expedient that the Corpora- ern Ireland, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man tion should be continued for the period ending on the and the territorial waters thereof, and on board thirty -first day of July One thousand nine hundred and ships and aircraft (such services being hereafter re- seventy-six: ferred to together as 'the Home Services' and sep- AND WHEREAS it has been made to appear to Us that arately as 'the Home Sound Services' and 'the Tele- some fifteen and three quarter million licences have vision Services'), and elsewhere within the British been issued in Our United Kingdom of Great Britain Commonwealth of Nations and in other countries and Northern Ireland, the Channel Islands and the and places overseas (such services hereinafter re- Isle of Man to install and use apparatus for wireless ferred to as 'the External Services'). telegraphy for the purpose of receiving broadcast pro- b) To hold the existing and to construct or acquire and grammes: establish and install additional stations for wireless AND WHEREAS in view of the widespread interest which telegraphy and apparatus for wireless telegraphy in is thereby and by other evidences shown to be taken by Our United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Our Peoples in the broadcasting services and of the Isle of Man, to use the same for the emission and re- great value of such services as means of disseminating ception of wireless telegraphy by the methods and information, education and entertainment, We believe for the purposes aforesaid, and by any methods for it to be in the interest of Our Peoples in Our United purposes ancillary or related to those purposes. Kingdom and elsewhere within the British Common- c) To hold the existing and to construct or acquire wealth of Nations that the Corporation should con- additional equipment and apparatus for line tele- tinue to provide broadcasting services pursuant to graphy in Our United Kingdom, the Channel such licences and agreements in that behalf as Our Islands and the Isle of Man and to use the same for Postmaster General may from time to time grant to purposes ancillary or related to the purposes afore- and make with the Corporation: said. Now xxow YE that We by Our Prerogative Royal and d) For all the purposes aforesaid to acquire from time of Our special grace, certain knowledge and mere to time from Our Postmaster General a Licence or motion do by this Our Charter for Us Our Heirs and Licences for such period and subject to such terms, Successors will ordain and declare as follows: provisions and limitations as he may prescribe and Incorporation to exercise the powers herein granted to the Cor- poration in conformity in all respects therewith and 1. The Corporation shall continue to be a body cor- with any agreement or agreements which may from porate by the name of The British Broadcasting Cor- time to time be made by Our Postmaster General poration with perpetual succession and a common seal with the Corporation, and not in any other manner with power to break, alter and renew the same at dis- whatsoever.

www.americanradiohistory.com Constitutional 279 e) To develop, extend and improve the Home Services k) To organise, provide or subsidise concerts and other and the External Services and to those ends to entertainments in connection with the broadcasting exercise such Licence or Licences in such manner or services of the Corporation or for any purpose inci- by such means and methods as may from time to dental thereto. time be agreed by the Corporation and Our Post- !) To collect news and information in any part of the master General, and to concur in any extension, world and in any manner that may be thought fit adaptation or modification of the terms, provisions and to establish and subscribe to news-agencies. or limitations of any such Licence or Licences as m)To acquire by registration, purchase or otherwise may to Our Postmaster General seem fit. copyrights in any matter whatsoever, and any trade- f) To hold all other existing property of the Corpora- marks and trade names, and to use, exercise, tion and to acquire additional property, whether develop, grant licences in respect of, or otherwise such properties be within or without Our United turn to account the same with a view to the further- Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man, ance of any of the objects of the Corporation. and to equip and use such properties for carrying n) For the purposes of the broadcasting services of the out any of the objects of the Corporation. Corporation or for any purposes incidental thereto, g) Subject to the prior consent in writing from time to to produce, manufacture, purchase, acquire, use, time of Our Postmaster General and to the acquisi- sell, rent or dispose of films and records (including tion (subject as hereinafter provided) of any requi- tapes and any other devices from which visual site licences, concessions, rights or privileges, to images or sounds may be reproduced) and material construct or acquire and establish, install, equip and and apparatus for use in connection with such films use stations for wireless telegraphy and apparatus and records: Provided that nothing herein con- for wireless telegraphy in countries or places with- tained shall be deemed to authorise the Corporation out Our United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and to display films or play records for the entertain- the Isle of Man, for the purpose of providing, within ment of the public except as aforesaid. the scope or ambit of any such consent for the time o) and purchase or otherwise being in force, and as may be permitted thereby or To apply for obtain, and turn to account in any manner that may thereunder, broadcasting services by such method acquire fit any Letters Patent or patent rights or or methods of wireless telegraphy as may in such be thought any interest in any Letters Patent or patent rights, consent be specified, for reception in such countries brevets d'invention, licences, concessions, and the or places as may in or under such consent be desig- whether exclusive, non- nated: and for the purpose of receiving wireless tele- like conferring any right, exclusive limited, to use any secret or other infor- graphy conveying such matter by such methods and or mation as to any invention in relation to any device for such purposes as may by or under such consent serving serve any useful be permitted. or machine or calculated to purpose in connection with any of the objects of h) To perform services in any part of the world for and the Corporation. on behalf of any Department of the Government of Our United Kingdom, and in particular to provide, p) Subject as hereinafter provided, to enter into any erect, equip and install, or supervise the provision, arrangement with any Governments or authorities, erection, equipment and installation of stations, supreme, municipal, local or otherwise, which may studios, apparatus, machinery, plant and other seem conducive to the Corporation's objects or any equipment for broadcasting and receiving matter of them, and to obtain from any such Government by wireless telegraphy by the methods of telephony or authority any licences, rights, privileges and con- and television, and to work or manage, or to super- cessions which the Corporation may think it desir- vise the working or management of such stations, able to obtain, and to carry out, exercise and comply studios, apparatus, machinery, plant and equip- with any such arrangements, licences, rights, ment. privileges and concessions. i) To provide to other bodies by such means and q) To establish and support or aid in the establishment methods as may be convenient matter to be broad- or support of associations, institutions, funds, cast by the methods of telephony or television, by trusts and amenities calculated to benefit employees the wireless telegraph stations of such bodies, and or former employees of the Corporation or the de- to receive from other bodies by such means and pendants or connections of such persons, and to methods as aforesaid matter to be broadcast by grant pensions and allowances to make payments stations of the Corporation. towards insurances and to subscribe or guarantee for J) To compile and prepare, print, publish, issue, cir- money for charitable or benevolent objects or general useful culate and distribute with or without charge, such any exhibition or for any public, or papers, magazines, periodicals, books, circulars object. and other matter as may be conducive to any of r) To purchase, take on lease or in exchange, hire or the objects of the Corporation. otherwise acquire any real and personal property

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and any interests, rights or privileges which the Cor- General has decided in consultation with the Cor- poration may think necessary or convenient for the poration that the Corporation is to use exclusively purposes of its business or the furtherance of its for any purpose of the External Services or any objects, and in particular any land, buildings, ease- property, interests or rights which the Corporation ments, apparatus, machinery, plant and stock-in- has acquired or may hereafter acquire out of trade. moneys paid to the Corporation out of aids or sup- s) Subject to the approval of Our Postmaster General, plies appropriated by Parliament for any such to purchase or otherwise acquire stocks, shares or purpose, and shall not without such prior consent securities of any company whose objects include turn to account or deal with any such property, any of those hereinbefore mentioned or of any interests or rights otherwise than for the purposes company whose business is capable of being carried of the External Services. on in such a way as to facilitate or advance any of w)To enter into, make and perform contracts of the objects of the Corporation, and to subsidise guarantee and indemnity of whatsoever kind which and assist any such company. may be necessary or convenient for carrying out the t) Subject as hereinafter provided, to invest and deal objects of the Corporation. with the moneys of the Corporation not imme- x) To do all such other things as the Corporation may diately required in such manner as the Corporation consider incidental or conducive to the attainment may from time to time determine. of any of the aforesaid objects or the exercise of any of the aforesaid powers of the Corporation. u) Subject as hereinafter provided, to borrow or raise or secure the payment of money in such manner as Restriction on Overseas Concessions the Corporation shall think fit, and in particular by 4. The shall not acquire any licence, con- mortgage or charge of all or any parts of the pro- Corporation cession, right or privilege from or enter into any perty or rights of the Corporation or by the issue of arrangement with the Government of any part of the debentures or debenture stock, charge upon all or British Commonwealth Nations or the Government any of the Corporation's property or rights (both of any country or place overseas, without having present and future), and to purchase, redeem or pay of other first obtained the consent in writing of Our Postmaster off any such securities: Provided always that the Corporation shall not borrow or raise or secure the General. payment of money upon any property, interests or Constitution rights now held by the Corporation which Our Postmaster General has decided in consultation 5. 1) The Governors of the Corporation shall be such with the Corporation that the Corporation is to use persons as shall from time to time be appointed by Us, exclusively for any purpose of the External Services Our Heirs or Successors in Council. There shall be nine or upon any property, interests or rights which the Governors or such other number as may from time to Corporation has acquired or may hereafter acquire time be directed by Us, Our Heirs or Successors in out of moneys paid to the Corporation out of aids Council. The Governors shall be appointed for such or supplies appropriated by Parliament for any such respective periods, not exceeding five years, as may be purpose: Provided also that the aggregate amount directed by Us, Our Heirs or Successors in Council. of the moneys so borrowed, raised and secured for 2) One of such Governors shall be nominated from the purpose of obtaining temporary banking accom- time to time to be the Chairman of the Corporation modation or facilities and at any one time outstand- and another of such Governors shall be nominated ing shall not exceed £10,000,000 and that the from time to time to be the Vice -Chairman thereof. aggregate amount of the moneys so borrowed, Such nomination shall be made at the time when the raised and secured for the purpose of defraying Governor nominated is appointed to the office of capital expenditure (including moneys so borrowed Governor or at any time while he holds that office. or raised for that purpose) and at any one time 3) The Governors shall at all times include, in addi- outstanding shall not exceed such sum up to the tion to the Chairman and the Vice- Chairman of the maximum of £20,000,000 as may from time to time Corporation, one person, to be designated as the be approved by Our Postmaster General. National Governor for Scotland, a second person, to be v) To sell, improve, manage, develop, exchange, lease, designated as the National Governor for Wales, and a mortgage, enfranchise, dispose of, turn to account third person, to be designated as the National Governor or otherwise deal with all or any part of the pro- for Northern Ireland. Each person to be designated as perty, interests or rights of the Corporation: Pro- a National Governor shall have been selected for ap- vided always that the Corporation shall not, without pointment as Governor in virtue of his knowledge of the prior consent in writing of Our Postmaster the culture, characteristics and affairs of Our People in General, sell, exchange, lease, mortgage, enfran- the country for which he is to be designated as the chise or dispose of any property, interests or rights National Governor and his close touch with opinion now held by the Corporation which Our Postmaster in that country. Such designation shall be made by

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Us, Our Heirs or Successors in Council and may be 2) Subject to any regulation made by the Corporation made at the time when the Governor designated is under the next following paragraph thereof, the Chair- appointed to the office of Governor or at any time man, or an officer authorised by him so to do, shall while he holds that office. summon all meetings of the Corporation. 3) The Corporation shall meet for the transaction of 6. I) A retiring Governor shall be eligible for re- its business and affairs, and shall from time to time appointment. make such regulations with respect to the summoning, 2) The Governors, however appointed, shall (during notice, time, place, management and adjournment of such time or times as the broadcasting services herein - meetings, and generally with respect to the transaction before referred to shall be carried on by the Corpora- and management of its business and affairs, as the tion) receive out of the funds or moneys of the Cor- Corporation may think fit, subject to the following poration, by way of remuneration for their services as conditions - Chairman, Vice -Chairman, National Governor for a) In addition to meeting in England, the Corporation Scotland, for Wales or for Northern Ireland, or other shall meet in Scotland, in Wales and in Northern Governor (as the case may be) such sums or sum as Ireland at such intervals as may to the Corporation We, Our Heirs or Successors in Council may at any seem appropriate, regard being had to its repre- time or times order. sentative function; Each Governor may in addition receive out of the b) The quorum for a meeting shall be such number of funds or moneys of the Corporation the expenses Governors as Our Postmaster General may from properly incurred by him in the due performance of time to time in writing prescribe; his office. c) Subject to sub -paragraph d) of this paragraph, every 3) A Governor, however appointed, shall cease to be a question shall be decided by a majority of votes of Governor of the Corporation (and, if he is such, the the Governors present at the meeting and voting on Chairman or Vice -Chairman thereof) - that question. In the case of an equality of votes on a) If he shall at any time by notice in writing to Our any question the person presiding at the meeting Postmaster General resign his Governorship; shall have a second or casting vote; b) If his Governorship shall be terminated by Us, Our d) Any question which cannot by reason of its Heirs or Successors in Council; urgency be decided at a meeting of the Corporation c) If he shall hold any office or place in which his shall be decided by the Chairman, or, if he shall be interest may in the opinion of Our Postmaster - inaccessible or the office of Chairman shall be General conflict with any interest of the Corpora- vacant, by the Vice -Chairman. The Chairman or tion; the Vice -Chairman as the case may be, before d) If he shall become of unsound mind or bankrupt or deciding the question, shall, if and so far as may be shall make an arrangement with his creditors; reasonably practicable, consult with the other e) If he shall absent himself from the meetings of the Governors or such of them as may be accessible to Corporation continuously for three months or him, and as soon as may be after taking his decision longer without the consent of the Corporation and shall report the question and his decision thereon to the Corporation shall resolve that his office be the other Governors. vacated. 4) For the transaction of its business or affairs, the time to time appoint Com- 4) As soon as may be reasonably practicable after a Corporation may from its members vacancy among the Governors has arisen or at a con- mittees of its members, or Committees of such venient time before such a vacancy will arise, the and other persons, for such purposes and on vacancy or approaching vacancy, and, if it involves terms and conditions as the Corporation may think shall be the Chairmanship or Vice -Chairmanship of the Cor- fit. The conclusion of any such Committee not with poration or the National Governorship for Scotland, binding on the Corporation unless adopted or in meeting for Wales or for Northern Ireland, the fact that it does without amendment by the Corporation so, shall be certified to Us, Our Heirs or Successors by assembled. Our Postmaster General under his hand, to the end General Advisory Council and Committees that We, Our Heirs or Successors in Council may with shall appoint a General Ad- all convenient speed proceed to the filling of the 8. 1) The Corporation advising the Cor- vacancy or approaching vacancy and, if involved, the visory Council for the purpose of on all matters which may be of concern to nomination of a Chairman or Vice -Chairman of the poration interested in Corporation or the designation of a National Gov- the Corporation, or to bodies or persons ernor for Scotland, for Wales or for Northern Ireland. the broadcasting services of the Corporation. 2) The said Council shall consist of a Chairman and 7. 1) The Chairman of the Corporation, or in his such other members as may be selected by the Cor- absence the Vice -Chairman thereof, shall preside at poration from time to time so as to give the Council a the meetings thereof. broadly representative character.

www.americanradiohistory.com 282 Reference 3) The procedure of the said Council, including their member shall be eligible for reappointment provided quorum, shall be such as they may from time to time that his reappointment takes effect not less determine. than one year after the expiration of his appointment. Any such 9. The Corporation may from time to time appoint member may at any time by notice in writing to the Corporation persons or committees for the purpose of advising the resign his membership. The membership any Corporation with regard to matters connected with of such member may at any time be terminated by notice the broadcasting services, business, operations and in writing given to him by the Corporation with the concurrence affairs of the Corporation. Each such person or com- of the panel of the General Advisory Council. mittee shall be appointed with reference to such matters and on such terms and conditions as the Cor- 4) Each National Broadcasting Council shall be poration may decide. charged with the following functions which shall be exercised with full regard to the distinctive National Broadcasting Councils culture, language, interests and tastes of Our People in the 10. 1) The Corporation shall appoint for the purposes country for which the Council is established. in this article mentioned two National Broadcasting a) the function of controlling the policy and content of Councils, to be known respectively as the Broadcasting the programmes in that Service among the Home Council for Scotland and the Broadcasting Council Sound Services which the Corporation provides for Wales, and if and when required on behalf of Our primarily for reception in that country; Government in Northern Ireland so to do shall estab- b) the function of controlling the policy and content of lish for the purposes aforesaid a third National those programmes in the Television Services, which Broadcasting Council to be known as the Broadcast- the Council decides shall be provided primarily for ing Council for Northern Ireland. reception in that country in replacement of or in 2) Each National Broadcasting Council shall consist addition to programmes provided by the Corpora- of- tion for general reception in Our United Kingdom a) a Chairman, who shall be, in the case of the Broad- of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; casting Council for Scotland, the National Gov- c) such other functions in relation to the said Services ernor for Scotland, in the case of the Broadcasting as the Corporation may from time to time devolve Council for Wales, the National Governor for upon the Council; and Wales, and in the case of the Broadcasting Council d) the function of tendering advice to the Corporation for Northern Ireland if it be established, the in regard to all matters relating to other broadcast- National Governor for Northern Ireland; and ing services of the Corporation which affect the b) not less than eight nor more than twelve members, interests of Our People in that country; who shall be persons selected for appointment by Provided that each National Broadcasting Council the Corporation by a panel of the General Advisory shall be subject to - Council nominated for that purpose by the General a) such reservations and directions as may appear to Advisory Council. In the casts of the Broadcasting the Corporation to be necessary from time to time Council for Scotland and the Broadcasting Council in order to secure the transmission throughout Our for Wales, such persons shall be selected after con- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern sultation with such representative cultural, religious Ireland of Broadcasts by Us, Our Heirs or Succes- and other bodies in Scotland or Wales, as the case sors of broadcasts by Ministers of Our Government may be, as the panel of the General Advisory in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and North- Council think fit. The members of the Broadcasting ern Ireland, of party political broadcasts of national Council for Northern Ireland, if it be established, importance or interest, and the transmission of shall be selected by the panel of the General Advi- broadcasts intended for reception in schools; and sory Council from a panel of persons nominated in b) such reservations and directions as may appear to that behalf by Our Government in Northern Ireland. the Corporation to be necessary from time to time 3) i) The Chairman of each National Broadcasting for reasons of finance or in the interest of due co- Council shall cease to be such if he becomes the Chair- ordination and coherent administration of the man or the Vice -Chairman of the Corporation or operations and affairs of the Corporation. when he ceases to be a Governor thereof. 5) If and when in the opinion of Our Postmaster ii) The members, other than the Chairman, of each General an emergency shall have arisen in which it is National Broadcasting Council shall be appointed for expedient in the public interest that the functions of the such respective periods, not exceeding five years, as the National Broadcasting Councils or any of them under Corporation may think fit. Any such member who is this article shall be suspended, Our Postmaster General appointed for a period of less than five years shall be may by notices in writing to the National Councils or eligible for reappointment for the remainder of the any of them and to the Corporation give directions period of five years from the beginning of his appoint- accordingly and directions so given shall have effect ment, or for any less period. Otherwise any such according to their terms during the currency of the

www.americanradiohistory.com Constitutional 283 pocket notices. Any such notices may be modified or revoked mittee appointed by a Council such out -of- in writing by Our Postmaster General at such time or expenses as such member may reasonably incur in the -times as shall in his opinion be expedient. performance of his functions. 6) In the performance of their functions under this Regional Advisory Councils article each National Broadcasting Council shall per- 11. 1) The Corporation shall appoint in Northern Ire- form and observe all duties and obligations imposed land a council to be known as the Northern Ireland and all directions given to the Corporation by or on Advisory Council, and in each of its Regions from under this Our Charter or any licence or agreement time to time in being in England (which expression granted or made by Our Postmaster General to or with shall in this article and the next following article be the Corporation so far as such duties, obligations and deemed to include the Channel Islands and the Isle of directions are capable of being performed and observed Man) a council to be known as the Regional Advisory by the Council. Council, for the purpose of advising the Corporation 7) i) Each National Broadcasting Council shall have on the policy and the content of the programmes which power to regulate their own procedure and to fix their the Corporation provides primarily for reception in quorum: Provided that the Chairman may call a meet- Northern Ireland or, as the case may be, in the Region ing of the Council whenever he thinks fit so to do, and for which the Council are appointed, and on all matters shall call a meeting thereof when required so to do by relating to other broadcasting services of the Corpora- any three members. tion which affect the interests of persons in Northern ii) Each National Broadcasting Council shall have Ireland or, as the case may be, in that Region. power to appoint such advisory committees as they 2) The Chairman of the Northern Ireland Advisory may think fit, and any such committee may include or Council shall be the National Governor for Northern consist of persons who are not members of the Council. Ireland. The Chairman of each Regional Advisory 8) Each National Broadcasting Council shall make an Council shall be nominated by the Corporation from Annual Report to the Corporation of their proceed- among members thereof. ings during the preceding financial year or residual 3) The members of the Northern Ireland Advisory part thereof of the Corporation. A National Broad- Council (other than the Chairman thereof) and the casting Council may, and if requested so to do by the members of each Regional Advisory Council (includ- Corporation shall, make special reports to the Cor- ing the Chairman thereof) shall not be less than 15 nor poration during any year. more than 20 in number and shall be persons chosen may select 9) Each National Broadcasting Council for their individual qualities who are broadly repre- and nominate for employment by the Corporation sentative of the general public of Northern Ireland, or, wholly on the affairs such officers and servants, to serve as the case may be, the Region for which the Council com- of the Council (including affairs of any advisory are appointed. mittee) as may appear to the Council to be requisite the Northern Ireland Advisory for the proper exercise and performance of their func- 4) The members of the Chairman thereof) and the tions and the Corporation shall employ the officers Council (other than Regional Advisory Council (includ- and servants so nominated and shall not without the members of each thereof) shall be appointed for such concurrence of the Council terminate the employment ing the Chairman not exceeding five years as the Cor- of any such officer or servant: Provided that the Cor- respective periods fit, and on retirement they shall be poration may decline to employ or may terminate the poration may think Any such member may at employment of any such officer or servant if he is un- eligible for reappointment. in writing to the Corporation resign willing to accept the rates of remuneration or condi- any time by notice tions of employment which the Corporation would his appointment. offer to him if he were to be employed or were em- 5) The procedure of each Advisory Council, includ- ployed otherwise than on the affairs of the Council, or ing their quorum. shall be such as they may determine: if in the opinion of the Corporation and Chairman of Provided that the Chairman may call a meeting of the the General Advisory Council, it would be detrimental Council whenever he thinks fit so to do, and shall call to the administration of the Corporation to employ or a meeting thereof when required so to do by any five continue to employ him. members. afford to each Advisory 10) The Corporation shall afford to each National 6) The Corporation shall the ser- Broadcasting Council the use of such accommodation Council the use of such accommodation and proper per- and the services of such staff to be engaged partly on vice of such staff as are requisite for the the affairs of the Council (including affairs of any formance of the functions of the Council. advisory committee) as are requisite for the proper 7) The Corporation shall pay to each member of an performance of the functions of the Council. Advisory Council (including the Chairman thereof) such member may 11) The Corporation shall pay to each member of a such out -of- pocket expenses as National Broadcasting Council or any advisory coin- reasonably incur in the performance of his functions.

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8) In furtherance of the purposes of this article the Provision and Review of Services Corporation shall ensure that the programmes which 14. The Corporation is the Corporation provides primarily for reception in hereby authorised, empowered and required to provide Northern Ireland or in any one of its Regions in from time to time all such broadcasting England have full regard to the interests of Our People services and facilities and to do all such acts and things as shall from in Northern Ireland or, as the case may be, in that time to time be required Region. by or under any Licence granted by Our Postmaster General to the Corporation or any agreement made by 9) In the event of a Broadcasting Council for North- Our Postmaster General with the Corporation. ern Ireland being established, the Corporation shall forthwith dissolve the Northern Ireland Advisory 15. It shall be the duty of the Corporation to devise Council; and in that event the last preceding para- and make such arrangements as appear to the Cor- graph of this article shall cease to apply in respect of poration to be best adapted to the purpose of bringing Northern Ireland. the work of the Corporation under constant and effec- tive review from without the Corporation, Organisation and to that end the Corporation shall provide suitable and suffi- 12. 1) The Corporation shall appoint such officers cient means for the representation to the Corporation and such staffs as it may from time to time consider of public opinion on the programmes broadcast in the necessary for the efficient performance of its functions Home Services and for consideration within the Cor- and transaction of its business. poration of criticisms and suggestions so represented. 2) The Corporation shall fix such rates of remunera- Financial tion and conditions of employment for the officers and 16. 1) The Corporation is the staff so employed as the Corporation shall consider hereby authorised, em- powered and required - proper. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 9 of a) To receive all funds which article 10 of this Our Charter and to any contract may be paid by Our Postmaster General out of moneys provided made between the Corporation and any such officer by Parliament in furtherance or member of the staff, the Corporation may of the purposes of this remove Our Charter any officer or member of the staff. and to apply and administer such funds in accordance with the terms and conditions 13. 1) It shall be the duty of the Corporation, except which may be attached to the grant thereof: in so far as the Corporation is satisfied that adequate b) To receive all other moneys which may be obtained machinery exists for achieving the purpose of this by or given to the Corporation or derived from any paragraph, to seek consultation with any organisation source not hereinbefore mentioned and to apply and appearing to the Corporation to be appropriate with administer such moneys exclusively in furtherance a view to the conclusion between the Corporation and of the purposes of this Our Charter and in accord- that organisation of such agreements as appear to the ance with any terms and conditions upon which parties to be desirable with respect to the establishment such moneys may have been obtained, given or and maintenance of machinery for - derived: Provided that moneys borrowed or raised a) the settlement by negotiation of terms and condi- in exercise of the power hereinbefore conferred for tions of employment of persons employed by the the purpose of defraying capital expenditure (in- Corporation, with provision for reference to arbi- cluding the repayment or replacement of moneys tration in default of such settlement in such cases as borrowed or raised for that purpose) shall be ap- may be determined by or under the agreements; and plied to that purpose alone. b) the discussion of matters affecting the safety, health 2) Subject to any such terms and conditions as afore- and welfare of persons employed by the Corpora- said and to the proviso to sub-paragraph b) of para- tion, and of other matters of mutual interest to the graph 1) of this article, the Corporation may treat such Corporation and such persons, including efficiency funds and moneys either as capital or as income at its in the operation of the Corporation's services. discretion. 2) Where the Corporation concludes such an agree- 3) Except as in Our Charter expressly provided, no ment as is mentioned in the preceding paragraph, or funds or moneys of the Corporation derived from any any variation is made in such an agreement, the Cor- source shall in any event be divided by way of profit or poration shall forthwith transmit particulars of the otherwise amongst the Governors of the Corporation. agreement or the variation to Our Postmaster General 17. 1) In the event of the Corporation and Our Minister of Labour. exercising (otherwise than for the purpose of obtaining tempor- 3) In relation to any agreement affecting employment ary banking accommodation and facilities) the power in Northern Ireland, the foregoing reference to Our hereinbefore contained of borrowing or raising money Minister of Labour shall be construed as including a upon the security of orotherwise charging all or any reference to Our Minister of Labour and National part of its property or rights to which such power ex- Insurance for Northern Ireland. tends, it shall set aside out of its revenue such sums as

www.americanradiohistory.com Constitutional 285 times will be sufficient to provide for the repayment of the 4) The Corporation shall at all reasonable upon amount so borrowed or raised within such period in demand made give to Our Postmaster General and to each instance as the Corporation may with the approval all other persons nominated by him full liberty of Our Postmaster General determine. examine the accounts of the Corporation and furnish him and them with all forecasts, estimates, information shall make proper provision for 2) The Corporation and documents which he or they may require with depreciation of or for renewing any property meeting regard to the financial transactions and engagements Corporation: Provided that this paragraph shall of the of the Corporation. not apply in relation to any property, interests or rights now held by the Corporation which Our Post- master General has decided in consultation with the General Corporation that the Corporation is to use exclusively 19. 1) The Corporation may at any time and from for any purpose of the External Services or to any time to time apply for and accept a Supplemental property, interests or rights which the Corporation Charter, or promote a Bill in Parliament, if it appears has acquired or may hereafter acquire out of moneys to the Corporation that a Supplemental Charter or an paid to the Corporation out of aids or supplies appro- Act of Parliament is required for or will be conducive priated by Parliament for any such purpose. to the carrying into effect of any of the purposes or powers of this Our Charter. 3) The Corporation may set aside as a reserve or carry over out of its revenue such sums as it may deem expe- 2) No act or proceeding of the Corporation, or of any dient, and may invest, deal with and apply such sums in Council or Committee appointed under the provisions such manner as it may think conducive to its objects. of this Our Charter, or of any sub-committees ap- pointed by any such Council or Committee, shall be Annual Report and Statement of Accounts questioned on account of any vacancy or vacancies in the Corporation, or in such Council or Committee, or 18. 1) The accounts of the Corporation shall be audi- in such sub -committee. ted annually by an auditor or auditors to be appointed by the Corporation with the approval of Our Post- 3) No defect in the appointment of any person acting master General, and a person shall not be qualified to as Chairman, Vice -Chairman or Governor of the be so appointed unless he is a member of a body of Corporation or as a member of any Council or Com- accountants established in Our United Kingdom and mittee appointed by the Corporation, or as a member for the time being recognised by the Board of Trade of any sub-committee appointed by any such Council for the purposes of section 161 1) a) of the Companies or Committee, shall be deemed to vitiate any proceed- Act 1948. ings of the Corporation or of such Council or Com- mittee, or of such sub -committee in which he has taken 2) The Corporation shall, once in every year at least, part, in cases where the majority of members party to prepare a General Report of its proceedings during the such proceedings are duly entitled to act. preceding financial year or residual part thereof of the Corporation, and attach thereto an Account or 4) Any instrument which, if made by a private person, Accounts of the Income and Expenditure of the Cor- would be required to be under seal, shall be under the poration, and a Balance Sheet, which Account or seal of the Corporation and signed by one or more Accounts and Balance Sheet shall be duly certified by Governors authorised for that purpose by a resolution the auditor or auditors of the Corporation. The Cor- of the Corporation and counter-signed by the proper poration, if required so to do by Our Postmaster officer. Any notice, appointment, contract, order or General after consultation with the Corporation, shall other document made by or proceeding from the include in such Report such information relating to its Corporation which is not required to be under seal finance, administration and its work generally as Our shall be signed by such Governor or such officer, or by Postmaster General may from time to time specify in an officer of such class, as the Corporation may, in writing and shall comply with any directions which relation to any specified document or any document may be given in writing by Our Postmaster General, of any specified class, from time to time direct. after consultation with the Corporation, as regards the 5) The proper officer of the Corporation shall be any information to be given in such Account or Accounts officer duly authorised as such by the Corporation. and Balance Sheet or in appendices thereto. is made upon the 3) The Chairman shall, on the completion of every 20. 1) The grant of this Our Charter such General Report, Account or Accounts and express condition that the Corporation shall strictly Balance Sheet, forthwith submit the same, together and faithfully observe and perform and cause to be with the Reports for the same year or residual part observed and performed the provisions prescribed thereof made under paragraph (8) of article 10 of this therein or thereunder, and also the provisions pre- Our Charter by the National Broadcasting Councils, scribed in or under any Licence which Our Postmaster to Our Postmaster General to be considered by him General may from time to time grant to the Corpora- and presented to Parliament. tion or contained in or prescribed under any agreement

www.americanradiohistory.com 286 Reference which Our Postmaster General may from time to time shall be disposed of in accordance with the directions make with the Corporation. of Our Postmaster General. 2) If it is made to appear or appears to Our Post- General Declaration master General, either on the representation of any person or body politic or corporate appearing to be 24. Lastly We do further will, ordain and declare that interested or in any other manner whosoever, that these Our Letters or the enrolment or exemplification there is reasonable cause to suppose that any of the thereof shall be in and by all things good, firm, valid, provisions prescribed in or under this Our Charter or sufficient and effectual in law according to the true in or under any such Licence or in or under any such intent and meaning thereof, and shall be taken, con- agreement (including any stipulations, directions or strued and judged in the most favourable and bene- instructions of Our Postmaster General) have not been ficial sense for the best advantage of the Corporation observed, performed, given effect to or complied with and its successors, as well in all Our Courts of Record by the Corporation, Our Postmaster General may as elsewhere by all and singular Judges, Justices, require the Corporation to satisfy him that such pro- Officers, Ministers and other Subjects whatsoever, any visions have been observed, performed, given effect to non -recital, mis- recital or any other omission, imper- or complied with, and if within a time specified by him fection, defect, matter, cause or thing whatsoever to the Corporation shall fail so to do Our Postmaster the contrary thereof in anywise notwithstanding. General may if he thinks fit certify the same under his IN wrrNEss whereof We have caused these Our Letters hand to Us, Our Heirs or Successors, and upon such to be made Patent. wrrNEss Ourself at Westminster certificate being given it shall be lawful for Us, Our the twenty -sixth day of March in the thirteenth year of Heirs or Successors, if We or They shall be so minded our Reign. by Letters made Patent under the Great Seal of the BY WARRANT UNDER THE QUEEN'S SIGN MANUAL Realm, absolutely to revoke and make void this Our Coldstream Charter, and everything therein contained: Provided Reproduced by permission of the Controller of H.M. that the power of revocation so hereby reserved shall Stationery Office from Cmnd 2385 not have or be construed to have the effect of prevent- ing or barring any proceedings which may be lawfully taken to annul or repeal this Our Charter.

21. And We do further will and declare that on the determination of the said term expiring on the thirty - first day of July One thousand nine hundred and seventy-six the undertaking of the Corporation shall cease, so far as the same may depend upon or be carried on under or by virtue of the powers and pro- visions herein given and contained, unless We, Our Heirs or Successors, shall by writing under Our or Their Sign Manual declare to the contrary, and shall authorise the continuance of the said undertaking under the provisions of this Our Charter or a further Royal Charter for such further term, and under such provisions and conditions as We, Our Heirs or Suc- cessors, shall think fit, and any term for which this Our Charter is so renewed shall be construed to be part of the term of this Our Charter.

Dissolution and Winding -up 22. It shall be lawful for the Corporation to surrender this Our Charter subject to the sanction of Us, Our Heirs or Successors and upon such terms as We or They may consider fit, and to wind up or otherwise deal with the affairs of the Corporation in such manner as may be approved by Our Postmaster General. 23. Upon the voluntary or compulsory dissolution of the Corporation the property and assets of the Cor- poration shall be applied in satisfaction of the debts and liabilities of the Corporation and subject thereto

www.americanradiohistory.com Constitutional 287 Agreement the whole of the net licence revenue (as defined in Licence and Clause 16 3) or to such percentage or percentages Treasury Minute dated the 7th July, 1969 thereof as the Treasury may from time to time deter- mine. My Lords have had before them a new Licence and Agreement dated 7th July 1969, granted by the Post- 8. For the purposes of the External Services and other master General to and concluded by him with the services performed at the request of any Department British Broadcasting Corporation. of Her Majesty's Government the Postmaster General is to pay to the Corporation (out of moneys provided 2. The last Licence which was granted by the Post- by Parliament) in each year of the term such sums as master General to the Corporation was for a term My Lords shall authorise. The Corporation is to deliver from 30th July 1964 to 31st July 1976. to the Postmaster General such account of its expendi- 3. The term of the new Licence begins immediately ture on the External Services and other services per- before such day as Her Majesty may by Order in formed at such request as he may prescribe. Council appoint as the appointed day under any Act An Agreement dated 19th February 1954 (Cmd of Parliament of the present Session in which a Bill 9. 9089) relating to the execution of certain defence work entitled 'the Post Office Bill' is enacted, and ends on is continued in force during the continuance of the new 31st July 1976, subject to revocation in the event of Licence. non-observance or non -performance by the Corpora- tion of any of its conditions or those of the Royal 10. My Lords consider the terms of the new Licence Charter of the Corporation. The last Licence is deter- and Agreement and the financial provisions made mined as from the beginning of the term of the new therein to be satisfactory and on those grounds have Licence. The new Licence is expressed to be condi- authorised the Postmaster General to grant and con- tional upon the enactment of the said Bill and no effect clude it. unless and until the said Bill is enacted. 4. The new Licence provides that as from the said Licence and Agreement appointed day, 'Postmaster General' means and in- THIS DEED is made the seventh day of July one thou- in whom the functions which cludes the Minister sand nine hundred and sixty-nine BETWEEN THE RIGHT immediately previously to such day are vested in the HONOURABLE JOHN THOMSON STONEHOUSE, M.P., Her General by virtue of the Wireless Tele- Postmaster Majesty's Postmaster General (hereinafter called 'the vest in any other Minister appointed graphy Act 1949 Postmaster General') on behalf of Her Majesty of the by Her Majesty under any Act of Parliament of the one part and THE BRITISH BROADCASTING CORPORATION in which the said Post Office Bill is present Session whose Chief Office is situate at Broadcasting House, enacted. Portland Place in the City of Westminster (hereinafter 5. The new Licence authorises the Corporation to called 'the Corporation') of the other part: maintain the stations and apparatus for wireless tele- WHEREAS on the 20th December 1926 by Letter made graphy established and installed by the Corporation Patent under the Great Seal a Charter of Incorpora- under the terms of licences granted by the Postmaster tion was granted unto the Corporation for the purpose General, and to establish other stations and apparatus. of carrying on a Broadcasting Service within the Certain provisions are incorporated concerning the British Islands: working of the stations. WHEREAS on divers dates by Letters made Patent 6. Under the new Licence and Agreement the Cor- AND a Supplemental Charter and porations undertakes, unless prevented by circum- under the Great Seal, Incorporation have been granted stances beyond its control, to send broadcast pro- further Charters of on the 26th March 1964 a grammes in the Home Radio Services and the Tele- from time to time; and was granted for a term vision Services for reception in the British Islands. The Charter of Incorporation 1964 and ending on the Postmaster General may give directions to the Cor- beginning on the 30th July poration as to the hours of broadcasting in those 31st July 1976: services. The Corporation also undertakes to send AND WHEREAS by a Deed dated the 19th December programmes in the External Services at such times as 1963 made between Her Majesty's then Postmaster may be prescribed (after consultation with the Cor- General on behalf of Her Majesty of the one part and poration and with the approval of the Postmaster the British Broadcasting Corporation of the other part General and My Lords) by the Government Depart- Her Majesty's then Postmaster General granted to the ments concerned, for reception in countries and places Corporation (subject to the terms, provisions and beyond the seas. limitations therein contained) a licence for the term ending on 31st July 7. For the purposes of the Home Services (Radio and beginning on 30th July 1964 and Television) the Postmaster General is to pay the Cor- 1976 to continue to use for the purposes therein stated poration (out of moneys provided by Parliament) its then existing stations and apparatus for wireless during the term of the Licence a sum or sums equal to telegraphy and to establish, install and use for the said

www.americanradiohistory.com 288 Reference

purposes additional stations and apparatus and grant- 'messages' includes other communications; ing to the Corporation other facilities: 'Postmaster General' includes the Postmaster Gen- AND WHEREAS under the provisions of a Bill entitled eral's successors in the office of Her Majesty's Post- and hereinafter referred to as 'the Post Office Bill' master General and as from the appointed day presented to Parliament in the present Session it is means and includes the Minister in whom the proposed that on such day as Her Majesty may by functions referred to in the definition in this Deed Order in Council appoint the functions which, imme- of 'appointed day' shall vest on that day; diately before that day, are vested in the Postmaster 'Post Office' means any public authority so desig- General by virtue of the provisions of the Wireless nated which may be established by the Post Office Telegraphy Act 1949 which remain in force on and Act; after the day shall, on that day, vest in a Minister of 'Post Office Act' means any Act of Parliament of Posts and Telecommunications to be appointed by the present Session in which the Post Office is Her Majesty: enacted (whether or not in the form in which such Bill now stands); AND WHEREAS having regard to the provisions of the 'sponsored programme' means Post Office Bill it is deemed expedient that the said any matter which is provided at the expense any is, Deed dated 19th December 1963 should be determined of sponsor (that any person other as hereinafter provided and that the Postmaster than the Corporation and the per- formers) for the purpose General should grant to the Corporation the licence of being broadcast and is the subject of a broadcast hereinafter contained and the Postmaster General and announcement mention- ing the sponsor the Corporation have agreed to enter into the arrange- or his goods or services; ments hereinafter expressed: 'station' means station for wireless telegraphy; 'station for wireless telegraphy' has the same mean- Now in consideration of the premises and of the ing as in the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1949; matters hereinafter appearing THIS DEED WITNESSETH 'wireless telegraphy' has the same meaning as in the and the Postmaster General and the Corporation Wireless Telegraphy Act 1949; hereby covenant and agree with on e another and b) references to stations or a station or to apparatus declare as follows - are references to stations or a station or to apparatus 1. IN these presents, except where the subject or con- of the Corporation; text otherwise requires - c) in relation to the Isle of Man or the Channel Islands references to any a) the following expressions have the meanings hereby Act are references to that Act as extended to the Isle of Man or the Channel Islands. respectively assigned to them, that is to say - 'apparatus' means apparatus for wireless tele- 2. The said Deed dated graphy; the 19th December 1963 and the licence granted thereby is hereby determined and 'apparatus for wireless telegraphy' has the same revoked as from the beginning of the term of the meaning as in the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1959; licence granted by Clause 3 hereof. 'appointed day' means such day as under the Post Office Act Her Majesty may by Order in Council 3. Subject to the terms, provisions appoint, being the day on which those functions and limitations hereinafter contained the Postmaster General, in exer- which immediately previously thereto are vested in cise of all powers him hereunto enabling, hereby the Postmaster General by virtue of the provisions grants unto the Corporation, for the term beginning imme- of the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1949 and which diately before the appointed day remains in force on and after that day shall (with and ending on the 31st July 1976, licence within the territorial other functions) vest in any other Minister (herein- extent of the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1949 after referred to as 'the Minister') appointed by Her - Majesty; a) to use for the purposes hereinafter stated the exist- 'British Islands' means England, Scotland, Wales, ing station established by the Corporation by virtue Northern Ireland, the Channel Islands and the Isle of licences granted by predecessors in office of the of Man; Postmaster General or by the Postmaster General 'Interference' in relation to wireless telegraphy has and to establish from time to time and use for the the same meaning as in the Wireless Telegraphy Act said purposes additional stations at such places as 1949; the Postmaster General may approve in writing; 'International Telecommunication Convention' b) to use for the said purposes the existing apparatus means the Convention signed at Geneva on the 21st installed by the Corporation by virtue of such December 1959 and the Regulations and Additional licences, and to install from time to time and use for Regulations in force thereunder, and includes any the said purposes additional apparatus at the sta- Convention and Regulations which may from time tions of the Corporation and at such other places to time be in force in substitution therefor or in and in such vehicles, vessels and aircraft as the amendment thereof: Postmaster General may approve in writing:

www.americanradiohistory.com Constitutional 289 c) to use the stations and apparatus aforesaid for 6. I) The Postmaster General may at any time by emitting, sending, reflecting or receiving - notice in writing - a) require the Corporation to radiate such of its broad- 1) wireless telegraphy by the method of telephony for cast transmissions as may be specified in the notice for the purpose of providing broadcasting services from a mast, tower or other installation belonging general reception in sound, and by the methods of tele- to the Independent Television Authority (in this vision and telephony in combination for the purpose clause referred to as 'the Authority'); or of providing broadcasting services for general recep- 6) require the Corporation to permit such of the tion in visual images with sound, in - Authority's broadcast transmissions as may be so i) the British Islands and the territorial waters thereof specified to be radiated from a mast, tower or other and on board ships and aircraft (such services being installation belonging to the Corporation; or hereinafter referred to together as 'the Home Services' c) require the Corporation to co- operate with the and separately as 'the Home Radio Services' and 'the Authority in providing and using an installation Television Services'); and and to radiate such of the Corporation's broadcast ii) countries and places beyond the seas (such services transmissions as may be so specified from that being hereinafter referred to as 'the External Services'); installation; 2) wireless telegraphy for purposes ancillary or related and it shall be the duty of the Corporation to comply to the broadcasting services aforesaid. with any such notice. 2) Before giving a notice under this clause to the Cor- 4. If and whenever, with a view to extending the cover- poration the Postmaster General shall consult the Cor- age or to improving the strength or quality either poration and the Authority. generally or in any area or areas of transmissions in 3) If, after a notice is given under this clause to the the Home Services or any of them, the Postmaster Corporation, a dispute between the Corporation and General after consultation with the Corporation shall the Authority arising out of the matters to which the so require by notice in writing, the corporation shall relates is referred to the Postmaster General by establish and use such additional station or stations in notice either body, or it appears to the Postmaster General such place or places in the British Islands as may be that there is such a dispute, he may give such directions specified in the notice. to the Corporation as he may think expedient for determining the dispute, and it shall be the duty of the 5. 1) At each station, whether now existing or here- comply with any such directions. after established, the height of the aerials, the types Corporation to and frequencies of the waves emitted therefrom, the 7. 1) The stations and apparatus shall be subject to aerial power and directivity, and the characteristics of inspection and testing by any person for the time being the modulating signals shall be such as shall be ap- authorised or nominated for the purpose by or on be- proved in writing from time to time by the Postmaster half of the Postmaster General, but such inspection General after consultation with the Corporation. The and testing shall be so made and done as not to inter- constancy and purity of the waves emitted shall be fere with the Corporation in the general conduct and maintained at as high a standard as may be reasonably operation of any of the stations. practicable. 2) The Corporation shall afford all requisite and pro- 2) If and whenever the Postmaster General shall so per facilities for such inspection and testing and shall require by notice in writing given after such consulta- provide or secure for the Postmaster General or any tion as aforesaid, the Corporation shall refrain from person authorised or nominated for the purpose by or adopting or shall cease to use at or in relation to the on behalf of the Postmaster General the right, for the stations whether now existing or hereafter established purposes aforesaid or for any other purposes of these or such of them as may be specified in the notice such presents, of entry from time to time into and on the technical measures or processes as may be so specified. stations and other premises of the Corporation and 3) If and whenever the Postmaster General shall so any premises which may be in the possession or occu- require by notice in writing given after such consulta- pation of any person or persons other than the Cor- tion as aforesaid, the Corporation shall adopt and use poration. at or in relation to the stations whether now existing or 8. The Corporation shall observe the provisions of the may hereafter established or such of them as be speci- International Telecommunication Convention and of in the such technical measures or processes fied notice, any International Convention or international agree- as may be so specified, being measures or processes ment relating to broadcasting to which Her Majesty or which in the opinion of the Postmaster General are the Postmaster General may be or become a party calculated to increase the coverage to improve the or during the continuance of these presents. strength or quality either generally or in any area or areas of the transmissions in the broadcasting services 9. In order to prevent interference with the working or provided by the Corporation or any of them. use of any station for wireless telegraphy established or

www.americanradiohistory.com 290 Reference any apparatus for wireless telegraphy installed in the grammes in the Home Radio Services, the Television British Islands or the territorial waters thereof or on Services, and the External Services from such stations board any ship or aircraft by or for the purposes of as after consultation with the Corporation the Post- the Post Office or any Department of Her Majesty's master General may from time to time in relation to Government in the United Kingdom or the Govern- those Services respectively in writing prescribe. ment of any other part of the British Islands or for 2) The Corporation shall broadcast an impartial commercial purposes, and in particular with the send- account day by day prepared by professional reporters ing and receiving of any ship- and -shore messages or of the proceedings in both Houses of the United King- aircraft- and -ground messages, the following provi- dom Parliament. sions shall without prejudice to the other provisions of these presents, have effect - 3) The Corporation shall, whenever so requested by 1) a) The Corporation shall comply with all reason- any Minister of Her Majesty's Government in the able directions which shall be given to the Cor- United Kingdom at the Corporation's own expense, poration by the Postmaster General and with all send from all or any of the stations any announcement rules and regulations made by the Postmaster Gen- (with a visual image of any picture or object men- eral for observance by his licensees with respect to tioned in the announcement if it is sent from the tele- avoiding interference between one station or piece vision stations or any of them) which such Minister of apparatus for wireless telegraphy and another may request the Corporation to broadcast; and shall such station or piece of apparatus. also, whenever so requested by any such Minister in whose opinion an emergency has arisen or continues, b) The Postmaster General shall give consideration at the like expense send as aforesaid any other matter to any objections raised by the Corporation to any which such Minister may request the Corporation to directions given by him as aforesaid and to any such broadcast: Provided that the Corporation when send- rules or regulations as aforesaid, but if the Post- ing such an announcement or other matter may at its master General shall after consideration maintain discretion announce or refrain from announcing that such directions, rules or regulations his decision it is sent at the request of a named Minister. shall be final and the Corporation shall act in accordance therewith. 4) The Postmaster General may from time to time by notice in writing require the Corporation to refrain at 2) The Corporation shall further, so far as is reason- any specified time or at all times from sending any ably practicable having regard to technical con- matter or matters of any class specified in such notice ; siderations, so use the stations and apparatus as not and the Postmaster General may at any time or times to cause any such interference as aforesaid. vary or revoke any such notice. The Corporation may 10. No person acting on the Corporation's behalf or at its discretion announce or refrain from announcing by its permission shall or shall be permitted or suffered that such a notice has been given or has been varied or by the Corporation to divulge to any person (other revoked. a properly official than authorised of Her Majesty's 5) The Corporation shall send programmes in the Ex- Government of the United Kingdom or a competent ternal Services to such countries, in such languages legal tribunal), or make any use whatever of, any mess- and at such times as, after consultation with the Cor- age coming to his knowledge and not intended for poration, may from time to time be prescribed, with reception by means of the stations or any of them or the approval of the Postmaster General and the Trea- any of the Corporation's apparatus for wireless tele- sury, by such Departments of Her Majesty's Govern- graphy. ment in the United Kingdom as may from time to time 11. The stations and apparatus shall not without the be specified in writing by the Postmaster General: and previous consent in writing of the Postmaster General shall perform such other services by way of monitoring be used by the Corporation or by its permission for emissions of wireless telegraphy and recording matter the sending or emission of any message other than a intended to be broadcast by wireless telegraphy as message authorised by this Licence to be sent or after such consultation as aforesaid may from time to emitted thereby. time be prescribed as aforesaid. The Corporation shall consult and collaborate with the Department so speci- 12. The Corporation shall not without the consent in fied and shall obtain and accept from them such writing of the Postmaster General receive money or information regarding conditions in, and the policies any valuable consideration from any person in respect of Her Majesty's Government aforesaid towards, the of the sending or emitting, or the refraining from send- countries so prescribed and other countries as will ing or emitting of any matter whatsoever by means of enable the Corporation to plan and prepare its pro- the stations or any of them, and shall not send or emit grammes in the External Services in the national by means thereof any sponsored programme. interest.

13. 1) Unless prevented by circumstances beyond its 14. 1) The Postmaster General may from time to time control, the Corporation shall send efficiently pro- by notice in writing give directions to the Corporation

www.americanradiohistory.com Constitutional 291 as to the maximum time, the minimum time, or both General in respect of the issue as aforesaid of the maximum and the minimum time, which is to be licences of a type which, although authorising the given in any day, week or other period to broadcasts reception of broadcast programmes, are primarily in the Home Services, and as to the hours of the day in designed for a purpose other than such reception which such broadcasts are or are not to be given. (not being licences authorising the relaying of broadcast programmes by wire) after deducting 2) A direction under paragraph 1) may be framed in from such sums the amount of any refunds thereof any way, and in particular: - made by the Postmaster General a) may be confined to broadcasts from those stations less incurred by or on behalf of the which transmit, or usually transmit, the same pro- the expenses Postmaster General in the collection of such sums gramme, or may be different for different stations, as are mentioned in sub -paragraphs a) and b) above, or for different programmes broadcast from the in the administration of the licensing system, and in same stations; investigating complaints of interference by electro- b) may make special provisions for annual holidays magnetic energy affecting broadcasting services and other special occasions; within the British Islands. c) may be confined to a specified day of the week, or may be different for different days of the week; 4) Any account certified by any Secretary, Under- d) in imposing a maximum number of hours for any Secretary or Assistant Secretary of the Department of purpose, may allow for programmes or items of the Postmaster General of any sum payable by the specified kinds being left out of account in deter- Postmaster General to the Corporation under this mining the maximum, whether in all circumstances clause shall for all purposes be final and conclusive. or depending on the fulfilment of specified condi- 17. 1) For the purposes of the External Services and tions as regards programmes or items so specified. other services performed pursuant to clause 13 5) and 3) The Postmaster General may, whether or not a of any services performed by the Corporation at the direction under paragraph 1) provides for exemptions, request of any Department of Her Majesty's Govern- exempt the Corporation from any requirement of such ment in the United Kingdom (other than services a direction on any occasion or in any circumstances. performed under clause 13 3) the Postmaster General shall pay to the Corporation (out of moneys provided 15. The Corporation shall pay to the Postmaster Gen- by Parliament) in each year during the continuance of eral on the execution of this Deed an issue fee of £1 in presents such sums as the Treasury shall authorise. respect of the licence hereby granted, and on or before these the 30th July in each year from 1970 to 1975 inclusive 2) The Corporation shall deliver to the Postmaster a renewal fee of £900. General such accounts of its expenditure on the Ex- ternal Services and on other services referred to in sub - 16. 1) For the purposes of the Home Services (sub- clause 1) covering such periods and at such times as ject as is and in manner hereinafter provided) the Post- may from time to time be prescribed in writing by the master General shall pay to the Corporation (out of Postmaster General. moneys provided by Parliament) during the con- tinuance of these presents a sum or sums equal to the 18. Sums paid by the Postmaster General to the Cor- whole of the net licence revenue (as defined in sub - poration under the provision of clauses 16 and 17 shall clause 3)) or to such percentage or percentages thereof be applied and administered by the Corporation in as the Treasury may from time to time determine. accordance with any terms and conditions which may be attached to the grant thereof by Parliament or by 2) The sums payable by the Postmaster General to the Corporation under the provisions of this clause shall the Treasury. be paid by him in instalments of such amount and at 19. 1) If and whenever in the opinion of the Post- such intervals (not being longer than one month) as master General an emergency shall have arisen in the Postmaster General shall think fit and any adjust- which it is expedient in the public interest that Her ment between the parties shall be made as soon as Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom shall conveniently possible. have control over the transmission of messages or any 3) The expression `net licence revenue' means other matter whatsoever by means of the stations or a) sums received by the Postmaster General in respect any of them, it shall be lawful for the Postmaster Gen- of the issue, under section 1 of the Wireless Tele- eral to direct and cause the stations or any of them or graphy Act 1949, of licences of a type which are de- any part thereof to be taken possession of in the name signed primarily to authorise the reception of broad- and on behalf of Her Majesty and to prevent the Cor- cast programmes, less the amount of any refunds poration from using them, and also to cause the sta- thereof made by the Postmaster General; and tions or any of them or any part thereof to be used for b) such proportion (if any) as may be agreed between Her Majesty's service, or to take such other steps as he the Postmaster General and the Treasury to be may think fit to secure control over the stations or any proper of the sums received by the Postmaster of them, and in that event any person authorised by

www.americanradiohistory.com 292 Reference the Postmaster General may enter upon the stations its behalf (whether with or without the knowledge of or any of them and the offices and works of the Cor- the Corporation) or the commission of any offence by poration or any of them and take possession thereof the Corporation or by anyone employed by the Cor- and use the same as aforesaid. poration or acting on its behalf under the Prevention 2) If and whenever the Postmaster General shall of Corruption Acts 1889 to 1916, in relation to this or exercise the powers conferred on him by sub -clause 1) any other contract for Her Majesty's Service shall he may deduct from the sums payable by him to the entitle the Postmaster General to determine the con- Corporation under the provisions of clauses 16 and 17 tract and recover from the Corporation the amount of such amounts as shall be appropriate having regard to any loss resulting from such determination and /or to the extent and duration of the exercise of such powers recover from the Corporation the amount or value of but the Corporation shall be entitled to receive from any such gift, consideration or commission. the Postmaster General - 3) Any dispute, difference or question arising in respect a) compensation for any damage done to any pro- of the interpretation of this condition (except so far as perty of the Corporation, being damage directly the same may relate to the amount recoverable from attributable to the exercise of any such powers, and the Corporation under sub -Clause 2) in respect of any b) such sums as are required to defray any expenses loss resulting from such determination of this con- which, regard being had to the nature of the emer- tract), the right of the Postmaster General to deter- gency, have been properly and necessarily incurred mine the contract, or the amount or value of any such by the Corporation and for meeting which revenue gift, consideration or commission shall be decided by is by reason of the exercise of such powers not the Postmaster General whose decision shall be final otherwise available to the Corporation. and conclusive. In such cases the Postmaster General shall repay or 22. The Corporation shall not without the consent in allow to the Corporation such proportionate part of the writing of the Postmaster General assign, underlet or issue fee or renewal fee payable by the Corporation otherwise dispose of these presents or of the powers or under the provisions of clause 15 as shall be appro- authorities granted by the licence hereinbefore con- priate, regard being had to the extent and duration of tained or the benefit or advantage of the covenants and the exercise of such powers. provisions herein contained or, except as may be pro- vided in the Royal Charter of the Corporation, assign 20. Any contract entered into by the Corporation for or charge any sum or sums payable by the Postmaster the purposes of these presents shall secure the obser- General to the Corporation hereunder. vance and fulfilment by the Corporation's contractor of the obligations upon contractors specified in any 23. 1) In any of the following cases (that is to say) - resolution of the House of Commons for the time a) if at any time during the continuance of these pre- being in force applicable to contracts of Government sents the Corporation shall not in the opinion of the Departments as if the Corporation were a Department Postmaster General have adequately performed the for the purposes of such resolution. covenant on its part hereinbefore contained to send efficiently programmes in the Home Radio Services, 21. 1) The Corporation shall not The Television Services and the External Services; a) offer or give or agree to give to any person in Her or Majesty's Service any gift or consideration of any b) in case of any breach, non-observance or non- kind as an inducement or reward for doing or for- performance by or on the part of the Corporation bearing to do, or for having done or forborne to do of any of the provisions or conditions contained in any act in relation to the obtaining or execution of the Royal Charter or Charters of the Corporation this or any other contract for Her Majesty's Service or in any document made or issued thereunder or in or for showing or forbearing to show favour or dis- any of the other covenants or the provisions or con- favour to any person in relation to this or any other ditions contained herein or in any document made contract for Her Majesty's Service; or issued hereunder and on the part of the Corpora- b) enter into this or any other contract with Her tion to be observed and performed, which shall not Majesty or any Government Department in con- be remedied, made good or desisted from within a nection with which commission has been paid or reasonable time of the attention of the Corporation agreed to be paid by the Corporation or on its be- being drawn to the alleged breach, non-observance half; or to its knowledge, unless before the contract or non -performance in question; or is made particulars of any such commission and of c) in case the Corporation shall pass a resolution for the ternis and conditions of any agreement for the voluntary winding up or in case an Order shall be payment thereof have been disclosed in writing to made by the Court for the winding up of the Cor- an authorised officer of the Postmaster General. poration compulsorily or under the supervision of 2) Any breach of this condition by the Corporation or the Court, or in case a Receiver or Manager for by anyone employed by the Corporation or acting on any debenture holders, mortgagee or other creditor

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shall be appointed or any debenture holders, mort- shall be of no effect unless and until the said Act is gagee or other creditor shall enter in possession of passed. any part of the Corporation's property; Deed that the contract then and in any of the said cases the Postmaster Gen- 28. It is a condition of this be binding until it has been eral may at any time thereafter by notice in writing to thereby made shall not a resolution of the House of Com- the Corporation revoke and determine these presents approved of by and the licences, powers and authorities hereinbefore mons. granted and each and every of them, and thereupon IN \viaNess whereof the Postmaster General has here- these presents and the said licences, powers and unto set his hand and seal and the Corporation has authorities and each and every of them shall (subject caused its corporate seal to be hereunto affixed the day and without prejudice to any right of action or remedy and year first before written. and conditions for breach of any of the covenants SIGNED SEALED AND DELIVERED herein contained which shall then have accrued to on behalf of Her Majesty's Postmaster General by - determine and either of the parties) absolutely cease, F. WOOD become void. in the presence of - 2) Nothing in this clause contained shall be deemed to Civil Servant D. mimic, General Post Office, E.C.I. power of the Post- prejudice or affect any statutory THE CORPORATE SEAL of the British master General. Broadcasting Corporation was hereunto in the presence 24. 1) Any notice, request, consent, approval or other affixed of- act (whether required to be in writing or not) given or HILL OF LUTON, Chairman - General served by the Postmaster General under these presents CHARLES CURRAN, Director may be under the hand of any person duly authorised Reproduced by permission of the Controller of H.M. in that behalf by the Postmaster General and may be Stationery Office from Cmnd 4095 given or served by being sent by registered post or by the recorded delivery service addressed to the Cor- poration at its chief office for the time being and any notice given or served by the Corporation under these presents may be given or served by being sent by registered post or by the recorded delivery service addressed to the Postmaster General at The General Post Office, London, or (after the appointed day) to the Minister at Waterloo Bridge House, Waterloo Road, London. 2) Any notice given by the Postmaster General to the Corporation under the provisions of these presents may be revoked or varied by any subsequent notice in writing given by him. 25. The Agreement dated the 19th February 1954 and made between the Right Honourable Herbrand Edward Dundonald Brassey Earl De La Warr then Her Majesty's Postmaster General on behalf of Her Majesty of the one part and the Corporation of the other part (which relates to the execution of certain defence work) shall continue in force during the con- tinuance of this Deed, and references therein to the Licence therein mentioned shall be deemed to include reference to this Deed and references therein to the Postmaster General shall as from the appointed day mean and include the Minister in whom the functions referred to in the definition in this Deed of 'appointed day' shall vest on that day. 26. Nothing contained in this Deed shall operate as a licence or authority under Section 5 of the Telegraph Act, 1869. 27. This Deed and Licence granted thereby are con- ditional upon the passing of the Post Office Act and

www.americanradiohistory.com 7.

- www.americanradiohistory.com 3renerai information

The BBC and the public sons interviewed listened to the radio or viewed television and, if so, which particular Audience research programmes they heard or saw during that The BBC is constantly concerned to keep in particular day. Different people are inter- touch with the public and the audiences to its viewed each day (so that in the course of a various services, devoting considerable time year more than 800,000 are interviewed) but and resources to ensuring that its production as the people are always selected by the same and management staff are aware of the method the results for any one day are always response of the audience. All viewers' and comparable with those for any other. The listeners' letters are analysed and reported on interviewing is done by a large staff of part- in detail by a programme correspondence time workers. section; opinions in the press throughout the The end -product of the survey is a daily country are also reported on daily; the BBC's summary of audiences which lists every pro- 52 advisory committees are able to represent gramme broadcast nationally (and some the different points of view of the public in transmitted in certain areas only) and esti- direct dialogue with BBC staff; and an mates the proportion of the population which increasing number of programmes involve the viewed or listened to each one. Its value lies not audience in one way or another. merely in the information it gives about in- in providing a Beyond all this, the BBC maintains its own dividual broadcasts but also of audience trends. Audience Research Department which is con- basis for the study cerned with the systematic measurement of The opinions of audiences are gathered viewers, with a audiences and a continuous assessment of through panels of listeners and their preferences and opinions. total membership of about 6,000. Each week they receive questionnaires about forth- The biggest single audience research opera- coming broadcasts. They are not asked to vary tion is the estimation of audience sizes their normal listening or viewing habits - through sampling representative cross-sections indeed they are particularly requested not to of the population. This is done in the con- do so, for the object is always to find out what tinuous Survey of Listening and Viewing in people think of the programmes they choose which a sample of the population is inter- in the ordinary way. The questionnaires, viewed every day of the year. Each day's which vary in form, seek frank expressions of sample consists of 2,250 people, so selected opinion, the briefest simply asking the panel as to be representative of the entire population members to rate the programme in different - excluding only children under 5 years of age ways and to sum up their reactions using - in terms of geographical distribution, age, another simple scale. This leads to reaction sex and socio-economic class. indices for television programmes and to The questions the interviewers put are all general evaluations for radio programmes, concerned with the previous day, being by means of which programmes can be designed to find out whether or not the per- readily compared with one another. Longer 295 www.americanradiohistory.com 296 Reference questionnaires provide material for the pro- complaint, should be addressed to: Head of duction of programme reports which try to BBC Programme Correspondence Section, give a balanced picture of the opinions Broadcasting House, London W1A 1AA. This expressed, placing correct emphasis both on section is responsible for seeing that the the majority view and on the opinions of opinions expressed and suggestions put for- minorities. ward in letters are carefully considered, refer- Side by side with these continuous studies ence being made to the most senior levels of the department is engaged on a variety of ad the BBC in appropriate cases. As far as poss- hoc investigations. These may involve any- ible, answers are supplied to enquiries relating thing from discovering public opinion on a to specific items in the programmes. Requests single point - such as a proposed change in the entailing detailed research or lengthy type- timing of a broadcast - to an exhaustive study written lists cannot normally be met. Scripts of the impact of one type of output. Naturally can sometimes be provided if available (see the research methods used vary with the page 311). Requests for information on tech- problem to be solved. Sometimes it is neces- nical matters and for advice on reception of sary to interview a random sample of the BBC programmes should be sent to: population at length in their own homes. Head of Engineering Information Department, Sometimes a postal questionnaire is adequate. Broadcasting House, London W1A 1AA. But in every case the object is the same - to The large mail in English from listeners over- collect information which is representative seas which reaches the BBC from all parts of and reliable, as a basis for evaluation or the world is answered by an Overseas Audience decision -making by those concerned with Research and Correspondence Department, programmes and policy. BBC, Bush House, London WC2B 4PH, which The department publishes each year a also ensures that the letters are forwarded summary of its main results called the Annual to the production staff in the programme Review of Audience Research Findings, obtain- departments. Letters in other languages are able from BBC Publications, 35 Marylebone sent to the language services concerned and High Street, London W1M 4AA (price £1 plus answered in the same language. 12p postage). Information about methods of BBC audi- Record requests ence research may be obtained from the Record requests in the UK should be sent on Audience Research Information Desk, BBC, a postcard to the BBC programme concerned. Broadcasting House, London W1A 1AA. In addition to the many request programmes produced for home listeners, there are request programmes put out by the BBC World Getting in touch with the BBC Service for listeners overseas. These pro- grammes also provide a link with home for Writing to the BBC Britons stationed abroad, as well as for immi- The BBC receives a very large correspondence grants and visitors to Britain. Separate from listeners and viewers amounting to editions, broadcast at suitable times, give upwards of half a million letters a year. world -wide coverage. Listeners in Britain This figure does not include items sent to par- wishing to send a message and have a record ticular programmes in response to invitations played for their friends and families overseas broadcast on television or radio, which may should write to the address given opposite. total as many as 7,000 a day. Many different kinds of musical tastes are Letters about television and radio pro- provided for and overseas listeners are advised grammes, other than those responding to by air mail of the time and date of the playing broadcast invitations but including letters of of their requests. The BBC World Service also

www.americanradiohistory.com General information 297 has its own Pop Club programme for overseas mation and guidance about writing for the listeners, with lapel buttons, membership medium, is available from the Script Editor cards and competitions. To join this club, on request. overseas listeners should write to the Secretary, Light Entertainment scripts for radio (nor- Pop Club. mally half-hour) should be sent to Script Editor, The address for all these programmes is: Light Entertainment (Radio), BBC, Broadcast- World Service Record Requests, BBC, Bush ing House, London W1A 1AA. Decisions can House, London WC2B 4PH. be made only on receipt of complete scripts, clearly typed; but advice can be offered on Auditions detailed synopses, with sample dialogue. Music, drama, and variety auditions are Television scripts, clearly typed, should be arranged regularly by Programme Contracts submitted, with a stamped addressed envelope, Department working in collaboration with to: Head of Television Script Unit, BBC Tele- the appropriate radio broadcasting depart- vision Centre, Wood Lane, London W12 7RJ. ments; similar arrangements are in force for Notes on Current Requirements and on Writing television, and in each of the regions. The for Television are available from the Unit, on procedure varies, but normally several pro- request. ducers and other experts are present, and Typescripts which have a specific local considerable use is made of outside assessors. interest may be submitted to the appropriate Artists who have succeeded in an audition are BBC regional office. placed on a waiting list to be offered a broad- Serious music scores for radio should be casting engagement when opportunity arises. addressed to: Chief Assistant, New Music, Applications addressed to the BBC, London, BBC, Yalding House, 156 Great Portland W1A 1AA, are brought to the attention of the Street, London W1N 6AJ. department concerned. For regional auditions, Popular and light music scores for radio applications should be made to the Controller should be addressed to Assistant Head of of the appropriate region. Auditions are Radio 2, BBC, Broadcasting House, London arranged at various times during the year for W1A 1AA. amateur singers who wish to become members A guide for writers, Writing for the BBC, is (unpaid) of the BBC Choral Society. Candi- published by the BBC, price 35p (by post 43p). dates are required to sing one of two test pieces Tickets for BBC shows at their choice, and there is a sight-reading test. Members of the Society attend rehearsals each Members of the public who wish to see a radio Friday evening. Written applications should or television audience show can obtain tickets be made to the Chorus Manager, BBC, by writing to the BBC Ticket Unit, London London W1A 1AA. W1A 4WW. Applications should be sent a month before Submission of scripts and scores the date required, indicating the type of show All original contributions in the form of preferred, and enclosing a stamped addressed scripts, which must be typed, or scores are envelope. It is not possible to guarantee considered by competent readers and by the tickets for a particular show but the Ticket programme departments. Unit does its best to send tickets for shows that In the case of radio plays, complete scripts, they feel the person would appreciate. All or a brief synopsis with specimen dialogue, applications are acknowledged and tickets clearly typed, should be sent to: Script Editor, are sent a week before the date of the show. Drama (Radio), BBC, Broadcasting House, In the case of visitors to London it is always London W1A 1AA. A free leaflet, Notes on advisable for the Ticket Unit to be informed Radio Drama, giving detailed market infor- of the London address, and the exact dates

www.americanradiohistory.com 298 Reference of their stay. In the case of London residents Appeals for special apparatus, foods, or drugs there may be a delay for popular shows. for treatment of rare diseases will be broadcast Normally it is not possible to send more than only at the request of major hospitals and after one or two double tickets to any individual. all other means of obtaining them have failed. Minimum age limits vary according to the type For travellers abroad: it is also possible in of programme, so children's ages should circumstances of real urgency for SOS mes- always be stated. sages to be broadcast in countries abroad by The types of shows are: radio organisations which are members of the Radio: light entertainment, comedy, panel European Broadcasting Union. These mes- games and quiz shows, light music, chamber sages would be broadcast in an attempt to music, symphony orchestra and modern or reach people travelling abroad who are urgent- old -time dancing, popular music. ly wanted at home. The rules, in principle, are Television: light entertainment, panel games, the same as those which apply to SOS messages comedy, pop (but not Top Of The Pops), broadcast in the United Kingdom. Requests children's programmes. of this kind, which must come from doctors or hospitals, cannot be considered unless all other Visits to BBC premises means of contacting the person who is wanted Arrangements for seeing round Broadcasting have been tried and have failed. House and other centres can be made only Messages are broadcast once only and can- exceptionally. not be repeated. People with a special or professional interest There is no charge for broadcasting SOS may make arrangements for seeing round messages. Broadcasting House and other centres by writing to Chief Secretary, BBC, Broadcasting Appeals for charity House, London WIA IAA, or the Controller in The BBC has been broadcasting charitable their own region. appeals since 1923. Up to 1975 over £19,000,000 Visitors from overseas should address them- has been raised by this means and many selves to: External Broadcasting Audience hundreds of good causes have benefited. Research, BBC, PO Box 76, Bush House, Appeals on behalf of charitable organis- London WC2B 4PII. ations are considered for broadcasting either on Radio 4 as The Week's Good Cause, SOS messages usually at 11.10 am on Sunday, or on BBC-1, SOS and police messages are in certain cir- usually at 6.50 pm on the third Sunday of the cumstances included in BBC broadcasts. month. Special appeals in the event of unfore- Requests may be made by personal call, by seen emergencies - for instance, in aid of the letter, or by telephone. victims of an earthquake or flood - are also For relatives of sick persons: such SOS mes- broadcast, normally on both radio and tele- sages are broadcast only when the hospital or vision. Separate appeals may be broadcast in doctor certifies that the patient is dangerously Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. ill and when all other means of communication In selecting appeals for broadcasting, the have failed. Normally the full name of the per- BBC has the guidance of its Appeals Advisory son sought, and the relationship, must be Committees. In respect of nationally broadcast given. The message is broadcast only if the appeals it is guided by the Central Appeals patient is asking to see a relative or the doctor Advisory Committee; advisory bodies in considers that this would be beneficial. Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland carry For missing persons and for witnesses of acci- out the same function for their respective dents: only official requests originated by the regions (See page 330 for members of the police are considered. appeals advisory bodies).

www.americanradiohistory.com General information 299

Within certain specified limits, any deserving Television Centre, Wood Lane, London cause, whether it be great or comparatively W12 7RJ 01 -743 8000 small, may be considered for a broadcast 9 am- midnight Monday to Friday appeal. Preference in selection is, however, 10 am- midnight Saturday given to causes which concern themselves 11 am- midnight Sunday directly with the relief of human distress in Foreign press office any of its forms, and with the preservation of life and health. Second in preference are those Bush House, Strand, London WC2B 4PH which aim to promote social, physical, cul- 01 -240 3456 tural, or mental or moral well -being but 10 am -6 pm Monday to Friday which do not necessarily deal with individual This office looks after overseas journalists and cases of distress; this category includes the London correspondents of foreign news- organisations promoting research into the papers. (Visitors should go to Queen's House, causes and treatment of disease and of mental 28 Kingsway, London WC2 6JR.) or physical handicap. Appeals are also granted occasionally to causes which fall outside these Outside London, information officers in categories, e.g. the preservation of the national Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland and heritage. at the production centres in Manchester, Birmingham and Bristol deal with press Open Door Programmes enquiries. The Community Programme Unit of BBC Television enables groups or associations or BBC Programmes Complaints sections of the community to make their own Commission television programmes, which are shown on An independent Programmes Complaints BBC -2. The groups are given technical facilities Commission was set up by the BBC in October and professional advice by the BBC, but them- 1971 to consider complaints from the public of selves decide the style and content of their pro- unfair treatment in radio and television pro- grammes, subject to limitations of cost and the grammes. The Commissioners are: legal requirements of broadcasting. Details Sir Edmund Compton (Chairman), Sir and application forms may be obtained from Henry Fisher and Baroness Serota. Community Programme Unit, BBC Television The Commissioners serve for three years, Centre, Wood Lane, London W12 8QT. have premises of their own outside the BBC and appoint their own staff. Publicity and press offices Adjudications of the Commission are pub- lished in one of the BBC's journals and, when The Publicity Department provides a compre- requested by the Commission, on either radio hensive service of information to the press or television, according to the origin of the about programmes and BBC policy. The complaint. Any action to be taken following an department issues a range of printed publicity, adjudication is a matter for the BBC. and produces and distributes photographs to The terms of reference of the Commission the press. relate strictly to complaints from people or Enquiries from journalists are dealt with in organisations who believe themselves to have London by press officers at the following been treated unjustly or unfairly in connection addresses: with a programme or a related series of pro- 12 Cavendish Place, London W1A IAA grammes as broadcast; they do not extend to 01- 580 4468 general complaints about the nature or quality 9 am -6 pm Monday to Friday of programmes.

www.americanradiohistory.com 300 Reference

The Governors look upon the Commission or b) the complaint has been raised in writing as a means of offering the BBC, with attendant with the Commission within thirty days of the transmission publicity, a second opinion in cases of com- or the last transmission in a re- lated series of transmissions to which the com- plaint where a viewer, listener or organisation plaint refers; feels unfairly treated by the BBC. The setting up and of the Commission does not affect the constitu- ii) the complainant shall have undertaken tional functions the in writ- of Governors, the program- ing not to have recourse to the courts of law in me responsibility of the executive, or the role of connection with his complaint. A complainant the General Advisory Council as the principal who chooses first to go to law over his complaint advisory body of the Governors. may subsequently lay a complaint before the Commission if it relates to aspects of the matter The Commission's address is: other than those disposed of in the courts. 31 Queen Anne's Gate, London SWIH 9BU. Provided, however, that the Commission Tel: 01 -839 6894. may consider and review a complaint notwithstanding that the conditions of i) The above may not have been constitution and terms of reference of fulfilled, if the Commission considers that there are the Commission are: special circumstances which make it proper to do 1 A Programmes Complaints Commission is hereby so, and provided further that the Commission may constituted to consider and review complaints decline to consider and review a complaint not- against the BBC of the type hereinafter set out. withstanding that the conditions of i) and ii) above have been fulfilled if the Commission considers 2 The Commission shall consist of three members that the complaint is frivolous or constitutes an abuse who shall hold office for three years (one of whom of the procedure for the review of complaints. shall act as Chairman). Provided always that any member: 6 Complaints shall be treated as being laid against i) may resign on giving three months' notice at the BBC and not against individual members of any time: the BBC's staff or its other contributors, although ii) shall resign if for any reason he becomes unfit- the details of complaints will often require to be ted to act as such member. In the case of any accompanied by the names of individuals. doubt or dispute as to such unfitness it shall be 7 The Commission shall report its adjudication on resolved by the President of the Law Society for any complaint to the BBC which undertakes to the time being or by a person nominated by the publish each adjudication in one of its journals. President. The Commission shall, when it seems to it appro- 3 The Commissioners first appointed shall make re- priate, prepare its adjudication in a form suitable commendations to the BBC as to the mode of for broadcasting and require the Corporation to securing the appointment as their successors of transmit the adjudication which the Corporation persons of similar independent status. undertakes to do. 4 The complaints which the Commission will con- 8 The BBC shall pay proper regard to the view sider and review are complaints from individuals or expressed in each adjudication. It shall be free to organisations claiming themselves to have been comment thereon and to decide what subsequent treated unjustly or unfairly in connection with a action, if any, is called for. programme or a related series of programmes as 9 The BBC undertakes to give every assistance to the broadcast. Unjust or unfair treatment shall include Commission. In particular, it shall make available unwarranted invasion of privacy and misrepresen- to the Commission such recordings or transcripts tation. as may exist of transmitted programmes about 5 Subject to the provision in Clause 13, the Commis- which complaints are laid. The BBC shall also, on sion shall consider and review complaints if: request from the Commission, make available un- i) a) the complaint has first been raised in writing used material gathered for programmes, if it still with the BBC within thirty days of the trans- exists, such as the Commission, after consulting the mission or the last transmission in a related series BBC, feels necessary. The Commission shall not of transmissions to which the complaint re- disclose any unused material provided to it by the fers, and the complainant in the event of dis- BBC to other parties without permission from the satisfaction with the explanation of its conduct BBC and, where appropriate, any other copyright- given by the BBC has referred the matter to the holders involved. Commission within thirty days of the receipt of 10 The Commission shall undertake to deal with the BBC's explanation; complaints within a reasonable time and the BBC

www.americanradiohistory.com General information 301

shall undertake to publish adjudications not later 12 The Commission will, from time to time, decide on than thirty days from the date of thcir delivery to its own practice and procedure. Unless otherwise the BBC. decided, however, i) Complaints will be put forward in 11 In making adjudications, the Commission shall act ordinarily collectively, although this should not exclude the writing although whenever the Commission in possibility of the expression of a dissenting opinion. its discretion considers it necessary an oral When one member is absent or declares himself to hearing will be granted. be disqualified by reason of a special interest in any ii) Complaints will be heard in private. adjudication, it shall be proper for complaints to be iii) Complainants must bear their own costs. considered by only two members of the Com- 13 The decision of the Commission that a complaint mission. does not come within its jurisdiction shall be final.

Licences and licence fees Licence fees in European countries: June 1975

Sound and television Sound and telcc:sáon

Country Sound only monochrome ( °lour £ £ £

Austria 324 Sch. 8.94 1,140 Sch 31.45 1,140 Sch. 31.45 Belgium 390 B.Fr. 4.76 1,680 B.Fr. 20.49 2,505 B.Fr. 30.55 Denmark 98 D.Kr. 8.03 398 D.Kr. 32.62 664 D.Kr. 54.43 Eire - Nil - 12.00 - 20.00 Finland 30 F.Mk. 3.82 90 F.Mk. 11.46 190 F.Mk. 24.20 France 30 Fr. 3.35 140 Fr. 15.64 210 Fr. 23.46 Germany 36 D.M. 6.92 126 D.M. 24.23 126 D.M. 24.23 Italy 3,585 Lire 2.56 21,000 Lire 15.00 - - Netherlands 33 Fl. 6.11 108 F1. 20.00 108 Fl. 20.00 Norway 60 N.Kr. 5.50 320 N.Kr. 29.36 420 N.Kr. 38.53 Sweden 50 S.Kr. 5.71 220 S.Kr. 25.14 320 S.Kr. 36.57 Switzerland 60 S.Fr. 10.91 120 S.Fr. 21.82 120 S.Fr. 21.82 United Kingdom Nil - 8.00 - 18.00 Based on information from the European Broadcasting Union

Broadcast receiving licence fees in the United Kingdom 1922 -1975 Radio only Combined tv and radio introduced 1 Nov 1922 at 10s. increased 1 Aug 1965 to £5

1 1946 £1 increased Jun to Colour tv supplementary Combined tv and radio introduced 1 Jan 1968 at £5 introduced 1 Jun 1946 at £2 Combined tv and radio Combined tv and radio increased 1 Jan 1969 to £6 increased 1 Jun 1954 to £3 Combined tv and radio Excise duty of £I imposed increased 1 July 1971 to £7 (not receivable by BBC) Combined tv and radio Combined tv and radio increased 1 Apr 1975 to £8 increased 1 Aug 1957 to £4 Excise duty abolished Colour tv supplementary increased 1 Apr 1975 to £10 BBC given full amount 1 Oct 1963 of £4 Radio only The radio only licence fee was abolished from

increased 1 Aug 1965 to £1 5s. 1 February 1971.

www.americanradiohistory.com 302 Reference Broadcasting receiving licences 1927 -1975

Licences at Total Issued free for Issued for payment 31 March blind persons Radio only Radio and television combined

Monochrome Colour

1927 2,269,644 5,750 2,263,894 1930 3,092,324 16,496 3,075,828 1935 7,011,753 41,868 6,969,885 1940 8,951,045 53,427 8,897,618 1945 9,710,230 46,861 9,663,369 1946 10,395,551 47,720 10,347,831 1947 10,777,704 49,846 10,713,298 14,560 1948 11,179,676 52,135 11,081,977 45,564 1949 11,747,448 53,654 11,567,227 126,567 1950 12,219,448 56,376 11,819,190 343,882 1951 12,369,027 58,161 11,546,925 763,941 1952 12,753,506 60,105 11,244,141 1,449,260 1953 12,892,231 61,095 10,688,684 2,142,452 1954 13,436,793 62,389 10,125,512 3,248,892 1955 13,980,496 62,506 9,414,224 4,503,766 1956 14,261,551 62,745 8,459,213 5,739,593 1957 14,525,099 62,453 7,496,390 6,966,256 1958 14,646,350 61,387 6,494,960 8,090,003 1959 14,736,413 57,784 5,423,207 9,255,422 1960 15,005,011 54,958 4,480,300 10,469,753 1961 15,176,725 50,852 3,858,132 11,267,741 1962 15,372,219 46,782 3,491,725 11,833,712 1963 15,698,991 43,371 3,212, 814 12,442,806 1964 15,884,679 40,337 2,959,011 12,885,331 1965 16,046,603 34,355 2,759,203 13,253,045 1966 16,178,156 31,499 2,579,567 13,567,090 1967 16,773,205 29,662 2,476,272 14,267,271 1968 17,645,821 27,564 2,529,750 15,068,079 20,428 1969 17,959,933 24,966 2,438,906 15,396,642 99,419 1970 18,183,719 22,174 2,279,017 15,609,131 273,397 1971 (Note 1) 15,943,190 - - 15,333,221 609,969 1972 16,658,451 15.023,691 1,634,760 1973 17,124,619 - 13,792,623 3,331,996 1974 17,324,570 - - 11,766,424 5,558,146 1975 17,700,815 - - 10,120,493 7,580,322 Notes: 1. Owing to industrial action within the Post Office between January and March 1971 the licences in force at 31 March 1971 do not reflect the true licensing position at that date. 2. Radio only licences were abolished on 1 February 1971. 3. Combined radio and television licences were also abolished on 1 February 1971. From that date television only licences have been issued. 4. Dealer's demonstration fee and concessionary licences for residents of old people's homes have been excluded from the figures.

www.americanradiohistory.com General information 303 Sales and services BBC Publications, 35 Marylebone High Street, London W1M 4AA. BBC Publications London Calling One of the objects of the BBC, as laid down in its Charter, is `To compile and prepare, print, The monthly journal of the BBC External publish, issue, circulate and distribute, with Services, gives programme details and fre- or without charge, such papers, magazines, quency information about the BBC World periodicals, books, circulars and other matter Service in English. Brief details are also given as may be conducive to any of the objects of of BBC services in other languages and BBC the Corporation'. The width of these terms of English by Radio broadcasts. reference is reflected in the variety of BBC Huna London publications. The monthly magazine of the BBC Arabic Radio Times Service, gives programme information about the Arabic Service and contains articles of Published every week in 25 editions, its pro- general interest. Circulation is 80,000 through- gramme pages a provide detailed day -by -day out the Arab World. London Calling and reference guide to the whole of the BBC's Huna London are issued free of charge. television and radio programme output for Further details are obtainable from External the British Isles from Saturday morning to Services Publicity, BBC, Bush House, London Friday night. Editorial articles, many in WC2B 4PH. colour, feature the subject matter of the most notable broadcasts of the week. Radio Times General publications is on sale at newsagents throughout the Many television and radio programmes are British Isles, price 10p or by subscription, at supported or followed up by books, and BBC £10 per year for Britain and the Republic of Publications have a large list on a variety of Ireland £10 per and year overseas and pro subjects. Here are some of the titles published rata for shorter periods. Its circulation, the recently: highest for any British periodical, is 3,627, 361 The Weather Machine by Nigel Calder, a with a readership approaching 11 million. BBC -2 programme about the Earth's climate; Pot Black compiled by Reg Perrin, an intro- The Listener duction to the game of snooker, linked with Like BBC television and radio, The Listener the BBC-2 series; Tomorrow's World 3 by reflects in words and pictures most aspects of David Paterson, a third volume of material contemporary life and thought. Its contents from the BBC -1 series; Microbes and Men by are drawn substantially from broadcast talks Robert Reid, a background book to the and discussions, but it also carries original BBC-2 series; Kipling's English History, material relating to broadcasting and the arts. Marghanita Laski's radio series on English It publishes a monthly supplement giving History through Rudyard Kipling's verse; details of the main music and drama pro- How Money Works compiled by Brian Sharpe ductions to be broadcast on BBC Radio. and Aubrey Wilson of BBC Radio 4's Financial Distribution is world -wide and sales are World Tonight; The Fight Against Slavery by 38,769 copies a week. The Listener is pub- Evan Jones and Terence Brady, background lished each Thursday, price 15p, and is to the BBC -2 series; Armchair Cricket 1975, a obtainable from newsagents, or by subscription completely new version with a special sup- at £12.00 per year. Full details of all sub- plement on the John Player League; The scription rates are published in the journal or BBC Book of Golf compiled by Ken Hawkes, can be obtained from the Circulation Manager, a guide to golf on television and radio;

www.americanradiohistory.com 304 Reference

Pioneers of Photography compiled by Aaron Head, accompanying the BBC-1 /BBC -2 Scharf - it follows and supplements the BBC-2 programmes designed to help improve programme; A Handful of Tears by Brenda reading speeds, memory and better organi- Kidman who writes with compassion about sation of time; Out of the Rut, with the BBC -1 being a refugee - from Woman's Hour BBC programmes for those thinking of changing Radio 4. their jobs in mid -career; Going Solo, accom- For children: Blue Peter Special Assign- panying the Radio 3 series which offers advice ment 1, an introduction to the islands of to those contemplating setting up in business Hong Kong and Malta; Blue Peter Special on their own; Middle Years at School, the Assignment 2, an introduction to three British in- service education project for teachers, on islands - Isle of Skye, Isle of Man and Isle of BBC -2; I See What You Mean, the BBC-1 Wight; Blue Peter 12; Roobarb Annual; series to assist those who have lost, or are Bagpuss Annual 2; Jackanory - The Impecuni- losing, their hearing; Mr Smith's Gardening ous Hero; Jackanory - Littlenose to the Rescue; Book, the BBC-1 programmes; Every Body Smoke over Shap. Knows, the BBC-1 yoga programme; Flowers for all Seasons, the BBC -2 series on creative Further Education flower arranging; Model World, the BBC -2 Many Further Education programmes are series which introduces the craft of model - accompanied by publications. These fall into making; Eminently Victorian, the Radio 3 two main categories: study of the moods and manners of mid - nineteenth a) Essential handbooks and other learning century Britain; Before the Ark, aids without which the serious student the BBC-1 programmes on vertebrate palaeon- would be unable to benefit from the series. tology. BBC can be Publications of this kind are, in the main, books obtained through book- BBC for language courses but include other sub- sellers or from Publications, 144 -152 Bermondsey jects. The books provide the basis for home- Street, London SE1 3TH. work and preparation. Schools Publications b) Books which, while not essential, provide At the request of the Schools Broadcasting the student with a permanent record on the Council numerous publications are issued theme of the broadcast. This may take the termly or annually to support the BBC's form of a text giving more detailed infor- radio and television broadcasts to schools. mation on the subject of the series, ideas for Six months in advance of each school year further reading and study, illustrations or annual programme documents for primary statistics. For most of the language series schools and secondary schools are sent free to recordings, with basic dialogue and pro- every school in the United Kingdom to help nunciation practice, are also available. teachers to plan their use of broadcasts, make Details of both programmes and the publi- timetable arrangements and order their pub- cations are printed in Radio Times. Among lications in good time. Over 12 million items recent Further Education publications are are bought by more than 33,000 schools every the following: year. BBC schools publications are provided Kontakte, three books, three records and on a non -profit making basis. Termly time- three cassettes, teacher's notes and three tables for staff-room notice boards are issued filmstrips, accompanying the BBC -1, Radio free to all schools before each term. Details 3 and Radio 4 Beginner's German Course; of publications and current series can be Svidaniye y Moskvye, one book, two records obtained from The Schools Broadcasting Coun- and two cassettes for the Radio 3 and Radio cil (30 B /C), The Langham, Portland Place, 4 Second Year Russian Course; Use your London W1A 4AA and the publications direct

www.americanradiohistory.com General information 305 from BBC Publications (Schools), 144 -152 markets for many years and can make avail- Bermondsey Street, London SEI 3TH. able more than 1,300 titles for purchase and 600 for hiring by schools, universities, colleges, industrial and other organisations wishing to use BBC Television productions on 16 -mm BBC Enterprises film as visual aids to education and training. film are available from BBC Enterprises is a separate division of the Descriptive catalogues Sydney and Corporation and consists of a group of BBC Enterprises in London, Films, New York. departments which operate in home and over- Toronto or from Time -Life seas markets by recording, packaging and of selling or licensing a carefully selected part Film library sales the programme output and associated prod- by ucts or facilities of both BBC radio and tele- Another commercial activity handled the vision. The group includes both BBC Records Television Sales Department is based on of the and Tapes and a department responsible for BBC Film Library which contains one mounting exhibitions related to BBC television world's largest collections of film. Through programmes. With a steadily increasing annual this library independent feature film makers, turnover measured in seven figures, BBC advertising agencies, documentary producers, Enterprises' net profit after all staff, accommo- cine -clubs and any other interested customers dation and other operating costs have been throughout the world have access to selected colour or paid, is re- invested in future radio and tele- film footage and film sequences in Library, vision production. In this way, its activities monochrome and to the Newsreel both supplement the BBC's licence revenue dating back to 1948. and ensure that the best BBC programmes are available to millions of viewers and listeners Character merchandising in every part of the world. The Merchandising Department of BBC is a licensing agency for all types Television programme exports Enterprises of merchandise and marketing activities, BBC Enterprises is today one of the world's theatre and cinema productions, publications, largest television programme exporters and etc., based on radio or television programmes offers the most varied range of programmes. and characters. It operates not only on behalf More than 7,000 hours of programmes are of BBC Television but also for many other supplied to 90 countries. Television Sales United Kingdom and overseas producers. Department conducts its negotiations and technical and distribution activities from its London headquarters at Ealing, in its offices Exhibitions in Sydney and Toronto, and through its sales The Exhibitions Department of BBC Enter- representatives travelling overseas. United prises mounts exhibitions both at home and States and Latin American distribution is overseas based on programmes or other BBC handled for Enterprises by Time -Life Films, activities: for example, the displays of the New York. A special Ealing -based section is costumes from The Six Wives of Henry VIII, geared to handle topical items from such pro- Elizabeth R and The Pallisers, and an exhibition grammes as Panorama and Tomorrow's World. of some of the special effects from Dr Who including a full -scale Tardis spaceship control Hire and sale of educational films room. They have proved very popular and have paid to see Television Sales Department has been oper- nearly four million visitors ating in the British and overseas non -theatric them.

www.americanradiohistory.com 306 Reference Facilities Australia BBC The facilities section of the Business Depart- Enterprises, Westfield Towers, 100 William Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2011, Australia ment is able to provide studio and film unit Telephone: Sydney 3586411 crews, studio facilities, technical equipment Telex: BBCORP 20705 such as converters, and recording and pro- Cables: LONCALLING SYDNEY cessing requirements for overseas broadcasters Canada wishing to cover news stories, sporting events BBC Enterprises, PO Box 500, Terminal A, or international occasions in the United King- Toronto, Canada dom. These facilities also include the highly Telephone: 925 -3891 sophisticated equipment used for the co -ordi- Telex: 06 23577 Cables: LONCALLING nation of simultaneous transmissions by tele- TORONTO communications satellites to any part of the United States world, located at the International Control Time -Life Films, Time -Life Buildings, 1271 Avenue Room at Television Centre. Details of charges of the Americas, New York, NY 10020, USA for these facilities can be supplied. Telephone: 212-586 1212 Telex: 232495 Cables: TIME INC. NEW YORK BBC Records and Tapes BBC Records and Tapes produces and markets CEEFAX for sale to the general public, LPs, singles, CEEFAX is the very latest form of BBC cassettes and 8 -track cartridges based on radio broadcasting -a dial -a -page news and infor- and television broadcasts. The catalogue now mation service which allows the viewer to see contains nearly 200 titles on the familiar BBC facts on his home television screen as an alter- Records label and the new Beeb and Super native to the ordinary television picture. Beeb pop labels. They include theme tunes CEEFAX uses two lines of the ordinary 625 - from radio and television series, a wide range line signal to provide `pages' of news, of general repertoire and unique material travel from information, weather maps, the BBC Sound Archives. sports results, market reports, even cookery recipes. These are regularly updated by a small editorial staff Addresses at Television Centre, which mainly draws on already- existing England BBC output. At the moment, CEEFAX is updated for 10 hours a day, seven BBC Enterprises, Villiers House, The Broadway, days a week though Ealing, London W5 2PA - CEEFAX stays on air Telephone: 01 -743 8000 throughout all the hours of BBC -1 transmis- Telex: 934678 (BBC ENTERPS LDN) or sion, and can be seen anywhere in Britain 265781 (BBC LONDON) where there is a 625 -line picture. Cables: TELECENTRE LONDON In order to see CEEFAX, a viewer's set must BBC Records & Tapes and also BBC Merchandising be equipped with a special decoder, and these The Langham, Portland Place, London WIA IAA are only just beginning to be made in any Telephone: 01-580 4468 quantity. Telex: 265781 Cables: BROADCASTS LONDON CEEFAX was developed by the BBC's Research Department at Kingswood Warren BBC Film Library Sales, in 1972, and the first test transmissions Reynard Mills, Windmill Road, Brentford, began Middlesex TW8 9NF six months later. After trials and talks with the Telephone: 01 -567 6655 British television manufacturers and the IBA a Telex: 934678 or 265781 common United Kingdom standard was Cables: TELECENTRE LONDON agreed in March 1974.

www.americanradiohistory.com General information 307 Regular CEEFAX bulletins of news and BBC Libraries information began on 23 September 1974. Britain leads the world in these `teletext Access to programme and other BBC transmissions', and broadcasters from all over information sources the world have been to the CEEFAX news- The BBC needs to maintain for its own oper- room on the 7th floor of Television Centre to ational purposes a number of specialised see the operation. Research department libraries and other collections of information. engineers from the BBC have helped carry out The following is a list of the main libraries and tests in both West Germany and Sweden, and sources of information, with notes describing interest from abroad has come from as far the arrangements which can be made for public apart as Mexico and Japan, the United States access. and New Zealand. Some decoders are being equipped to allow on the ordinary the text to be superimposed Reference Library Service television picture (so that a viewer can check a batting order or team names while watching Reference Librarian: cricket or football) and all are arranged so that G. L. Higgens news flashes or sub -titles can be inserted into 01- 580 4468 Ext. 3747 the BBC television picture. CEEFAX is currently transmitting a 50 -page magazine, but eventually will be able to trans- Deputy Reference Librarian: J. D. Lee mit 100 pages on BBC -1 and another 100 pages 01 -580 4468 Ext. 2523 Every page carries a page header on BBC -2. Broadcasting House, London W1A IAA giving the date and actual time, down to seconds. There are facilities which allow each Library stock: 140,000 books and pamphlets: of the 50 or 100 pages in a magazine to carry 1,000 British and 500 foreign current news- self-changing sub -pages up to four in number. papers and periodicals and extensive back files. This means that a page of road travel infor- Only for use of BBC staff but access to material mation, for instance, can be subdivided into about broadcasting may be made available on four sections changing at fixed intervals to written application, in which case fees are cover at least four separate travel situa- payable. tions. Publications: British Broadcasting 1922- The editorial uses of CEEFAX are still 1972: a select bibliography. being tried out and examined, and a CEEFAX style - particularly in the use of colour and small graphic drawings - is being developed on Central Reference Library are in- an almost daily basis. Display sets The Langham stalled in most BBC buildings, and in a number of important centres in London and Librarian: J. D. Lee outside. 01- 580 4468 Ext. 2523 The most important features of CEEFAX are speed (news can be updated as fast as a Senior Enquiry Assistant: B. I. MacDonald sub -editor can type); choice (the viewer 01- 580 4468 Ext. 2906 chooses a page when he wants it) and recall (the information is always sitting in the Main collection of general stock. Special television set during all the hours of tele- collections: drama, film, music and broad- vision transmission). casting.

www.americanradiohistory.com 308 Reference External Services Library Radio Drama Play Library Bush House, Aldwych, London WC2B 4PH Broadcasting House, London W1A IAA Librarian: Mrs M. Welch Play Librarian: Miss K. D. Hutchings 01 -240 3456 Ext. 2280 01 -580 4468 Ext. 3495 General stock with emphasis on world affairs Library stock: scripts or microfilm of all the and extensive collection of foreign newspapers programmes produced by Radio Drama and periodicals. Department, i.e. plays, features and poetry programmes from 1922; approximately 40,000 Monitoring Service Library scripts. Caversham, Reading The scripts are mainly for internal use but Librarian: Miss J. Pollard are also sent to radio stations all over the 0734 (Reading) 472742 world. Researchers by appointment only. Specialised indexes of political and other prominent personalities throughout the world. Television Drama Script Library Television Service Library Television Centre, Wood Lane, Television Centre, Wood Lane, London W12 7RJ London W12 7RJ 01 -743 Librarian: A. J. Holt 8000 Ext. 4390 01 -743 8000 Ext. 2540 Comprehensive indexes to all drama pro- Books and periodicals of general interest with ductions. Copies of most television plays, emphasis on the visual arts. Illustrations series and serials can be consulted. By collection. appointment only.

Engineering Research Department Library Kingswood Warren, Tadworth, Surrey Written Archives Centre Librarian: Mrs E. K. Klozenberg BBC, Caversham Park, Reading RG4 8TZ Mogador 2361 (from London 604 2361) Written Archives Officer: Mrs J. M. Kavanagh Books and periodicals on radio and television 0734 -472742 Ext. 137 engineering and related subjects. Stock: 60,000 files of correspondence, minutes Script Library and Programme Index of meetings, etc.; over 30,000 news bulletins and scripts; press cuttings; programmes -as- The Langham, Portland Place, broadcast and other programme information. London W1A IAA These papers relate to the history, develop- Script Librarian: Miss P. M. Daniels ment and influence of BBC Radio and Tele- Programme Information Officer: Miss J. Clark vision at home and abroad from 1922 to 1954, 01- 580 4468 Ext. 2899 or 4033 and are a rich source of modern social history Library stock: radio and television scripts as well as including material on eminent (excluding plays and news bulletins). Index to figures in politics, the arts and broadcasting, radio and television programmes. Accessible World War II, education, entertainment, to researchers by appointment only, and charges music and literature. are made for this service. For news bulletins, Bona fide researchers may consult records see News Information Service. Playscripts personally by prior appointment. Enquiries may be consulted in the Play Library at can be dealt with by correspondence and Broadcasting House or in the Television research undertaken by staff. Charges are Drama Script Library at Television Centre. made for all services.

www.americanradiohistory.com General information 309 News Information Service Music Library News Information Librarian: G. Whatmore Yalding House, 156 Great Portland Street, 01- 580 4468 Ext. 3797 London W1N 6AJ 01- 580 4468 Ext. 3598 News and current affairs libraries. Stock of Librarian: Miss M. H. Miller 24 million news cuttings, news indexes, Library stock: over 200,000 items, including government publications and books. These books, scores and parts. Predominantly music units are not open to the public but may be for performance, but there is also a music used by bona fide researchers and organisations reference library and a music information on payment of a fee. Other libraries are service. assisted with news information at the dis- Primarily the library provides music for cretion of the unit heads. broadcasting but will lend for other perform- ances music which is not available from other Radio Services Unit sources. Broadcasting House, London W1A IAA Publications: catalogues of chamber music, 01- 580 4468 Ext. 3200 piano and organ music, songs, vocal scores. Press cuttings from British newspapers and Television Music Library magazines, plus certain American newspapers. Index to radio news bulletins. Comprehensive Television Centre, Wood Lane, index to shipping since 1940. London W12 7RJ 01 -743 8000 Ext. 4041 Librarian: G. I. Rosser External Services Unit Library stock: 44,000 manuscripts specially Bush House, Aldwych, London WC2B 4PH commissioned for BBC Television. Copies of 01 -240 3456 Ext. 2322 50,000 popular songs plus published vocal, Press cuttings from British and foreign news- instrumental and orchestral music. papers with closely indexed foreign affairs Library serves musical needs of BBC Tele- coverage. Index to BBC External Services vision in planning and studio stages of pro- news broadcasts. grammes. Not open to public, except in certain cases where material is not available Television Current Affairs Unit elsewhere. Lime Grove, Shepherd's Bush, Library London W12 7RJ 01 -743 8000 Ext. 3460 Popular Music Press cuttings from British newspapers and 74A Charlotte Street, London Wl magazines. 01- 580 4468 Ext. 4584 Librarian: Brian Payne Television News Unit Library stock: 450 reference books, 74,000 Television Centre, Wood Lane, manuscript and printed sets of popular and London W12 7RJ 01 -743 8000 Ext. 3241 light orchestral music, 110,000 songs and Press cuttings from British newspapers and piano solos, 10 periodicals. Comprehensive magazines. Index to BBC Television news collection on all aspects of popular music from broadcasts. 1800 provides a service to the whole of the BBC in popular and light music. Not open to Central Cuttings Collection the public. 1 Duchess Street, London W1A IAA 01- 580 4468 Ext. 4209 Gramophone Library Extensive press cuttings service with special Broadcasting House, London W1A IAA emphasis on broadcasting. Librarian: Derek Lewis

www.americanradiohistory.com 310 Reference

A collection of commercially -issued gramo- Purchase or hire of complete films: R. Crafts, phone recordings covering both UK and over- at BBC Enterprises, Villiers House, seas issues of the last 85 years. Present holdings The Broadway, Ealing, London W5 2PA about 1,000,000. Mainly discs (both coarse - 01 -743 8000 Ext. 394 and micro -groove) but with some cylinders Purchase of section of film material: and cassettes. For BBC programme purposes Mrs G. Cooper, at BBC Television Film only. The library is not available for use by Library 01 -567 6655 other organisations or members of the public. Library stock: selected film programmes, items, newsfilm Sound Archives and other film material produced by the BBC, mainly since 1948; about 300 million Broadcasting House, London WIA IAA feet of film in total. The library also includes Sound Archives Librarian: T. Trebble information about videotape programme 01- 580 4468 Ext. 3965 material. The library provides a service only Library stock: about 62,000 individually for BBC users, but a limited number of films catalogued recordings on disc or tape, covers are available for sale or hire by other organis- the whole range of broadcasting, with special ations or individuals for non -broadcasting collections, including authentic folk and purposes, through BBC Enterprises. Also national music, and dialect and accent. possible to purchase sections of some film Services: BBC use only, although external material. researchers are admitted in exceptional cases: all enquirers are referred in the first instance Central Stills Library to the British Institute of Recorded Sound, 29 Exhibition Road, SW7 (01 -589 6603). Television Centre, Wood Lane, Under an agreement with the BBC the Insti- London W12 7RJ tute may acquire BBC Sound Archives Stills Manager: Graham Milloy 01 -743 recordings and record BBC programmes off - 8000 Ext. 4670 air for its collection of sound recordings which Library stock: more than 140,000 BBC copy- includes commercial and non -commercial right 35 -mm transparencies taken by staff recordings. The Institute is intended to serve photographers. News, sport and current affairs as a research centre for recorded sound docu- events from 1967; also a portrait collection and ments. The Institute is not permitted to allow pictures of places throughout the world. BBC recordings to be copied or leave the Services: the library - which is operational Institute's premises. from 9.30 am until the end of transmission - supplies duplicates from original slides to Foreign Recordings Library all BBC Television programmes. The Picture Broadcasting House, London W1A IAA Research Unit acquires colour and black and Manager: John Ross -Barnard white archive material for use in programmes. 01- 580 4468 Ext. 2835 Photographs may be made available for sale through Photograph Sales Library stock: Mainly programmes and selec- (see below). ted music from broadcasting organisations all over the world. Not open to the public. Photograph Sales 10 Cavendish Place, London W1A IAA Television Film and Videotape Library Sales Manager: Brian Clifford South Block, Reynard Mills Industrial Estate, 01- 580 4468 Ext. 5015 and 3759 Windmill Road, Brantford, Middlesex Based on the BBC Photograph Library, the Film and Videotape Librarian: sales unit makes available to magazine and Mrs. A. Hanford 01 -567 6655 book publishers, researchers and record

www.americanradiohistory.com General information 311 companies, etc., BBC copyright photographs casters on problems of pronunciation, both in colour and monochrome of programme English and foreign, occurring in English - production stills, personalities, news coverage, language broadcasts. general and other broadcasting subjects in Publications: BBC Pronouncing Dictionary the UK and abroad. of British Names, 1971; BBC Pronunciation Policy and Practice, 1974. BBC Photograph Library 10 Cavendish Place, London WIA IAA Transcripts and radio tapes Librarian: Elisbeth Rezler The BBC does not normally supply transcripts 01- 580 4468 Ext. 5117/8 of its programmes, for several reasons. One is Library stock: the BBC's main collection of the extent of the staff effort that would be still photographs on broadcasting, dating required in view of the sheer volume of its out- from 1922; programme production stills, put on four radio networks and two television technical photographs and personalities both channels, plus many regional and local radio in colour and black and white. 750,000 mono- programmes. Moreover the BBC acquires only chrome negatives, with prints in stock; the broadcasting rights in much of the material 102,000 original colour transparencies. which it uses and legally it is not in a position Services: monochrome photographs sup- to make copies indiscriminately for use by third plied free of charge for press use - for publicity parties without going through the process of for forthcoming and current BBC programmes. getting the consent of all the scriptwriters and Duplicate fees charged for colour. All material speakers involved. Nonetheless, the BBC does available for sale through Photograph Sales. try to meet requests for transcripts from those Visits preferably by appointment. who are responsibly involved in a programme or its contents, particularly when these are Radio Times Hulton Picture Library required for personal reference purposes. Similar considerations apply to requests for 35 Marylebone High Street, tapes of radio programmes, especially in the London WI M 4AA area of performers' rights. It is, however, poss- Librarian: Mrs C. Sergides ible to meet some requests from those who are 01 -580 5577 Ext. 4621 involved in programmes. (See also the entries Library stock: a general historical commercial for script libraries above.) picture lending library of more than 6,000,000 Charges are made for these services. photographs, drawings, engravings, maps, etc., Requests should be made in writing to: The covering people, places, events and subjects Transcripts and Tapes Unit, c/o Secretariat, ranging in time from pre- history up to 1957. BBC, Broadcasting House, London %VIA IAA. Mostly black and white, but a proportion of (See also BBC Enterprises for recordings of coloured engravings and colour transparencies. television programmes and radio tapes.) Services: the collection is available to all who require pictures for commercial repro- duction. Scale of fees and further information International relations available from the Librarian. The BBC plays a major role in international broadcasting. Its impact overseas stems partly Pronunciation Unit from the programmes broadcast in 40 lan- Broadcasting House, London W1A IAA guages by its External Services, partly from the Pronunciation Assistant: Mrs H. C. Wright sale and re- broadcast of many of its television 01- 580 4468 Ext. 4240 and radio programmes. But among broad- The unit provides an advisory service for BBC casters abroad it is also respected for the announcers, newsreaders and other broad- practical role it plays in the international

www.americanradiohistory.com 312 Reference broadcasting unions, its daily contacts with Aid to other broadcasters visitors from all parts of the world and the The BBC offers extensive assistance to other specialised training and aid which it provides broadcasting organisations, free from political to other broadcasting organisations. bias or commercial gain, often with the help of International broadcasting organisations UK Government or other development funds. Special training courses for foreign broad- The European Broadcasting Union, of which casters in radio and television production, the BBC's Director -General, Sir Charles broadcasting management, newswriting and Curran, has been re-elected President, is an engineering subjects are run in the UK, and in association of broadcasting organisations, with some cases, specially tailored training attach- 34 active members in Europe and around the ments are arranged. Mediterranean, and 67 associate members Details of application and enrolment for situated in all parts of the world. It arranges training courses may be obtained from the co- operation among broadcasters in pro- Head of Personnel and Administration, gramme, technical and legal fields, most Inter- national Relations, Broadcasting notably through the Eurovision network of House, London WIA IAA. Candidates require sponsorship television programme exchange, and satellite and continuing employment by an co- ordination of programmes from other con- overseas television or radio organisation. tinents, such as Olympic Games and other In certain cases, assistance from the British major international sporting fixtures, major Government Overseas Development Ministry may political events and linked entertainment pro- help to pay tuition fees, and to cover travelling grammes. In the course of a year the European and living costs. Broadcasting Union relays over 68,000 tele- vision news items through Eurovision. The public service broadcasting organis- Weather forecasts ations of the Commonwealth have been meet- The Meteorological Office, which is part of the ing regularly at approximately two -yearly Ministry of Defence, prepares weather fore- intervals to pool experience and discuss com- casts for BBC radio and television. The mon problems in the editorial and technical Central Forecasting Office supplies most of fields. These organisations have now grouped the bulletins; regional forecasts come from themselves into a more formal body under the the meteorological offices in the regions name of the Commonwealth Broadcasting concerned. Many forecasts are now broadcast Association. The Secretary- General of the direct from the studio at the London Weather CBA and his small staff are housed on BBC Centre. Shipping forecasts are broadcast on premises in London and handle day -to -day Radio 2 on 1500 metres (see map opposite). matters of Commonwealth co- operation in Radio 2 is interrupted at the earliest con- programmes. training, technical advice and venient moment for gale warnings and these information. are repeated, if necessary, on the hour. In addition, each year the BBC attends, as Warnings of fog, snow, icy roads, heavy or an associate member, the General Assembly of prolonged rain, and sudden weather changes the Asian Broadcasting Union. likely to entail danger or considerable incon- The BBC is represented on the UK com- venience to the public are also broadcast at mittees and conferences of the International short notice on Radio 2. In the case of fog Telecommunication Union, and on its two affecting motorways, where conditions are permanent consultative committees, the Inter- such as to constitute a threat to safety, national Radio Consultative Committee information is broadcast immediately on (CCIR) and the International Telegraph and both Radio 1 and Radio 2, and as soon as Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT). possible on Radio 3 and Radio 4. Each of the

www.americanradiohistory.com General information 313

Viking

Cromarty

Forth

Fastnet DO-ver

Portland Plymouth

Finisterre r) Biscay

1o° °w b L Shipping forecasts: coastal sea areas Crown copyright by permission of Controller H.M. Stationery Office)

www.americanradiohistory.com 314 Reference other networks then directs listeners to a Staff and administration summary of Motorway Fog Alerts, broadcast on Radio 2 only, following the News Summary The BBC employs nearly 25,000 full -time on the hour, and repeated each hour as long staff and more than 1,000 part -time staff: as the hazard remains. BBC Television provides six national Men Women Total forecasts a day from Television Centre. The `weatherman' forecasts, presented by Met- Full time 16,643 8,136 24,779 eorological Office staff, aim to meet the needs Part time 87 1,214 of both the specialist and the general audience. 1,301 The Atlantic chart, regularly updated, gives Total 16,730 9,350 26,080 the information in meteorological terms. For the weather maps of the United Kingdom the BBC has recently introduced, in co- operation with the Meteorological Office, a range of Managerial, programme, technical and new symbols to illustrate the weather in an executive staff 14,849 informative and attractive way. Secretarial and clerical staff 5,673 Weekly staff including cleaners 4,730 Greenwich Time Signal Catering and hostels staff 652 The Greenwich Time signal normally consists Overseas: of five short pips followed by a longer one and, Locally recruited staff 176 for the average listener, all that needs to be remembered is that the exact start of the hour Toral 26,080 is marked by the start of the final long pip. Greenwich Mean Time is a time scale based on the diurnal rotation of the Earth on its axis and, for those concerned with the precise Staff recruitment scientific measurement of time, suffers from It is the BBC's policy to fill vacancies on its the fact that the mean solar day is gradually permanent staff by competition except in the increasing in length due to a progressive and junior secretarial and clerical grades. Vacancies irregular decrease in the rate of rotation of the are filled whenever possible by promotion of Earth which means that, in effect, the Earth is existing staff, but when it is considered neces- losing about three thousandths of a second per sary to draw on a wider field the competition day as judged by the far more precise time is opened to outside candidates as well, usually scale established by atomic clocks. after advertisement in the press. Some trainee- With the time scales thus gradually drifting ships in specialised departments are available apart it is necessary to make a correction from for graduates and others, broadly (but not time to time by the introduction of either a exclusively) for the 20 to 25 age range, and positive or negative leap- second. All this means details of these can be obtained from BBC is that on certain rare occasions instead of five Appointments Department or Engineering short pips preceding the longer one there may Recruitment Officer, as appropriate. Because of be either four or six. The start of the long pip the open competitive system, promotion within will still mark the exact start of the new hour. the BBC does not depend on seniority; thus The signals are received by land -line from a person who joins the BBC after acquiring the Royal Observatory Time Station at Herst- professional experience is at no long-term monceux, in Sussex, and are broadcast on a disadvantage compared with one who enters world-wide basis throughout the day. as a trainee.

www.americanradiohistory.com General information 315 Programme, editorial and administrative polytechnics with degrees in electrical engineer- recruitment ing, electronics or physics, largely fill the for newly qualified engineers. Radio and television production posts are requirements In addition, applicants between 18 -26 years advertised whenever vacancies occur. These of age can be considered for more junior posts posts, except for a very few senior or highly grouped under two main headings, Technical specialised ones, are filled by competition, and Operators and Technical Assistants. Technical comparatively few production vacancies are Operators are responsible for the operation of advertised in the press. When external can- and television broadcasting equipment didates are to be considered, advertisements radio and under this heading are: Technical are placed in The Listener, The Daily Telegraph (Radio), Camera Assistants, Audio on alternate Wednesdays, and, as appropriate, Operators Assistants and Sound Assistants. Technical in specialised publications such as UK Press Assistants, on the other hand, are more con- Gazette, Times Educational Supplement or The with testing, setting -up, and maintain- Stage. Vacancies outside London are also cerned ing the equipment although at times they are advertised in the provincial and local press. required to operate it. Technical Assistants Occasionally, journalistic posts are adver- also progress to Engineer grade by internal training tised. There are three large news departments and the Engineers' training course and examin- and there is a continuing need for experienced ations. Applicants for Technical Operator and journalists to fill newsroom, reporter, and cor- Assistant posts should have a good respondent vacancies. Administrative posts are Technical education including English, Mathe- advertised from time to time, covering the general at `O' level; for Technical normal range of personnel work, accountancy, matics and Physics Assistants, it is also necessary to have studied data processing, work study and job evalua- and physics at `A' level standard. tion. Appropriate experience is a requirement mathematics or the City and Guilds Telecom- for such posts. Vacancies in support services The ONC munications Certificates (Part 1) are also of all types, of which Publicity and Design are qualifications. examples, are also advertised. acceptable graduates with good honours Inquiries about employment in programme, Each year, engineering, electronics or editorial and administrative services in radio degrees in electrical appointed as graduate trainees in and television should be addressed to: physics are and Designs Departments. Head of Appointments Department, BBC, the Research recruitment into the engin- Broadcasting House, London W1A IAA. Further details of and of the graduate trainee - For the clerical, secretarial, and weekly paid eering departments from: categories, applicants should apply to the ships can be obtained Engineering Recruitment Officer, BBC, same address in London or one of the regional The House, London W1A IAA. centres whose addresses are given on pages Broadcasting 324-5. Applicants should give full particulars of age, education, experience and qualifica- tions stating kind of work in which they are Programme contracts interested. Most contributors to BBC programmes receive payment which may range from a few pounds Engineering recruitment for a simple talk to a substantial sum for a star The operational engineering departments of performer in a major series. These fees are the BBC, covering Television, Radio, External assessed and administered by Programme Broadcasting, Communications and Trans- Contracts Department and its radio booking mitter Groups, require a number of technical sections, and the Artists Contracts Department staff each year. Recruits from universities and in television. Contracts vary according to the

www.americanradiohistory.com 316 Reference nature of the engagement; a straightforward publisher, and, in the case of artistic works talk or interview may present few complica- used in television, with the artist or his agent. tions, while the arrangements for a major tele- The BBC acts as agent for the Open University vision drama series or the Promenade Concerts in acquiring rights in all commissioned works may require weeks of negotiation with artists' and source material wanted for its broadcasts. agents, discussing not just the fees but ways and means of fitting in rehearsal, recording Agreements with official bodies and performance schedules for the production In the case of music (other than commissioned with existing commitments elsewhere. music) individual negotiations are not nor- Apart from negotiating and originating mally involved because broadcasting rights in about 200,000 contracts each year the Con- most copyright music are centrally controlled tracts Department's staff also arrange labour by the Performing Right Society to whom the permits for foreign artists, licences and chaper- BBC makes an annual lump sum payment in ones for children, carry out the general ad- return for a licence to broadcast all the music ministration of the 12 BBC orchestras and controlled by the Society in any BBC pro- BBC Singers, and, on behalf of BBC Enter- gramme. The Society then allocates this pay- prises, administer residual payments and ment between its members on the basis of negotiate special fees for those artists and actual broadcast uses of music as shown in the speakers who have taken part in television BBC's Programmes -as- Broadcast. Likewise the programmes which the BBC has sold abroad, BBC pays an annual lump sum to the Mechan- or BBC Records marketed in this country. ical- Copyright Protection Society in return for The BBC has a reputation for fair dealing the right to record copyright musical works and it tries, within its resources, to offer the under its control, that Society again dividing best possible terms and conditions to per- up the lump sum between its members on the formers and contributors; these are based on basis of the number of recordings made by the agreements with the relevant unions govern- BBC. ing minimum fees and conditions in both radio An agreement with Phonographic Perform- and television. These bodies include Actors ance Ltd provides for the right to broadcast Equity, the Musicians Union, the Incorporated commercial gramophone records, the BBC's Society of Musicians, the Radiowriters Associ- various radio and television services being allo- ation and the National Union of Journalists, cated fixed periods of 'needle time' in return and the BBC is in constant touch with them in for an annual lump sum payment. Other the course of the negotiation of agreements and agreements with the various individual gramo- in discussing their interpretation. phone companies provide for the right to re- record (dub) commercial gramophone records. Agreements with the Music Publishers' Associ- Copyright ation deal with the rates to be paid for the hire of orchestral material and the broadcasting of Payment for commissioned music and for dramatico-musical works. script material contributed to BBC pro- The BBC also has a long- standing agreement grammes is negotiated or supervised by the with the Publishers' Association and the Copyright Department. (The exception is pay- Society of Authors, which provides for stated ment for material for talks which is negotiated rates to be paid for a radio broadcast of by Programme Contracts Department). Radio published material and stage plays. The rates and television rights in commissioned music or are assessed on a time basis. literary material are acquired in return for Both the Radiowriters' Association and the agreed fees by direct negotiation with each Writers' Guild of Great Britain are recognised composer, or with each author or his agent or by the BBC as negotiating bodies for contribu-

www.americanradiohistory.com General information 317 tors of radio drama and features and there is Organisation charts an agreement with these bodies relating to The following charts give a broad outline of specially written plays, series and serials and the way in which the BBC is organised. dramatisations. On the television side the Writers' Guild of Great Britain is the recognised negotiating body. The BBC has four agree- specially - ments with the Guild relating to Board of Governors written plays, specially- written series and serials, dramatisations and television educa- Chairman drama. In each case the nature of the tional Vice -Chairman rights to be acquired by the BBC is laid down, National Governor for Scotland and minimum fees for beginners and pro- fessional rates for established writers, accord- National Governor for Wales ing to the length of the script are prescribed. National Governor for Northern Ireland Seven other Governors Assessment of fees Fees for published material and stage plays for General radio broadcasting are based on the terms laid Director- down in the agreement with the Publishers' Association and others referred to above. For scale fee is radio broadcasts of stage plays a Board of Management paid, and for television it is assessed. Fees for all specially written material, whether for Director -General radio or television, are assessed on an ad hoc basis, taking into account the professional status of the contributor, the degree of pre- -Special Adviser to Director -General paratory work or research involved, the nature of the contribution, the general outside market -Managing Director, Television rate for the type of contribution in question, and in the case of television the minimum and Director, Radio professional rates referred to above. -Managing The BBC normally pays an initial fee which covers a single broadcast performance and -Managing Director, External Broadcasting also gives the BBC optional rights, subject to payment of further fees, to give repeats in -Director of Engineering BBC programmes and, in the case of television, to permit recordings of the programmes to be used by overseas broadcasting organisations. -Director, Public Affairs For radio programmes overseas rights are separately negotiated. If recordings of the -Director of Personnel programme are sold abroad the additional fees accruing to the author, especially in the -Director of Finance case of television, can be substantial. Fees for local radio are assessed at lower rates than those for network programmes. The Chief Secretary

Chief Assistant to Director -General

www.americanradiohistory.com 318 Reference Managing Director, Television

Planning Presentation Drama Group Light Entertainment Group Outside Broadcasts Group Current Affairs Group Science and Features General Features -Programme Groups Music and Arts and Departments Documentary Programmes Children's Programmes 1 School Broadcastingt Further Educationt Religious Broadcastingt Purchased Programmes Open University Productions Community Programmes

Film Operations and Services Group Design Group -Programme Servicing Studio Management Groups and Departments Scenic Services Group Script Unit

-Engineering Operations and Maintenance -(Television Group)* -Finance

-Personnel Administration Liaison -Development 1 Co- Productions Artists' Contracts `Television Computer Projects -Enterprises

Responsible to Director of Engineering for professional standards. t Parts of Educational and Religious Broadcasting Departments, which cover Radio and Television.

www.americanradiohistory.com General information 319 vIanaging Director, Radio Managing Director, External Broadcasting 1 and 2 -Planning and (Radios {I Radio 3 Engineering Operations and Maintenance* Presentation Radio 4 (External Broadcasting)

Drama 'German School Broadcastingt French language Further Educationt - -European Services South European Gramophone Central European Programmes East European Light Entertainment Arabic -Programme Music Programmes Latin American Outside Broadcasts Departments verseas Services Eastern Radio I Music Far Eastern Radio 2 Music African Religious Broadcastingt Talks & World Service Documentaries Talks and Features Current Affairs Group (World Service) -English Services Overseas Regional Services -Programme Services f Programme Operations Transcription Services Recording Services External Programme Operations -Engineering Operations and Maintenance* (Radio Group) -External Services News

-Finance entrai Talks and Features

-Personnel and Administration -Central Current Affairs Talks

-Local Radio Monitoring Service for * Responsible to Director of Engineering English by Radio and Television professional standards. Broadcasting t Parts of Educational and Religious Audience Research Departments which cover Radio and Television. -Administration

Responsible to Director of Engineering for professional standards

Director of Finance Editor, News and Current Affairs

-Central Finance -Television News

-Accounting Services -Radio News - Internal Audit -Journalists' Training The chief accountants or heads of finance for Tele- -Administration vision, Radio, External Broadcasting, Engineering, News and Regions work to their respective managing directors, directors or controllers but are professionally responsible to Director of Finance.

www.americanradiohistory.com 320 Reference Director of Engineering

-Research -Operations & Maintenance (Transmitter Group) -Engineering Personnel

-Designs -Operations & Maintenance (Communications) -Engineering Training

-Transmitter -Operations & Maintenance* (Radio Group) -Engineering Information Capital Projects

-Studio -Operations & Maintenance* (Television Group) -Engineering Secretariat Capital Projects

- Architectural and -Operations & Maintenance* (Regions) -Finance & Costing Civil Engineering Services, Engineering

-Equipment - Operations & Maintenance* (External Broadcasting)

-Accounting Services, Engineering

Under Managing Director or Controller concerned but responsible to Director of Engineering for professional standards

Director, Public Affairs Director of Personnel

Secretariat General -Information Publicity -Staff Administration Medical and Welfare Services Audience Research Grading Reference and Registry Services -Management Services ¡Advertisement Group Circulation Sales Promotion -Staff Training and f Staff Training Distribution Appointments Appointments Production -Publications Radio Times Solicitor { Hulton Picture Lbrary -Legal Adviser Programme Contracts Radio Times Copyright The Listener Educational Publications Estates and Planning General Publications Buying Ariel (staff newspaper) -Central Services Catering Group Central Services -International (central premises) Relations Central Services L (television) -English Regions* Northern Ireland' Scotland' Wales*

* Responsible to the Managing Directors of Tele- vision and Radio and to Director of Engineering for day -to -day working in their respective branches.

www.americanradiohistory.com General information 321 -Names and addresses Television Managing Director, Television: Ian Trethowan staff (from 1.1.76) List of senior Director of Programmes, Television: A. D. G. Milne Controller, Developments, Television: R. H. Scott Director - General: Sir Charles Curran Controller, BBC -1: G. B. Cowgill Special Adviser to Director -General: Huw Wheldon, Controller, BBC -2: A. E. Singer OBE, MC (from 1.1.76) Controller, Programme Services. Television: Chief Assistant to the Director -General: P. Hardiman G. A. Ramsay Scott P. Assistant Controller, Programme Services, The Chief Secretary: C. D. Shaw Television: C. V. Phipps Controller, Personnel, Television: C. L. Page, OBE Radio Chief Engineer, Television: C. R. Longman Managing Director, Radio: P. H. Newby, CBE Assistant Chief Engineer, Television Operations: (from 1.1.76) H. G. Anstey Director of Programmes, Radio: D. T. Muggeridge Assistant Chief Engineer, Television Development: (from 1.1.76) D. M. B. Grubb Controller, Radio I and 2: vacancy Chief Accountant, Television: M. Checkland Controller, Radio 3: S. Hearst Head of Light Entertainment Group, Television: Controller, Radio 4: Miss C. Lawson Dick W. F. Cotton Controller, Music: R. N. Ponsonby Head of Comedy, Light Entertainment, Television: General Manager, Local Radio: M. J. Barton C. J. Gilbert Chief Engineer, Radio Broadcasting: J. D. McEwan Head of Outside Broadcasts Group, Television: Head of Personnel and Administration, Radio: C. I. Morgan G. A. Tree Assistant Head of Outside Broadcasts: A. P. Wilkinson Chief Accountant, Radio: G. B. Parkin Head of Sports Programmes: S. Leitch Chief Assistant to Managing Director, Radio: Head of Entertainment and Events Programmes, B. Parker OB Group: P. A. Lewis Chief Assistant, Radio Management: O. G. Taylor Head of Drama Group, Television: S. A. Sutton Head of Current Affairs Group, Radio: M. W. Wallace Head of Plays, Drama, Television: C. T. Morahan Head of Drama, Radio: M. J. Esslin, OBE Head of Serials, Drama, Television: W. Slater Head of Music Programmes, Radio: P. J, Gould Head of Series, Drama, Television: R. A. Marsh, General Manager, Symphony Orchestra: W. Relton DFC Head of Radio 1: C. D. Chinnery Head of Current Affairs Group, Television: Head of Radio 2: M. White B. G. Wenham Head of Light Entertainment, Radio: C. J. Mahoney Deputy Head of Current Affairs: J. M. Tisdall Head of School Broadcasting, Radio: Dr C. Armour Assistant Head of Current Affairs: R. Noble Head of Further Education, Radio: M. W. Stephens Head of Science Features, Television: P. D. J. Daly Head of Programme Operations, Radio: G. Manuel Head of Music and Arts, Television: H. Burton Head of Recording Services, Radio: L. M. Stapley Head of General Features, Television: D. Wilcox Head of Talks and Documentaries, Radio: G. Fischer Head of Documentary Programmes, Television: Head of Religious Programmes, Radio: The Rev. E. R. Cawston, cvo Michael Mayne Head of Children's Programmes, Television: Head of Gramophone Programmes: J. Lade Miss M. L. Sims, OBE Head of Outside Broadcasts, Radio: vacancy Head of Further Education, Television: J. C. Cain Editor, Sport, Radio: R. W. R. Burrows Head of School Broadcasting, Television: G. S. Hall Assistant Chief Engineer, Radio Broadcasting: Head of Open University Productions: R. M. D. D. H. Cummings Rowland Assistant Head of Current Affairs Group, Radio: Head of Religious Programmes, Television: P. W. A. A. Rendell Armstrong Head of Current Affairs Magazine Programmes: Head of Presentation, Television: R. Moorfoot A. Rogers General Manager, Enterprises: P. H. Dimmock, cvo, Deputy General Manager, Local Radio: P. J. Redhouse OBE Head of Religious Broadcasting: The Rev. John Lang Head of Television Sales, Enterprises: P. J. F. Lord Controller. Educational Broadcasting: D. H. Grattan Head of Business Administration, Enterprises: Head of Educational Broadcasting Services: W. G. Dovey E. I. Gilman Head of Programme Planning Group, Television: Education Secretary: J. S. Robson, oee M. G. P. Raleigh

www.americanradiohistory.com 322 Reference

Head of Planning, Current: J. H. Dutot Editor Radio News: P. W. Woon Head of Planning, Forward: J. L. Ecclestone Head of Journalists' Training: E. A. Harrison Head of Business, Co- Productions, Television: Head of Personnel and Administration. News: J. J. Stringer P. F. Wickham Head of Purchased Programmes, Television: Head of Finance, News: C. D. Brooks G. Rugheimer General Manager Film Operations and Services, External Broadcasting Television: J. H. Mewett, OBE Managing Director, External Broadcasting: Head of Film Operations, Television: D. J. Corbett G. E. H. Mansell Head of Film Services, Television: D. O. Martin Controller Administration, External Broadcasting: Head of Television Design Group: C. R. Hatts L. G. Thirkell Head of Television Design: P. M. E. Seddron Controller, European Services: A. Lieven Head of Design Services, Television: J. D. Cooper Controller, Overseas Services: R. E. Gregson Head of Graphic Design, Television: C. Cheesman Controller, English Services: A. S. Kark Head of Costume Department, Television: Chief Engineer, External Broadcasting: P. H. Shepherd D. A. V. Williams Head of Make -up Department, Television: Head of Personnel and Administration, External H. J. Elliott Services: W. H. A. Tothill Head of Television Script Unit: K. D. Williams Head of Personnel, Language Services: J. C. H. Farmer General Manager, Scenic Services, Television: Head of Monitoring Service: J. Rae B. Wright Chief Accountant, External Services: A. A. Vann Head of Construction, Television: E. Benn General Manager, Transcription Services: Head of Studio Operations, Television: P. K. Wigzell G. Steedman Head of Studio Management, Television: H. Cottrell Editor, External Services News: D. M. L. Witherow Head of Artists Contracts, Television: E. K. Wilson Head of Talks and Features (World Service): Head of Television Computer Projects: C. W. Lashmar, R. Milne -Tyte MBE Head of Central Talks and Features: V. H. J. Price Head of Television Liaison: H. L. Middleton Head of Central Current Affairs Talks: F. D. Barber Head of Television Administration Department: Head of English by Radio and Television: H. R. Howse J. F. Keeble Head of External Services Programme Operations: Head Finance of Services, Television: F. J. Gibbons L. Thompson Head of Costing Services, Television: C. Taylor Head of Productions and Planning, World Service: Head of Accounting Services, Television: K. N. Wright C. H. R. Bell Head of Personnel, Television Engineering: J. Auty Head of Central European Service: Miss M. Anthony Head ofPersonnel, Television Programmes: J. R. Smith Head of East European Service: P. J. Fraenkel Head of Personnel, Television Programme Services (I): Head of French Language Service: J. Ogilvie R. G. Johnson Head of German Service: H. Jaecker Head of Personnel, Television Programme Services Head of South European Service: A. J. A. Mango (II): C. D. Cave Head of African Service: J. F. Wilkinson Head of Engineering, Television Studios: R. B. Mobsby Head of Arabic Service: C. J. McLelland Head of Technical Operations, Television Studios: Head of Eastern Service: M. W. Dodd P. Ward Head of Far Eastern Service: S. B. Wavell Head of Engineering, Television Outside Broadcasts: Head of Latin American Service: A. M. A. Palaus C. J. Paton Head of Overseas Regional Services: I. N. Lang Head of Engineering, Television Network: N. H. Taylor Superintendent Engineer, External Broadcasting I: Head of Engineering, Television Services: J. K. Edwards H. A. Goodings Superintendent Engineer, External Broadcasting II: Head Engineering, Television of Recording: G. M. B. Rankin L. H. Griffiths Head of External Broadcasting Audience Research: Head of Engineering, Television News: H. C. J. Tamer B. S. G. Bumpus Head of Engineering, Television Projects: A. R. Stanley Engineering News and Current Affairs Director of Engineering: J. Redmond Editor, News and Current Affairs: D. M. Taylor Deputy Director of Engineering: D. E. Todd Managing Editor, News: A. S. Todd Assistant Director of Engineering: T. B. McCrirrick Chief Assistant to Editor, News and Current Affairs: Chief Assistant to Director of Engineering: A. D. B. Hope R. D. A. Maurice, OBE Editor, Television News: D. J. Amoore Chief Accountant, Engineering: G. E. Buck

www.americanradiohistory.com General information 323 Chief Engineer, Regions: G. W. Mackenzie Head of Estates and Planning: D. R. Rice Head of Designs Department: E. R. Rout Head of Buying: D. K. Allen Head of Research Department: P. Rainger Head of Catering: 1. G. T. Pinfield Head of Studio Capital Projects Department: Head of Personnel, Central Services: E. D. Price D. P. Leggatt Head of Central Services, Central Premises: Head of Transmitter Capital Projects Department: J. A. Roffey W. Wharton Head of Central Services, Television Premises: Head of Equipment Department: F. G. Parker J. M. Caffarey Head of Architectural and Civil Engineering Depart- ment: R. A. Brown Chief Personnel Officer, Engineering: D. E. Creasey Finance Assistant Chief Personnel Officer, Engineering: Director of Finance: H. P. Hughes E. E. Dix Controller, Finance: E. B. Thorne Head of Personnel, Engineering (Transmission): Chief Accountant, Central Finance Services: C. H. Richardson R. H. Bates Engineering Recruitment Officer: J. D. Esler Head of Accounting Services Group: M. Diamond Head of Engineering Information Department: C. B. B. Wood, MBE Public Affairs Head of Engineering Training Department: H. Henderson Director, Public Affairs: K. H. L. Lamb Head of Engineering Secretariat: S. Casson Controller, Information Services: G. T. M. de M. Head of Finance and Costing Services, Engineering: Morgan, Mc F. J. A. McGahern Head of Publicity: H. G. Campey, ose Head of Accounting Services, Engineering: Head of Audience Research: B. P. Emmett S. G. Miller Assistant Secretary and Head of Secretariat: Chief Engineer, Transmitters: G. D. Cook J. A. Norris Superintendent Engineer, Transmitters (I): D. East Head of Reference and Registry Services: Superintendent Engineer, Transmitters (II): R. D. Hewlett G. E. Turner Controller, International Relations: N. M. Wilson Chief Engineer, Network and Communications: Head of Liaison, International Relations: D. R. Morse D. J. Barlow Senior Superintendent Engineer, Communications: General Manager, Publications: J. G. Holmes D. G. Preston Deputy General Manager, Publications: M. J. Tree Assistant General Manager, Publications (Sales): A. D. Duggin Personnel Development Manager, Publications: R. G. Twisk Director of Personnel: M. O. Tinniswood Editor, Radio Times: G. J. Cannon Controller, Staff Administration: M. Kinchin Smith Editor, The Listener: G. E. Scott Controller, Staff Training and Appointments: Head of Advertisement Department: K. G. Hurst D. K. Ashton Circulation Manager, Publications: P. G. Shaw Legal Adviser: R. J. Marshall Books Editor: A. L. Kingsford Head of Management Services Group: J. K. Rickard Head of Central Services Group: R. R. Chase Assistant Controller, Staff Administration: C. R. East English Regions Assistant Controller, Staff Administration (Grading): Controller, English Regions: J. F. Grist H. H. Pierce Head of Personnel, English Regions: R. Newbold Head of Grading: F. C. Barrett Head of Finance, English Regions: W. J. Bridges Head of Personnel Services: J. B. Gray Head of Regional Television Development: M. Alder Corporation Medical Adviser: A. D. Muirhead, Mc, Head of Network Production Centre, Birmingham: MB, B CHIR, MRCOG, DIH P. J. Sidey Head of Industrial Relations: M. V. Smith Head of English Regions Drama: D. E. Rose Head of Pay Policy: Miss G. M. Lewis, MBE Head of Programme Services and Engineering, Head of Staff Training: L. A. Chase Birmingham: J. Jarvie Head of Appointments Department: A. G. Finch Head of Personnel and Finance, Birmingham: Solicitor: G. G. Derrick J. M. N. MacQueen Head of Programme Contracts: J. G. H. Wadsworth Head of Network Production Centre, Manchester: Head of Copyright: B. A. Jennings D. Burrell -Davis Head of Computer Planning: A. F. M. Foister Head of Programme Services and Engineering, Chief Assistant, Central Services Group: A. Birks Manchester: D. P. Thomas

www.americanradiohistory.com 324 Reference Head of Personnel and Finance, Manchester: BBC addresses G. K. Brown Head of Network Production Centre, Bristol: S. F. Wyton London Head of Programme Services and Engineering, Headquarters: Broadcasting House, London WI Bristol: F. G. Smith 01- 580 4468 Head of Personnel and Finance, Bristol: Postal address: BBC, London WIA IAA T. R. J. Williams Telegrams and cables: Broadcasts, London Regional Television Manager, Midlands: Telex: 265781 M. D. Hancock Television: Regional Television Manager, North -west: Television Centre, Wood Lane, London R. D. Colley W12 7RJ 01 -743 8000 Telegrams Regional Television Manager, West: J. T. P. Dewar and cables: Telecasts, London Telex: Regional Television Manager, East: R. J. Johnston 265781 Regional Television Manager, South: H. H. G. Mason External Broadcasting: PO Box 76, Bush House, Regional Television Manager, South -west: Strand, London WC2B 4PH 01 -240 3456 H. T. Salmon Telegrams and cables: Broadbrit, London Regional Television Manager, North: W. Greaves Telex: 265781 Regional Television Manager, North -east: J. L. Graham Publications: 35 Marylebone High Street, London WI M 4AA 01 -580 5577 Nothern Ireland Telegrams and cables: Broadcasts, London Telex: 265781 Controller, Northern Ireland: R. T. L. Francis Head of Programmes: R. C. F. Mason Head of Administration: R. J. Pugh Scotland Head of Programme Services and Engineering: Broadcasting House, Queen Margaret Drive, R. J. M. Elliott Glasgow G12 8DG 041 -339 8844 Edinburgh office: Broadcasting House, 5 Queen Street, Scotland Edinburgh EH2 1JF 031 -225 3131 Controller, Scotland: H. A. Hetherington (from 1.1.76) Aberdeen Representative: P. E. B. Chalmers, Head of Programmes: D. P. Walker Broadcasting House, Beechgrove Terrace, Head of Administration: A. M. Brown Aberdeen AB9 2ZT 0224 -25233 Head of Programme Services and Engineering: B. J. Slamin Wales Wales Broadcasting House, Llantrisant Road, Llandaff, Cardiff CF5 2YQ 0222 -564888 Controller, Wales: Owen Edwards North Wales Representative: J. R. Williams, Bron Head of Programmes: G. S. Jones Castell, High Street, Bangor, North Wales, Head of Administration: E. W. Timothy LL57 1YU 0248 -2214 Head of Programme Services and Engineering: West Wales Representative: D. John, Broadcasting G. Salter House, Llantrisant Road, Llandaff, Cardiff CF5 2YQ 0222 -564888

Northern Ireland Note: these lists do not include all senior staff of the Broadcasting House, 25-27 Ormeau Avenue, BBC. Belfast BT2 8HQ 0232 -44400

Network production centres

Birmingham Broadcasting Centre, Pebble Mill Road, Birmingham B5 7QQ 021 -472 5353 Head of Network Production Centre: P. Sidey

www.americanradiohistory.com General information 325

Manchester BBC local radio stations New Broadcasting House, Oxford Road, BBC Radio Birmingham Manchester M60 1SJ 061 -236 8444 Pebble Mill Road, Birmingham B5 7SA 021 -472 5141 G. Burrell - Head of Network Production Centre: D. Manager: Jack Johnston Davis Bristol BBC Radio Blackburn King Street, Blackburn, Lancs. BB2 2EA 0254 -62411 Broadcasting House, 21 -33b Whiteladies Road, Musgrave Clifton, Bristol BS8 2LR 0272-32211 Manager: John Head of Network Production Centre: S. Wyton BBC Radio Brighton Marlborough Place, Brighton, Sussex BN1 1TU 0273- 680231 Regional television stations Manager: Robert Gunnell East BBC Radio Bristol St. Catherine's Close, All Saints Green, Norwich NRI 3ND 0603 -28841 3 Tyndalls Park Road, Bristol BS8 1PP 0272-311111 Regional Television Manager: J. Johnston Manager: David Waine

Midlands BBC Radio Carlisle Road, Broadcasting Centre, Pebble Mill Hilltop Heights, London Road, Carlisle, Cumberland 021 -472 5353 Birmingham B5 7QQ CAI 2NA 0228 -31661 M. Hancock Regional Television Manager: Manager: Tim Pitt North BBC Radio Cleveland Broadcasting Centre, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9PX 0532-41181/8 91/93 Linthorpe Road, Middlesbrough, Regional Television Manager: W. Greaves Cleveland TS1 5DG 0642 -48491 Manager: Hal Bethell North -east Broadcasting House, 54 New Bridge Street, BBC Radio Derby Newcastle upon Tyne NEl 8AA 0632 -20961 56 St Helens Street, Derby DEI 3HY 0332-361111 Regional Television Manager: J. Graham Manager: George Sigsworth North -west BBC Radio Humberside New Broadcasting House, Oxford Road, 9 Chapel Street, Hull HU1 3NU 0482 -23232 Manchester M60 1SJ 061 -236 8444 John Cordeaux Regional Television Manager: R. Colley Manager:

South BBC Radio Leeds South Western House, Canute Road, Merrion Centre, Leeds LS2 8NJ 0532-42131 Southampton SO9 1PF 0703 -26201 Manager: Ray Beaty Regional Television Manager: L. Mason BBC Radio Leicester South -west Epic House, Charles Street, Leicester LEI 3SH House, Seymour Road, Mannamead, Broadcasting 0533 -27113 0752 -62283 Plymouth PL3 5BD Manager: Owen Bentley Regional Television Manager: T. Salmon

West BBC Radio London Broadcasting House, 21 -33b Whiteladies Road, Harewood House, Hanover Square, London WI R OJD Clifton, Bristol BS8 2LR 0272-32211 01-493 5401 Regional Television Manager: J. Dewar Manager: Allen Holden

www.americanradiohistory.com 326 Reference BBC Radio Manchester Canada 33 Piccadilly, Manchester M60 7BB 061 -228 1991 Sales Manager /Representative: D. G. Wilson Manager: Allan Shaw 135 Maitland Street, Toronto 5, Ontario, Canada (416) 925 -3891 BBC Radio Medway Postal address: P. 0. Box 500, Terminal A, Toronto, Canada 30 High Street. Chatham, Kent 0634 -46284 Cables: Loncalling, Toronto Manager: Harold Rogers Telex: 06 -23577 BBC Radio Merseyside Australia and New Zealand Commerce House, 13/17 Sir Thomas Street, Representative /Sales Manager: B. D. Sands Liverpool Ll 5BS 051 -236 3355 Westfield Towers, 100 William Street, Sydney, Manager: Rex Bawden New South Wales, 2011, Australia Sydney 3586411 Cables: Loncalling, Sydney BBC Radio Newcastle Telex: BBCorp 20705 Crestina House, Archbold Terrace, Middle East Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 I DZ 0632 -814243 Manager: Derek Woodcock Beirut Operations Organiser: J. D. Haldane P.O. Box I1 -3609, Beirut, Lebanon Beirut 364400/ BBC Radio Nottingham 364401 Cables: Broadcasts, Beirut York House, York Street, Nottingham NG1 3JB 0602-47643 South -east Asia Manager: Tom Beesley Representative: W. G. D. Gunn L2, 11th Floor, International Building, BBC Radio Oxford 360 Orchard Road, Singapore 9 Singapore 372937 242/254 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7DW Cables: Loncalling, Singapore 0865 -53411 Manager: John Pickles France Representative: P. C. Hodgson BBC Radio Sheffield 155 rue du Faubourg Saint -Honoré, BP 487 08, 75366 Paris, Cedex 08 225.3900/1/2 Ashdell Grove, 60 Westbourne Road, Cables: Broadbrit, Paris Sheffield S10 2QU 0742 -686185 Telex: Manager: Tim Neale 65341 Germany BBC Radio Solent BBC German Service Representative: South Western House, Canute Road, E. R. Vickers Southampton S09 4PJ 0703-31311 1 Berlin 12, Savignyplatz 6, West Germany Manager: Maurice Ennals West Berlin 316773, 316263

BBC Radio Stoke -on -Trent Brussels Conway House, Cheapside, Hanley, Stoke -on-Trent, Representative: N. Harvey Staffs. STI IJJ 0782 -24827 International Press Centre Manager: David Harding 1 Boulevard Charlemagne Brussels 1040 Postal address: BBC, P.O. Box 50, International Press Centre, 1041 Brussels BBC representatives overseas Tel No. 736 8015 Telex: 25912 USA Representative: D. Webster Latin America 630 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y., 10020, USA South -American Representative: Mrs L. von Schey (212) 581 -7100 Avenida Cordoba 657, Piso 14, Buenos Aires, Cables: Broadcasts, New York City Argentina Buenos Aires 392 -3786,32-5553 Telex: 4200 -93 Cables: Broadcasts. Buenos Aires

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India Western Europe Chief of Bureau, Delhi: W. M. Tully Brussels Office, 4th Floor, 5 Jorbagh, PO Box 3035, New Delhi 110003 S. C. C. Wheeler, BBC Delhi 617759 International Press Centre, 1040, Belgium Cables: Loncalling Newdelhi 1 Boulevard Charlemagne, Brussels Tel. No: Brussels 736-80-15 France BBC news offices overseas Ian McDougall, 155 rue du Faubourg St.- Honoré, BP 48708 75366 Paris Cedex 08 Australia Tel No: 225.2452/2453 West Germany Bob Friend, BBC Office, Westfield Towers, Robert Elphick, 53 Bonn -Bad Godesberg, 100 William Street, Sydney, N.S.W. 2011 Kennedyallee 55 Tel. No: 358 6411 Tel. No: Bonn 372847 Telex: 20705 Ian Mitchell, Pressehaus 1/429 Heussallee 2 -10 Bonn 224021 Cairo Tel. No: G. F. Martin, PO Box 2040, Cairo, U.A.R. South Africa Tel. No: Cairo 48409 (Reuters) Clive Small, c/o P.O. Box 337, Johannesburg -3588 East and Central Europe Tel. No: Johannesburg 42 N. E. P. Clark, c/o Foreign Press Club, A1010 East Africa Vienna 1, Bankgasse 8/206, Austria John Osman, c/o Reuters P.O. Box 49331, Tel. No: Vienna 633 318 Nairobi, Kenya East Mediterranean Tel. No: Nairobi 24717 D. J. G. Sells, c/o Palm Beach Hotel, Box 3816, South -east Asia Beirut, Lebanon J. Wilson, c/o South -east Asia Representative, Chris Drake, c/o Palm Beach Hotel, Box 3816, D. L2, 11th Floor, International Building, Beirut, Lebanon 360 Orchard Road, Singapore 9 Tel. No: Beirut 36 80 60/1/2/3 Tel. No: Singapore 372937 West Mediterranean USA N. Gent, c/o Reuters, Ayala 5, Madrid (1), Spain M. Washington Tel. No: Madrid 226 -5705 Angus McDermid, John Humphrys, N.W. Washington East CBS Building, 2020 M. Street, Far D.C. 20036 D. Smeeton, c/o Room 710e, East Wing, Tel. No: (202) 223 -2050 (202) 223 -2051 N.H.K. Broadcasting Centre, 2 -2-1 Jinnan, Telex: 2064 -44014 Shibuya-Ku, Tokyo New York Tel. No: Tokyo 465 -1761 Brian Saxton, Room C309, United Nations Building, Brian Barron, BBC, Room 1160, New York, N.Y. New Mercury House, Tel. No: (212) 355 -4244 22 Fenwick Street, Hong Kong Tel. No: 5- 280527 or 5- 280621 USSR Mrs Susannah Okuley, BBC Television News Office Philip Short, Sadovo -Samotechnaya D. 12/24, Manager, BBC, Room 1160, New Mercury House, KV 9 Moscow 22 Fenwick Street, Hong Kong Tel. No: Moscow 295 8513 or 295 9330 Tel. No: 5-280527 or 5- 280621 Latin America D. Wilson, c/o BBC South American Representative, Avenida Cordoba 657, Piso 14, Buenos Aires, Argentina Tel. No: Buenos Aires 392-3786 49- 1375/49 -253 (Reuters)

www.americanradiohistory.com 328 Reference Membership of the BBC advisory councils & committees General Advisory Council Mc, Bishop of St Albans Midlands Advisory Council The Rt Hon. Lord Aldington Miss Moira Shearer Professor Charles Miss Vera Adamson (Chairman) KCMG, CBE, DSO, TD Thomas Dr Elfed Thomas Mrs Eileen Anderson (Chairman) Mr Charles Barlow Miss Vera Adamson Lady Tilney The Rev. Tony Mr D. J. Cansick Mr J.C.Alderson, QPM Williamson Mr Colin Young Mr John Carpenter Mr Stanley Allen, MBE Mr Michael Clark Dr John Apley, CBE Mrs Anneke Evans Professor Graham Ashworth Northern Ireland Advisory Dr Farrukh Hashmi Mr Derek Barber Council Mr R.I.Kenyon-Slaney Mr Guy Barnett, MP Mr W.Lapworth Mr Alan Beith, MP Mr Bill O'Hara, National Governor Mr Roy Massey Sir Frederick Bishop, CB, cvo for Northern Ireland (Chairman) Mr Joe Mercer Mr T.G.Bradley, MP Mr Denis P.Barritt The Venerable Richard Betts Ninis Mr J.I.Brennan Mr J.I.Brennan Mrs Bridget Pugh Councillor Mrs Marjorie Brown Mr Randall Crawford Mr David Rudkin Mr Geoffrey Burton Mr Eamonn Deane Mr Patrick G. Rust Mr Mark Carlisle, QC, MP Mrs Jan Elliott Mr P.F.J.Skinner Mr Raymond Carter, MP Mrs Carmen M.Gilmartin Mr William Snaith Mrs Lynda Chalker, MP Mr Francis Guckian Mrs J.Upward Dr R.L.Clutterbuck, CB, OBE Mr C.D.Hull Mrs J. Wilding Sir Goronwy Daniel, KCVO, CB Mr Tom Hunter Mrs Gwen Dunn Mrs Cecilia F.Linehan North Advisory Council Professor Geoffrey Eglinton Mr Solly Lipsitz Mrs June Evans, OBE Mr D. McLaughlin Mr Roy Howell (Chairman) Mr Michael Finley Mr John Malone Mr Eddie Altman Professor D.J.Finney, FRS Mr R.B.Morton, TD Mr Richard Caborn Sir Norman Graham Mr Colin W.Murphy Dr Janet Cockcroft Mr W.L.Graham Mr P.H.S.Newel Mr Charles Colmer Mr Roy Grantham Miss Kathleen O'Brien The Rev. Graham Cook Mr Francis Guckian Mrs N.O'Donoghue Mr Arnold Hadwin The Earl of Harewood Mrs Edith M.Sproule Mrs Veryl Harriott Dr Marita Harper Mr Brian S.Turner Mrs Sandra Keen Miss Ivy Harrison, MBE Miss Rae Milne Mr Roy Hill Ex-officio members Mr Charles Sigsworth Professor Albert Hines Mr J.E.Cyril Abraham Mr Chris Tattersall Mr Roy Howell Mr Eric Mayne Mr Dick Walgate Mr John Hunt, MP Mr J.J.Campbell Mr Roy Widdowson Lord Jacobson of St Albans, MC Mrs Jill Wilson Mrs Peggy Jay Mr Richard Wragg Mr Ben Jones East Advisory Council Dr Margaret Jones Professor James McFarlane North-east Advisory Council Mr Charles Longbottom (Chairman) Mr William McKenna (Chairman) Professor James McFarlane Mr Jack Boddy Lieutenant -Commander Brian Mr William McKenna Mr Keith Broom Ashmore, RN (ret'd) Sir David Martin, CBE Mr Lionel Coles Mrs Marie Bergmann Mr Ronald Mayor, CBE Mr S.Bennett Crooks Mr Sidney Chaplin Mr C.E.H.Morris Mrs Mary Diprose Mrs Patricia Collinson Mr Alan Pascoe, MBE Mrs Janet Evans Mr Philip Dixon Mr Alan Plater Miss Mary Fairhall Mr James Gardner Miss Margery Priest Mr Kenneth Hammerton Mr George Hardwick The Rt Hon. Lord Pritchard Mrs Dawn Peacock The Rev. W.M.C.Hardy Sir Lincoln Ralphs Mr Geoffrey Perry Mrs Shirley Lincoln Mrs Helen Ramage Mr Douglas Roberts Mr Harry Mead Mrs Joan Ruddock The Rt Rev. the Bishop of Thetford Mr Joseph Morgan The Rt Rev. Robert A.K.Runcie, Mr David Tolliday Mrs Joan Morton

www.americanradiohistory.com General information 329 Councillor William Newton West Advisory Council Northern Ireland Religious Mr Philip Rawson Dr John Apley, CBE (Chairman) Advisory Committee Mr Tom Sawyer Mr B.Bailey Mr J.J.Campbell (Chairman) Mrs Daphne Bampton Mr Alan Acheson North -west Advisory Council Mr R.J.Bradbury Miss Hazel Anderson Professor Graham Ashworth Mr Anthony Bush The Rev. W.E.Davison (Chairman) The Rev. R.Davies The Rev. Robin Eames Mr Barry Askew Professor David Dineley Sister Soubirous Fitzgerald Dr A. Bradshaw Mr W.R.Eadie Mr Robin C.Gibson Mr Trevor Buckley Mr Victor Stephen Iles The Rev. J.M.Henry The Rev. Robert Cartledge Mr J.F.Fergus Lyons Mr J.Kincade Mrs E.Christie Dr C.P.Haigh The Rev. John D.Knox Mr Arthur Dooley Mr R.P.Harries The Rev. W.McMillan Dr Dorothy Downes Mrs Hilary Long The Rev. Father H.Murphy Mr R.M.Hammond Mrs Angela Powell Mr R. Pitt Mrs R.P.C.Hanson Miss D.Simpkins The Rt Rev. Monsignor Ryan Mrs Eileen Kenny Miss Jennifer Vickery Mrs Margaret Kenyon Mr D.Warden Scottish Religious Advisory Dr Zena Maxwell Committee Mr J.Pullen Central Religious Advisory The Rev. Dr W.D.Cattanach Mr Philip Roberts (Chairman) Robert Scott Committee Mr The Rev. Professor R.S.Barbour, The Rt Rev. E.Wickham, Bishop The Rt Rev. Robert A.K.Runcie, MC Albans (Chairman) of Middleton Mc, Bishop of St The Rev. Richard Holloway Anderson, Professor Sir Norman The Rev. William B.Johnston South Advisory Council OBE, QC Mrs D.P.McCallum The Rev. Dr G.Balls Mr Stanley Allen, MBE (Chairman) The Rev. Professor Murdo Ewen The Rev. Dr G.B.Caird Charles Brown Macdonald Mr Mr J.J.Campbell Mr Peter Buckingham The Rev. Professor James Sir Frederick Catherwood Professor P.B.Fellgett Mackintosh, MBE The Rev. Dr W.Cattanach Mr John Hillier Mrs Daphne MacNab Mr Robin Denniston Mr J.D.Jones The Rev. Stuart W.McWilliam The Rt Rev. A.Harris, Bishop of Mrs Margaret Long The Rev. James Quinn Socia Mrs Margaret Rule The Very Rev. Charles Renfrew Dr W.Hollenweger Mr J.C.Wadams The Rev. A. Douglas Scrimgeour The Rev. H.M.Jamieson Mrs Jane Webster The Rev. J.R.Shanks The Rev. R.W.Hugh Jones J.Arthur Wells- Thorpe Mr Mr P.Keegan Mrs P.West Welsh Religious Advisory The Very Rev. Canon Mr Tom Williams G. MacNamara Committee Mr G.R.Woolven The Rt Rev. C.MacPherson, The Rev. Gwilym Tilsley Bishop of Argyll and the Isles (Chairman) South -west Advisory Council Mrs P.Makins The Rev. Wyndham Bold Professor Charles Thomas Professor D.Martin The Rt Rev. John Charles (Chairman) Mrs P.Minney Mrs Jeannie Eirian Davis Mr Hugh Crowle The Rev. Dr Colin Morris The Rev. E.H.Griffiths Mr John Christopher Dancy The Rev. Professor Ian Pitt -Watson Mr Aneirin Jenkins -Jones Mrs F.C.Hamon The Rev. E.H.Robertson Dr Harri Pritchard Jones Mrs Kathleen Hocking The Rev. E. Rogers The Rev. John Lewis Mr D.W.James The Rev. Professor H.E.Root Dr John I.Morgans Mr R.G.King Miss Doreen Stephens The Rt Rev. Daniel Mullins Miss S.J.Lee The Rev. G.Tilsley The Rev. Alum Page Captain Edward Palmer, RN (ret'd) The Most Rev. G.O.Williams, The Rev. Harri Gwilym Parri Mr Hamish Turner Archbishop of Wales The Rev. E.Lyn Rees The Rev. J.F.Wentworth The Rev. Canon H.Wilson The Most Rev. Eric M.Roberts Mr J.M.Williams The Rev. W.D.Wood The Rev. Gwynfryn C.Thomas Mrs Kay Wood The Rt Rev. R.W.Woods, Bishop The Rev. John Tudor Mr Gordon Wright of Worcester The Rev. Meurwyn Williams

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Central Appeals Advisory Mrs Mary Currie -Jones Mr R.Mitson, British Broadcasting Committee Col Lionel V.Evans, TD Corporation Mrs H.Harry, MBE Mr T. M. Morgan, Chairman, Mr W.L.Graham (Chairman) Mrs Sheila Lochhead School Broadcasting Councilfor Mr J.E.Cyril Abraham The Rev. J.Roger Roberts Wales The Lady Digby Mr Glyndwr Walker Mr J.G.Morris, School Dame Annis Gillie, DBE, FRCP Mrs Ifanwy Williams Broadcasting Council for Scotland Miss B.O.Glasgow Mr M.Morris, Mr S.P.Grounds, CBE National Union of Teachers Mr A.Brian CMG Hodgson, The School Broadcasting Mr C.Nichols, Association of Mr I.Bryan Hughes Council for the United Teachers in Colleges and Departments Major R.T.Hungerford of Education Miss Pamela Kingdom H.Lewis Mr A.Owen, British Broadcasting Dr Elfed Air Commodore J.W.McKelvey. Thomas (Chairman) Corporation CB, MBE Sir Lincoln Ralphs (Vice- Chairman) Miss M.J.Percy, Association of Mrs D.Mary Dr Mia Pringle, CBE Lane, National Head Mistresses Mr P.E.Pritchard, OBE Association of Inspectors and Mr W.H.Petty, Society of Educational Advisers Councillor Mrs T.S.Russell Education Officers Dr J.Taylor Dr M. Birchenough, Inner London Dr George Reith, CBE, Chairman, Mr L. E. Waddilove, OBE Education Authority School Broadcasting Council Mr The Rev. J.Callan Wilson R.H.Brown, MBE, British for Scotland Mr Bryan H.Woods, MBE Broadcasting Corporation Professor B.T.Ruthven, School Miss S.J.Browne, Department of Broadcasting Council for Scotland Education and Science Northern Ireland Appeals Professor M.Skilbeck, British Mr G.W.Cooksey, Advisory Committee British Broadcasting Corporation Broadcasting Corporation Mr T. Sneddon, MBE, School Mr J.E.Cyril Abraham (Chairman) Mr J. W.Corby, National Broadcasting Councilfor Scotland Dr Una Byrne Association of Schoolmasters Mr C.E.Stuart-Jervis, Incorporated Mr R.Higgins E.O.Davies, Mr School Association of Headmasters Mr R.Laverty Broadcasting Councilfor Wales Mr I.Temple- Smith, National Mrs A.P.McNally Dr J.A.Davies, School Association of Head Teachers Dr Joyce Neill, MB Broadcasting Council for Wales Mrs V.Trelfer, Mrs S.V.Peskett Mr J.H.Davies, School National Union of Teachers Mr. J.C.Stevenson, MBE Broadcasting Council for Wales The Rev. R.G.Wickham, Mrs A.J.Dean, Incorporated Association of Scottish Appeals Advisory British Broadcasting Corporation Preparatory Schools Committee Mr W.C.H.Eakin, Miss S.D.Wood, Incorporated Association Northern The Rev. J.Callan Wilson of Ireland Association of Assistant Mistresses Education (Chairman) and Library Boards Mr E.J.Sidebottom, Department Mr C.W.Elliott, Dr Cyril Bainbridge, CBE of Education and Science The Hon. Lord Birsay, KT, CBE, TD National Union of Teachers Mr M.Faragher, DrJ.Romanes Davidson, OBE Further Education Advisory Association of Teachers in Colleges Mrs Anne Leask Council Mrs Y.M.Leggat Smith and Departments of Education Sir Donald Liddle Mr J. Ferguson, Department of Sir Lincoln Ralphs (Chairman) Major Robert Maclean Education, Northern Ireland Dr F.D.Bacon, Association of Mrs Elizabeth U.MacQueen Mr J.Garne, MC, Teachers in Technical Institutions Association Mr William Merrilees, OBE of County Councils Mr B.L.Baish, Department of Monsignor Brendan Murphy Mr E.I.Hughes, Education and Science Mrs Mhairi F.Sinclair Independent Schools Association Mr D.Bruce, Mc, Association of Dr Alexander L.Speirs Mr A.W.S.Hutchings, CBE, Principals of Colleges The Rt Hon. The Earl of Wemyss Incorporated Association of Mr R.L.Edgerton, TD, and March, KT Assistant Masters British Broadcasting Corporation The Rev. James S.Wood Mr R.S.Johnson, Association Councillor A.E.England, of Education Committees Welsh Joint Education Committee Welsh Appeals Advisory Mr W. R. Knight, Association Mrs K.M.Foss, National of Metropolitan Authorities Committee Federation of Women's Institutes Mr J.A.D.Michie, School Mr R.P.Harding, Mr I.Bryan Hughes (Chairman) Broadcasting Councilfor Scotland Society of Education Officers

www.americanradiohistory.com General information 331 Mr N.E.Hoey, Department of O.Davies, Department of Professor D.K.Britton Education for Northern Ireland Education and Science Mr E.S.Carter Mr E.W.Hughes, Association of Mr Emrys Charles, National Mr A.S.Court University Teachers Association of Head Teachers Miss E.Creak Professor Walter James, Mr Roy Jenkins. National Mr J.S.Cripps, CBE The Open University Association of Schoolmasters Viscount Davidson Mr R.S.Johnson, Mr D.G.Bonner, Mr R.G.Jones, Mrs June Evans, OBE Association of Education Committees Mr J.E.Morris, Mr R.Aled Roberts, Mr Eric Mayne Dr H.Kay, Committee of Mr J.Sloman, Mrs Marcia Williams, Mr W.Peat, CBE Vice- Chancellors and Principals National Union of Teachers Mr A.Rosen Mr W.R.Knight, Association of Principal Leonard G.Bewsher, Sir Ralph Verney, KBE Metropolitan Authorities Professor D.G.Pritchard, Professor Col. J.Williams- Wynne, CBE, DSO Mr T.E.M.Landsborough, Jac L.Williams, University of Wales Mr G.B.Wood, OBE Scottish Institute of Adult Education School of Education Mr E.R.L.Lewis, Mr F.J.Adams, Mr J.Beale, Scottish Agricultural Advisory British Broadcasting Corporation Welsh Joint Education Committee Committee Mr H.D.Evans, Welsh Joint Mr D.McCalman, Mr Watson Peat, CBE (Chairman) Secondary Committee Scottish Education Department The Viscount of Arbuthnott Eifion Ellis, Welsh Secondary Mr J. Maitland -Edwards, Mr Mrs Kate Black Department of Education and Schools Association Dr J.Morton Boyd Science Mr J.M.M.Cunningham Dr E.Monkhouse, School Broadcasting Council Mr H.Crawford Workers' Educational Association for Scotland Mr Hugh C.Drummond National Mr D.S.Mumford, Mrs Muriel Johnston Education for Dr G.Reith, CBE (Chairman) Advisory Council on David Myles Mr B.T.Ruthven (Vice- Chairman) Mr Industry and Commerce David Mr W.H.Bell Association of Mr Oag Mr R.Osborn, Mr Ronald J.Smith County Councils in Scotland National Union of Students Taylor Mr J.A.D.Michie, Association of Mr Alan Mr A.Owen, School Broadcasting Mr David Wathen Directors of Education in Scotland Councilfor the United Kingdom Mr Marcus W.T.Wood Mr P.E.Owen, Department of Mr J.T.Baxter, Mrs C.D.Black, Education and Science Miss E.G.Rennie, Mr T.Sneddon, Northern Ireland Agricultural Dr Magnus Pyke, British MBE, Educational Institute of Advisory Committee Association for the Advancement of Scotland Science Mrs M.H.Collins, Mr Eric Mayne (Chairman) Mr A.K.Stock, National Institute General Teaching Council Mr D.J.Cowan of Adult Education Mr J.Scotland, Joint Committee of Mr David C.Deboys Mr C.G.Stuttard, Association of Colleges of Education Mrs Nan Douglas Tutors in Adult Education Dr D.Lees, CBE, Scottish Council Mr Robert J. Hanna Mr B.Taylor, for Research in Education Mr John Laughlin Association of County Councils Mr R.Pirie, Mr P.Stinton, Scottish Mr Patrick D.McGuckian Dr Joan Waters, National Union of Counties of Cities Association Mr William McHenry Townswomen's Guilds Mr H.Robertson, MrJ.G.Morris, Mr John Nicholson Mr I.M.Williams, Universities Scottish Education Department Mr John F.Russell Council for Adult Education Mr J.Millar, Scottish Secondary Mr John Scott Mr D. Winnard, Trades Union Teachers Association Congress, Education Committee Mr R. Macdonald, Mr D.McFarlan, Welsh Agricultural Advisory Mr F. Macintosh, Mr H.D. Committee School Broadcasting Council Mackenzie, Mr G.Riddell, Col J.Williams- Wynne, CBE, DSO for Wales Mr A.Wallace, British Broadcasting Corporation (Chairman) Mr Trevor M.Morgan (Chairman) Mr Christopher Beynon Mr J.A.Davies (Vice- Chairman) Central Agricultural Advisory Mr R. O. Hughes Mr J.H.Davies, Miss H.R.Hunt, Mr Llewelyn Jones Mr Leslie Jones, Mr Owen E.Jones, Committee Mr W.P.Lloyd -Jones Mr Donald Moore, Professor J.R. Mr D. Barber (Chairman) Mr Iolo Owen Webster, Mr G.Vaughan Williams, Mr W.G.G.Alexander Mr Martin A.Pugh British Broadcasting Corporation Mr J.Barton Mr Arthur H.Pritchard Mr Eirwyn Thomas, Mr Eryl Mr R.N.Bottini Mr Hywel Richards

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Ex-officio members Professor Eric Laithwaite Mr J. Vernon Mr Edward G.Griffiths Sir Ieuan Maddock, CB, OBE, FRS Mr G.T.Weil Mr W.R.Smith Mr R.V.Melville Professor D.C.Phillips, FRS BBC Radio Blackburn Central Dr J.A.Pope Music Advisory Mr W.W.Yeates (Chairman) Professor Sir George Porter, FRS Committee Mr V.N.Bingham Dr Ruth Porter The Earl of Harewood (Chairman) Mr D.Coulston Professor Sir Claus Moser, Asian Programmes Advisory Mr R.D.Flanders Mr KCB, CBE (Deputy Chairman) Committee I.Limmer Mr David Cairns Miss J.F.Marginson Sir Charles Groves, CBE Lord Jacobson of St Albans, Mc Miss A.C. Read Miss Madeleine Harmsworth (Chairman) Professor Alun Hoddinott Mr Inam Aziz BBC Radio Brighton Mr Mrs Lulu Bilkis Banu Antony Hopkins Mr S.M.Knight, JP (Chairman) Mr Stephen McWatters Mr Pratap Chitnis Mrs B.Armstrong- Clarke, JP Professor Denis Mr K.Darashah Matthews Mr S.H.Baker, MBE The Viscount Norwich Councillor S.S.Gill Mrs P.E.Hammel Mrs M.Briggs Professor Frederick Rimmer Miss V.Cromwell Miss Phyllis Sellick, OBE Councillor Bashir Maan Mrs Meherangiz Munsiff Mr D. W.Curtis- Brignel l Mr John Simpson Dr Madelaine Miss Stella Reekie, DCS Duke Mr Donald Swann Mr T.H.Foster Mr Vilem Tausky Mrs Shamin Rehman Dr A.F.A.Sayeed Mrs L.Fraser Mr Barry Tuckwell Mr R.Hinton Ex- officio members Mr D.L.James Scottish Music Advisory Mr Mahiuddin A.Choudhury Councillor Mrs J. Kelly Committee Mr A.Qayyum, TQA, CIS Councillor J.R.Lovell Mr G.V.Shukla Professor Frederick Rimmer Councillor F.Tonils Mr J.D.Singh Mr G.A.Vale (Chairman) Mrs Tajunnissa -Hasnain Mr Neill B. Aitken BBC Radio Bristol Miss Edna Arthur Advisory Group on the Social Mr William Boyle Effects of Television Mr F.Lyons (Chairman) Mr Morrison Dunbar Mr B.Bailey JP Mr John Maxwell Geddes Sir Geoffrey Jackson, KCMG Mrs C.Brentley Mr Donald Hawksworth (Chairman) Mr K.Clark Mr Maurice Lindsay Dr D.Bannister Mr A.S.Court Mr John McLeod Ms Antonia Byatt Mr F.R.Hill Mr Torquil Nicholson Miss M. Forster Mr D.Mearns Milne Dr Myra Soutar Professor J.N. Morris Mr W.A.Nicks Mr John Walker The Rev. A.B.Norton Mr Graham Wiseman Local radio councils Mrs M.B.Porter Mr J.Preston Engineering Advisory BBC Radio Birmingham Mr N.G.Reece Committee Mrs E.L.Ford (Chairman) Mrs J.M.Rendell The Rev. Dr K.C.P.Smith Sir Robert R.Brookstein Cockburn, KBE, CB Mr I.G.Steeds (Chairman) Councillor Mrs M.A.Brown, JP Mr G.F.Carter Mrs M.P.Tumer Professor J. Brown Mrs J.Child Mrs A. Watling Air Vice -Marshal G.H.Ford, CB Mrs M.D.Cox Major A.Thompson Wood Sir Francis McLean, CBE Mrs M.R.Dain Mrs B.Young Dr J.A.Saxton, CBE Councillor T.Donovan Sir Eric Eastwood, CBE, FRS Mr J.Foster BBC Radio Carlisle Science Consultative Group Mrs E.N.Hiley, MBE Mr R.F.Dickinson, JP (Chairman) Mrs R.Joshi Mr J.A.Bendall Sir David Martin, CBE (Chairman) Councillor J.W.McKenzie Mr P. Boulter Professor R.L.F.Boyd, CBE, FRS Mrs M.J.Smith Mrs A.Brown Dr D.E.Broadbent, CBE, FRS Mr H.Squire Mr A.Corkhill Dr G.B.R.Feilden, CBE, FRS Mr H.Stanbury Mr A.W.Dickinson

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Mr T.R.Fetherstonhaugh Mrs L.Binks Mr M.Levine Mrs M.H.Grant Mr J.Bradshaw Mr A.McKenzie Mr A.Hall Mr S. Briggs Mr C.A.J.Norton Mrs J.Husband Mr M.G.K.Byrne Miss M.J.Peel Yates Mr J.L.Johnston The Hon. Mrs C.Farrell The Baroness Phillips Mr W.McKenna Mrs C.A.M.Heptonstall Miss J.M.Skues Mrs M.Matthews Mr B.J.Ingham Ald S.Springer Mrs H.Mattinson Mr D.Lister The Rev. A.Tanner Councillor M.Munro, JP Mr A.Plater Mr L.Turner Mr D.N.Parkinson Mr C.S.Powell Mr H.West Mr J.J.Payne Mr R.G.Roberts Mrs D.Williams Mr W.Rawling Mr N.Seedhouse Mr T.E.Robinson The Rev. M.E.Vickers BBC Radio Manchester Mrs R.Webster Mr J.H.Smith Sir William Mather, OBE, MC, TD H.Woodhead Mr W.Steele Mr (Chairman) Mrs C.A.Andrews BBC Radio Cleveland BBC Radio Leeds Mr T. Bergin The Rt Rev. J.Yates, Councillor P.Crotty (Chairman) Mrs B.Curtis Bishop of Whitby (Chairman) Mr E.Altman Councillor E.Grant Mrs J.Armstrong Mr G.Bennett Miss J.M.Hall Councillor P.Fulton The Rev. G.J.Cook Mr R.M.Hammond, JP Miss M.Head Mrs P. Floyd Mr M.Howell G.M.Joplin, JP Mrs M.Hingley Miss C.Grainger Councillor Mr J.R.Jeffryes Councillor P.Hockney Mr H.Kemp Mr J.W.Radcliffe Mrs B.Huffinley Mrs J. Kerr Miss B.Readman Mrs V.Khadke, OBE Mrs I.Latham, JP T.F.Manley Mrs E.Reed Councillor W.Merritt The Rev. Father Mrs J.Robins Mrs E.Procope Mrs C.H.Merry Councillor A.Scott Cunningham Mrs E.Rothery Mrs J.Pickbourne Mr A.Stewart Councillor T.F.Shaw Mr F.A.Powell Mrs S.Walker Mrs S.Zimmerman Mr P.J.Swales Mrs K.Williams Miss E.E.White Mrs J.M.Wilson BBC Radio Leicester BBC Radio Medway Professor H.J.Dyos (Chairman) BBC Radio Derby Mrs V.Allen Mr R.Hill (Chairman) The Very Rev. R.Beddoes Councillor R.W.L.Briant Mr J.W.Coldwell (Chairman) Mrs L.Burnside Mrs A.Cutting Mr R.L.Barby Mrs N.Clowes Mr R.Finn Mr S.Bartholomew Mrs P.A.Cook Dr C.S.Grossmark Mrs S.Bowler The Rev. Canon E.N.Davenport Mr D.Martin Mr H.Crossley Mrs H.J.Lovatt Mrs A.Murray Mr B.Gardner Mrs G.E.Middleton Mrs G.E.Naylor Mrs C.A.Harris Mr N.A.Paterson Superintendent H.J.Pattison Miss W.Harrison Councillor Mrs A.I.Pollard Dr D.L.Pugh The Rev. W.Hewison Mr C.E.B.Robinson, OBE, JP Mrs J.Spree Mrs E.Levaux Councillor Mrs R.Root Mr K.Taylor Mr M.Reade Mr K.S.Sandhu Mr G.B.S.Wasu, JP Mrs E.Scholes Mr J.O.Sutherland Mrs R.K.Singh Mr E.Trewerne BBC Radio Merseyside Mrs J.Staley Mr H.L.Storrs, JP (Chairman) Mr P.Townend BBC Radio London Mrs E.Christie Councillor M.T.Walker Dame Mary Green, DBE (Chairman) Mrs A.Clarke L.M.Waud Mr Miss A.Bartholomew Mr H.Dean Mr B.Brook- Partridge Dr Mary Duguid BBC Radio Humberside Councillor Mrs J.Crowhurst Mr M.J.Fitzpatrick Mr F.W.Ward, OBE (Chairman) Mr R.Cruickshank Dr Sonia Goldrein Col R.A.AIec- Smith, TD, JP Councillor W.Dewhirst Miss D.Kuya

www.americanradiohistory.com 334 Reference Mrs R.Lindsay JP Mrs A.H.Garnett Mrs J.M.Lennon Mr S.Minion, OBE, JP Mr R.L.Jones Mrs M.Parkin Councillor Mrs E.Oakes Mrs S.Kirk Mr R.Pullin Mr A.N.Owens Mrs V. K. McCann Mr P.Venner The Very Rev. E.H.Patey Mrs H.Orridge Mrs J. Woodwock Mrs I. Russell Mrs W.Start, JP Mr J. W.Smith Mr D.Courtenay Taylor BBC Radio Solent Superintendent L.G.Wardale Mr A.H.Thornton Mr P. M. Vine Mr W.A.Stearn (Chairman) BBC Radio Newcastle The Rev. W.W.Wilkinson The Rt Rev. J.K.Cavell, Bishop of Southampton Mr D.Weatherley (Chairman) BBC Radio Oxford Mr G. F.H.Cawte Mr L.Barras Mr D.J.Cheetham Mrs M.Clark Mr G.J.Warnock (Chairman) Mr J. W. Dickinson, Mr T.Corfe Mr H.Aubrey -Fletcher MBE Mrs S.B.Emery- Wallis Councillor S.V.Heatlie Miss J. Blackwell Mr A.Butterfield Mrs D.Field- Richards Mrs A.Hurrell Dr R.J.Foyle Mrs J.Jolly Mrs M.Campbell Mrs P.Cockram Mrs J.Glendinning Mr A.Knox MrT.N.Hall Mrs B.Laing Councillor Mrs A.Dyson Councillor Mrs I.Nedderman Mrs E.Liddell The Rev. H.J.Feast Mr M.R.Hammett Mrs B.Rose Mrs I.Macey Mr H.A.Shepheard Councillor P. Mrs D.Kirkwood Mrs Murray The Rev. J.S.Stephens Councillor J.G.Nixon Councillor F.V.Pickstock Mrs L.Spain Mr P. Reeves Mr B.Thompson Mrs J.Schall BBC Radio Stoke -on-Trent Mr J.Underwood Mr G. Whalen Councillor Mrs J.Levitt (Chairman) Mrs I.Vemon Mr W.C.Wigney Mr C.Barlow, JP Mr F.B.Walker Mr R.Williams The Rev. J.A.Bates Mr James Mr M.G.Brereton Walker BBC Radio Sheffield Mr John Walker Mrs M. Evans Mr G.M.A.Harrison (Chairman) Mrs A. Glendenning BBC Radio Nottingham Mr P.Bellamy Mrs M.A.Hambley Councillor G.Cheetham Mrs A.Hulme Mr C.Slater (Chairman) Mr A.M.Currie Mr R.V.Arnfield Mr S.D.Newall Mrs D.Fleming Mrs E.Procter Mrs S.K.Bawa Mr D.Heffernan Mr R.Rigby Mr P.D.Binns, JP Mr G.H.Hill Councillor Mrs D.Robinson, Mrs D.Field Mrs B.James Mr C.E.Freeman CBE, JP Mr B.Jowle Mr C.G.Strasser

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Pawley, E. BBC engineering, 1922-72. BBC, 1972. Millerson, G. The technique of television production. Science Museum. Broadcasting in Britain, 1922 -72: Focal Press, 9th r.e., 1972. a account brief of its engineering aspects by K. Geddes. Millerson, G. TV lighting methods. Focal Press, 1975. HMSO, 1972. Milton, R. Radio programming: a basic training Scroggie, M. G. Foundations wireless and elec- of manual. Collins, 1968. tronics. Iliffe, 8th edn., 1971. Mycock, B. Don't be afraid the Sims, H. V. Principles of PAL colour television and of box. CBI, 1974. related systems. Iliffe, 1969, n.e. in preparation. Nisbett, A. Technique of the sound studio. Focal Press, Wharton, W. and Howorth, D. Principles of TV recep- 2nd r.e., 1969. tion. Pitman, n.e., 1971. Nisbett, A. The use of microphones. Focal Press, 1974. Robertson, E. H. The local radio handbook. Mowbrays, Programmes: production and technique 1974. Swallow. N. Factual television. Focal Press, 1966. Writing for the BBC: a guide for professional and Tyrrell, R. The work of the television journalist. Focal part -time freelance writers on possible markets for their Press, 1972. work within the BBC. 4th edn. by N. Longmate, 1974. Aldred, J. Manual of sound recording. Fountain Press, 2nd r.e., 1971. History and general Alkin, G. Sound with vision: sound techniques for TV and film. Butterworth, 1973. BBC Handbooks. 1928 to date. BBC Further Education. Rosla and after: television BBC lunch -time lectures. Series of public lectures on and radio in-service education project for teachers. the work of the BBC. Series 1 -9, 1962-1975. BBC,!3 vols., 1974. The BBC in England. BBC English Regions HQ BBC pronunciation: policy and practice. BBC, 1974. Unit, Birmingham, 1974. Baddeley, W. H. The technique of documentary film production. Focal Press, 2nd r.e., 1969. BBC Religious broadcasting. BBC, 1975. Bennett, R. The informing image: a career in radio Black, P. The biggest aspidistra in the world: a personal and television. Educational Explorers, 1968. celebration of fifty years of the BBC. BBC, 1972. Clarke, B. Graphic design in educational television. Black, P. The mirror in the corner: people's television. Lund Humphries, 1974. Hutchinson, 1972. Davis, D. The grammar of television production. Blumler, J. G. and McQuail, D. Television in politics: Barrie and Jenkins, 3rd edn., 1974. its uses and influence. Faber, 1968. Elliott, P. The making of a television series: a case Boyle, A. Only the wind will listen: Reith of the BBC. study in the sociology of culture. Constable, 1972; Hutchinson, 1972. n.e. paperback, 1973. Briggs, A. The history of broadcasting in the United Fisher, D. and Tasker, J. Education and training for Kingdom. 4 vols., OUP. film and television. British Kinematograph Sound and TV Society, 1973. I. The birth of broadcasting, 1961. Gabriel, J. Thinking about television. OUP, 1973. II. The golden age of wireless. 1965. III. The war of words. 1970. Hopkins, J., ed. Video in community development. Ovum, 1973. IV. In preparation. Hopkins, J. and others. Video training manual. Centre Broadcasting in the seventies: the BBC's plan for net- for Advanced TV Studies, 1973. work radio and non -metropolitan broadcasting. B BC, Hulke, M. Writing for television in the 70's. Black, 1969. 1974. Cawston, R. and others. Principles and practice in Hurrell, R. Manual of television graphics. Thames and documentary programmes. BBC, 1972. Hudson, 1973. Central Office of Information. Educational television Lewis, B. The technique of television announcing. and radio in Britain. COI, n.e. 1974. Focal Press, 1966. Children as viewers and listeners: a study by the BBC McWhinnie, D. The art of radio. Faber, 1959. o.p. for its General Advisory Council. BBC, 1974. Maddox, B. Beyond Babel: new directions in com- Church of England, Broadcasting Commission. munications. Deutsch, 1972. Broadcasting, society and the Church: a report. Magee, B. The television interviewer. Macdonald, Church Information Office, 1973. 1966. o.p. Clayre, A. The impact of broadcasting, or Mrs Buckle's Miller, G. M. BBC pronouncing dictionary of wall is singing. Compton Russell, 1973. British names. OUP, 1971. Crozier, M. Broadcasting: sound and television. OUP, Millerson, G. Basic TV staging. Focal Press, 1974. 1958.

www.americanradiohistory.com General information 337 tke broad- Curran, C. J. A maturing democracy. BBC, 1973. Hill of Luton, Lord. Behind the screen: Jackson, The BBC and its educational commitment. BBC, casting memoirs of Lord Hill. Sidgwick and 1972. 1974. Television and the The BBC in the eighties: the relationship between Himmelweit, H. T. and others. television on broadcasting policy, programme needs and tech- child: an empirical study of the effect of 1958. nological potential. BBC, 1972. the young. OUP for the Nuffield Foundation, Breaking up the BBC? BBC; 1972. o.p. 1967. Broadcasting and society. BBC, 1971. Hood, S. A survey of television. Heinemann, Code or conscience? A view of broadcasting stan- o.p. Religion in Britain dards. BBC, 1970. Independent Television Authority. a survey of popular attitudes. The fourth television network: a question of pri- and Northern Ireland: orities. BBC, 1974. ITA, 1970. Jun. W. H. Allen, 1974. Money, management and programmes. BBC, 1970. Johnston, B. It's been a lot of Committee. Our proper concern. BBC, 1971. Leicester University: Television Research Supporting a public service. BBC, 1969. Leicester University Press. Reports: Day, R. Day by Day. Kimber, 1975. research: a progress report. Dimbleby, J. Richard Dimbleby. Hodder and 1. Problems of television Stoughton, 1975. 1966. 2. Second progress report and recommendations. Dinwiddie, M. Educational television and radio in 1969. Britain. BBC, 1966. Dinwiddie, M. Religion by radio: its place in British Working papers by J. D. Halloran: broadcasting. Allen and Unwin, 1968. o.p. 1. The effects of mass communication with special Dougall, R. In and out of the box. Collins, 1973; reference to television. 1964. Fontana, 1975. 2. Attitude formation and change. 1967. Fawdry, K. Everything but Alf Garnett: a personal 3. Television and delinquency. 1970. view of BBC school broadcasting. BBC, 1974. Lusty, R. Bound to be read. Jonathan Cape, 1975. Green, T. The universal eye: world television in the Manchester University: Department of Extra -mural seventies. Bodley Head, 1972. Studies. Symposia on Broadcasting: Greene, H. C. The broadcaster's responsibility. 1. Structures of broadcasting, ed. E. G. Wedell. BBC, 1962. 1970. The conscience of the programme director. BBC, 2. Determinants of broadcasting policy, ed. F. S. 1965. Badley. 1971. Education today and tomorrow: the job of the 3. Unpublished. broadcaster. BBC, 1968. 4. Proceedings ... on broadcasting policy, ed. F. S. What price culture? An examination of broadcasting Badley. 1972. finance. BBC, 1966. 5. Broadcasting and society, ed. B. Jones. 1973. The future of broadcasting in Britain; with an Mansell, G. Broadcasting to the world: forty years of afterword by Lord Aylestone. The Granada Guild- BBC External Services. BBC, 1973. hall lecture 1972. Hart -Davis, 1972. Noble, G. Children in front of the small screen. The third floor front: a view of broadcasting in the Constable, 1975. sixties. Bodley Head, 1969. Paulu, B. British broadcasting in transition. Mac- Odhams, 1959. Grisewood, F. My story of the BBC. millan, 1961. o.p. o.p. Paulu, B. British broadcasting: radio and television in at a time. Hutchinson, Grisewood, H. One thing the UK. University of Minnesota Press, 1956. 1968. Pratten, C. F. The economics of television. PEP, 1970. and the people: a pro- Groombridge, B. Television Radio Times 50th anniversary souvenir, 1923 -1973. Penguin Books, gramme for democratic participation. BBC, 1973. 1972. Reith, J. C. W. Into the wind. Hodder and Stoughton, propaganda and international Hale, J. Radio power: 1949. o.p. broadcasting. Elek, 1975. Reith, J. C. W. Diaries ed. C. Stuart. Collins, 1975. Halloran, J. D., ed. The effects of television. Panther Scupham, J. Broadcasting and the community. C. A. Books, 1970. Watts, 1967. Halmos, P., ed. The sociology of mass -media com- Shulman, M. The least worst television in the world. municators (The Sociological Review. monograph 13). Barrie and Jenkins, 1973. University of Keele, 1969. Shulman, M. The ravenous eye. Collins, 1973. BBC Audience Heath, R. B. Radio and television. (Mass media, 4.) Silvey, R. Who's listening? The story of H. Hamilton, 1969. o.p. Research. Allen and Unwin, 1974.

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Smith, A. British broadcasting. David and Charles, 1974. Some BBC dates Smith, A. The shadow in the cave: a study of the 1922 relationship between the broadcaster, his audience and 1 Nov Broadcast the state. Allen and Unwin, 1973. receiving licence introduced (ten Snagge, J. and Barsley, M. Those vintage years of shillings). radio. Pitman, 1972. 14 Nov Daily broadcasting began from the Social Morality Council. The future of broadcasting. London station of the British Broad- (Chairman: Dame Margaret Miles.) Eyre Methuen, casting Company (2L0). 1974. 15 Nov Birmingham (5IT) and Manchester Swann, M. The autonomy of the broadcasters: (2ZY) stations brought into service. Constitution and convention. BBC, 1974. 14 Dec John Reith appointed General Manager Swann, M. Freedom and restraint in broadcasting. of the British BBC, 1975. Broadcasting Company. 24 Dec Newcastle upon Tyne (5NO) Talbot, G. Ten seconds from now: a broadcaster's station story. Hutchinson, 1973. brought into service. Taste and standards in BBC programmes: a study by 1923 the BBC for its General Advisory Council. BBC, 1973. The coverage of sport on BBC television: a study for 13 Feb Cardiff (5WA) station brought into the BBC's General Advisory Council by Sir Stanley service. Rous. BBC, 1974. 6 Mar Glasgow (5SC) station brought into The use of radio frequencies for sound and television service. broadcasting in the UK: a paper by the BBC for its 28 Sep First issue of Radio Times published. General Advisory Council. BBC, 1974. 30 Dec First continental programme by land - Tunstall, J., ed. Media sociology: a reader. Constable, line from Radiola, Paris. 1970. 31 Dec First broadcast of chimes of Big Ben to Tunstall, J. The Open University opens. Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973. usher in the New Year. Violence on television: programme content and viewer perception. BBC, 1972. 1924 Whale, J. The half-shut eye: television and politics in 4 Apr Broadcasts for schools began. Britain and America. Macmillan, 1969. 14 Sep Belfast (2BE) station brought into Wheldon, H. British traditions in a world -wide service. medium. BBC, 1973. Wheldon, H. Competition in television. BBC, 1971. 1926 Worsley, T. C. Television: the ephemeral art. A. Ross. 1970. 31 Dec The British Broadcasting Company dissolved.

1927 1 Jan The British Broadcasting Corporation constituted under Royal Charter for ten years. 11 Nov Chelmsford (5SW) short -wave station brought into service for experimental broadcasts to Empire.

1928 30 Oct Inauguration of experimental trans- mission of still pictures by the Fulto- graph process from Daventry.

1929 16 Jan First issue of The Listener published. 21 Oct Brookman's Park station brought into service, marking the beginning of the regional scheme.

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1932 1941 2 May Broadcasting House, London, brought Jun 'V' campaign broadcasts introduced in into service. European Service. 22 Aug First experimental television pro- gramme from Broadcasting House, 30- 1942 line system (Baird process taken over 22 Mar First daily news bulletin in morse trans- by BBC). mitted for the Resistance. 19 Dec Empire Service from Daventry in- 1944 augurated. Programme began (dis- 25 Dec First Round -the -Empire Christmas Day 27 Feb General Forces programme and broadcast message by continued 31 December 1946). King George V. 1945 15 Feb First Commonwealth Broadcasting 1936 Conference opened in London. 2 Nov High -definition Television Service from 29 Jul Light Programme introduced and Re- Alexandra Palace officially began. gional Home Services restarted. 11 Dec Abdication broadcast by King Edward VIII. 1946 24 Mar Russian Service began. 1937 1 Jun Broadcast receiving licence increased to combined licence for tele- 1 Jan Royal Charter renewed for ten years. £1 for radio; 12 May King George VI Coronation: first tele- vision and radio introduced at £2. vision outside broadcast. 7 Jun Television Service resumed. 29 Sep Third Programme introduced. 1938 1947 3 Jan First foreign language service began 1 Jan Royal Charter renewed for five years. (in Arabic). 1 Jan General Overseas Service began. 15 Mar Latin American Service began (in Spanish and Portuguese). 1948 languages 27 Sep First services in European 11 Oct First television broadcast from No. 10 began (French, German and Italian). Downing Street.

1939 1949 18 Apr First broadcast of English lessons (in 17 Dec Sutton Coldfield television station Arabic Service). brought into service. 1 Sep Television Service closed down for reasons of national defence. 1950 12 European Broadcasting Union founded. 1 Sep Home Service replaced National and Feb Regional Services. 17 Aug First television outside broadcast from (Calais). 3 Sep Broadcasts by King George VI and the the Continent Prime Minister, Mr Neville 1951 Chamberlain, on the outbreak of war. 12 Oct Holme Moss television station brought Sep Build up of broadcasts to Europe: Hungarian, Polish, Czechoslovak, into service. television election address - given Romanian, Yugoslav and Greek 15 Oct First by Lord Samuel. Services. 1952 1940 1 Jul Royal Charter renewed for ten years. 7 Jan Forces Programmes began. 11 May Hindustani Service began (now Hindi 1953 and Urdu Services). 2 Jun Coronation televised for first time.

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1954 30 Sep Radio 1 introduced on 247 m. Radio 6 Jun First European exchange of television networks renamed Radios 1, 2, 3 and 4. 4 Jul programmes; eight countries taking part 8 Nov Local radio experiment began: BBC Radio Leicester. 1955 1969 2 May First vhf radio broadcasting station brought into service at Wrotham. 10 Jul Broadcasting in the Seventies, BBC's 10 Oct Colour television test transmissions plans for the future of network radio began from Alexandra Palace. and non -metropolitan broadcasting, published. 1956 21 Jul Man's first landing on the moon tele- 28 Mar Crystal Palace temporary television vised on BBC -1. station brought into service, replacing 15 Nov Colour television extended to BBC -1 Alexandra Palace (completed 18.12.57). and ITV on 625 lines uhf. 27 Apr First ministerial television broadcast (Prime Minister - Sir Anthony Eden). 1970 4 Apr Re- organisation of radio networks and 1957 non -metropolitan television following 25 Dec The Queen's Christmas broadcast tele- Broadcasting in the Seventies. vised for the first time (heard simul- Sep to Eight new BBC local radio stations taneously on radio). Dec opened.

1958 1971 13 and Stereophonic test transmissions began. 10 Jan Open University transmissions started. 14 Jan 1 Feb Radio only licence fee abolished. 5 May Experimental television transmissions 10 Nov Pebble Mill, Birmingham, opened by started in Band V on 625 lines from Princess Anne. Crystal Palace. 1972 1960 1 Nov The Queen 29 Jun First transmission from BBC Television opened the BBC 50th an- Centre. niversary exhibition.

1962 1973 20 Feb First message from space (US Astronaut 24 Nov BBC Radio Carlisle opened, completing Colonel Glenn's) retransmitted by the first 20 BBC local radio stations. BBC. 1974 1 Jul Royal Charter extended to 29 July 1964. 11 Jul First exchange of live transatlantic pro- 10 Apr Announcement of a Committee on the grammes by satellite Telstar. Future of Broadcasting under Lord Annan, followed by extension of Royal 1964 Charter to 1979. 20 Apr First BBC -2 programmes on 625 lines 23 Sep Regular CEEFAX service started. transmitted from Crystal Palace. 30 Jul Royal Charter renewed for 12 years. 1975 30 Aug Introduction of the Music Programme 9 Jun Four -week parliamentary broadcasting in the Third Network. 4 Jul experiment; live and recorded radio broadcasts from the House of Com- 1967 mons. 1 Jul BBC -2 began regular colour television transmissions using PAL system on 625 lines (first in Europe).

www.americanradiohistory.com m[ndex

ABS: See Association of Broadcasting Staff Television Music Library 309 Academy of the BBC 45, 220, 222 Tickets for BBC Shows 297 Addresses, BBC 324-7 Transcripts and radio tapes 311 Appointments Department 315 Visits to BBC premises 298 Audience Research 296 Wales 324 Auditions 297 World Service 297 Broadcasting House, London 324 Writing to the BBC 296 Central Stills Library 310 Written Archives Centre 308 Community Programme Unit 299 Advertising and sponsorship of programmes 273 Engineering Information Department 232, 296 288, 290 Engineering Recruitment Officer 315 Advisory Committees 83 -7, 275-6, 329 -32 Enterprises 306 Agricultural 86, 109, 114, 331 Export Promotion Service 212 Appeals 86-7, 109, 114, 329 -30 External Broadcasting 324 Asian Programmes 87, 275, 332 Foreign Recordings Library 310 Engineering 87, 332 Gramophone Library 309 -10 Music 86, 109, 332 International Relations 312 Religious 86, 109, 114, 329 Local radio stations 325-6 Science Consultative Group 87, 275, 332 Monitoring Service 214 Advisory Councils 83-6, 275-6, 283-4, 328 -9 Music Library 309 Further Education 86, 330-1 Network Production Centres 324-5 General 18, 83-4, 275 -6, 281, 282, 328 News Information Service 309 Local Radio 85, 275, 332 -4 News offices overseas 327 Northern Ireland 83, 84, 275, 328 Northern Ireland 324 Regional 83, 84-5, 275, 276, 283 -4, 328 -9 Overseas Audience Research and Aerials, Receiving 74, 230-2 Correspondence 296 African Service 58, 61, 123, 210 Photograph Library, BBC 311 Agricultural Advisory Committees 86, 331 -2 Photograph Sales 310-1 Agricultural programmes 44, 172, 175, 178, 206 Popular Music Library 309 Aide Mémoire on political broadcasting 216 Press Offices 299 Alexandra Palace 276 Programme Correspondence Section 296 Annan Committee on the Future of Broadcasting Programmes Complaints Commission 300 15, 16, 83, 84-5, 86, 87, 105, 203, 277 Publications 296, 303 -5, 324 Appeals Advisory Committees 86, 298, 329 -30 Publicity 299 Appeals for charity 47-8, 86-7, 298 -9 Radio Drama Play Library 308 Appointments Department 79, 314, 315 Radio Times Hulton Picture Library 311 Arabic Service 14, 58, 61, 62, 66, 123, 210, 303 Record requests 296-7 Archive features 165, 201 Reference Library Services 307 -8 Archives, Sound: See Sound Archives Regional television stations 325 Archives, Written: See Written Archives Centre Representatives overseas 326-7 Artists' Contracts Department 198, 315 -6 Scotland 324 Arts features: See Features departments Script Library and Programme Index 308 Ascension Island Relay Station: See Atlantic Relay Scripts and scores, Submission of 297 Station Sound Archives 310 Asian Broadcasting Union 74, 312 Television Centre 324 Asian Programmes Advisory Committee 87, 275 Television Drama Script Library 308 Members 332 Television Film and Videotape Library 310 Association of Broadcasting Staff 11, 77, 78, 81

341

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Association of Cinematograph, Television and Allied Broadcasting House, London 324 Technicians 78 Broadcasting: memorandum on television policy (Cmd Atlantic Relay - Station 215 9005) 277 Audience Research 48 -51, 64, 66, 83, 85, 295 -6 Broadcasting: memorandum on the Report of the Audiences 48-51, 295-6 Broadcasting Committee, 1949 (Cmd 8291 and External Broadcasting 56, 58, 64-5 8550) 276 Radio 26, 27, 31, 50-1, 221 Broadcasting: memorandum on the Report of the Television 49 -50 Committee on Broadcasting, 1960 (Cmnd Audiometric screening 79 1770) 277 Auditions 297 Broadcasting Policy (Cmd 6852) 276 Awards, national and international, See Prize- Budget broadcasts 34, 217 winning programmes Bulgarian language broadcasts 61, 123, 209 Bullock Report 39, 85, 86 Burmese language broadcasts 57, 123, 210 BBC Choral Society 222, 297 Bush House 63, 97 BBC Engineering 74 BBC Northern Singers 46, 222 BBC -I and BBC -2: See Television Services Cable Television Association of Great Britain 73 BBC Records 91 -2, 306, 316 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 31 BBC Singers 37, 222, 225, 316 Cantonese language broadcasts 123 -7 passim BBC -Wales Television: See Wales Caribbean Relay Station 14, 63, 97 BREMA: See British Radio Equipment Caribbean Service 62 Manufacturers' Association Carlisle, BBC Radio 202, 266-7, 325, 332-3 Balance and impartiality: See Controversial issues, CEEFAX 14-5, 69, 71 -2, 73, 227, 306-7 BBC treatment of Central Agricultural Advisory Committee 86 Balance sheet and accounts, BBC: See Finance, BBC Members 331 Bengali language broadcasts 57, 66, 123, 210 Central Appeals Advisory Committee 86-7, 298 Beveridge Committee on Broadcasting, 1949 216, Members 330 276 Central European Service 56-7, 123, 209 Birmingham, BBC Radio 31, 203, 266-7, 325, 332 Central Music Advisory Committee 86 Birmingham Network Production Centre 206 Members 332 Address 324 Central Religious Advisory Committee 18, 86, 225 Programme review 178-9 Members 329 Radio 30, 44-5 Central Stills Library 310 Television 44 Chairman, BBC 16, 17, 22, 83, 280-1 Blackburn, BBC Radio 203, 266-7, 325, 332 Charity appeals: See Appeals for charity Board of Governors: See Governors, Board of Charters, BBC 271 -86 Board of Management 19 -20 1964 Charter text 278 -86 Members 20 Extension to July 1979 277 Books on broadcasting 335-8 Supplemental Charter, 1974 277 Brighton, BBC Radio 31, 203, 266-7, 325, 332 Children's programmes Bristol, BBC Radio 203, 266-7, 325, 332 Radio 119, 182 Bristol Network Production Centre 206 Television 21 -2, 46, 50, 118, 148 -83 passim, 197 Address 325 Chinese language broadcasts 14, 58, 123 -7 passim, 210 Natural History Unit 45, 206 See also Cantonese Programme review 180-1 Choirs, BBC 222 Radio 30, 45 Choral Society, BBC 222, 297 Television 45 Cleveland, BBC Radio 203, 266, 268, 325, 333 British Actors' Equity Association 80, 316 Coastal sea areas (map) 313 British Broadcasting Company 271 -2 Colour television 10, 39, 47, 69-70, 74, 204 British Council 62, 211 Reception 231 British Forces Broadcasting Service 127 Comedy British Radio Equipment Manufacturers' Radio programmes 26, 200 Association 73 Television programmes 12, 46, 49, 150 British Tourist Authority 61 Commercial local radio: See Local radio, Broadcasting Councils: See Advisory Councils; Commercial National Broadcasting Councils and School Commissioned works, BBC 108, 200, 203, 220, Broadcasting Councils 221, 316

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Committees of inquiry 276-7 Dates, BBC 338-40 See also under names of Chairmen Derby, BBC Radio 203, 266, 268, 325, 333 Commonwealth Broadcasting Association 74, 312 Design Group, Television 198 Communications Department 228 Designs Department, Engineering 227 Community Programme Unit 11, 299 Deutsche Welle 55, 63, 64, 214 Complaints and criticism of the BBC: See Digital processes 72-3, 227 Controversial issues, BBC treatment of; See also Pulse code techniques Programmes Complaints Commission; Director -General, BBC 16, 17, 83, 271, 312 Writing to the BBC Documentaries departments 201 Computer Planning Department 80-1 . Radio programmes 46, 60. 119, 155-85 passim Concert Orchestra, BBC 27, 221, 222 Television programmes 22, 23 -4, 49, 118. Conductors of BBC orchestras 222 132 -79 passim, 197 Constitution, BBC 271 -5, 280-1 Drama departments 197, 201 BBC's obligations 272 -3 Radio programmes 13-4, 25, 28 -9, 30, 45, 47, 84, BBC's powers and responsibilities 271, 278 119, 162-85 passim, 200 Controversy, impartiality and independence 271, Television programmes 12 -3, 21, 23, 42, 44, 49, 273, 274-5 118, 140-79 passim, 206 Finance 273-4 Objects of the BBC 278-80 Powers of the Government 272 Contempt of Court, Law relating to 273 EBU: See European Broadcasting Union Continuity 118, 119 EETPU: See Electrical, Electronic, Contracts 80, 315-6 Telecommunications and Plumbing Union Controversial issues, BBC treatment of 274-5 East Advisory Council Balance and impartiality 56, 216, 217, 218, Members 328 271, 273, 274-5 East European Service 123, 209 Editorial control 216 East Mediterranean Relay Station 14, 63, 214 Copenhagen Plan, 1948 228 East Region (Norwich) Co- productions 12, 211, 221 Address 325 Copyright 80, 279, 316-7 Advisory Council 328 Copyright Department 316 Programme hours 116, 117 Correspondents, BBC News 35, 57, 60, 200, 209, Programme review 186 211, 215 Eastern Relay Station 63, 210, 214 Crawford Committee on Broadcasting, 1925 Eastern Service 57, 123, 210 271 -2, 276 Economy measures 9, 11, 13, 22, 25, 48, 73-4, 106, Crawford Committee on Broadcasting Coverage, 113, 199 1973 42, 71 Education and Science, Department of 37, 224 Report 15-6; on Scotland 105-6; on Wales Educational broadcasting 18 -9, 37 -42, 223-4 110-1, 112, 205 Advisory Councils 83, 85-6 Criticism: See Controversial issues, BBC Finance 37 -8 treatment of; Programmes Complaints Frequencies 38, 70-1 Commission; Writing to the BBC Hire of educational films 305 Crowsley Park Receiving Station 63 Local radio 41, 202 Curran, Sir Charles, Director -General 19, 312 Northern Ireland 121 Current Affairs Groups 196-7, 201, 215-6 Programme hours 37 Radio programmes 60, 119, 155 -7, 199, 200 Recording off-air 38 Television programmes 118, 131 -2, 170, 179 Scotland 121 See also News and Current Affairs Wales 122 Current Affairs Magazine Programmes department See also English by Radio and Television; 201 Further Education; Open University; School Cyprus 34 Broadcasting Cyprus Relay Station: See East Mediterranean Election: See General Elections Relay Station Election broadcasts Czech language broadcasts 123, 209 See General Elections Electoral law 218 Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications and Dari language broadcasts 14, 124 Plumbing Union 11, 77, 81 Data transmission: See CEEFAX Electronic Engineering Association 73

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Engineering 14-5, 69 -75, 227-70 Languages, number of 207, 208 Advisory Committee 87, 332 Objectives and influence 207-8 External broadcasting 214-5 Organisation 208, 319 Organisation chart 320 Programme hours 123, 208 Queen's Award to Industry 15 Publications 303 Radio: Frequency reallocations 70-1 Rebroadcasts: See Rebroadcasts Recruitment and training 74-5, 228, 315 Relay stations 14, 59, 63, 97 Research and development 71 -3, 227, 306, 315 Senior staff list 322 Senior staff list 322-3 See also under individual services Technical liaison 73 -5 External Services: See External Broadcasting Television 69 -70, 74 External Services News Department 211 See also Transmitting Stations and under individual subjects, e.g. colour television Engineering Advisory Committee, Members 87, 332 Far Eastern Relay Station 14, 63, 210, 214 Engineering Information Department 74, 232, 296 Far Eastern Service 57 -8, 123, 210 Engineering Recruitment Officer 314, 315 Farming programmes: See Agricultural Engineering Training Centre, Evesham 74 programmes English Appeals Advisory Committees 86-7 Features departments English by Radio and Television 59, 62-3, 123, Archive features 201 124-7 passim, 207, 211 -2 Radio programmes 13 -4, 30, 119, 171, 172, 177 English language broadcasts by External Services Television programmes 22-3, 43, 46, 49, 118, 58 -9, 123, 124-8 passim, 190-1, 208 -11 134-85 passim English Regions 43 -7, 206 Fees to contributors 315 -6, 317 Advisory Committees 86-7, 298, 328-9 Festival of Light Music, Radio 2 221 Senior staff list 323-4 Film Library: See Television Film Library See also under individual regions Films, British and Foreign Feature 116, 118 English Regions Drama 178, 206 Finance, BBC 9 -10, 25, 83, 273 -4, 277, 280, 284-5 English Television Regions: See Television Regions Balance sheet and accounts 93 -104, 285 Enterprises, BBC 41, 89 -92, 305 -7, 316 See also Enterprises, BBC; Licences, Addresses 306 Broadcast receiving; External Broadcasting: BBC Records and Tapes 90, 91 -2, 306 Finance; Open University; Publications Character merchandising 91, 305 Finance Directorate 81 Educational Films, Hire and sale of 91, 224, 305 Organisation chart 319 Exhibitions 90, 91, 305 Senior staff list 323 Facilities to overseas broadcasters 91, 306 Financial unit 35 Film Library sales 91, 305 Finnish language broadcasts 123, 125, 209 Income from 10, 89 -91, 95, 305 Foreign and Commonwealth Office 213 Television sales 90-1, 305 Foreign Broadcast Information Service 66, 214 Equity: See British Actors' Equity Association Foreign Recordings Library 310 European Broadcasting Conference, Stockholm, Fourth television channel 15, 70, 111, 205 1961 71, 230 French language broadcasts 123-7 passim European Broadcasting Union 20, 28, 74, 86, 221, French Language Service 14, 56, 64, 123, 209 301, 312 Frequencies European Services 55-7, 209 Allocations 70 -1, 228 -30, 234-66 See also under individual services External broadcasting 214-5 Eurovision 74, 198, 312 International Conference, Geneva, October 1974 External Broadcasting 14, 53 -67, 83, 207-15, 287, 70; October 1975 70, 230 289, 290 Local Radio 266 Addresses 212, 214, 215, 324 Radio: Medium and long wavebands 38, 70, 199, Audiences 56, 58, 64-6 203, 264-5 Cooperation with overseas networks 312 Radio: VHF wavebands 38, 43, 70 -1, 199, 203, Co- productions 211 254-63 Correspondence from listeners 56, 57, 58, 59, Television: 405 -line 70, 247-53 61 -2, 66 Television: 625 -line 69-70, 234-46 Engineering 214-5 Further Education 37 -8, 223-4 Finance and grant -in -aid 94, 96, 97, 99, 208, 213, Advisory Council 42, 86, 224, 333-4 214, 274, 280, 287, 291 Departments 201 Industry and exports 61 -2, 212 Programme hours 118, 119

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Publications 42, 89, 224, 304 Independent Broadcasting Authority 42, 48, 70, 73, Radio programmes 39-40, 158, 224 86, 217, 218, 219, 276, 277, 289, 306 Television programmes 40-1, 139, 170, 180, 197, Indonesian language broadcasts 58. 123, 125, 210 224 Industrial Films Catalogue 91 urther Education Advisory Council 42, 86, 224, Industrial relations: See Staff: Industrial relations Members 330-1 Inflation 9, 105 Information sources, BBC: See Libraries and information sources 3aelic language broadcasts 107, 170, 171 Interference 70, 74, 230, 231 3eneral Advisory Council 51, 83-4, 275 -6, International broadcasting 54 -5, 63-4 281, 282, 283, 300 Developments 63-4 First residential conference 18, 84 External broadcasting hours 65 (table) Members 328 Organisations 312 General Elections 91 Output, programme hours 65 Party election broadcasts 16, 33 -4, 83, 217 International Electrotechnical Commission 74 Programme coverage of October 1974 Election International Radio Consultative Committee 74, 16-7, 25, 26, 29 -30, 31, 47, 60, 106, 113, 312 156-7 International Standards Organisation 74 General Features department 197 International Telecommunication Convention, 1959 German language broadcasts 124-5, 127 288, 289 German Service 14, 55, 56, 61, 123, 209 International Telecommunication Union 74, 228, Government announcements, Broadcast 272, 290 312 Governors, Board of 18, 20, 83, 84, 98, 271, 275, Medium and low frequency planning conference, 280, 300, 317 October 1974 15, 70; October 1975 15, Members 8 70, 230 Gramophone Library 309 -10 International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Gramophone Programmes 159 -61, 201, 220 Committee 74, 312 Grant -in -aid: See External Broadcasting: Finance Intervision 198 Greek language broadcasts 56, 123, 124, 125, 209 Italia Prize 13, 25, 28 Greene, Sir Hugh 274 Italian language broadcasts 55 -6, 123, 125, 127, 209 Greenwich Time Signal 314 Grint Inquiry 10 Jamming of broadcasts 56 Japanese language broadcasts 57, 61, 123, 125, 210 Haley, Sir William 274 Hausa language broadcasts 59, 123, 124, 126, 210 Hebrew language broadcasts 125, 209 Language for Life: See Bullock Report Hindi language broadcasts 14, 57, 66, 123 -7 Lao language broadcasts 125 passim, 210 Latin American Service 14, 59-60, 123, 210 Home Department, Secretary of State for 272 Leeds, BBC Radio 203, 266, 268, 325, 333 Home Services: See Radio Services; Television Legal Department 80 Services Leicester, BBC Radio 31, 202, 203, 266, 268, 325, Hours of output: See Programme hours 333 Hutton Picture Library: See Radio Times Hutton Libel and defamation, Law of 273 Picture Library Libraries and information sources, BBC 307 -11 Humberside, BBC Radio 31, 202, 203, 266, Central Stills Library 310 268, 325, 333 Foreign Recordings Library 310 Huna London 58, 61, 303 Gramophone Library 309 -10 Hungarian language broadcasts 123, 209 Music Library 309 News Information Service 309 Photograph Library, BBC 311 ITU: See International Telecommunication Union Photograph Sales 310-1 Impartiality: See Controversial issues, BBC Popular Music Library 309 treatment of Radio Drama Play Library 308 Income: See Finance, BBC Radio Times Hutton Picture Library 311 Incomes Data Services, Ltd. 78 Reference Library 307 -8 Incorporated Society of Musicians 316 Script Library and Programme Index 308 Independence, BBC 271, 272, 275 Sound Archives 310

www.americanradiohistory.com 346 Index Television Drama Script Library 308 Medium -wave broadcasting: See Frequencies; Television Film and Videotape Library 310 Transmitting stations Television Music Library 309 Medway, BBC Radio 203, 266, 270, 326, 333 Transcripts and tapes 311 Members of Parliament: See Parliament Written Archives Centre 308 Merseyside, BBC Radio 31, 203, 266, 270, 326, Licences and Agreements, BBC 271 -3 333-4 Extension to July 1979 277 Midland Radio Orchestra 44, 206, 221, 222 1969 Licence, Text 287 -93 Midland Region (Birmingham) Licences, Broadcast receiving Address 325 Fees, 1922 -1975 301 Advisory Council 328 Fees in European countries 301 Programme hours 116, 117 Fees increase 9, 49 Programme review 186 Income from 10, 97, 273-4 287, 291 Midlands Advisory Council, Members 328 Number of 1927 -1975 302 Ministerial broadcasts 33-4, 217, 282, 290 Light entertainment departments 197, 201, 222 Mixed Committee on Transmission of Television 74 Radio programmes 30, 46, 119, 164-85 passim Monitoring Service 66-7, 213-4, 290 Television programmes 45, 46, 49, 118, 146-79 Address 214 passim, 206 Exchange agreements 214 Lime Grove Studios, BBC 198 Finance 99, 101, 214 Listener, The 89, 203 Publications 213-4 Local Radio, BBC 13, 31 -2, 84, 202-3 Motoring information on radio 72 Audiences 31, 48, 203 Music 220-2 Councils 83, 85, 275, 331 -3 Advisory Committees 86, 330 (members) Educational programmes 41, 202 Departments 201, 210, 220, 221 Finance 203 Light and pop music 26, 199, 221, 222 Frequencies 266 Opera 23, 27, 86, 221, 222 Programme hours 117 Programme hours 118, 119, 220 Programme review 166-7 Promenade Concerts 23, 60, 86, 200, 220-1 Public participation 33, 47-8, 202 Radio 27, 46, 199, 200, 220-1 Station addresses 325-6 Radio programme review 159 -85 passim Station managers 325-6 Serious music 44, 86, 200, 220, 221 Transmitting stations 266-70 Television 86, 221 -2 Wales 15 Television programme review 144-5, 175 Local radio, Commercial 48 Music and Arts department, Television 197 Local Radio Councils 83, 85, 275 Music Libraries 309 -10 Members 332-4 Music Publishers' Association 316 London, BBC Radio 31, 202, 266, 269, 325, 333 Music Trades' Association Awards 92 London Calling 303 Musicians' Union 80, 316 London Region: See South -east Region London Studio Players 221, 222 Long-wave broadcasting: See Frequencies; NATTKE: See National Association of Transmitting stations Theatrical, Television and Kine Employees Lunchtime Lectures 17, 336 NTRA: See National Television Rentals Association NUJ: See National Union of Journalists National Association of Theatrical, Television and Malay language broadcasts 123 -7 passim, 210 Kine Employees 11, 77, 81 Maltese language broadcasts 123, 125 National Broadcasting Councils 275-6, 282 -3 Management, Board of 19 -20, 83, 317 Northern Ireland, Provision for 275, 282, Members 19 284 Management Services Group 80-1 Scotland 105, 108, 204, 275, 277, 282 Manchester, BBC Radio 31, 203, 266, 269, 326, 333 Members 105, 109 Manchester Network Production Centre 206 Wales 110, 205, 275, 282 Address 325 Members 110, 277 Broadcasting Centre, All Saints 45, 206 National Joint Council 11, 77 Programme Review 182-5 National Television Rentals Association 73 Radio 30, 46-7 National Union of Journalists 11, 77, 81, 316 Television 45-6 Natural History Unit, Bristol 45, 206 Mechanical- Copyright Protection Society 316 Programme review 180-1

www.americanradiohistory.com Index 347 Needle time 316 Northern Ireland Advisory Council 83, 84, 275 Nepali language broadcasts 14, 123, 126, 210 Members 328 Network Production Centres 30, 44-7, 206 Northern Ireland Agricultural Advisory Committee, See also under individual Centres Members 331 Newcastle, BBC Radio 31, 203, 266, 269, 326, 334 Northern Ireland Appeals Advisory Committee News and Current Affairs 17, 21 -2, 34-5, 215-6, 298 -9 279 Members 330 External broadcasting 57, 211 Northern Ireland Orchestra 84, 203, 221, 222 Local radio 31, 215 Northern Ireland Religious Advisory Committee, News departments 197, 201 Members 329 Organisation chart 319 Northern Radio Orchestra 46, 221, 222 Programme hours 118, 119 Northern Symphony Orchestra 46, 206, 220, 222 Radio programmes 29-30, 50, 53, 170, 174, 175, Nottingham, BBC Radio 202, 203, 266, 270, 326, 334 200 Regional newsrooms 47, 203, 215 Senior staff list 322 Official Secrets Act 273 Television programmes 49, 172, 175, 186 Open Door programmes 11, 299 See also Monitoring Service Open University 37, 40-1, 97, 116-9 passim, 199, News Information Service 309 224, 316 News offices overseas 327 Open University Productions Department, BBC Nordring Radio Prize 26 40-1, 80, 197, 224 Normanbrook, Lord 273 Orchestras, BBC 86, 220, 221, 316 North Advisory Council See also under individual orchestras Members 328 Organisation, BBC 284 North -east Advisory Council, Members 328 -9 Charts 317 -20 North -east Region (Newcastle) Senior staff lists 321-4 Address 325 Output: See Programme hours Advisory Council 328 -9 Outside broadcasts departments 197, 201 Programme hours 116, 117 Radio programmes 26, 164-85 passim Programme review 186 Television programmes 43, 146-85 passim North Region (Leeds) See also Sport Address 325 Overseas Audience Research and Correspondence Advisory Council 328 64-6, 296 Programme hours 116, 117 Overseas Development, Ministry of 62, 211 Programme review 186-7 Overseas Regional Services 61, 115, 124-7 passim, North-west Advisory Council, Members 329 211 North -west Region (Manchester) Overseas representatives, BBC: See Representatives Address 325 overseas Advisory Council 329 Overseas Services 210-1 Programme hours 116, 117 See also under individual services Programme review 186 Oxford, BBC Radio 203, 266, 270, 326, 334 Northern Dance Orchestra: See Northern Radio Orchestra Northern Ireland 25, 42-3, 203-4 Parliament Address 324 Broadcasts of proceedings 13, 16, 25, 35 Advisory Committees 86, 298, 329, 330, 331 Members' broadcasts 33-4 Advisory Council 83, 275, 283-4, 328 Obligation to broadcast reports 272, 290 Anniversary 42, 43 Reports of proceedings 218-9 Broadcasting House, Belfast 42, 43, 203 Party election broadcasts 33, 217 Educational programmes 121 See also General Elections Frequencies 42, 246, 249, 262 Party political broadcasts 32 -3, 217, 282 National Governor 84, 275, 280-1, 283 Pay Board 78 Outside Broadcast Unit 43, 203 Pension fund: See Staff: Pension fund Programme hours 116, 117, 203, 204 Performing Right Society 316 Programme review 175 -7 Persian language broadcasts 61, 123, 210 Senior staff list 324 Personnel Directorate 77 -81 Terrorist attacks 17, 42 Organisation chart 320 Transmitting stations 42, 204, 246, 249, 262 Senior staff list 323

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Phone -in programmes: See Public participation in National House -Building Council 19 programmes Commissioners 299 Phonographic Performance Ltd 316 Constitutions and terms of reference 299 -301 Photograph Library, BBC 311 Programmes for Immigrants Advisory Committee: Photograph Sales 310-1 See Asian Programmes Advisory Committee Pilkington Committee on Broadcasting, 1960 277 Promenade Concerts 23, 28, 60, 112, 200, 220 -1, 22: Plays: See Drama Pronunciation Unit 311 Plowden, Lady 20 Public Affairs Directorate Police messages 272, 298 Organisation chart 320 Polish language broadcasts 57, 123, 209 Senior staff list 323 Political and Parliamentary broadcasting 16-7, Public opinion on broadcasting: 33 -4, 216-9 See Audience Research See also Budget broadcasts; Election broadcasts; Public participation in programmes Ministerial broadcasts; Parliament; Party Phone -in programmes 16, 25, 29, 31, 44-5, 84, election broadcasts; Party political broadcasts 200, 201, 202 Popular Music Library 309 See also Community Programmes Unit Portuguese language broadcasts 53, 56, 123, 124, Publications, BBC 83, 84, 89, 279, 303 -5 126, 209, 210-1 Addresses 303 -5, 324 Post Office 271 Children's 304 Postmaster General: See Posts and Further education and schools 41, 89, 120, 223, Telecommunications, Minister of 224, 304-5 Posts and Telecommunications, Minister of 272, 277 General 303 See also Home Department, Secretary of State Income from 10, 89 for Overseas journals 303 Prescribing Memoranda (Supplementary See also under titles of publications obligations of BBC) 273 Publicity Department 299 Presentation Department, Television 22, 154, 197 Publishers' Association 316, 317 Press cuttings: See News Information Service Pulse code techniques Press offices, BBC, Addresses 299 Digital processes 72-3, 227 Prize- winning programmes and performances Pulse code modulation 71, 72, 106, 227 Radio 26, 32, 109 See also CEEFAX Television 24-5, 39, 41, 42, 109, 113 Pushtu language broadcasts 14, 124 Programme Contracts Department 297, 315-6 Programme Correspondence Section 296 Programme hours 291 Queen's Award to Industry 15 Energy crisis, Effects of 49 External broadcasting: countries other than UK 65 (table) RTRA: See Radio and Television Retailers' Radio 117 Association Reduction of 13, 14, 25-6, 34 Race Relations Act 273 Television 116 Race Relations Board 80 Programme Index 308 Radio 1 13, 25-6, 50, 117, 119, 155-65 passim, Programme Planning Department, Television 196 199 -200, 201, 221 Programmes Radio 2 13, 25-7, 50, 117, 119, 155-65 passim, External Services 55-60, 209 -13 199 -200, 201, 218, 221 Programme review 1974 -5 129-92 Radio 3 13, 27 -9, 39, 50, 70-1, 108, 117, 119, Radio 13 -4, 199-202 155-65 passim, 200, 220, 221 Radio: Analysis of content 119 Radio 4 13, 27, 29-31, 35, 39, 43, 50-1, 70-1, 111, Repeats 11 -2 117, 119, 155 -65 passim, 200-1, 218, 220 Television 11 -3, 21 -5, 196-7 Radio and Electronic Component Manufacturers' Television: Analysis of content 118 Federation 73 Programmes Complaints Commission, BBC Radio and Television Retailers' Association 73 18- 9,299 -301 Radio Drama Play Library 308 Address 300 Radio Orchestra 221, 222 Adjudications Radio Services 13-4, 25-32, 119 -203 Dr D. Purves 19 Audiences 26, 48, 50, 221 Young Enterprise 19 Awards for programmes 32 Mr V. Angell 19 Correspondence from listeners 25, 26

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Finance 93-5, 99, 100, 102-4 Television programmes 36-7, 109, 168-89 Frequencies 70-1 passim, 197, 225 Organisation chart 319 Representation of the People Act, 1949 218, 273 Programme analysis 119 Representation of the People Act, 1969 218 Programme hours 117, 119 Representatives overseas, BBC 326-7 Programme organisation 201 Research and development, BBC 71 -3 Programme review 155-65 Research Department 73, 227, 306 Regional broadcasting 44-7, 203 -6 Robert Mayer Children's Concerts 14, 25, 220 Senior staff list 321 Romanian language broadcasts 14, 61, 123, 209 Transmitting stations: See Transmitting stations: Royal Charters: See Charters, BBC Radio Russell Committee on Adult Education 86 See also Radio 1, 2, 3, 4; Local Radio Russian language broadcasts 123, 209 Radio Tapes Services 62, 210, 211, 213 See also Rebroadcasts; Topical tapes Radio Telefis Eireann 42 SOGAT: See Society of Graphical and Allied Radio Times 10, 84, 89, 303 Trades Radio Times Hutton Picture Library 189, 311 Sales of BBC programmes 305 Radiovision 38 Satellite communication 58, 91, 198, 211 306 Radiowriters' Association 316 School broadcasting 38, 223, 282 Rebroadcasts 14, 30, 58, 59, 61 -2, 208, 209, 210, Broadcasts available for sale 224 211, 212, 213 Departments 197, 201 List of countries using BBC External Services Number of listening and viewing schools 223 output 124-7 Programme hours 118, 119 Receivers, number of Publications, Number of schools buying 120, 223 Colour television 10, 48, 70 Radio programmes 121 -2 United Kingdom, television 48, 70 Radiovision 38 -9 World, radio and television 54 (table) Recording off-air 223 Reception 59, 74, 112, 205-6, 230-2 School Broadcasting Councils 42, 85-6, 109, See also Aerials; Frequencies; Interference 223, 330-1 Record requests 296-7 Television 38 -9, 197 Recording off-air 38, 41 -2 Television programmes 122 Reference Library 307 -8 Videotape recording 41 -2, 223 Referendum broadcasts 218 School Broadcasting Council for Scotland 109, 204 Regional Advisory Councils 84-5, 275, 276, 283-4 Members 331 Regional broadcasting 43 School Broadcasting Council for the United Addresses 325 Kingdom 41 -2, 85-6, 223 Advisory Committees and Councils 44, 83, 84-5, Members 330 275, 276, 328-9 School Broadcasting Council for Wales 114, 205 English Regions 43-7 Members 331 Finance 102 Science and Features 197 Programme hours 116, 117 Science Consultative Group 87, 275 Programme review 178-89 Members 332 Senior staff list 323-4 Scotland 105 -9, 204 Television Regions 47-8 Address 324 See also Network Production Centres and under Advisory Committees 86, 109, 204, 298, 329-32 individual regions Awards for programmes 109 Regional television stations: See Television Regions Broadcasting House, Glasgow 204 Keith Lectures 29, 60, 201 Broadcasting House, Inverness 204 Reith, Lord 271 Colour television 106, 204 Relay stations 14, 15, 59, 63, 69, 97, 214-5 Educational programmes 108, 121 -2, 224 Maps of domestic stations 235 -70 passim Frequencies 244, 252, 260 Religious broadcasting 18, 35-7, 224-5 Gaelic language output 107 Advisory Committees 86, 225, 329 National Broadcasting Council 105, 109, 204, 277 Departments 197, 201, 224, 225 National Governor 275, 280-1 Programme hours 118, 119 Programme hours 116, 117, 204 Radio programmes 36-7, 109, 174-89 passim, Programme review 106-9, 168 -71 225 Radio 106-9 Regional broadcasting 46, 225 School Broadcasting Council 204, 331

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Senior staff list 324 Programme hours 116, 117 Television 106-9, 204 Programme review 186 Transmitting stations 106, 244-5, 252 -3, 260-1 Spanish language broadcasts 56, 61, 123, 124-7 Scotland, BBC Radio 108 passim, 209, 210-1 Scottish Agricultural Advisory Committee 109 Sponsorship: See Advertising and sponsorship of Members 331 programmes Scottish Appeals Advisory Committee 109 Sport 83 Members 330 Radio programmes 27, 43, 46, 60, 119, 164-85 Scottish Music Advisory Committee 109 passim, 199, 201 Members 332 Television programmes 43, 46, 49, 83, 118, Scottish National Party 19 146-85 passim Scottish Radio Orchestra 221, 222 Staff 77 -81, 284, 314-5 Scottish Religious Advisory Committee 109 Deaths 17, 19, 30, 34, 113 Members 329 Grading and job evaluation 78 Scottish Symphony Orchestra 220, 222 Health and welfare 79, 284 Script Library and Programme Index 308 Industrial relations 11, 77 -9, 83, 276, 284 Scripts, Submission of 297 Number of staff 77, 314 Selsdon, Lord 272 Pay and salaries 10, 78, 81 Television Committee, 1934 276 Pension fund 97 Serbo -Croat language broadcasts 123, 209 Recruitment and promotion 79, 314-5 Sheffield, BBC Radio 203, 266, 269, 326, 334 Retirements 85 Shipping forecasts 199, 312 Senior staff lists 321-4 Map of coastal sea areas 313 Women, Equality of opportunities for 79 Short -wave broadcasting: See Staff training 79-81 Frequencies: External broadcasting; Engineering training 74-5 Transmitting Stations: External broadcasting Management training 80 Siberry, J. 15 Office training 80 Sinhala language broadcasts 14, 123, 126, 210 Radio training 80 Slovak language broadcasts 123, 209 Television training 79 -80 Slovene language broadcasts 123, 209 Stereophony 71, 72, 74, 204, 205, 222, 232 Social Effects of Television, Advisory Group on the Areas able to receive transmissions 71, 106, 84, 87, 275 112, 263 (map) Members 332 Stoke -on-Trent, BBC Radio 31, 202, 203, 266, 269, Society of Authors 80, 316 326, 334 Society of Graphical and Allied Trades 11, 77, 81 Strike 11 Solent, BBC Radio 202, 203, 266, 269, 326, 334 Summary of World Broadcasts 67, 213, 214 Solid state cameras 73 Survey of Listening and Viewing 48, 295 Somali language broadcasts 59, 123, 210 Swahili language broadcasts 58 -9, 61, 66, 123, SOS Messages 298 125, 210 Sound Archives 84, 165, 201, 306, 310 Swann, Sir Michael 22 Sound Broadcasting Act, 1972 277 Sykes Committee on Broadcasting, 1923 276 Sound -in -Syncs 15, 72, 227 Symphony Orchestra, BBC 14, 25, 28, 220, 222 South Advisory Council, Members 329 South -east Region Frequencies and transmitting stations 234-5, Talks 247 -8, 254 Radio programmes 28, 45, 46, 155 -85 passim Programme hours 117 World Service 190-1 South European Service 123, 209 Tamil language broadcasts 14, 57, 123, 125, 126, South Region (Southampton) 210 Address 325 Tapes: See Radio Tapes Services; Topical Tapes; Advisory Council 329 Rebroadcasts; Transcripts and tapes Programme hours 116, 117 Technician Education Council 86 Programme review 186-7 Teesside, BBC Radio: See Cleveland, BBC Radio South -west Advisory Council Telephone programmes: See Public participation in Members 329 programmes South -west Region (Plymouth) Teletext transmissions 306 Address 325 See also CEEFAX Advisory Council 329 Television Act, 1954 276

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Television Centre, BBC 197 -8 Television: 625 -line 14, 69-70, 74, 106, 111, 112, Television Drama Script Library 308 203, 204, 206 Television Film and Videotape Library 91, 198, Turkish language broadcasts 123, 127, 209 305 Television Film Studios, Ealing 198 Television Management Information System 195-6 Uhf broadcasting: See Frequencies; Television Music Library 309 Transmitting stations: Television: 625 -line Television Operations and Maintenance Group 198 Ullswater Broadcasting Committee, 1935 216, 276 Television Regions, English 47 -8, 206 Ulster, BBC Radio 13, 15, 25, 42, 84, 204 Addresses 325 United States of America Programme review 186-7 Broadcasts overseas 65 Television Service 11 -3, 21 -5, 195-8 Foreign Broadcast Information Service 67, 214 Address 324 Receiver ownership 54 Audiences 49 Voice of America 63 Awards for programmes 24-5 Urdu language broadcasts 14, 123, 126, 210 BBC -1 and BBC -2 69-70, 73, 116, 118, 196, 211, 218, 221 Colour television 39, 48, 69 -70 Vhf broadcasting: See Frequencies; Transmitting Co- productions 12 stations Finance 93 -5, 98, 100, 101, 102-4 Videotape recording 41, 198 Organisation chart 318 Vietnamese language broadcasts 53, 57-8, 123, 210 Production centres 197 -8 Visits to BBC premises 298 Production methods 198 Visnews Limited 97 Programme analysis 118 Voice of America 63 Programme hours 116, 118 Programme organisation 196-7 Programme review 131 -92 Wales 110-4, 205-6 Programme servicing 198 Address 324 Regional broadcasting 44-8 Advisory Committees 86, 114, 298, 329 -32 Senior staff list 321 -2 Awards 113 Transmitting stations: See Transmitting Broadcasting House, Llandaff 205 stations: Television Colour television 113, 206 Television Theatre, Shepherd's Bush 198 Educational broadcasting 122, 224 Thai language broadcasts 14, 58, 123, 127, 210 Fourth television channel 15, 111, 205 Tickets for BBC shows 297-8 Frequencies 241 -2, 250, 259 Time division multiplex 72 National Broadcasting Council 110-4, 205, 212 Time-Life Films 91, 305 National Governor 275, 280-1 Time signals 314 Programme hours 116, 117, 205 Topical Tapes 61 -2, 124-8 passim, 211, 213 Programme review 113, 172-4 See also Radio Tapes Services; Rebroadcasts Radio 111, 112 -3 Trade Test Transmissions 73-4 School Broadcasting Council 114, 331 Trade Unions 77-9, 81 Senior staff list 324 See also Contracts; Staff: Industrial relations and Television 113, 205-6 under individual unions Transmitting stations, 112, 205-6, 241 -3, 250-1, Training: See Staff training 259 Transcription Services 60, 61 -2, 212-3 See also Welsh language broadcasts See also Rebroadcasts Wavebands, Wavelengths: See Frequencies a Transcripts and radio tapes 311 Weather forecasts 83-4, 197, 199, 312-4 Transmitting stations 227 -70 Welsh Agricultural Advisory Committee 114, 205 External broadcasting 14, 59, 63, 97, 214-5 Members 331 -2 International broadcasting 64 Welsh Appeals Advisory Committee 114, 205 Maps and domestic transmitters 235-70 Members 330 Radio: Medium and long wavebands 70, 204, Welsh Arts Council 112 205, 206, 264-5, 266-70 Welsh language broadcasts 15, 110-3 passim, 117, Radio: Vhf wavebands 70-1, 203, 204, 205, 118, 172, 174, 205, 225 206, 254 -63, 266-70 Welsh Orchestra: See Welsh Symphony Orchestra Stereophony 263 Welsh Religious Advisory Committee 114, 205 Television: 405-line 70, 206, 247-53 Members 329

www.americanradiohistory.com 352 Index Welsh Symphony Orchestra, BBC 112 -3, 205, 220, 222 West Advisory Council Members 329 West Region (Bristol) Address 325 Advisory Council 329 Programme hours 116, 117 Programme review 186 Whitby, A. C. 19, 30-1 Whitford Committee of Enquiry into the law on copyright and designs 85 Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1949 272, 287, 288, 291 World Broadcasting Information 214 World Recordings Library: See Foreign Recordings Library World Service 14, 60, 66, 87, 123, 207, 208, 209-10 Countries rebroadcasting 124-7 passim Pop Club 60, 296-7 Record requests 296-7 Select list of programmes 190-1 World news bulletins 60, 210 Writers' Guild of Great Britain 80, 316-7 Writing for the BBC 297 Writing to the BBC 296 Written Archives Centre 308

Yugoslav Service 61, 123

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