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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Harold L. Ickes, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. C. Mendenhall, Director
Bulletin 848
THE MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF THE NONOPAQUE MINERALS
SECOND EDITION
BY ESPER S. LARSEN AND HARRY HERMAN
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1934
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. ------Price 20 cents
CONTENTS
" '*" ^ t**v Page 1'f) OHAPTER 1. Introduction______-____------_------.-----_-_ 1 The immersion method of identifying minerals.______--___-_-___-_ 1 New data.______-______-__-_-______-----_--_-_---_-_- 2 Need of further data.______------_-- 2 ; Advantages of the immersion method..___-__-_-__-_---______2 Other suggested uses for the method______3 Work and acknowledgments.______-_____-_---__-__-___-___ 3 CHAPTER 2. Methods of determining the optical constants of minerals. __ 5 The chief optical constants and their interrelations______5 Measurement of-indices of refraction____---____-__-_--_--_-_____ 8 The embedding method..___------_-___-_-_-__--__-______8 The method of oblique illumination.___._-_-______-_____ 9 The method of central illumination______10 Dispersion method.------.------10 : Immersion media______--_---_-----_------11 General features.--.-.------11 Piperine and iodides.---.------.------13 Sulphur-selenium melts_------_ 15 Selenium and arsenic selenide melts._____--_--_----_-___ 17 Halogens of thallium-___---_---_-_------17 Methods of standardizing media for measuring indices of refraction.______----__-_-_-_------_ 18 Measurement of all indices of refraction of crystals.______20 Measurements of axial angles.-.------.----- 22 Dispersion of the optic axes______------_- 23 Optical character..______-_-______--_-_-_ ---___---___ 24 Optical orientation, dispersion of bisectrices, and crystal system..... 24 Dispersion of the indices of refraction______27 Other tests..-.______--_.______------27 CHAPTER 3. Some statistics on the optical properties of minerals. ______28 Distribution of minerals with regard to optical character.______28 Distribution of minerals with regard to index of refraction and bi refringence ______-___-----_-___-_------_----___- 28 Relation between index of refraction, density, and chemical compo- sition______-__-.______.__.-_-_-___- -__-_-_-_-_--____ 30 CHAPTER 4. Tables for the determination of minerals from their optical properties.______33 Arrangement of the data in the tables.______33 Completeness of the data.--.------.------34 Tables.______-___-_-______35 List of minerals arranged according to their intermediate indices of refraction, j8, and showing their birefringences-______35 Data for the determination of the nonopaque minerals...--. 47 Isotropic group.------47 Uniaxial positive group-_--_------_---_------_ 67 m IV CONTENTS
Page CHAPTER 4. Tables for the determination of minerals from their optical properties Continued. Tables Continued. Data for the determination of the nonopaque minerals Contd. Uniaxial negative group______77 Biaxial positive group.__-_---___--______--____-____-- 95 Biaxial negative group..______148 Minerals of unknown optical character.______213 Data on mineral groups..______219 Alunite group.______219 Amphibole group_____._____.______219 Apatite group.______228 Aragonite group.______:______228 Barite group___._---__.---_---_-__-_-____..___---_-_-_____ 229 Calcite group....,.-______229 Chlorite group__----_--_-_--_----______-_____-__------_. 230 Epidote group..______231 Feldspar group.____-_.-_-._-_-___-_-_--_--____-----_------_ 233 Garnet group.______-__-______:.___-_____-_-___-_---- 233 Melilite group. ______235 Mica group.______-___-_---_-______-____--_-____--. 236 Olivine group______---_-____-______-__-_____-__ 239 Pyroxene group..______240 Scapolite group.___-______-______.______-_------_---_ 245 Spinel group______---_____--__-__._-_-_-___------. 246 Tourmaline group..______247 Uranite group.______247 Vivianite group.______248 The zeolites..------. 250 INDEX ______------_------_--_-_----_----_-_------_- 255 ILLUSTRATIONS
Page FIGURE 1. The error in V'a as computed from the approximate formula
Cos' V'a = 7^______-______---- a _____,-__-___-___ 7 2. Indices of refraction of mixtures of piperine and iodides_____ 14 3. Indices of refraction of mixtures of sulphur and selenium..-- 16 4. Brass frame for prism for determination of the refractive indices of liquids._._-_------_-_-_---_----_-_--_...... 19 5. Stereographic projection of the optical elements of a triclinic mineral (axinite)..____----_-_----_----_---__--_-_---_ 26 6. Diagram showing density of distribution of the nonopaque minerals with respect to the intermediate index of refraction. 29 7. Diagram showing density of distribution of the nonopaque minerals with respect to index of refraction and birefrin gence __--_----_-----_----_--_------_------__-____ 29 V NOTE TO THE SECOND EDITION
In this second edition of the bulletin on the microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals (U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin 679) the first three chapters have been left, essentially as they were in the first edition; the fourth chapter of the first edition, which contained the new data, has been omitted, as a single publication of these data seemed sufficient; and the fifth chapter of the first edition becomes the fourth in the new edition. The tables, for the determination of minerals from their optical properties have been brought up to date by more than 500 new entries and 100 changes in old entries. About 250 new species and old species not given in the previous edition are included. Of these new data about 80 entries represent measurements made by the authors. Such data are indicated in the tables by an asterisk (*). At the recommendation of several mineralogists, tables have been added assembling the data of some of the mineral groups, including the alunite, am- phibole, apatite, aragonite, barite, calcite, chlorite, epidote, feldspar, garnet, melilite, mica, olivine, pyroxene, scapolite, spinel, tourmaline, vivianite, and uranite groups and the zeolites. Other new features of this edition are the addition of a column in the main table to indicate the variability of the indices of refraction and other data given for the mineral, and the addition of the calculations of 2E immediately below 2V. VI THE MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF THE NONOPAQUE MINERALS SECOND EDITION
By ESPER S. LARSEN and HARRY BERMAN
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION THE IMMERSION METHOD OF IDENTIFYING MINERALS Optical methods of determining minerals with the petrographic microscope have long been used and have been carried to a high state of development in studies of the minerals in thin sections of rocks and ores, yet out of about 1,000 mineral species comparatively few can be identified readily in thin sections. A mineral whose optical properties are known can be accurately and quickly identi fied, however, by the immersion method that is, by immersing its powder in liquid media whose indices of refraction are known and determining its optical constants. In this bulletin the authors give a set of tables for the systematic determination of minerals from their optical constants, describe briefly some methods for the rapid deter mination of optical constants, give the results of measurements of the optical constants of more than 500 species for which data were not previously available prior to the first edition, and present sta tistics on the optical properties of minerals. The first tables prepared for general use in determinations of minerals by the immersion method were those of Van der Kolk,1 published in 1900. Somewhat similar tables, prepared by A. F. Rogers,2 were published in 1906, and an optical mineralogy contain ing tables and description of all minerals for which optical data were then available, prepared by N. H. and A. N. Winchell,3 was published in 1909.
1 Schroeder van der Kolk, J. O., Tabellen zur mikroskopischen Bestlmmung der Mineralien nach ihrem Brechungsindex, Wiesbaden, 1000; 2d ed., revised and enlarged by E. H. M. Beekman, 1006. ' Rogers, A. F., School of Mines Quart., vol. 27, pp. 340-350,1006. * Winchell, N. H. and A. N., Elements of optical mineralogy, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1000. 2 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS NEW DATA In attempting to employ the immersion method some years age* the senior author assembled all the data then available for its use with the petrographic microscope in determining minerals but found them so incomplete that the method was applicable to but few species. Since then he has measured the chief optical constants of about 600 min eral species for which the data were lacking or incomplete, so that suck data are now lacking for only about 30 very rare species. No attempt, at great accuracy was made in these measurements, and compara tively few of the specimens studied represented analyzed minerals. Only a small number of minerals of many isomorphous series were examined, in some series only a single member.
NEED OF FURTHER DATA Much further work on the optical constants and more complete and accurate data on nearly all the minerals are needed, as well as detailed studies of isomorphous series and of the effect of solid solution. Another need is a fuller appreciation of the fact that most minerals are of variable chemical composition and therefore have variable optical and other properties. The science of mineralogy needs also good connected and consistent data on minerals. Chemical analyses,, crystallographic studies, and determination of physical properties, optical constants, arid paragenesis should be made on identical material. A highly accurate determination of the optical or other constants of a mineral is of comparatively little value unless the data obtained are definitely tied to a chemical analysis. Greater care should be taken in examining minerals for lack of homogeneity,, whether it is due to zonal growths or to admixed or included foreign material. As few specimens of minerals are entirely free from foreign bodies and without zonal growths or other elements of heterogeneity no description of a mineral is adequate which does not show clearly that its material has been carefully examined microscopically. Every published analysis of a mineral should include a clear statement of the approximate amount and the character of the foreign material it contains and of the degree or extent of zonal growths or other elements of heterogeneity, and this statement should be the result of a careful microscopic examination of a sample of the same powder that furnished the material for the chemical analysis.
ADVANTAGES OF THE IMMERSION METHOD For determining the nonopaque minerals the immersion method has many advantages over other methods. It appears to excel greatly the ordinary blowpipe methods in rapidity and accuracy, and the quantity of material required is less than that required for tests by any other method. One who has acquired the requisite skill can INTRODUCTION O measure the principal optical constants of a mineral in about half an hour, and most minerals can be determined by partial measurements In less time. In accuracy the method is nearly as reliable as a com plete chemical analysis, for it is about as common for two or more minerals to have the same chemical composition as for two or more minerals to have the same optical constants. All the optical prop- erties of a mineral can usually be determined from a single grain or crystal large enough to handle with a pair of delicate pincers, and in addition the material can be examined for homogeneity when the tests .are made. Lack of homogeneity in material studied is one of the chief sources of error in mineralogic work. The skill required to measure the optical constants is little if any greater than that required to do reliable blowpiping. The worker must have a good knowledge of optical mineralogy, such as may be gained by any good course in microscopic petrography, and some special training in the manipulation of immersed grains of minerals. The equipment required is a good petrographic microscope and a few inexpensive liquids whose indices of refraction are known.
OTHER SUGGESTED USES FOR THE METHOD The optical method might be used with advantage in work done in n number of other branches of science than mineralogy and in some industries. It should be much more generally used in chemistry, es pecially in analyses of artificial crystalline products, to determine rapidly the exact nature of the material and its homogeneity, for .artificial products have as definite optical constants as minerals. It should also be found valuable in many metallurgic processes, as well as in the cement and ceramic industries and other industries in which a knowledge of the exact nature of any material is desirable.
WORK AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The senior author began his work on the tables in 1909, intending to measure the constants of only a few of the commoner minerals, but the desirability of having optical data on all the recognized species of minerals became so apparent that he afterward undertook the task of making all the measurements desired. Most of the work was done in the laboratory of the United States Geological Survey at Washington, D. C., but a considerable part was done at the University of California at Berkeley, Calif., during the winter of 1914-15. The work of pre paring this new edition was done in Harvard University. To measure the optical constants of 500 selected minerals is no great task, but difficulties appeared continually as the work progressed, owing to the frequent necessity of selecting suitable material from specimens con sisting largely of other minerals, to the large number of specimens that were found to be incorrectly labeled, and to the difficulty of procuring many rare minerals. 4 MICKOSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS The senior author wishes to express his sincere thanks to Messrs. H. E. Merwin and Fred E. Wright, of the Geophysical Laboratory, W. T. Schaller and C. S. Ross, of the Geological Survey, and E. T. Wherry, formerly of the National Museum, for help and encourage ment in the work. Thanks are due also to Messrs. Ross and Schaller for critically reading the manuscript and proof of this bulletin and offering many helpful criticisms and suggestions and for furnishing unpublished data on a number of minerals. The senior author wishes also to express his appreciation of the generosity of the officials of a number of museums and of several private collectors of minerals in furnishing specimens of many rare and valuable minerals. He is especially indebted to the late Col. Washington A. Roebling, of Trenton, N.J., who very generously placed his remarkable collection at the writers' disposal; to the late L. P. Gratacap and the American Museum of Natural History; and to Drs. Edgar T. Wherry and William F. Foshag and the United States National Museum. He is also grateful, for many valuable specimens of the rarer minerals, to Prof. W. E. Ford and Yale University; Prof. Charles Palache and Harvard University; the late Prof. A. S. Eakle and the University of California; Prof. A. H. Phillips and Princeton University; Johns Hop- kins University; the late Dr. Oliver C. Farrington -and the Field Museum of Natural History; Mr. F. McN. Hamilton and the Cali fornia State Mining Bureau; the.late Mr. F. A. Canfield, of Dover, N.J.; Dr. Per Geijer, of Stockholm, Sweden; and Prof. A. Lacroix, of Paris. CHAPTER 2. METHODS OF DETERMINING THE OPTICAL CONSTANTS OF MINERALS In this chapter the writers describe briefly the special methods which they have found most satisfactory for the rapid determination of the principal optical constants of minerals by the immersion method. The chapter is not intended to be a complete discussion of optical mineralogy, and in order to understand it properly, the reader should have an elementary knowledge of crystallography and of the methods of optical mineralogy.4 Theoretical discussions are avoided as far as possible, and no attempt is made to describe the methods of measuring accurately the optical constants of minerals.6 THE CHIEF OPTICAL CONSTANTS AND THEIR INTER RELATIONS The significant fundamental optical constants of crystals are the principal indices of refraction, the crystallographic orientation of the directions of vibration corresponding to these indices of refraction, and the amount of absorption of light vibrating in these directions, all for one or more standard wave lengths of light. For most minerals some of the constants, particularly the last, are known only in a qualitative way. The other properties commonly mentioned among the optical constants birefringence, optical character, optic axial angle, dispersion of the optic axes, dispersion of the bisectrices, extinc tion angle, color, and pleochroism are fixed by the fundamental constants and are significant only because they are often easily measured or estimated under the microscope. Different symbols are used by different writers in referring to certain optical properties. Those used here are perhaps as commonly used as any in the textbooks listed below.4 Refractive indices a, -/8, 7 have directions of vibration X, Y, Z; birefringence is represented by B and equals 7 a or w e or e w. * Iddings, J. P., Eock minerals, John Wiley & Sons, 1911. Weinschenk-Clark, Petrographic methods, McOraw-Hill Book Co., 1912. Winchell, N. H. and A. N., Elements of optical mineralogy, 3d ed., pt. 1, John Wiley & Sons, 1928. Qroth-Jackson, Optical properties of crystals, John Wiley & Sons, 1910. Dana, E. S., A textbook of mineralogy, 3d ed., John Wiley & Sons, 1921. A comprehensive treatment of the accuracy and limitations of the methods of optical mineralogy, based upon theory and checked by observations,.is given by Fred. Eugene Wright in The methods of petrographic- microscopic research: Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 158, 1911. Albert Johannsen's Manual of petro graphic methods, published by the McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1914, is an excellent compilation of the methods that have been proposed for optical measurements with the microscope. Eosenbusch's Mikroskopische Physiographic, 2d ed., Band 1, Erste Halfte, by E. A. Wulflng, 1924; Qroth's Physikalische Krystallo- graphie, 4th ed., 1905; and Tutton, A. E. H., Crystallography and practical crystal measurement, vol. 2, London, Macmillan & Co., 1922, are valuable books of reference, as is also Duparc and Pearce's Traitfi de technique mine'ralogique et petrographique, pt. 1,1909. The most precise treatment of the subject is given in Pockels, F., Lehrbuch der Kristalloptik, B. F. Teubner, 1906. 6 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS The relations that exist between the various optical properties are of considerable significance, and the authors believe that they are not sufficiently emphasized in the textbooks nor are they kept clearly enough in mind by workers in optical mineralogy. The best available data on over 30 mineral species, or nearly 10 per cent of those for which data were available before 1922, could be seen at a glance to be strikingly inconsistent, and this happened even where the data appeared to have a high degree of accuracy. The following exam ples will serve to illustrate. Leucosphenite was said to be optically negative, but the values given for the indices of refraction (% = 1.6445, /3tf = 1.6609, yv = 1.6878) are those of an optically positive mineral. Tests by the senior author show that leucosphenite is optically positive. Lawsonite was stated to have the following properties: a =1.6650, 0 = 1.6690, 7 = 1.6840, 2V = 84° 6', optically +. The axial angle, as computed from the indices of refraction, is 2V = 54°. It seems probable that the axial angle is correct and that /3 should be about 1.6735. The relation between the axial angle (2V) and the indices of refraction is expressed by the equation : 6 L_I -v2 C/32 a2} a2 S2 Cos2 Va = or tan2 V = -
The approximate formula 7
7-a holds fairly well if the axial angle is small or the birefringence not too strong. The error in V'«, as computed from the approximate formula, is shown in Figure 1. The calculated value of V'« is along the abscissa, and the correction to be added to this value is along the ordinate. For all the curves the value of a is 1.500, and each curve is for a particular value of 7 a = B. The curves can be used to correct calculations made by the approximate formula. In the accurate equation a, /3, or 7 appear in the same power in both the numerator and denominator, so that the value of the equation will ot, Q *v not be changed if they are replaced by T-> T» and-r- Hence to apply
6 For the development of this equation see Johannsen's Manual of petrographic methods, p. 103, 1914. Kosenbusch (Wulfing), Mikroskopische Physiographie, Band 1, Erste Halfte, pp. 119-121, 1924; Oroth- Jackson, Optical properties of crystals, p. 143, 1910; Duparc and Pearce, Traitfi de technique mingralogique et petrographique, pp. 78-80, 1907. For tables and a graphic solution of this equation see Wright, F. E., Graphical methods in microscopical petrography: Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 36, pp. 517-533, 1913. i For a graphic solution of this equation see Wright. F. E., The methods of petrographic-microscopic re search: Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 158, pi. 9, 1911. METHODS OF DETERMINING THE OPTICAL CONSTANTS the correction from the curves to a crystal with a different from 1.500 1.500 it is necessary to calculate B' = (7 a). The value of B' need be calculated only approximately. To get the correct value of V« from the indices of refraction the approximate value V'a B a. should be found from the equation Cos2 V'a = - FIGURE 1. The error in V'a as computed from the approximate formula Cos' V'a= - mineral is optically negative and 2V« is less than 90° (Va<45°). As tan 45°= 1, a mineral is optically negative if -§ is^^ -§ and optically positive if 2 -^ < -^ 2 - Cos 45° = -7= for an optically negative mineral from the approximate V2 formula - 7-a V2 or 2 (/3 7)>(7 oi) approximately. Similarly for an optically positive mineral 2 (7 /3)>(7 a) approxi mately. These approximations hold only where the birefringence is not too strong. The following values of a, 0, and 7 are for crystals where 2V = 90° and show the increasing error in the approximations as the birefringence increases: a= 1.5000 |8= 1.5099 y= 1.5200 a= 1.5000 0= 1.5244 7=1.5500 a= 1.5000 /3=1.5476 7=1.6000 a= 1.5000 |3=1.5906 7= 1.7000 a= 1.5000 /3= 1.6297 7=1.8000 8 MICKOSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS The axial angle is commonly measured in air, and the apparent axial angle so measured (2E) has the relation to the true axial angle 2V expressed by sin E = /3 sin V, where j3 is the intermediate index of refraction of the mineral.8 In the preceding equations the values are given for light of a particular wave length. As the wave length varies the indices of refraction and consequently 2V will vary, and even the optical character may change. This variation is called the dispersion of the optic axes, and 2V may be given for different colors or it may be given for one color commonly the yellow light of sodium and the variation with color may be expressed by r<^v (or r^>v), meaning simply that the axial angle is less (or greater) for red than for violet. Not only do the values of the indices of refraction change with the color of light, but the positions of two of the directions X, Y, and Z in monoclinic and of all three in triclinic crystals change that is, the extinction angles vary with the color of light. This variation is called dispersion of the bisectrices. Crossed, horizontal, and inclined dispersion are simply phenomena due to dispersion of the bisectrices as observed on the interference figure. MEASUREMENT OF INDICES OF REFRACTION The indices of refraction of a mineral can be measured most con veniently and accurately on a polished surface with the total refrac- tometer or somewhat less conveniently on specially prepared and oriented prisms by the method of minimum deviation. Most min erals are not suitable for measurement by either of these methods, either because suitable plates or prisms can not be prepared or because the mineral is zoned and so differs in its optical properties at least as much as the error in the less accurate but much more rapid embedding method. THE EMBEDDING METHOD Fairly accurate measurements of the principal indices of refrac tion can be made on a very small quantity of mineral by embedding the powdered grains in media whose indices of refraction are known and comparing and matching the indices of the media with each of those of the mineral by either the method of central illumination or the method of oblique illumination. The method of oblique illumination is best used with an objective of low or moderate power and can therefore be applied to a large number of grains very quickly. The method of central illumination is best used with an objective of moderate or high power. 8 For a graphic solution of this equation see Wright, F. E., op. cit., pis. 7 and 8, 1911. METHODS OF DETERMINING THE OPTICAL CONSTANTS THE METHOD OF OBLIQUE ILLUMINATION The index of refraction of a grain embedded in a liquid or other body and that of the embedding material can be quickly compared by observing their line of contact under the microscope and shading a part of the field by placing the finger or a card beneath the con denser system, by tilting the mirror, of in some other way. A number of devices have been recommended for this purpose, and some of the newer microscopes have special slides inserted. The observation is best made with a low or moderate power objective and without the condenser lens. With a low-power objective a mineral that has a decidedly higher index than the liquid will have a dark border toward the shaded side of the field and a bright border on the opposite side. If the grain has a decidedly lower index of refraction the phenomena are reversed and the bright border is on the shaded side of the field. With the moderate-power objective and the condenser lens the phe nomenon depends on the position of the condenser. If the focus of the condenser is above the object, the phenomena are as stated above; if below the slide, the phenomena are reversed. It is best to check ;the system used by making the test on some known grain;.a thin section in which orthoclase, quartz, or some other known mineral is in contact with Canada balsam is good for this purpose. At the same time the difference in index of refraction between the grain, and liquid can be estimated by the relief and the amount of shading required to bring out the relief. This method is equally well adapted to thin sections and has many advantages over the Becke method or the method of central illumination, as it can be used with a low-power objective, and by it every grain in contact with the Canada balsam can be com pared with balsam in a very short time.. For simplicity, the grain may be considered isotropic. If mono chromatic light is used, and if the grain and liquid have the same index of refraction for that light and are clear and colorless, the grain will completely disappear. As most of the liquids commonly used have a stronger dispersion than most minerals, if the mineral and liquid have the same index for sodium light the mineral will have a higher index for the red end of the spectrum and a lower one for the blue. Hence, if white light is used there is a concentration of reddish light on one side of the grain and of bluish light on the other side. For some of the immersion materials notably cinnamon oil the dispersion is very great, and strongly colored borders are present even where the index for sodium light of the grain and the liquid differ in the second decimal place. The relative indices must be judged from the intensities of the colors. In order for the worker to become familiar with the color phenomena under various conditions it is well Wrlght, F. E., The methods of petrographic-microscopic research: Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 158, pp. 92-95,1911. 10 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS to immerse grains with known indices of refraction in oils of known indices of refraction. For this purpose co of quartz or of calcite is- constant. THE METHOD OP CENTRAL ILLUMINATION As the immersion method is ordinarily used nearly all fragments are1 thinner on the edges than in the center, and if the fragments differ from the surrounding material in refractive index they will act as small imperfect lenses toward a beam of nearly parallel light emerging from the condenser. If such a lenticular fragment has a higher index of refraction than the embedding medium it tends to focus the light above its plane, and if the microscope is first focused on the grain and then raised above focus the interior of the grain will appear more* highly illuminated. As the microscope tube is raised higher above focus this highly illuminated area contracts and becomes brighter a bright line moves into the grain. If the tube is lowered below focu& the grain appears less highly illuminated than the rest of the field and a highly illuminated halo surrounds it. As the tube is lowered this halo moves out from the grain. If the grain has a lower index of refraction than the embedding medium it will have a virtual focus below its plane, the phenomena are reversed, and the grain becomes centrally illuminated as the micro scope tube is lowered below focus. In practice the test is best made with an objective of medium or high power one with 8-millimeter focus gives good results. The con denser may be in or out. The condenser system may be lowered or the lower diaphragm closed. The most suitable arrangement for a particular microscope and lens system can best be found by testing it with grains embedded in media of known indices of refraction. DISPERSION METHOD The indices of refraction and the, dispersion can be measured more accurately (±0.001) by the dispersion method of Merwin.10 The mineral is embedded in a liquid with a somewhat higher index of refraction than that of the mineral (for sodium .light). The two should match for some color of light, and this color is determined by changing the color of light, using a monochromatic illuminator until the two match. The mineral is then embedded in a liquid with a somewhat lower index of refraction, and these two are matched for some other color of light; In this way the index of refraction of the mineral is determined for two or more colors of light, and as the dispersion curve of most minerals is nearly a straight line, the index of m Posnjak, E., and Merwin, H. E., The system FezOa-SOs-H^O: Am. Chem. Soc. Jour., vol. 44, p. 1970, 1922. Tsuboi, S., A dispersion method of determining the plagioclase in cleavage flakes: Mineralog. Mag., vol. 20, pp.1 OM22, 1923. METHODS OF DETERMINING THE OPTICAL CONSTANTS 11 refraction of the mineral can be determined for sodium light or any other color of light from a simple plot. Emmons u has recently described a method depending not only on the dispersion of immersion media but also on the variation in index of refraction of a liquid with change of temperature. By the proper manipulation of the two variables, temperature and wave length, it is possible to obtain the dispersion curve of a mineral, using only one mount. The work is facilitated by combining all the necessary instruments into a single unit. IMMERSION MEDIA GENERAL FEATURES Immersion media should be nearly colorless, chemically stable, and without disagreeable odor or other objectionable properties. They should not dissolve or react with the mineral to be immersed. Low volatility and for many purposes a moderate though not too great viscosity are desirable. Each liquid should be miscible with the liquids whose indices of refraction are above and below it, and two liquids that are to be mixed should have approximately the same rate of volatilization, as otherwise the mixture may change rapidly. The index of refraction should not vary too greatly with changes of tem perature. A low dispersion is desirable for accurate work, but a rather strong dispersion facilitates rapid determination. The authors have found the set of media given in Table 1 satisfac tory, and it covers the range of nearly all the minerals. Satisfactory liquids cover the range of indices of refraction up to 1.87 and above that point low-melting mixtures that remain amorphous on cooling may be prepared which cover the range up to wLi = 3.17. The values for the indices of refraction (ri) are for sodium light except where noted for the sulphur-selenium and selenium-arsenic selenide melts and are those determined by the senior author at about 20° C. for liquids purchased in the ordinary market. In the column marked T-r is given the change in the index of refraction for each degree centigrade change in the temperature. For all the media given the index of refraction decreases as the temperature increases. These values are mostly taken from the literature. The liquids are rather inexpensive, excepting methylene iodide. All the liquids, except as noted, will form suitable mixtures with those above and below in the table in all proportions. Amyl alcohol is unfortunately a solvent for a number of the minerals that have indices of refraction within its range, and measurements with it must be made rapidly. 11 Emmons, R. C., The double dispersion method of mineral determination: Am. Mineralogist, vol. 13, pp. 504-515, 1928; The double variation method of refractive index determination: Idem, vol. 14, pp. 414-426,441-461,1929. 163287 34 2 12 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS TABLE 1. Refractive indices of immersion media 0 n at 20° C. ~~dtdn Dispersion Remarks Water 1.333 Slight. Dissolves many of the minerals with low indices. 1.357 "o.'oooio" Slight 1.362 Do. Ethyl butyrate . 1.381 do 1.386 do 1.393 ... ..do . 1.409 .00042 ..do Dissolves many minerals with which it is used. 1.448 .00035 .do . Petroleum oil:<1 1.470 .0004 .do. , American alboline 1.477 .0004 ..do- o'Monochlornaphtha- 1.626 Moderate... lene.« aMonobromnaphtha- 1.658 .00048 ... .'.do . lene. 1.737 to 1.741 . 00070 Rather Rather expensive. Discolors on expo strong. sure to light, but a little copper or tin in the bottle will prevent this change. Methylene iodide satu 1.778 ..do rated with sulphur. Methylene iodide, sul 1.868 do phur, and iodides./ 1.68 to 2.10 1.998Na tO Very strong, 2.716L1 Selenium and arsenic 2.72to3.17Li do selenide. "Another list of immersion media has been given by R. C. Emmons (Am. Mineralogist, vol. 14, pp. 482-483,1929). ' V. T. Harrington and M. S. Buerger used petroleum distillates prepared from kerosene, gasolene, etc., for the range from 1.35 to 1.45; the liquids with the lower indices are very volatile (Immersion liquids of low refraction: Am. Mineralogist, vol. 16, pp. 45-54,1931). « Ordinary fusel oil may be used, but on mixing with kerosene it forms a milky emulsion, which settles on standing, and then the clear liquid may be decanted off. d Any of the medicinal oils may be used, such as Nujol. Hallowax oil is satisfactory. I To 100 grams methylene iodide add 35 grams iodoform, 10 grams sulphur, 31 grams Snli, 16 grams Asli, and 8 grams Sbli, warm to hasten solution, allow to stand, and filter off undissolved solids. See Merwin, H. E., Media of high.refraction: Washington Acad. Sci. Jour., vol. 3, pp. 35-40,1913. For fairly accurate work it is desirable to have a set of liquids from 7i = 1.400 to n = 1.87, differing from each other by 0.010, and a set of the solid media to carry the series up to 7i=2.72, the index of these media differing by 0.020. For less accurate work the set can be re duced to suit the requirements. The most important range is from 1.45 to 1.87, as j8 for about 80 per cent of all the known nonopaque minerals.falls within this range. There are only about, 11 minerals in which /3 is below 1.40 and only about 27 in which /3 is above 2.72. Care should be taken to prevent contamination and evaporation of the liquids. They are most conveniently kept in tall dropping bottles that have the combined ground stopper and dropper with glass cap. However, the oils with an index above about 1.75 tend to crystallize around the glass stoppers, and these keep much better in cork- stoppered bottles. A 15 cubic centimeter bottle is the smallest that is kept in stock by dealers, and even that size is larger than is required for the ordinary amount of work. It is best to keep the bottles at least half full, but with methylene iodide economy may dictate the use of a smaller amount. The bottles should never be allowed to stand without the stopper and cap in place. A convenient and easily METHODS OF DETERMINING THE OPTICAL CONSTANTS 13 made case for the bottles is composed of a covered box that opens on hinges at one end. Ten bottles are kept in a 2-inch board which has 10 holes just large enough to hold the bottles. The box is made to take as many of these boards with the bottles as desired. The box should be kept closed, as light affects some of the liquids, notably methylene iodide. With proper care a set of liquids made up as directed above will remain constant, within the limits of error required for most deter minative work, for years. A set of 40 such liquids, used constantly for five years and checked once or twice a year, has rarely shown a change in any of the liquids of as much as 0.003. One or two liquids that have methylene iodide as a constituent were nearly all used up and had changed as much as 0.006. In general the liquids whose indices of refraction are above 1.75 are less constant. The embedding media whose indices of refraction are above 1.87 &YQ solid at ordinary temperature and are not quite so convenient nor accurate as are the liquids. They must not be heated too hot nor too long or they will change considerably. A small electric plate with three grades of heat is a convenient means for making embeddings with these melts. In practice a very small amount of the embedding medium is melted on a glass slip, a little of the powder to be examined is dusted into the melt, and a cover glass is pressed down upon it. In the highly colored melts that are rich in iodides -or selenium the mineral must be powdered very fine, otherwise the thick film of the melt is nearly opaque. Borgstrom m has prepared a series of immersion media made up of AsS and AsBr3 in methylene .iodide which remain liquid in the region of n = 1.90 ± . PIPEKINE AND IODIDES 12 Molten piperine dissolves the tri-iodides of arsenic and antimony and forms solutions that are fluid at slightly over 100° C. and are resinlike and amorphous when cold. In general it has been found that the arsenic and antimony iodides .available in the market are too impure to use in the preparation of the piperine-iodide melts, although they are quite satisfactory for. solution in methylene iodide where impurities are filtered out. Even small proportions of impurities give a dark or even an almost opaque melt. The commercial iodides may be dissolved in hot xylene, fil tered hot, and allowed to crystallize out on cooling. The cooled xylene, with part of the iodides still in solution, may then be used to dissolve a new lot of iodides. However, the same procedure may be used to make the iodides, as arsenic or antimony readily combine with iodine in hot xylene. By using iodides prepared in this way, and with proper precautions to avoid overheating during solution of the "» Borgstrom, L. H., Bin Beitrag zur Entwicklung der Immersionmethode: Comm. ggol. Finlande Bull. 87, pp. 68-63,1929. 12 Merwin, H. E., Media of high refraction for refractive index determinations with the microscope: Washington Acad. Sci. Jour., vol. 3, pp. 35-40,1913. 14 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQTJE MINERALS iodides in the piperine, it is possible to procure melts of comparatively light color and perfect transparency. If overheated, the piperine decomposes, so it must be heated only slightly above the melting point but enough for complete solution of the iodides. Piperine recrystallizes readily after slight heating, but after continued heating at a proper temperature a change takes place that renders it a perma nent amorphous resinlike material. It is advisable to heat the piperine for about half an hour before adding the iodides. // 205 I, ) 200 '/I 195 /; 1 // (j 190 2 L. U // ab 185 X LJ O /^ - 180 S>; -f 175 A ^ 170 ^ ^ « 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9C «9& IODIDES FIGURE 2. Indices of refraction of mixtures of piperine and iodides To make such preparations having constant indices of refraction anywhere within the range n = 1.68 to 2.10, mix three parts by weight of SbI3 to one part of AsI3, add this mixture to the piperine in the proper proportion, and heat carefully and stir in a test tube, large porcelain crucible, or glass flask just above the melting point of piperine until a homogeneous melt is obtained. A few grams of such a melt are sufficient for a large number of immersions. The heating may be done in a bath of crisco or paraffin, in an air bath, or over but not in the low flame of a bunsen burner or on an electric plate; stirring is essential to secure homogeneity. Such preparations can be standardized on the goniometer by measuring a prism molded be tween two pieces of cover glass, or weighted quantities of the con stituents can be used and the refractive indices of the resulting preparation obtained from Figure 2. The indices of refraction of METHODS OF DETEKMINING THE OPTICAL CONSTANTS 15 stich media increase rather rapidly on standing, and they are not entirely constant for about a month. The total increase in this time amounts to a few units in the third decimal place. After that time the indices remain constant and reheating does not affect them. In Figure 2 curve a shows the indices of freshly made preparations and curve b the indices of the preparations after they have stood until constant. The indices of refraction as measured in white light in these melts (above n = 1.70) are almost those for sodium light. SULPHUR-SELENIUM MELTS Melted sulphur and selenium in any proportion readily form a homogeneous solution which has a constant index of refraction on cooling and remains amorphous long enough to allow measurements to be made. Suitable preparations with any index of refraction from 2.05 to 2.72 can be made by mixing the constituents in the proper proportion by weight and heating in a test tube just above the melting point until homogeneous. The mixture must be stirred and any sulphur that condenses on the upper part of the tube scraped back into the melt. The refractive indices for melts with different proportions of sulphur and selenium for light of different wave lengths are given in Figure 3, and preparations having approximately any index of refraction can be made by using weighed quantities of the constituents. The indices of refraction of melts that contain more than 50 per cent of sulphur differ considerably according to the treatment, and this difference, which is probably due to the presence of X and /x sulphur in different proportions, increases with the amount of sul phur.13 By high heating and quenching the index of refraction may even be raised 0.05 above that obtained by cooling in air.14 The proper treatment is to heat a small amount of the material on an object glass considerably above the melting point until the dark form of sulphur is obtained, then to add the mineral grains, press down a cover glass, and cool rather rapidly on a damp but not wet cloth or on 'an iron plate. It must also be remembered that sulphur is rather volatile. If the mineral to be tested is not decomposed by heating, it is well to mix the powdered embedding material and the mineral and to cover with a cover glass before heating, or to add the grains and cover before the final high heating. With proper care an accuracy of about ±0.01 can be attained. Indices of refraction for sodium light below about 2.20 can be readily measured in the sulphur-selenium melts, but above that point, on account of the deep-red color of the melts and the very ______V______18 Merwin, H. E., and Larsen, E. S., Mixtures of amorphous sulphur and selenium as immersion media for the determination of high refractive indices with the microscope: Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 34, pp. 42-47, 1912. n The piperine-iodide melts are preferable within their range. 16 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS strong dispersion of selenium, it is best to make the measurements for the red light of lithium. This operation can be easily done by 5 § 1 7.Se 6O 7O 8O 9O 2 " 1OO 650 Li 2.7 700} 2.6 2.5 2.4 23 n 550 eso eso Li 7OO 700, 2.) 3 2.0 n TO^ 2O 3O 4O SO . Indices of refraction of mixtures of sulphur and selenium placing over the eyepiece a color screen made by pressing a thin film of the melt composed of 70 per cent selenium and 30 per cent METHODS OF DETERMINING THE OPTICAL CONSTANTS 17 sulphur between two glass plates, as such a film transmits chiefly light that is about equivalent to lithium light. Such a film crystal lizes very slowly. Mixtures containing over 70 per cent selenium transmit chiefly lithium light, and index measurements made in such mixtures with white light give nearly the indices for lithium light. SELENIUM AND AESENIC SELENIDE MELTS Dr. Merwin 15 has found that mixtures of selenium and arsenic selenide cover the range of indices of refraction from nLi=2.72 to Tin = 3.17. These mixtures melt at rather low temperatures and are generally satisfactory, although they are deeply colored and measure ments must be made for red light. Measurements can be made with these mixtures with a probable error of less than 0.02, but only under the most favorable conditions. The mixtures can be made by heating together metallic arsenic and selenium in weighed quantities or by first making As2Se3 and then adding the proper proportion of selenium. Thorough stirring is necessary to insure homogeneous melts. The following table gives the indices of refraction for different wave lengths of light for several mixtures of selenium and arsenic selenide. Indices of refraction for mixtures of selenium and arsenic selenide 60 per 22.6 per cent Se, cent Se, «* Se 40 per 77.4 per AssSes cent cent AssSes AssSes 640 2.78 2.90 660 2.74 2.86 3.06 680 2.71 2.83 3.01 3.17 700 2.68 2.80 2.97 3.13 720 2.66 2.77 2.94 3.10 740 2.64 2.75 2.92 3.07 760 2.02 2.73 2.90 3.05 Dr. Merwin has also stated that a mixture of 10 per cent tellurium and 90 per cent As2Se3 gives indices of refraction 0.04 higher than the As2Se3 but is almost too opaque to use with an ordinary tungsten lamp. By means of direct sunlight or a "pointolite" lamp even more nearly opaque mixtures can be used. HALOGENS OF THALLIUM The halogen compounds of thallium, T1C1, TIBr, Til have been suggested by Barth 16 as satisfactory immersion media of high refrac tion. The index range is large for mixed crystals of TIBr-TlI (2.4- 2.8). These melts transmit a considerable range of the spectrum and are in that respect superior to the sulphur-selenium melts of the same index of refraction. u Merwin, H. E.( private communication. The data are preliminary. is Earth, Tom, Some new immersion melts of high refraction: Am. Mineralogist, vol. 14, pp. 358-361,1020. 18 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS METHODS OF STANDARDIZING MEDIA FOR MEASURING INDICES OF REFRACTION A number of methods of standardizing the embedding media by the microscope have been devised,17 but the method that employs the total refractometer or the method of measuring minimum devia tion with a prism are much more satisfactory, and with either method accuracy to a few units in the fourth decimal place is easily attained. The Pulfrich refractometer may yield quicker results than the prism, but it can not be used with media whose indices are greater than about 1.86, and even with reasonable care it may be seriously injured by scratching or by corrosion from some of the liquids. The liquids containing methylene iodide in particular should not be allowed to remajua on the hemisphere any longer than is necessary, and liquids from which crystals may separate should not be used, as the crystals may scratch the hemisphere.18 The Abbe refractometer is more sturdy and convenient for the ordinary range of index liquids. Daylight can be used for illumina tion. The method of minimum deviation with a prism is not quite so rapid as that with the refractometer, but it can be used for the whole range of embedding media.19 Any hollow prism can be used, but suitable prisms can be quickly made from two optically true glass plates about 5 by 20 millimeters in size by fusing them together at one corner in a blast lamp, taking care not to bend the glass, so as to form a prism that has nearly the desired angle. About one in a hun dred of a good grade of petrographic object glasses is suitable. The glasses can be very quickly tested by watching the reflection on all parts of the glass of a cord in front of a window at a distance of about 10 feet. If the two surfaces are not parallel two reflections will be seen; if they are not plane surfaces, the reflections will be distorted. The unfused end of this prism can be pressed onto a small drop of melted soft glass and a base to the prism thus made. Surface tension will keep the liquids in place. Instead of being mounted on a glass base the prism may be mounted in plaster of Paris coated with dental cement to glaze it. The glass plates should fit closely together, and it is well to cement the contact on the outside with dental cement to make a tight joint. C. S. Ross 20 has shown that better prisms can be made by grinding a piece of glass to a rough prism of any desired angle by measuring » Johannsen, Albert, Manual of petrographic methods, pp. 265-270,1914. Wright, F. E., Measurement of the refractive index of a drop of liquid: Washington Acad. Sci. Jour., vol. 4, pp. 269-279,1914. 18 For a description of the crystal refractometer and its use see Rosenbusch (Wiilflng), Mikroskopische Physiographic, Band 1, Erste Halfte, pp. 650-«59,1924. Qroth, Physikalische Krystallographie, pp. 704-711, 1905. Duparc and Pearce, Trait6 de technique mineralogique et pfitrographique, pp. 385-392, Leipzig, 1907. 19 For a description of this method see Groth, op. cit., pp. 27, 690-696,1905; Duparc and Pearce, op. cit., pp. 26, 369-376, or any textbook on light. so Private communication. METHODS OF DETEEMINING THE OPTICAL CONSTANTS 19 with a contact goniometer, grinding the edges of the two glass plates so that they will fit tightly together, and cementing the glass plates to the prism with bakelite so that a few millimeters of the glass plates will project above the top of the glass prism. The edges of the glass plates are also cemented with bakelite. It is convenient to have the top of the prism slope into the angle between the plates and thus make a tight receptacle for the drop of liquid. A prism angle of about 60° is best for liquids that have mod erate indices of refraction. A much smaller prism angle one of 30° or less must be used for liquids that have high indices of refraction. If a prism is to be used for a series of measurements a curve or a table should be con structed to show the index of refraction corresponding to any angle of minimum deviation. For the mixture of sulphur and selenium, the pipeline prepara tions, or other solids, the prism can be molded between fragments of cover glass. In Figure 4 the front and side view of a prism made at the Har vard laboratory is shown. As T E this prism has rendered excellent o service over a period of years, it is recommended as a completely satisfactory means of measuring liquids by means of the minimum deviation method. The device consists of a plate A, which fits into the goniometer head by means of the pin B. On the FIGURE 4. Top and side views of brass frame for plane surface of A two guide pins, prism for determination of the refractive indices G, project into holes in D, which of liquids. One-third actual scale is carefully fitted to the lower plate. The upper portion of the prism and the plate upon which it rests are constructed of one piece of brass to prevent unnecessary movement. The upper part of the prism is cut at the desired angle, in this instrument about 50°, and sloped somewhat, as shown in the side view, so that the introduced drop 20 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQTJE MINERALS will, tend to lie in the narrow portion of the prism. The glass plates, beveled to fit closely together at one end, are held in place by two brass clamps, as shown in the figure. Canada balsam or a glass cement will hold the glass.plates together. The whole top portion of the prism may be removed from the plate clamped to the goniometer, without altering the adjustment of the prism. This convenience enables one easily to clean the prism. The dimensions given are those for the prism in use at. the Harvard laboratories. MEASUREMENT OF ALL INDICES OF REFRACTION OF CRYSTALS Most crystals have two (o> and e) or three (a, 0, and 7) principal indices of refraction, and for accurate work it is desirable to measure them all. If it is not necessary to measure all of the indices it is best to measure a .particular one, preferably 3, as otherwise any value from the lowest to the highest may be measured. If /? is measured the others can, be estimated from the birefringence and the axial angle. The measurements of all the indices of refraction of a mineral can be made very quickly and within the limits of accuracy of the immer sion method if the powdered grains show no marked tendency to lie on a particular face or cleavage, as do those of the micas, calcite, and many other minerals. Grains of minerals with such cleavages as the amphiboles, pyroxenes, and feldspars can generally be turned to any orientation without much difficulty. To test the lowest and the highest indices of refraction of such minerals against the embed ding media a grain should be chosen'that appears to show strong birefringence, both the thickness of the grain and the interference color being taken into account. The grain should be turned to extinction and tested against the embedding medium, then turned' to the other extinction (or the lower nicol should be revolved 90°) and tested again. This procedure should be repeated on a number of grains, and with a little practice, unless the birefringence is extreme, many of them will show the lowest index of refraction, equal to a, or the highest index equal to 7, within the limits of error of the immersion method. For any gram or any orientation of a crystal plate /3 lies between the highest and the lowest values measured. Therefore /3 can be measured on a grain that shows no measurable birefringence. Such a grain is nearly normal to an optic axis and is suitable for observing the optical character, the size of the axial angle, and the dispersion of the optic axis. If the dispersion is considerable it will give abnormal interference colors without extinction. Uniaxial minerals may be considered simply as a small group of biaxial minerals in which £ is equal to a for a positive mineral and METHODS OF DETERMINING THE OPTICAL CONSTANTS 21 to 7 for a negative one. The lowest index of every grain of a uniaxial positive mineral and the highest of. a uniaxial negative mineral is equal to w and can be measured on any grain. It may be desirable to turn the grain over. This can be done by shifting the cover glass with the point of a pencil. The movement can be controlled better with a viscous immersion medium than with one that is very fluid. Small cover glasses are more satisfactory than large ones, as they are much more easily manipulated. A cover glass 11 millimeters in diameter, divided into quarters or even ninths, is most used by the author. By turning and transferring a single small crystal to different media all the optical properties can be measured. Some grains may be conveniently oriented by observing interference figures. A section normal to the acute bisectrix will give ]8 normal to the plane of the optic axes, and in that plane a for, a positive mineral or 7 for a negative mineral. A section normal to the obtuse bisectrix gives /3 and 7 or a; one parallel to the plane of the optic axes gives a and 7. Any section normal to the plane of the optic axes gives. 0. Fibrous or prismatic fragments require a somewhat different treatment. If their extinction is nearly or quite parallel they will give one of the principal indices when turned with their length par allel to the plane of vibration of the lower nicol. The other two indices can be measured across the fibers by measuring a number of fibers, provided the mineral does not persist in lying on a particular face. In that event it may be necessary to roll a fiber, keeping it parallel to the cross hairs, and to observe the maximum or minimum index as it revolves. With a little practice this work can be done easily, unless the mineral is composed of very thin, broad laths. The face or cleavage on which a mineral tends to lie is likely to be normal to one of the principal optical directions. This tendency may be tested by an interference figure. On grains that show this tendency two of the indices of refraction can readily be measured and the other index can be obtained by turning the flake on edge. Winchell 21 proposed inclosing a fibrous or lath-shaped mineral in a capillary tube and turning the capillary. Monoclinic minerals that are prismatic along (c) or (a) show parallel extinction for prisms that lie on any face parallel to crystal axis b and nearly the maximum inclined extinction if turned parallel to the face (010) which is normal to that axis. Prisms that lie on a face parallel to axis b will give for the ray vibrating across the prism the index of refraction (a, /3, or 7) of the ray which vibrates parallel to axis b. Prisms that lie on the face (010) will give the other two indices of refraction and also the extinction angle, X (Y or Z) to c (or a). Triclinic fibers that have inclined extinction 11 Winchell, A. N., Camsellite and szaibelyite: Am. Mineralogist, vol. 14, pp. 48-49,1929. are more difficult to measure, but with a little ingenuity measure ments can usually be made. The stronger the birefringence, how ever, the more accurate must be the orientation to obtain accurate results. Platy minerals, such as mica, are more difficult to manipulate, and if their birefringence is considerable they require skill and patience in order to get good results. Fortunately in nearly all such minerals the rays corresponding to one index vibrate nearly or-quite normal to the plate and those corresponding to the other two vibrate in the plane of the plate and can be easily measured. The index normal to the plate can be obtained by turning the plates and keeping them on edge; this can often be done in a viscous liquid or they may be measured as they are turned. It is sometimes helpful to mix a little powdered glass with the mineral or to have grains of varying size to separate the cover glass and object glass enough so that the mineral plates can turn over. One of two plates that are differently oriented and attached together may be more easily turned on edge. Many such minerals can be cut with a knife across the plates and the resulting fragments placed on the object glass in the position desired. MEASUREMENTS OF AXIAL, ANGLES The following methods of estimating or measuring the axial angle of mineral grains have been found most convenient by the author: (1) Observing the curvature of the hyperbola in sections cut nearly normal to an optic axis; (2) measuring or estimating the distance between the hyperbolas on a section cut nearly normal to the acute bisectrix; (3) computing the axial angle from the three indices of refraction; 22 (4) measuring on the universal stage. All observations are best made on grains immersed in a medium that has an index of refraction approximately equal to that of 0 for the mineral. From the curvature of the hyperbola of an interference figure the axial angle can be measured, under favorable conditions, with an error of ±3°.23 With a little experience a rough estimate can be made by merely inspecting the curvature of the hyperbola. If the bar appears straight, when turned to the 45° position the axial angle is nearly 90°, and as the curvature becomes greater the axial angle becomes smaller. More accurate and rapid measurements can be made on sections approximately normal to the acute bisectrix, provided the axial angle is not so large that the hyperbolas are outside the field of the microscope. Measurements of the axial angle in air (2E), by using 22 For an excellent discussion of measurements of axial angles, see Wright, F. E., The methods of petro- graphic-microscopic research: Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 158, pp. 147-200, 1911. >3 Wright, F. E., op. cit., pp. 155 et seq. METHODS OF DETERMINING THE OPTICAL CONSTANTS 23 a cross-grating ocular, can be made on such sections in a few minutes with a probable error of only a few degrees.23 A grain that is not well oriented can commonly be turned by carefully touching the cover glass. The Fedorov stage can be used to measure the axial angle. The axial angle can be computed from the values of the three indices of refraction according to the formula _L__L Tan2 VY = ^ y or by the approximate formula 24 Cos2 V'a -^ 7 a in which 2Va is the axial angle about a. For a discussion of these formulae see page 6. As the error in measuring the indices of refraction by the immersion method is considerable in comparison with the birefringence of most minerals, this method is very rough unless the birefringence is considerable. DISPERSION OF THE OPTIC AXES The dispersion formula r^>v (or r FIQURE 5. Stereographic projection of the optical elements of a triclinic mineral (axinite). Na, N>, N-y are the poles of the vibration directions of the three indices of refraction. 6=face (010), w»=(llO), M=(lIO), i=(lll). A and B emergence of the two optic axes, a, Projection on z(lll). 6, Projection with the prism zone vertical wise direction. Counterclockwise from the zero meridian the readings are negative. The angular values given are conventionally not greater than 180°. The p values indicate the angular inclination of the point from the center of the projection. These angles therefore do not exceed 90° in value. Optical orientation of axinite 0 0 b (010)-_.-_ .__...__. 0 90 Z_...... -93 42 53 55 A...... _.. _._.__ 18 24 "Y...... 156 72 B._... .__--_.--__.__. 65 90 METHODS OF DETERMINING THE OPTICAL CONSTANTS 27 Extinction angles may be determined graphically when the positions of the axial angle are placed on the projection. The graphic method is recommended for such a determination, because, as before stated, ordinary measurements on the Fedorov stage do not justify more precise methods. The dispersion of the indices of refraction is easily measured by VTerwin's dispersion method and is a significant diagnostic property, [t should be used more than it is. OTHER TESTS The optical properties are sufficient for the accurate determination of most minerals, but the occurrence and association of the mineral should be considered, a macroscopic examination made, and such simple properties as hardness noticed. It may be desirable also to determine the fusibility and the specific gravity or to make simple chemical tests. Microchemical examinations have not received the attention from mineralogists that they deserve. X-ray photographs are valuable aids and in some determinations are indispensable. 163287 34 CHAPTER 3 SOME STATISTICS ON THE OPTICAL PROPER TIES OF MINERALS DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS WITH REGARD TO OPTICAL CHARACTER The tables in chapter 4 contain data for about 1,200 mineral species, but some species appear more than once, and there are about 1,700 entries. They are distributed as follows: Per cent Per cent Isotropic..______---___-___- 14. 9 Biaxial-K_---_-_---_------30. 3 Uniaxial-f-__-__----_-______6.8 Biaxial-..---.-.-.------__ 31.8 Uniaxial-______13. 8 Optical character unknown 1 _ _ _ 2. 4 Many of the-iso tropic minerals are amorphous, and some minerals that are placed under the uniaxial groups are strictly biaxial but have small axial angles or their apparent uniaxial character is due to aggregate polarization of fibers or lamellae. A few of those included in the biaxial groups are uniaxial and appear biaxial on account of strain. The small number of uniaxial positive minerals as compared with uniaxial negative minerals is noteworthy. A significant feature of the revised edition is the lowering of the percentage of minerals entered as of optical character unknown. DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS WITH REGARD TO INDEX OF REFRACTION AND BIREFRINGENCE The distribution of the minerals with regard to their intermediate index of refraction 0 is shown in Figure 6. For only 10 minerals, or less than 1 per cent of the total number, is 0 less than 1.400, and for only about 28, or about 2 per cent, is 0 greater than 2.70. For about 54 per cent of all the minerals 0 is between 1.475 and 1.700. The distribution of the minerals with respect to their birefringence is shown in Figure 7. Curve 1 shows that the greater number of the minerals have a birefringence of about 0.018 and that the number rapidly decreases on both sides of this value. Curves 2 to 5 show the distribution as regards birefringence of the minerals whose indices of refraction 0 lie between certain values. The greater number of minerals in which 0 is lower than 1.80 have birefringence of about 0.015. For minerals in which 0 lies between 1.80 and 2.00 the greatest density of distribution is for a birefringence of about 0.035, and for those in which 0 is greater than 2.00 there is no marked. 28 SOME STATISTICS ON THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES 29 30 maximum for the curve. These curves show a striking tendency for minerals which have high indices of refraction to have also strong birefringence. This tendency is equally well shown by the per centage distribution of minerals which have birefringence greater than 0.20. Percentage of minerals with /3 between given values and with birefringence greater than 0.2 Per cent . Per cent less than 1.80______------2 (S between 2.2 and 2.6---_-_----_ 10 between 1.80 and 2.0__---_--_- 11 /3 greater than 2.6____--_------_ 48 between 2.0 and 2.2______14 .RELATION BETWEEN INDEX OF REFRACTION, DENSITY, AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION Gladstone and Dale long ago showed that Every liquid has a specific refractive energy composed of the specific refractive energies of its component elements, modified by the manner of combination, and which is unaffected by changes of temperature and accompanies it when mixed with other liquids. The product of this specific refractive energy and the density is, when added to unity, the refractive index.25 Or, n 1 -r where K is the specific refractive energy of any substance and k\, k2, Pi, pz, etc., are the specific refractive energies and the weight percentages of the components of that substance. These components may be the elements or radicals that enter into a compound or the constituents of a solution. In general these relations hold rather accurately for varying temperature, pressure, and concentration in liquids and gases, but when applied to a substance in a different state as liquid and gas the formula gives errors as great as 30 per cent. On the basis of the electromagnetic theory of light Lorentz n2 i 1 and Lorenz independently derived the formula -2 T~o ' j = k- This 71 T" Zi CL formula holds somewhat better for substances in a different state but nevertheless gives a considerable error. Another formula recently proposedJ *26 is l°g % n = K.TT Moreover, some substances, as oxygen in some organic compounds, have two or more specific refractive energies, depending on the structure of the molecule. " Gladstone, J. H., and Dale, T. P., Researches on the refraction, dispersion, and sensitiveness of liquids: Roy. Soc. London Philos. Trans., vol. 153, p. 337, 1864. 46 Liehtenecker, K., Phys. Zeitschr., vol. 27, pp. 115-139, 1926. SOME STATISTICS ON THE OPTICAL PHOPERTIES 31 When Gladstone's law is applied to crystalline substances the mean index of refraction or must be used and the relations hold only approximately. The formula Vo>2e °r V^T, however, should be used where the birefringence is very strong. In .applying these formulae to minerals, additional difficulties are introduced, as determinations of density are commonly unreliable, and the chemical composition of the material for which the indices of refraction are available may be imperfectly known. However,, the values shown in Table 2 for the specific refractive energies f -j = k } of the chief constituents of minerals have been com puted by taking the average as derived from a number of minerals', for which the available data seemed fairly reliable. TABLE 2. Specific refractive energies ( j- =kj of the chief constituents of minerals', Molecular Molecular weight k weight k HsO...... 18 « 0. 3355. AsaOs- ...... - 198 «0.202,»0.225. » 0.340, ".354 Y203 ...... 226 .144! LhO...... 30 .31 SbiOs...... 228.4 o . 209, < ..232: (NHOaO...... 52 .503 LaaOa...... 326 .1491 NauO...... 62 .181 Cea03 ...... 328.5 .16 K20...... 04 .189 BiaOa-...... ~ 464 .165 CuaO...... 143 .250 COa...... 44 .21T RbaO...... 187 .129 SiOa...... 60 .207" AgaO...... 232 .154 TiO2 ...... SO .397' CsaO...... 282 .124 SeOa...... 111 .147- HgjO...... 416 . 1696i ZrOa...... 122.5 .201 TlaO...... 424 .120 SnOa...... __ ... 151 .145 BeO...... 25 .238 SbOa...... 152 . .198 MgO...... 40.4 .200 TeOa...... 159.5 '.200a CaO...... 56 .225 ThOa-...... 264.5 .12 MnO...... 71 *. 191, « . 224 N20j...... 108 .240 FeO...... 72 .187 PaOs...... 142 .190 NiO...... 75 .184 ClaOj...... 151 .218- CoO...... i..-- 75 .184 V208 ...... 182.4 .43 CuO...... 79.6 «.191,«.253ii 230 .169 ZnO...... 81.4 <*. 153,'. 183 BraOs.. _ ...... 240 .183 SrO...... 103.6 .143 CbaOa...... 268 .295 CdO...... 128.4 .134 SbaOj...... I...... 320.4 . 152, .222(?> BaO...... 153.4 .127 IsOs...... 334 .177 HgO...... 216 .18 TaaOj...... A A ft .133 PbO...... 223 ".137,M75 ti SOj...... 80 .177 BaOs...... 70 . 220 CrOs ...... 100 .36 CaOa ...... 72 .265 127 .165 AlaOs...... 102 . 193, / . 214 .24U,. 152 .27 Te03 ... .. ----- 175.6 .607 158 rf.300, '.304..1 W03 -- ...... 235 .133 FeaOa...... 160 rf . 308, «. 36 ! U03 - ...... 286.5 .134 o Water and ice. / Calculated from feldspar, feldspathoids, etc.. 6 Average. ' Isometric oxide. «Alums, etc. * Monoclinic oxide. d Calculated from compounds containing the oxide. ' Orthorhombic oxide. Calculated from the oxide. Atomic Atomic weight k weight k H...... 1 1. 256 or 1. 44 S ...... 32 i 0. 502, * 1. 00 C...... 12 .403 Cl...... 35.5 .303. O...... 16 .203 Br...... 80 .214 P...... 19 .043 I...... 127 .226 Calculated from native sulphur. * Calculated from sulphides; values vary. 32 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS These values are only approximate, but in a number of minerals selected at random the value of k as computed from n and d and as computed from that of its constituents agreed with few exceptions within 5 per cent. A very few minerals show a much greater difference. As shown in the table for most radicals, the value of k is near 0.20. For S, (NH4)20, Ti02, Te03, and V2O5, it is higher, and for Cs2O, BaO, PbO, Th02, U03, and F it is much lower. There is a tendency for the value of k in each group to decrease as the molecular weight increases, but there are many exceptions. The values of k for BaO, SrO, and CaO show why related minerals of these three oxides have about the same indices of refraction but very different densi ties. The values for Cb205 and Ta205 show why the columbates commonly have higher indices of refraction but lower densities than the corresponding tantalates. The extremely low value for fluorine accounts for the remarkably low indices of refraction and comparatively high densities of the fluorides. Minerals containing any of the following radicals as essential con stituents are likely to show strong dispersion: (NH4)20, N205, U03, :Sb206, AsaOs, P206, V20fi, Fe203, Mn203, Mo03, or Ti02. CHAPTER 4 TABLES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF MIN ERALS FROM THEIR OPTICAL PROPERTIES ARRANGEMENT OF THE DATA IN THE TABLES In Table 3 the minerals are arranged in the order of their mean indices of refraction (|3 or w) and the birefringence is added. In Table 4 the minerals are divided into six groups isotropic, uniaxial positive, uniaxial negative, biaxial positive, biaxial negative, or optical character unknown. The last group includes only a few minerals, mostly very finely crystalline. As the indices of refraction are the most characteristic and the most easily measured of the optical constants, the minerals in each group are arranged in the order of the intermediate index of refraction, /3. The data for each mineral are arranged along a horizontal line. The left-hand column shows the variability. For biaxial minerals the next three columns show the three indices of refraction in the order a, 7, /3. The birefringence is not given, for it can be determined by subtracting a from 7. After the indices of refraction the name of the mineral is given, and beneath it the chemical composition. Then follows the axial angle, 2V and 2E, and beneath it the dispersion of the optic axis. 2E becomes indeterminate as it approaches 180°, and so such values are not given. Next comes the optical orientation, and beneath it the dispersion of the principal optical directions (bisectrices). The crystal system is next given, and beneath it the crystal habit. The next column shows the cleavage, and the next the color of the mineral in the hand specimen. Then follows the hardness, specific gravity, and fusibility. In the last column, under remarks, is given the group to which the mineral belongs, the solubil ity, the pleochroism, twinning, and other properties. For isotropic and uniaxial minerals the arrangement is the same, but some of the columns are omitted. For a few minerals only one index of refraction is known, and the birefringence (B) is then given. The birefringence is said to be weak if it is less than 0.010, moderate if between 0.010 and 0.025, strong if between 0.025 and 0.100, very strong if between 0.100 and 0.200, and extreme if greater than 0.200. The axial angle (2V) is said to be small if it is estimated to be less than 30°, moderate if between 30° and 60°, and large if over 60°. The dispersion of the optic axis is said to be perceptible if a good inter ference figure shows faintly perceptible colored borders, weak if a 33 34 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQTJE MINERALS little more easily seen, moderate if easily seen, strong if the hyperbolas are rather broad, colored bands, and extreme if the colored hyperbolas cover much of the field of the microscope. The attempt has not been made to describe all the phenomena ob served under the microscope but rather to give the chief optical con stants and any exceptional properties that are not simply manifesta tions of these optical constants. For example, the section (OK)} of a monoclinic mineral with strong dispersion of the bisectrices will not give sharp extinction in white light but a succession of abnormal interference colors over an angle whose width depends upon the strength of dispersion. Minerals that have strong dispersion of the optic axis will give abnormal interference colors in white light on sections nearly normal to an optic axis. In general, abnormal inter ference colors are due to strong dispersion. The positions of the optical directions with relation to cleavage or other crystal direction are easily determined, except in triclinic minerals, if the position of the cleavage and of the principal optical directions in the crystal are known. For example, gypsum has a very perfect cleavage {Old} and Y = 6; hence cleavage pieces are parallel to the plane of the optic axes and will show the emergence of Y. Minerals for which new measurements were made for these tables are marked with an asterisk (*). Under remarks the source of the specimen examined is given. There are about 80 of these minerals, and these new data have not in general been published elsewhere. In Tables 5 to 24 we have assembled for some of the well-known mineral groups the optical data that are most useful for distinguishing between members of the group. The groups are arranged in alpha betical order, and the arrangement within the groups is much the same as in Table 4. . COMPLETENESS OF THE DATA In the classification and nomenclature of the minerals Dana's "System of mineralogy" has been followed with few exceptions, although that classification is now greatly in need of revision. With the exception'of the opaque minerals and a few others that are noted in the index and elsewhere, all the species recognized in Dana's System, including the first three appendices, are included in the tables as well as a considerable number of minerals not considered species in the system and many subspecies of the better known groups. Some minerals whose optical properties differ in different specimens have been inserted in the tables several times. The indices of refrac tion of about 20 very rare minerals have been roughly estimated from the chemical composition and specific gravity, and these esti mated indices have determined the position of the minerals in the tables. TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 35 It must be borne in mind that a large number of the minerals are variable in all their properties through isomorphism and solid solution. For the most species this variability is within moderate limits, and if the properties of the end members are known those of the intermediate members can be estimated. As yet only a few mineral groups have been systematically studied and for many groups the only available constants are for one or more imperfectly placed intermediate members. Where the data were available the end members are placed in the tables and, in many groups, one or more intermediate members. Ultimately it is hoped that all optical measurements will be closely tied to good chemical analyses. The data given in the tables as a rule are commonly for particular speci mens, and other specimens, even from the same locality, may differ somewhat in indices of refraction and other properties. If the axial angle is large a comparatively small difference may change the optical character and such minerals should be looked for in both the optically positive and negative groups. For more complete descriptions of the minerals the standard min eralogies should be consulted, particularly Dana's "System of mineralogy", Hintze's "Handbuch der Mineralogie", Winchell's "Elements of optical mineralogy", and Kosenbusch-Mugge's "Mikro- skopische Physiographie, Band 1, Zweite Halfte." TABLES TABLE 3. List of minerals arranged according to their intermediate indices of refraction, j8, and showing their birefringences P Birefringence 0 Birefringence Air...... 1.000 0.000 1.454 0.008 Ice...... 1.309 .004 Wattevillite...... 1.455 .024 Malladrlte...... 1.312 .003 Epsomite ...... 1.455 .028 1.325 .001 Sassolite ...... 1.456 .119 Villiaumite ...... 1.328 Alum ...... 1.456 .000 Water...... 1.333 .000 Yttrofluorite...... 1.457 .000 1.339 .000 Mendozite ...... 1.458 .026 Cryolite ______1.339 .001 Tschermiglte ...... 1.459 .000 Cryolithlonite ...... 1.339 .000 Chrysocolla(?) ...... 1.46=b .11 ChioHte...... 1.349 ftffi Opal...... 1.46 .000 Cryptohalite...... 1.370 .000 Mallardite- _ ...... Sellaite...... 1.378 .012 Tincalconite ...... 1.461 .013 Mirabilite...... 1.395 .004 Melanophlogite ...... 1.461 .000 Chrysocolla(?)...... 1.40± Mendozite ...... 1.461 .014 Termlerite ...... 1. 403± .000 Lechatelierite ...... 1.462 .000 Opal. __ ...... 1. 406± .000 Plcromerite ...... 1.463 .015 1.413 .009 Mendozite ______1.463 .012 Thomsenollte ...... 1.414 .008 Aluminite ...... 1.464 .011 1.425 .035 Lansfordite ...... 1.468 .051 f .000 Halloysite ...... 1. 470± .000 1.427 \ to weak. 1.47 .03 Opal...... 1.43 .000 Omelinite...... 1.47 .004 1.434 .000 Tridymite- ...... 1.47 .004 Fluorite . _ ...... 1.434 .000 1.47± .000 Opal...... 1. 440=fc .000 1. 47=fc .000 1.440 .005 1.470 .036 1.44 .014 1.470 .009 1.44± .000 1.470 .025 Stercorite ...... 1.441 .030 Boussingaultite ...... 1.470 .010 Taylorite... _ ...... 1.448 .012 Kernite ___ ...... 1.472 .034 Covellite _ . _ - ...... 1.45 Flokite...... 1.473 .002 Lecontite ...... 1.452 .013 ( .001 KaJinite .. _ ...... 1. 452 .028 1.474± 1 to . 008 Hexahydrite ...... 1.453 .030 Ptilolite...... 1.475 .003 Sulphohalite ...... 1.454 .000 Mordenite...... 1.475 .004 36 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS TABLE 3. List of minerals arranged according to their intermediate indices of refraction, ft, and showing their birefringences Continued ft Birefringence ft Birefringence 1.474 0.029 1.505 0.005 1 471 .011 1.605 .000 1.476 .009 Mesolite ______1.505 .001 1.476 TABLE 3. List of minerals arranged according to their intermediate indices of refraction, /3, and showing their birefringences Continued ft Birefringence ft Birefringence 1.529 0.055 Zepharovichite...... 1.55 0.02± 1.53± .000 Mizzonlte (MavjMeM).. 1.551 .013 T^ftviQtnnlritft 1.630 .022 1.552 Weak. 1.530 .024 Alumohydrocalcite . __ 1.553 .085 Tlpoito Andesine...... 1. 553 .007 1.53 .025 Qrothine...... 1.554 .016 1.53 1.554 .018 1,532 .010 Bombiccite...... 1.555 .041 1.532 .003 1.555 .011 1.532 .056 Lepidolite...... 1.555 .023 Kaliophilite..- ~ ... 1.532 .005 Halloyslte.. - - .. 1.555 .0001 1.533 .042 1.555 (?) 1.533 .027 1.555 .01 1.533 .022 1.555 .102! 1.533 .000 Whewellite...... 1.655 .159 1.534 (M7 1. 555 .007 1.534 .068 1.556 .089' 1.534 .020 (?) (?) 1.534 .027 Louderbackite...... 1.558 .037' 1.535 .021 1.558 .OOOi 1. 535± .000 1.558 .019' 1.535 .002 1.558 .053, 1.535 1.558 .031 1.535 .063 Beryllonite...... 1.558 . 009i 1.535 .060 1.559 .021) 1.535 .02 1.559 . 008: 1.535 .010 Ferronatrite...... 1.559 .068: 1.536 .036 Friedellite ...... 1.560 . 065> 1.636 '.026 1.660 .065. 1.636 TOO 1.560 .020 Siderotil . .... 1.537 .015 1.560 .020' 1.537 nfw 1.560 .02. 1.637 .01 1.56 Weak.. Beidellite ...... 1.637 .042 1.561 .19* 1.637 .029 1.561 .027; (?) 1.561 .011- 1.538 .006 1.561 .026-. 1.539 .028 1.561 .023 1.539 fiO9 1.662 .012" 1.539 .008 1.562 .006. 1.540 .030 1.662 .014 1.54 (?) 1.56 1.54± .000 .OOOi 1.640 .017 1.562 .011 1.541 .000 1.563 .009- 1.541 .022 1.563 .006. Teletrdite 1.542 .000 1.564 1.542± 000 1.564 .006 1.542 .004 Polylithionite ...... 1.565 .022' Stichtite. ... 1.542 .026 Montmorillonite __ 1.565 .022: 1.642 .130 1.565 . 000 1.543 .065 1.565 .010' Olicoclos6 1.543 .008 1.565 .005- Halite...... 1.544 .000 1. 565± .01 1.644 .009 Elpidlte... ..---.-...... 1.565 .014; 1.544 .002 1.665 . 005 1.545 .014 1.566 .021; 1.545 .002 (?) (?) 1.54 .01 1.566 .038- Pholldollte...... 1.545 .042 1.567 .027" 1.545 Wernerite (MauMeio) - - 1.567 .022' 1.545 .012 1.568 .000 1.545 fine 1.568 .015 1.546 .006 1.569 .004; 1.547 .023 Qrifflthite...... 1.569 . 087: 1.547 ftfifVlr. 1.57 1.547 .010 1.57± .000) 1.547 .025 1.57 Weak.. 1.547 .156 1.57 .010' 1.548 .028 1.57 .030* 1.548 .014 1.570 . 013: 1.549 .013 1.57± .025, Truscottite...... 1.549 .021 1.570 .011' (?) (?) 1.571 .03* 1.549 .016 1.571 .059' 1.549 .021 1.571 .022' 1.650 .006 1.572 .002' 1.550 .011 Beidellite- 1.572 .039' 1.55 .03 1.572 .003. 1.55± .000 1.572 .002. Ascharite. .--..-.-..--. 1.55 .02 Nitrobarite. . . 1.572 .000. 38 MICKOSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS TABLE 3. List of minerals arranged according to their intermediate indices of refraction, /3, and showing their birefringences Continued 0 Birefringence /» Birefringence 1.572 0 000 1.59 0.012 1.57± 000 1.59 .018 1.572 .020 1.590 .020 1 179 .020 1.590 .033 1.572 .010 1 1.591 .018 1.573 .031 1.591 .071 1.574 .02 1.591 .022 1.574 .033 1.592 .011 1.574 09Q 1.592 .036 1.574 .034 1.592 .028 1.575 .030 1.592 .010 1.575 .044 1.594 .04 1.575 .01 1.594 .027 1.575 .024 1.594 .04 1.575 .005 1.595 .040 1.57 .008 1.595 .020 1.575 .015 1.595 .010 1.576 .030 1.595 .070 1.576 .008 1.695 .012 . 1. 576 .003 1.595 .027 1.576 .014 1.595 .027 1.576 .026 1.596 .036 .BeryL 1.577 .006 1.596 .000 1.578 .057 1.597 .037 1.578 . .06 1.597 .023 1.579 .002 1.697 .007 1.579 .021 1.597 .015 1.580 .020 1.598 .045 1.580 .009 1.598 .019 (0 .014 1.698 .008 f Rather Manganophyllite 1.598 .030 1.58± 1.598 nns 1.580 .008 1.600 .021 1.68 .000 1.599 .041 1.581 .010 1.60± .000 1.581 .006 1.600 Strong. 1.581 .009 1.60 .033 1.581 .010 1.600 .045 1.581 .036 1.60 .053 Beidellite - 1.582 .028 1.60 .03 Hydrobiotite. . 1.582 .037 1.600 .008 1.582 .008 1.60 .03 1.582 .031 1.60± .000 1.582 .011 1.601 .010 1.582 .063 1.602 .048 1.582 .027 1.602 .020 1.582 .011 1.603 .031 1.583 .019 Fremontite 1.603 .021 1.583 .012 1.603 .014 1.584 .006 1.603 .054 1 fiRd .012 1.604 .011 1 MM .000 Voltaite.. 1.604 .000 1.585 .01 1.604 .032 1.585 .025 1.605 Low. 1.585 .029 1.605 .02 1.585 .013 1.605 .023 1.585 1.605 .100 1.586 .011 1.605 .000 WcirHita 1.586 009 1.605 1.586 .009 1.606 .025 1.587 .09 1.606 .022 1.587 Low. Phlogopite _ 1.606 .044 1.587 .251 1.606 .005 1.588 .048 (?) .017 'Talr> 1.589 .050 Meionite... 1.607 .036 1.589 .011 1.607 .006 1.589 .010 Dahllite 1.608 .004 1.589 .001 1.608 .045 1.59± .000 1.609 .021 1.590 .015 1.61 .000 1.590 .000 Muscovite- 1.611 .043 1.590 .030 1.61 .07 TATorHitfl 1.590 .010 1.61 .025 1.59 .01 1.61 .007 1.59 .01 1.61± .000 1.590 (?) 1.61± .000 'Kornelite.. 1.59 .07 1.61± .000 Hisingerite. 1.59± .000 .020 'Collophanite. 1.59± .000 Chloromanganokalite.. 1.59 Very weak. 019 1 "iO.I. no Aphrosiderite 1.612 .004 Oarnierite.. . -- 1.59 Low. Herderite 1.612 .029 TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS TABLE 3. List of minerals arranged according to their intermediate indices of refraction, /?, and showing their birefringences^G&totitiued P Birefringence 0 Birefringence- 1.613 . 0.047 1.63 0.02 1.613 .010 Chrysocolla (?)...... 1.63 .OS', 1.613 .017 1.63 .oiaf 1.614 fni 1.634 .03 Phosphophyllite.. . . - _ 1.614 .022 1.633 .000 Stilpnomelane _ ...... 1.615 .069 1.633 f)Ad Zippeite. ___ _-...- ... 1.615 .012 .006 Fluocerite.. _ - ...... 1.615 .002 Voelckerite 1.633 004 Lehiite..... _____ . 1.616 .027 Melilite. 1.634 .005 Tremolite. ____ .... 1.616 .027 1.635 .011 Calamine __ ... __ .... 1.617 .022 1. 635± .000 C yanotrichite -... .. 1.617 .067 Tilleyite--.-~.~~~~ 1. 636 AOC Chondrodite...... 1.617 .032 1.635 ofu Glauconite.-... __ .... 1.618 .022 Oedrite...... 1.636 .021 Chalcophyllite...... 1.618 .066 1.636 .014 Pargasite.... _ ...... 1.618 .022 flOT Edenite. ____ ...... 1.619 .019 1.636 n^f* Chondrodite - __ ... 1.620 .036 1.636 . 02ft* Delessite _ ...... 1.619 .014 1.636 098; Turquoise ___ ...... 1.62 .04 1.637 023; Nontronite.. ___ . ... 1.62 .015 022 Topaz __ . _ . 1.620 .008 "Rarito 1.637 .012 Churchite. ______1.620 .034 1 638 099 Bisbeeite...... 1.620 .10 1.638 .019 Afwillite...... 1.620 .017 013 Torbernite. --...-._---. 1.62 .002± 1.638 flcor Gillespite...--. _ ...... 1.621 .002 1.638 .017 Eucolite __ ...... 1.621 .003 1.639 .000 Zippeite _ ...... 1.621 .010 1 fi^8 .000. Lehiite ____ . _ . ... 1.622 .009 1.639 .00» Pseudowavellite...... 1.622 .009 1.639 019) Arakawaite _ ...... 1.622 .040 1 f\d(\ nno Metatorbernite . . . . . _ 1.623 .002 1 64 .015 Dehrnite. __ .. _ ..... 1.623 .011 1 64 .000 Merrillite...... __ .. 1.623 .003 i fi4_i_ .01 1.623 .023 i fid Tikhvinite. --..-...-... 1.62 (?) 1 fid .02 Uranopilite. .----...... 1.623 .010 1.64± .000 Tremolite...... 1.623 .026 1.64± .000 Uranocircite. . ___ - _ 1.623 .013 1. 640± .000 Celestite. . _ .. _ . ... 1.624 .009 Uvite-...... 1 641 .020 Lewistonite.... _ .... 1.624 .011 T^nlfrnitA 1 641 nno Soda margarite (ephes- 1.642 .024 ite)...... 1.625 .032 1.642 04 6> 1.625 .050 Serpierite...... 1.642 !063, 1.625 .010 Mullite (pure)~--.---~ 1.642 .015, 1.625 1.642 .024, 1.625 AOO 1.642 1.625 Weak 1.642 .035 NeDouite 1.625 .037± Ransomite---. --~~-- 1.643 .064. 1.625 Castanite _ ...-..-.-.. 1.643 ' . 104, 1.625 .033 Margarite... ------. 1.643 .013 1.626 .014 Humite __ -.'..-...-... 1.643 .035 1.626 .021 1.643 .020" 1.626 .033 Dioptase. . ------1.644 .053- 1.627 .025 Fairfleldite...... 1.644 .01& 1.627 .045 Nontronite------~- 1.645 .03 1.628 .056 Rinkolite. ------1.645 .01» 1.628 .019 Holmquistite. . .-..----. 1.645 .019 1.628 .008 1.646 .019 1.628 .056 Elbaite (tourmaline) .... 1.647 .01S 1.629 .026 Hellendite. ------(?)' .011 1.629 .022 Biotite...... ~--~~ 1.648 ; .064 1.629 .015 1.648 .039 1.63± .03 1.649 , .00ft 1.63 .02 1.649 .075 1.630 .005 1.649 .012 1.63± .000 1.65 .025 1.63 .050 T. 65± ; .000 1.630 .021 1.65 .000 1.630 .008 1. 650 I .026 1.630 .010 1'. 650 .075 Edenite ___ __ . ... 1.630 .023 Homilite (altered)...... 1'. 650 . .02 1.630 .061 1. 650 i ..137 1.631 .025 '.Off ..65" i . 000 1.63 .01 Tritomite (altered). _ . i .000 1.632 .030 '.650 ; .028 1.632 .019 '.650 Bementite...... 1.632 .030 . 650 .027 Chalcophyllite- . _ . ... 1.632 .057 i: 65" : .03 Picropharmacolite...... 1.632 .009 Epistolite -..-. - 1 li.650- i .072 40 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS TABLE 3. List of minerals arranged according to their intermediate indices of refraction, ft, and showing their birefringences Continued P Birefringence ft Birefringence 1.651 0.076 1.669 0.009 1.652 .011 1.669 .011 1.652 .024 Schorlite (tourmaline) .. 1.669 .031 1.652 .063 1.669 .012 1.653 nnn 1.67± .000 1.653 .008 Olivine (FeO= 11.9 per 1.653 .040 1.670 .036 1.653 .030 Siderophyllite...... 1.670 .052 1.654 .07 1.67 .014 1.654 .013 1.67 .000 1.654 .029 1.670 .012 1.654 .009 1.670 .032 1.654 .053 1.667 .007 1.654 .016 Titanohydroclinohum- 1.654 .022 1.670 .032 1. 654 .049 1.670 Weak. 1.654 .044 . 1.670 .046 1.655 .004 1.671 .029 1.655 .010 1.67 .02 1.655 .011 1.671 .146 1.655 .005 Hinsdalite . . 1.671 .019 1.655 .029 1.671 .030 1.655 .007 Fillowite.. ------__ 1.672 .004 1.655 .019 Magnesium chlorophoe- TPfllaitfi 1.656 .008 nicite __ 1.672 .008 1.656 .065 1.673 .048 1.656 .03 1.673 .022 1.656 .032 Spurrite. ____ _ 1.674 .039 1.657 .012 Natrophilite. - 1.674 .013 Vslsrdonits .004 1.674 .036 1.657 .010 1.674 .019 1.658 .013 1.674 .127 1.658 .065 Diopside jadeite. .... 1.674 .022 1.658 .055 1.674 .014 1.658 .172 1.675 .022 1.659 .013 Plazolite ___ _ 1.675 .000 1.66 .025 Cummingtonite.. 1.675 .028 Hisingerite...... 1.66 .000 Liskeardite.. . . 1.675 .028 1.660 .070 1.675 .044 1.660 .010 1.675 .039 1.660 .010 Chloromagnesite. - 1.675 .085 1.660 .012 Pharmacosiderite ... . . 1.676 .000± 1.660 .035 Parisite... - 1. 676± .081 1.660 .012 1.676 .054 1.66 .06 1.676 .011 1.66 .015 Witherite .. 1.676 .148 1.660 .022 Kornerupine _ .. 1.676 .012 1.660 Weak. 1.677 .013 1.661 .043 Hypersthene (10 per 1.661 .073 1.678 .010 1.661 .040 Iron reddingite . . . 1.678 .031 1.662 .001 1.678 .041- 1.662 .017 Clinohumite. _ .... 1.678 .033 . 1. 662 .013 Lithiophilite __ -... 1.679 .011 1.662 .098 1.680 .025 1.663 .025 1.68 .06 1.663 .017 1.68 .060 1.664 .035 1.68± .000 1.664 .013 Florencite. 1. 680± .005 1.664 .028 1.68 .005 1.665 .02± Diopside..-...... 1.680 .029 Tfl-jy-v] jfrt 1. 665± .02 1.681 .037 1.665 .02 Strong. 1.665 .029 Annabergite...... 1.68 .05 1.665 .020 1.68 .18 1.666 .046 Schallerite...... 1.681 .038 1.666 .010 1.682 .155 1.666 .016 Koettigite _ ..-- . 1.683 .055 1.666 .012 1.683 .029 1.666 .005 1.684 .161 1.667 .007 1.684 .036 1.667 .003 Svabite... .. 1.684 .012 1.667 .177 Ferroanthophyllite . . 1.685 .03 1.667 .019 Thuringite...... 1.685 1 .015 .011 Axinite.--.- ... 1.685 .010 .147 S chroeckingerite ...... 1.685 .032 'Strontianite. - _ - ..... 1.667 Koscoelite...... 1.685 .094 Uranophane __ _ .--.. 1.667 .027 Uranopilite -- 1.68 .03 Symplesite...... -. 1.668 .068 1.685 .033 Rinkite ..... 1. 668 .016 1.686 .028 Zinkosite... .. -- 1.669 .012 Titanoelpidite. -.--....- 1.686 .017 TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 41 TABLE 3. List of minerals arranged according to their intermediate indices of refraction, /3, and showing their birefringences Continued 0 Birefringence ft Birefringence Dumortierite.. - 1.686 0.011 1.711 0.010 1.687 .046 1.711 .015 1.687 .029 1.713 .019 1. 687 .005 1.714 .030 1.687 .029 1.714 .045 1.688 .031 Strengite (manganifer- Triphylite.. _ ------1.688 .004 1.714 .025 1.689 .109 1.715 .013 Hypersthene (14 per 1.715 .023 1.689 .012 1.715 .044 1.689 .038 1.716 .000 1.690 .018 1.716 .026 Orangite (altered tho- 1.716 .190 1.69 .000 1.716 .005 1.690 .016 1.716 .050 1.690 .028 1.717 .004 1.69± .09 1.717 .101 1.69 .OOdb 1.718 .000 1.691 .028 1.718 .018 1.691 .026 Magnesium orthite 1.718 .018 Qehlenito... _ . .. 1. 691 .000± PiorAfiTlitp 1, 719 .024 1.691 .021 1.719 .028 1.694 .019 1.719 .014 1.693 .005 Epidote (12 per cent 1.694 .032 1.719 .007 1.694 .053 1.719 .021 1.695 Low? Allanite 1.72± .000 Basaltic hornblende. ... 1.695 .031 1.720 .010 1.695 .161 1.720 .016 1.695 .005 1.720 .029 1.695 .025 1,720 .000 1.695 .014 1.720 .010 Barylite. ___ 1.696 .014 1.721 .019 1.697 .045 1.721 .095 1.698 .038 1. 722 .049 Ankerite (CaCOs, 52.6 1.722 .048 per cent; MgC Os, 36.7; 1.722 .011 FeCOs, 10.7. . 1.698 .185 1.722 .044 1.698 .040 1.722 .023 Schefferite. -- 1.699 .031 1.723 .047 1.699 .046 1.723 .042 1.70± .000 1.724 .010 1.70 .000 1.724 .022 Basaltic hornblende .... 1.725 .072 Magnesite (pure) ...... 1.700 .191 1.725 .023 1.700 .006 1.725 .000 1.70 .007 1.725 .046 1.70 .022 1.726 .033 1.70 Low. Triploidite.--- - 1.726 .005 1.70 .04 Magnesite (FeCOs, 15 1.70 .021 D6r cent) 1.726 .199 1.700 .100 Tyrolite ...... 1.726 .036 1.701 .040 Picrotephroite 1.701 .011 (MgjSi04, 40.4; 1.702 .017 MnjSiOi, 59.6 per Arandisite _ ...... 1.702 .000 . 1.727 .029 1.702 Moderate. Hypersthene (25 per Hypersthene (FeO, 18 1.728 .016 1.702 .013 1.728 .055 1.702 .006 1.728 .015 1.703 .005 1.729 .025 1.703 .055 1.729 .010 1.703 .018 Mixite 1.730 .080 1.704 .025 1.73± .01 1.704 .025 1.73 .02 1.705 .000 1.73 .01 Tarbuttite .... - 1.705 .053 Augite (TiOj, 4.84 per Qraftonite __ . 1.705 .024 1.73 .021 1.706 .037 1.73 .056 1.706 .008 1.730 .068 1.707 .021 1.730 .035 1.707 .000 Stibiconite (?)...... 1.73 .Old: 1.707 .018 1.731 .028 1.707 .006 1.731 .027 1.707 .009 1.731 .022 Vesuvianite.... . 1.708 .003 1.732 .032 Diopside hedenbergite. 1.708 .024 Moly bdite ..... 1. 733± .215 Sussexite... ___ ..... 1.709 .082 1.733 .019 Uranothorite ...... 1.710 .000 1.733 .015 Strengite...... 1.71 .035 Curtisite...... 1.734 .51 Zippeite (?)...... 1.710 .100 Qrossularite.. -...--.--. 1.734 .000 42 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS TABLE 3. List of minerals arranged according to their intermediate indices of refraction, /3, and showing their birefringences 0 Birefringence 0 Birefringence 1.734 0.013 1.77 0.000 1.735 (?) Melanocerite (altered) . . ' 1. 77± .000 Qi^lrlAritfl 1.735 .030 1.77 .041 1.735 .01 1.77 .02 1.736 .000 1.772 .019 1.736 .000 1.773 .078 1.736 .024 1.774 .032 1.736 .110 1.774 .013 1.737 .055 (?) Strong. 1.737 .000 1.774 .06 rpViQl/vnita 1.738 .013 Britholite .. 1.775 .005 1.739 .024 1.776 .037 TT^lvitP 1.739 .000 1. 778± .000 1.740 .021 1.778 .023 1.740 .025 1.778 .073 1. 74± .000 1.779 .019 Caryocerite (altered) 1.74± .000 1.779 .000 1.74 .035 1.78 .13 f Rather Alleghanyite . 1.780 .036 1.74 \ strong. 1.780 .029 1.74 .089 1.78± .005 1.741 .010 1.78 Medium. 1.742 .000 Piedmontite.. __ 1.782 .082 1.742 .027 1.782 .063 1.742 .022 1.786 .046 1.742 .028 1.785 Epidote (22 per cent 1.786 .040 1.742 .027 1.788 .218 1.744 .065 Olivenite. 1.788 .082 1.745 .042 1.788 .027 1.745 .003 1.788 .023 1.745 .085 Monazite ______1.788 .051 1.745 .087 1.790 .000 1.748 .103 1.79 .10 1.748 . .000 1.79± .26± 1.748 .010 1.79 .020 1.749 .202 Hortonolite _ 1.792 .035 1.75 .08 1.792 .034 1.75± .21 Strong. 1.75 .08 1.793 .054 1.75 .030 1.793 .022 1.754 .000 1.793 .028 1.75 Low. 1.794 .009 1.75± .000 Barthite. _ 1.795 .035 1.752 .016 Scorodite __ - __ 1.796 .030 Mceowrnite 1.754 Very weak. 1.799 .050 1.754 .035 1.80 Strong. 1,754 .021 .000 A rQPrtrtlifa 1.754 .000 Thorite. (?) (?) Veuasite 1.755 .065 Spessartite (pure) 1.800 .000 1.755 .030 Flinkite.. ______. 1.801 .050 1.755 .076 1.80 .006 Tritomite (altered) 1. 757± .000 1.80 .05 1.757 .047 1.80 .08 1.757 .040 1.80 .05 1.758 .108 1. 805± .000 1.758 .000 Stibiconite.... 1.80d= .000 1.76 .13 Hercynite. . 1.80± .000 1.760 .183 1.801 .000 1.760 .000 1.801 .049 1.760 .090 Sarkinite.. __ . 1.807 .016 f Rather Acmite. 1.807 .053 (?) \ strong. Tephroite..... 1.807 .048 1.760 .015 Olivenite.---- - 1.810 .091 1.761 .000 1.810 .022 1.762 .034 Hancockite _ 1.81 .042 1. 762 .086 1.81 .05 1.763 Weak. 1.810 .029 Epidote (57 per cent 1.811 .000 1.763 .057 Bodenbenderite (?) .000 1.763 .000 Gadolinite ______-- 1.812 .023 1.766 .000 1.812 .000 1.768 .008 Spessartite...- . 1.814 .000 1.768 .044 Molybdophyllite. 1.815 .054 1.769 .009 1.815 .050 (?) Strong. 1.816 .060 1.77± .000 Borgstroemite . 1.816 .088 Aegirite (vanadiferous) . 1.770 .037 1.817 .105 1.770 ' .016 Rhodochrosite (pure) 1.817 .22 1.770 .130 1.817 .032 1.771 .031 1.818 .000 Piedmontite.. 1.771 .061 Cerite.- - 1.818 .400 TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 43 TABLE 3. List of minerals arranged according to their intermediate indices of refraction, /8, and showing their birefringences Continued ft Birefringence ft Birefringence 1.820 0.095 1.92 .14 1.82 .04 1.920 0.071 1.82 09 1 Q9-U (H-l- 1.826 .221 1.92± .000 1.826 .000 1.923 .000 1.83 000± 1.923± 045 1.830 .000 1.925 .000 Iddingsite (?).._...... 1 QO .072 1.925 .200 Siderite(MgCOj,24per 1.926 .059 1.830 .234 1.93 Weak. 1.831 .046 1.93± .20 1.831 .047 1.832 .082 1.930 .053 1.834 .072 1.93 .000 1.836 .041 1.935 .115 1.838 .000 1.936 .055 1.838 .050 1.94 .000 1.838 .000 1.94± .000 Toerilit-n 1.84 .16 . 1.945 .026 1 84 1.948 .010 1 84 .17 1.95 1.840 .055 1.950 .040 1.840 flQfi 1.95 .03 T\iot'7oitQ 1.842 .032 1.9 .11 1.955 .263 1.849 .234 1.96 Weak. 1.849 .228 1.960 .055 1.85 .17 i ofl_i_ 000 1.85 .15 1.96 .000 1.85 .04 1.96 .25 1.850 .003 1.961 .021 1.852 .033 1.963 .003 1. 853 .050 1.965 nnn 1.855 .242 Tscbeflkinite (altered?). 1.97 .02 1.855 .25 1.97 .04 1.857 .000 1.97 Wflnlr 1.86 .07 Wont 1.86± .000 1.973 .683 Erinite. - 1.86 .06 1.974 .010 1.86 .01 1.975 .134 1.861 .049 1.98 1.864 .050 1.98 nnn 1.866 .091 1.98 .000 1.87± .000± 1.985 .10 1.87± .000 1.99 no 1.870 .078 1.99 1.87 nd 1.99± nrin 1.870 .18 1.997 .096 1. 870± .225 Bindheimite (?).- ... 2.0 1.875 .242 Wiikite...... 2.00 nnn 1.875 .089 2.0d= .015 1.875 .254 2.00 nnn 1.879 .240 Leadhillite _ ...... 2.00 .14 1.88 .06 2.00 .15 1.88± .01 2.00 1.88 .08 2.01 10 f Rather Armangite ...... 2.01 .02 Chenevixlte...... 1.88 2.01 .02 1.882 .097 1.882 .017 (?) 000 2.01± 000 1.87 .02 Volborthite...... 9 ft1 .02 Ellsworthite _____ . 1.89 .000 2.01 19 1.89 .02 2.013 .016 1.89 .05 2.015 000 1.895 .000 2.026 .016 1.895 .20 (?) 000 Arseniosiderite...... 1.898 .083 2.026 061 lanthinite _ - .... 1.900 .246 0 m f Rather Trippkeite...... 1.90 .22 Voltzite...... I strong. 1.9± .000 2.03 .03 1.9± .015 2.04 no 1.907 .134 2.037 OQQ 1.910 .087 Uzbekite...... - 2.04 DA 1.910 .055 2.05 IW1 1.91 .01=b 2.05± (VIA Ilvaite. _ ...... 1.91 2.05± nnn 1.91 flQK 2 nC .02 1.913 .010 2.05 Hugelite...... 1.915 .01 Eulytite..-...... 2.05 1.918 .016 2.050 rv\o Fourmarierite ...... 1.92 .09 Calcio volborthite ___ - 2.05 .00 163287 34 1 44 MICKOSCOPIC DETEEMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS TABLE 3. List of minerals arranged according to their intermediate indices of refraction, /3, and showing their birefringences Continued ft Birefringence & Birefringence 2.05 .157 2.222 .038 2.05 0.01 2.22 0.08 2.06 .000 Euxenite...... ____ 2.24± .000 Sipylite.- - 2.06± .000 2. 24L1 .29 2.06± .000 Thorotungstite _____ (?) Strong. 2.06± . .000 2.24 .09 2.06 .05 2.248 .000 2.061 .000 2.24 .17 2.065 .000 Endlichite . _____ 2.25 .05 2.07 .000 Samarskite.... __ .... 2.25± .000 2.07 .02 Bromyrite _ .. ___ .. 2.253 .000 2.076 2.74 Manganotantalite . 2.25 .07 2.08 .02 Tantalite 2.25 .15 2.087 .000± 2.26 .17 2.09 .000± Cuprodescloizite.. 2.26 .15 2.09 .15 Hetaerolite...- __ 2.26 .16 2.09± .15 2.26± .00 2.09d= .01 Bismutite.. ____ .... 2.26± .05 2.095 .000 2.269 .087 2.098 .111 Tapiolite __ .. __ .--- 2.27L | .15 2.10 .05 Raspite .. . 2.27 .03 2.10 Weak. Mendipite ------2.27 .07 2.10 Strong. Descloizite _ .. __ 2.27 .17 2.10 .53 Pyrobelonite... (?) (?) 2.102 .310 Qoethite __ .. _ 2.29 .14 2.11 .09 Manganotantalite- . 2.29 .08 2.114 .026 Haematophanite.- . (?) (?) 2. 115± .000 Finnemanite.--- __ -. 2.295 .010 2.116 .081 Monimolite - ___ .. (?) .000 2.12 .000 Knopite ___ - ___ -. 2.30 .000 2.13± .000 Brannerite _____ ... 2.30 .000 2.13 .08 Hielmite...... 2.30Li .10 2.13 .19 Plattnerite. 2. SLI± . (?) 2.135 .017 Cuprodescloizite . . 2.31L1 .12 2.137 .000 Geikielite _____ .- ... 2.31 .36 2.142 .000 Tantalite ...... 2.32 .17 2.15 .000 Ecdemite ...... 2.32L| .07 2.15± .000 Wolframite 2. 32Li .16 2. 15± .000 Ochrolite __ . ___ ... (?) (?) 2.15 .11 Dysanalite..-- _ ... . 2.33 Weak. 2.15 Strong. Ochrolite- ...... 2.34Li .06 2. 15± .07 Hetaerolite...... 2.34± .20 2.15 .04 Marshite...... 2.346 .000 2.16± .05± Qoethite- ______2. 35Li .14 2.16± .000 Schwartzembergite. .... 2.35 .11 Bellite ------2.16 .02 Valentinite _ - ...... 2.35 .17 2.16 .000 Magnesioferrite ...... 2.35L1 .000 2.17 .01 Nadorite ...... 2.35LI .10 2.17 .19 Lorettoite...... 2.35L1 .02 2. 175± .000 Vanadinite...... 2.354 .055 Euxenite... 2.175 .000 f 2.33LI .02 Kleinite (biaxial)-. 2.18 .02 1 2. 356N« .022 Bunsenite.. ____ . 2. 18,ed .000 Loparite .. 2.36 .000 Eschwegeite. . 2.18 .000 Uhligite.- . . (?) .000 Kalkowskyn ...... Weak. 2.18 .58 Pyrobelonite- ...... 2.36 .15 2. 18L| .35 Franklinite 2.36Li± .000 2.182 .01 Schwartzembergite- . . . . 2. 36L| .11 2.19 .000 Langbanite. -. 2.36Li .05 7irValif-O 2.19 .000 Wolframite-..- ____ . 2. 36Li .15 Kleinite (hexagonal).... 2.19 .02 2. 36Li .20 "RarlrlftlAvitfl 2.19 .07 f 2.34L1 .00 2.19± .000 Sphalerite (pure). .. \ 2.37N. .00 2. 195± .000 Grocoite...... 2.37Li .35 2.20 .000 Perofskite. -- .- ..... 2.38 Weak. .000 Pseudobrookite ...... 2. 39u .04 2.20 .000 Trevorite. _ ...... (?) .000 2.20± .000 Ferberite...... 2.40L1 Strong. 2.20± .000 Ferrocolumbite ...... 2.40L1 Extreme. .12 2.20 .21'.000 Wulfenite...--- 2. 402 LI 2.20 Stibiotantalite...... 2.404 .083 2.20 .14 Stibiocolumbite. ------2.419 .061 2.200 .57 Diamond _ 2.419 .000 (?) (?) Minium ___ ..; . 2.42Li Weak. Eschynite.... 2.205 .000 f 2. 431 LI .025 2.21 .000± \ 2.506Na .023 2.21± .000 2.45L1 Strong. 2.21 .01 2.45L1 .06 Polymignite...... 2.215 .000 2.46ti .31 2.217 .060 (?) Huebnerite 2.22 .15 Magnetoplumbite . . (?) Vauquelinite. . 2.22 .11 (?) (?) TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 45 TABLE 3. List of minerals arranged according to their intermediate indices of refraction, /3, and showing their birefringences Continued 0 Birefringence ft Birefringence TT'flllrAwQk'vn (?) (?) 2.81L! .6± Sphalerite (FeS, 28 per f 2.819 Li 0.327 cent)...... 2.47N . 0.000 Cinnabar ...... I 2.857N B 347 2.481 .271 2.849 .000 2.49Li .000 2.979.1 .268 2. 50Li 3. 2. 50Li 3. 2.5u .28 3. .10 3.01u .28 2.554 .061 3.084 .203 fimithite...... 2. 58Li .12 Hutchinsonite ...... 3. 176NB .110 2.586 .158 3. 22u .28 2. 59i,i .15 Smithite _ . ___ . .... 3.27? 2.6Li 4.303 1.109 2. 6lLi .15 >2. 72L| .000 2. 6lLi .20 >2.72L| .000 Rutile...... 2.616 .287 Chalcophanite ...... >2. 72Li 2. 62Li >2. 73L1 Tenorite...... _-..... 2.63red >2.72L1 / 2. 633 Li .040 Miargyrite...... >2.72Li Very strong. I 2. 654N» .043 Lorandite...... >2.72Li Extreme. 2. 64Li .32 >2. 72L| 2.665L1 .130 >2.72Li 2.69LI .000 Sartorite _ ...... (?) 2. 70_i .000 (?) 2.75 .30 (?) Abbreviations used in Table 4 fibs..-.-...... absorption. isomor___...isomorphous. acic. __-.-.---- acicular. isot_ __-_--_-_ -isotropic. amor__....._. .amorphous. mic. _____-__- .micaceous. anom_...... anomalous. mkd___.... .marked. B_._ _ ___..._. .birefringence. mod__._.__ .moderate, b. b.------....before the blowpipe. mon__ ...... monoclinic. biax__.-..--.biaxial, oct __...... octahedral. cleav. _____--_- cleavage. opt___..--..optically, conct. ------concentrated. orth______orthorhombic. conch ------conchoidal. penet___.__ .penetration. decpd _-.-.-_-_ decomposed. perf.. _ -_.___- .perfect. dif _.---_-..-- .difficult; difficultly. perc__ _ _... _ .perceptible. disp... _ ------dispersion. pi____.___-.plane. dist. ------distinct. pleoc_ - _____ .pleochroism; pleochroic. dodec. _--..- _ .dodecahedral. poly___ _... .polysynthetic. elong. __...... elongation. pris. ______.prismatic. ext-_------extinction. ps_____-_-__pseudo. extr_ ..-._--- .extreme. pyr am ______pyramidal. F. ------fusibility. rect______-__- rectangular. fib-__------.fibers; fibrous. rhomboh..__.rhombohedral. f us_ _ ------.fusible. sol. -__-_---.. .soluble, G------..-..specific gravity. sq___.--.-..square, gelat.--._---.-gelatinous; gelatinize. tab___-.-...tabular, H___-.-_-...hardness, tetrag. ______.tetragonal. hex..__-..-.hexagonal, tetrah.. _ ...... tetrahedrons. imperf.--...... imperfect. tr__...... trace. incl. ...._.-. _ .inclined. trie. ______.triclinic. indist-----... . -indistinct, trig. __--_--_- .trigonal. anf us. -.-..-_- -infusible. tw______.twinning. ' insol. _.--.._ _ -insoluble, uniax______uniaxial. isomet__..., -isometric. 46 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS The first column in Table 4 shows the extent and nature of the- variability of the values for the minerals given. The symbol A means- that an entry has been made of the same mineral or one of an isomor- phous series of which this mineral is a member, having a lower mean, index of refraction. The symbol v indicates that an entry has been made of the mineral, or a related isomorphous member of the series, for which the mean index of refraction is greater. The symbol 0" denotes a variability in both directions according to the above method., The symbol u indicates the probable variability of a mineral entered', in the tables, although no other entry has been made. The probable variability in the other direction is indicated by the symbol n, and the double variability by the symbol C. The combination symbol \/ indicates the entry of a mineral or isomorphous member of the series of higher index of refraction and the probable variability toward a. mineral of lower index of refraction. The combination symbol £, indicates the entry of a mineral of lower index of refraction and probable variability toward a mineral of higher index of refraction. TABLES FOB DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 47 ' '£" Ofc '|35e Qga a® Tfl g« 91 .11 .2° I 8.9 M Q bili Hardness gravity,£ II II II II II II II II II II II II II wo o o enO o wo& wo .-H O ,Q 03 _03.« 3®2 O 0 o i * I I I Js-a 1.2 .20 3-O aF" -2i2 !<5 O fa O S. al I ss Ig 12 |l f || « |f. ^Wo o^ otf O>H _ . _ MO5O1 O CO «Pt* ^^ 8 « CO CO t>Q ON COC^ <> 48 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS J? c3 . "S"" g . « qO (§ 9 ^ .2 (il o tf § 3 Jj-S'B 3 * 'Co t>>'3 p. « 3 «a <= ft .S1 W 08 Pt a i1 T3 -^ rt £3 HH O S H W 73 a> 6 T3 S *3 «5~ "i 1g W § 1 S 2§J s 9 S .S _g -9 -2.J 's'gl W "3o''3 -^"s 1® 01 -5 S « w « m | .s ""a -d 1^-- § !§ ^ 1 «§ § -1 IS 1 sof M ^^5 "3oo sd * <» f7| "I?! "77 5 W ®£ W £^ *» ^"S "S . c e b c c e 1 c c t « o1 1 fi 0 1 5 1 0I ~H~Hrh(or»o 1-1 N "H "H 8 ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ rt' ~ ~ <> c> < c c> o || TABLES TOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 49 iJ -t- ii a O S O O '1 ' ^ W; Intricatetw. e J3 O g- ^U S* 1 w'S "jj" a> i T3 O *3 >.. £g ~ T3 '* 1-1 iteDecpd.group. inHaO.Tastesb *3 ' eightfrosegments aliteQelagroup. inHsSOionlyhot inil.acid.B=O.OC P aliteNeargroup. aliteQelatgroup. O evansite.EasiIT D. lackensb.b? 16cent.per 1 3 E o it. o ** si P m O O t3 f*' *Q *JJ! ^ o 73 SCP 3 a ?!§85 o o N CO CO M N 03 O to 03 ra A S _. ^s A t7 T?7" T7| «7| "M" ttT 1*71 "77 T77 TM « 17" HON MOPH WC?M wo5 wofe MOfa wo>9 wofe WOP^ no s WOPH II S S° ! 2 & "> * ^ a 0 § 1.4 S 1 .a 9,5 & ^ « c , ' I 2-35 «" S « |l | 1 ; 1 I? c ?4S8 3 -3 a i C C t> 0 « « O PP ^ < > i * ». fe 1! 3 ' ^ 1 i P § c gll i I .A. *. ' 1 T: -^ r-l C C S, **" C I ? C C -V ^ W c ^ ! i 4. t t 0 i P Ow C ! c O s o 1 a | 0 ! e o.oS' c ^ c e I c *^ = ® -c o ° 1 g -s r ti 1 1« ; o 1 c E I < 4 < 0 P < SJ P S P c |o | 1 0 £> ; Pn iS !n o ! Sw co « HydrousphosphateAJof NasO.CaO^AlsOs.lOSiOj- 3Naj0.3AljOs.6SiOj.2Na< NajO.3A]jOs.6SiOj.2Na3 5NajO.3AJb)Os.6SiOj.2SOa 5(Nas,Ca)O.3AljOs.6SiOs 3NasO.3AljOs.6SiOj.2Naj NajO.AljOs.4SiOa.2HiO SomeSreplacesClj 3AlsO8.PjOj.l8±HjO Analclte_...... Hackmanite...... o Haiiynite...... Bolivarite_....._.... 3MgO.4SiOj.nHsO Cristobalite...____.. W 2AljOs.PjOj.4HjO Lazurite__.... Rosito&ite--.____... Fanjasite______. Sodalite.______. Evansite.___... AlloDhane._- <5 Stevensite______.. S Noselite______evndCD SiOj 6" J KC1 ^ 1 CO 0 <> Cl 50 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS -2 ^ a s . 1 § O CS 33 « Ji s ^ 2 ^ 2 "2 £H ^ b 2 a *> fa .S "3 § 2 S S 51 | ° -° aj » 3 § ^*» Oi a co a W 44S 'S. "- w o .^ W ^Q. 5-3 - S -d M ® 8 a "E'3 ^ s a -3 « 6" 'i-B "a ^ H a T3 g '§ ^ W fl ^ "^ frt A^ 'c ca 3 .2 "!® ft '3 '3 05 eS ^ 2 . . ^ .9 ^ fe § £> .a '3 C9 H >. >> . >>S §. * d W T 59 Tl Q X OJ 4JM -l^* M< >H X X *"" f. 8g | 0-55 o « *** 3 a S **H o O ^ S-^ IO co «£3 «5 g >>,Q 00 £ ^3 . O . *^ §'£ «§ «s «, ^ a S ^H £9 eo«^ »o ci a' S co c^59 ^c^.^ i~*c>i (O"3 Coca'0 c^a 3g II II <§ II II ii II II -| II II II § II II ||' II II *§ II II II II || II -g W& MO»q WOfa WOhS M Wo5 WOfa MO 03 Wfa MOfa OS yellowish, IS "o i 1 *s s c C ' c .** S t t f-3 ^ i |a tj, -^ 1 1 ^ "3 |"c ^ 0 £ S O o i O ^ i 1 «ta c c o Si K. a -0 -c S p, 3 p c c c 1 S O 1 a § a Cs i-v 4- 6?(0 i 1 a « sr 4 c *J 1 s J 1 1I c rf B +.c. ii 5 < 0 PM -<| < 1 1 ! a 0 j « o 3 i o"a> 1 !a ! I c« 100 o i W o 0 03 ] o 03 lll33333§§S J-l l-C "* .IH i-' ^ -H -H ^ ^ J c'.f o - h- u- ^ V § SBo eo T CO se$c* rH § ^ cj 3 CN ci a ci g cr C»' II II 1 n ii ii a n ii n i t 1 II II 1 II Ofc n O tt 0 ft od d Oft & oi U. tr Oft t & c i C 1 * a c *= >1 2 a 1 > S 1 1 * 0 Hi 0 j: C u c* fe 4 >'1 4-i0. 4J 1 3* jE .,. 1 \ 1 ! £ 1 1 4 , 1 < pq PP o 1 & £. 1*. a p^ i rr a £ g f C X o 0 a g O fc D C ) t 5 t C JM ci. > 00 e c c c i/ .c c c c » c: 16 T T c T c ,« | 1 E 1 ^ O < 0 <1 O S rH o V «5 e § 5 * 1 IN CaO.PjOj.HsO.CO 3NiO.COj.nH2O(?) mCuO.nSiOj.HjO ? <5 KrO.^MgOisOs MnO.SiO2.nHjO Al2Os.2SiO2.nHjO Al2Oj.2SiOj.2HsO ^ Hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon c O jl a a , Neotocite. M Q TTallnvsitfi 4. 'c Cnrnnite w ."t !° o"o I« Succinite Alkaite Halite. Scacchita S '| ! ZarntitA 6 1 a a 1 4 i fc =3 * I * 1 EH t OQ' 1 H ,5 O CD 0 52 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS t>» 5 t i a w fl ^* os wT 03 -^ X-c*. ci « .11 n jTlx-N ..Tl M 3*3 "Sii . Sr £ «>e? 1 't^Si -}|«o . o; «> CON 2 fitH CC f>(NM e* >S c II II 5 | II II 1 II II 1 7 1 II "a ' II 1 '77 "i^l It T 7| W & WOfl CJft C tr Oft t 0 t 05 &10 nlOft WO5 O tr o5 | 'I 1"Z | f *o 1 5 ' i 4 e |C a o a 4^ a 1 1 | x2 a i 8 - -c c 1 1 'C c M C p; > P| 5 ft ^ P C | i ,c c 0 o c a c T ^ 0 c 1- 0 C * | 03 o 3*^ a ! a .a§ i ^ *-> 1 a? . s a J2J3 ^ S m , e J ts -c c c o F 14? lla§ i§ | I 1 rt O C) 03 I o 1 I 1 < ' <1 S a EH § 0 il o" HH cj o «o 8 J O3 O O! *o *c U3 1>c i1C iu: 1C >o >a ic g ^- § 3 .§ fi 1 § U2 3 £ 3 03 'S 7 g 0 a a fr 1 M CO 00 2 e 03 "§ e- o 1*Q N ^ a S « S 3 O «3 K> S toa '3 a £* I 3 7 ^."3 a> .§ 3 '3 S . _i 09 -3 8 s* ^ M. ^S c rt *, |S t> If &' 1 1 S -* O ". C ^ t> "1"6 B. W(2 S da S a 8 al ^ Dg >. C3 O II 2^ 6 jjj-S 'f i-i O D ^ o 3 § o ^ a ^ W . "g W W _B ^> DO 1 8 2 o "I .3 .9 W a> p- 1> o w" O if ° 5 'o "3 -S o PH § P CO CO ^ r g CD Ss T s? -.-t,^ 4 "c 1 1 c f E £ ' -A. g c 1^ a a gIt C c O - E c -V- fc O H -V 0 c < a .« f 1 \ *»,£ c c C 1 4 C> O O c: o CD c> d 1iO t C ffli ^ : P" h d tx « 0} "oo j£ cfe X -o ID ^^o 00. 0 i X:S H £ a§ o * ^ c "5 c H O M T c & j t f § | 1 1 ? 1 o | 3r* PH n o PP 1 | O n *^2 r~\I M U li | "& o5 a 1 ! o i f a a 'S -6 | f a c c o 1 c § fc , I O ^ o -" 13 < e § c "§ a d £ 72 ^3 03 C EH T3 2 . ll 9 l£- c *c3 h ic § J .2 c c c CO e t S S c t c I 0) to c c& w 42 0 t f 0 a |S. 3 5 PH < PH <1 0 PH 0 c- a NM* r o io _O Q 0 'S O O M a 0 M S IS (3 3(Ca,Fe)O.BjO.2SiO»..i]s 3CaO.7Fe2O3.2PjOs.24dbJ 6FeaO3.CaO.5iPaOs.23±]. SiOa.TiOj.ZrOj.FejOfcM o 3CaOAl}Oj.2(SiO.,COj). Pharmacosiderite ... -- andMineralcomposname Homilite(altered).__. SUicateCaTCe,Y,ofh, 3 CaO.AljO3.2SiOj.2HjO 3FejO3.2AsjOs,3(H,K)jO. containingFandB Trit.nmit.fifnltArAHl. S FejO3.PjOs.6±HaO 0" FeO.SiOj.nHjO MgO,CaO Koninnlritft T/ovnhnrrit.fi Orp.nnalit.fi Hisinererite PTihsr'hit.fi Eeueiite i * Plazolit.fi ry E w 1 o 41 4 CO 4l 41 U5 O . e S CO CO CI CD £ "* ^ £ version.i o m g a S p a W ^s" tw 11 £ M 8 Qpq rH o 0> £ ^ 53 1o o 0)a Altersbltoa. alterationoram variablhighlyn inbirefringent:r Dataforpur 3§ biAlterstoa. PH Maygelat.. t §, a ^ 55 OM Maygelat.. oE P 0 ag 153 OJ « °> |§J "S. d 7 O 0 23x3 ago 1 ^] to o bo a S a dS i Epidotegroup, Neargadolinif 2g !2 Blomstrandine a S-a fractingform Insol.inacid. o §e splinters. ss 1 1 §J § § & _ a a "3~^ *oif 5 alfaS 1 "3 1 11 "3 "" .9^ ftil c a 3 M o P.^- W h-l O hH O CO M CO CO o N 2 Its «s J . i *>n 3 A«» 59 IT 77" OOCT ll ii S ii n a II f 2 777 IT 77 771 II II 777 ttOfe wll W05 wo WOP-H wo woi ' 4 0 p S S § o ® 0 a * JjJ g 1 S a -7oi a u o c ^ fc o . 8H * 53 44 t i e. i J4<3 " ^ 0 a & c fe e> S t> W QJ r- o3 A £ i -C iP 8 1 2 S> S as gi< a ^^ £ is i 2 c pq c p < tf PC « P PC P i / W 1 0 _E , i S 1 d a * c 1 \ i c 2 g » o a g 4\ £. o ; fc - fl c So" V D1 ( CO go o _« -\ & _^ 1 03*0 ^ *^J c * f £ IN c CD <> O c> c: CD > 56 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS S 2a go Q "52"^ fl ^S fl CQf^ « ° *£ fi N" ° «? § . rt § g d 3 .a,o'8> "* .§, I < '3 to "2 a .S'a "°^.§ "^'d « C § "3 § M .;*" "®O9 'I , & 3 a » £ a"S «^'s Sr^S 9 3-35 « |S| M °J | S o ,° afto, 3 . 8S a° i2'S S&S TJ * . ft ffl ' §" 0 -d §§ M g & 0-o 3 S 0 fc-2 '§ '3 "S'5 Q'3r^ '2 P « w C5 03 Q w bO M» °3 OO (D rM §1 -9 « -S sll ^i» '9 § a >s O ro O ra^^O TO ra ^Jra '43a °.i oa 1| O "* §J P^-° O M IO HH , "O'p S «> M o VM Km Cj IT S >oS «OCOfO "5COa tO CO .0 CO'*' 'O'*' t-COco "5 *co ^-eo 2 i -FH S £ P >- o C fl s "3 c |£ 5,- Bj - O O § Q J S | | ** * J cs *3 *« O a in 1 w a . a ^ O K" fZj Pi ^ w Pi ^ 3 ' CO be ^ i O S -»-8 -*- "§ a £9 2S2 aS 2-i oa £P fc ^. C 05? "^~ S3 ' O .O ~^ cs S J3 ^ * « £ r-' tj f" 0 --1 3 8 "3 £ J- V ~^" O 'S H "^ "§ na ^f to"i o fn 3 ^5 "^"S FM O §?<3 0> "3 . " . n'^ e a?i-H o> o L4 5 c IH » a) 1® o tl w cs a aa a E t» -M O O M O C w1« w11 co1 !3§ ' nrJ oi I 5 HH M M -"q PH ti t5 M M (2 a o led ! ! fl IS 10 !8 '^ 1 tl? 1 «t 0 1 o 33 ;o i"^ i'S 6 CO is i 2 ! *" S d !o I O 3(Mg,Fe)O.AlO.323 3CaO.3(Mg,Mn)O. 3(Fe,Zn,Mn)O.3Be § §. 'W '§ S^ a Berzeliite___ ... e «' rt ^i « . rH ^ r- »- 'Ca '"£2t>> <> c: c: o <> o c 3 TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS a* a 5° 09 CO PcJ .O "§^730 "36S s il | 3fe^ftSoj Ont. incd7i a-a& ota Difficult colorle **%p-§« JJ2K III H . o o o S to eo co *^" II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II wo Wol WOPn W Weft WOS WO WOPn. ! 4 X 5 t>i i .2 1 i g f s t>e j E CD c Pb C « g" . £ 2 5 T *.fl 8 e M o > £ g c £ - H & g ^ 6 c T: O 1a> £?j § £ ^ 1 as g tl 1 ! t» £ 3 2 .3 (C n m P= Q cc | PC O fl ui c c J3 c OD FC -c 0 a f o C fl e C C o O c c C !? O 1 C g o" J* -* c : ^ c *- C 09 V ^ 'CS H E ^ *u "V PL 0 '_ » ** | § O «^ i s -a E a i IE ^ 1 ^ *.§ 1 1 S £ 1 "*" h O 0 M o ® oj-v- ,r P. c & PH PH .& a £ 1 1 J i a ! cT O 0 03 O io 1 i CO 3(Mg,Fe)O.AhO3.3Si< 3CaO.3(Mg,Mn)O.2Ai SilicateCe,ofTh,Y, 3CaO.(A],Fe).O.3SiC8 Ce,Ca,Y,B,Fe,Si, SilicateCe,ofTh,U,< 2BeO.FeO.Y_O.2SiO3 3(Fe,Ca,Mg)O.AljO3. containingFandB Almandite__.. 3(Fe,Mn,Ca,Mg)O. Melanocerite(altered).. Gahnite.....___._ Yttrialite_____ (Al,Fe).O3.3SiO3 (Zn,Mg,Fe)O.AlsO3 (Y,Th)O3.2SiOjs (Mg,Fe)O.AhO3 Mankintoshitfi tainingHjO Rhodolite______Pleonast.fi Berzeliite.. Almandit.fi Hessonite Oadolinitn O CD <> <> <> CD <> O CD <> <> 58 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS 1 a ;O +.ii £c:5 0 5 a!" < 1 (H 1 T 01 ft '-E i § *. § C ^ l o i £I 2 c d , ! 00 . C 9 £ c 3w £ ! 1 (N 3 e ^§ C 0 0 CC '« -c f 1 g a> .T O (X o 2i c o o , ,1 "i 1?yq .1 >a f 'I - -i .t M I s 1 I . I a f ~ 1 » 03 b'' I "* ? 730 -c « - ' 1 P CD c P f IS e .« i M s * 1 || I . '*' ft10 &~ P a ; I-}"* ft n . ri, . 3'g -c la c 3O« £ P S^ 't | t» S c '1 c °4f ^ C _o Eb_P o: )r3 "O ?r o cI 1 fe-aj S £ CO M C I 5lW*^ «. 0 E 30 fe >; a oo « aS ~8 "Sc 1 11 ^ E i^1 ^ 3 -£ 1 s |,0 M | «.« | | 0! CO e i* f sfl o3 CQ CC C a 1 C a tn 0 U i ' +30 a 11 o O rfS*3 1C |^3 °P c> ub if * ^4 -H ; 1 u: S 3 "5 a rH . II II 111 II II n II ll| II II II II II ii n III II II 111 II ll H H CJfl WOPn tc Ofl tt CJfe IE H 0 PC ofl c Wbfl tx - 3§ J *Oa -a o 3 c 4- 1 6 a 1 e "3g bo 2 c 2 c 6 ! of 7 c f E f c O 1 OT p a 5 ! P K £ ? ^ q s 1c g '§ i o > > 5 c S2 -r s ^ 3 £ 2 2 1 bjo,Q g fi PC O C P C P- c PC 3 f i o S?CO ^ j a t. 1c C ' _J fe c 1 .P c 0It e 1 o I S -A. -*. ' 4 .5r c C g C 8 a i 0 «^- -v _*. a ' 1 ff T- ^ 1 O -. t c O Is I ^o S® c M OS -*- -4- e C. i-t « Cc ^D+S C If | fH C * O-y- C 2. \ 1 IS * I o I fl 3 1 1 & 1 2 io 0 CO Ira oa <5 S i3 0 3(Mn,Fe,Ca)O.Al2 4(Mn,Oa)O.(Al,Y; Mineralandnamec Qahnite..___.. (Zn,Fe,Co)O.AlaO: SMnO.AlsOs.SSiOa 3CaO.2(Ce,La,Di)! Hercvnite..-. SbjO..nHjO(?) Almandite._-.-. CO (Zn,Fe)O.AlO32 Stibiconite--_ BodenbenderitA 3(Si,Ti)Oj. Spessartite_____. Beckelite-____.. Spessartite_____. FeO.AlaOj *~1 ZnO.AhOs Snessartite_ Qahnite-- 0 S cl 1 O "T 4 N «5 IN 10 s i .21? 0 < > <> < > < > < > < > < > < TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 59 o *c 2 OQ w a 1 d 03 lp. n eo XI1 fi M'oui a o..ri * 0 d 1 s'3 wS fa 03 | 03 IN o 3 91 0) g ao w r 3* p .a 32 tcj| i I! " 03 £> . ^ QJ a £5 1 03 _; §'i ** O M CO 8 00 -LI --< oSa- , s Tl 00 t* i 1 io «g . cs I 5? CO ^t t>; io *O O »y T^ i IN. Is- ^4 9. ; iO -^ CO ^ iO ifl 'rt ^ ^ CO COCO Is* co S3 ^ ^ CO ^ CO CO 1O»OT3 ub co IO ^ ^t ^ CO t^ CO CO II II II II II II II ii ii ii ii ii ii II II ii ii 5 II II II II. II II II II II ii ii ii ii ii II II II II II W WO wo wo WOfc WOfc wo W05 WOfc WOPH WOPH wo WOP* td O WO PH M i i ; o * ci ° ! ' *" §o 1 O 03 tjr md -^03 § d 2« c i gbo 01d 2 bTS Jj 03 ^d a » "S | 2 to f X Q . |g t> & c M 1 a 44 1 ^g >2£ "a ^ "o T* 03 **> .- "a| a t>3 03 "c ass £ 3 »Q ® pQ ft < 0 ft 0 W O > o fl >H i i Ui t. 28!O tl ! a a I a g C c o c i1 a T a d o o' d a d c c 0 o >H O O o O c a 0 O C^- C- £ O £ C O - v c3 -c ; ^r c O o 2 ® ? CO o -t n . E ^.3 -. t V . O 03 u C 6 a0 . c O ^2 O *- 1 CD *^ ^3 S* *i ^ s~ "H '3 *"' y 03 ^ 03 " c ^, a "^ 2 03,13 'o Q 03 i 1 0 a^-"" tT g-n" t 0 £ T: i fe Sta 03 £ ON § OtN E t = CN t-i bbx] c o1 O-~r-as aC a nS C c/3 00 00 H H "H io 00 00 00 GO 00 00 i i i So So §8 <> CD CD > <> <> < C> CD <> 163287 34 5 60 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS ^»S5 0 § a OS oJ '"' OS O "S o? lolu S§ & Si 1 «5 J to s tl ts a ^3 ^5 co ^, H .3 73 O w § ** °^ Q. « "O O M rt flS^S'ft^'^'rt n» L'fe " S S « ft o^ -o 2 o"« fe 0 'h § el'^ I |II1 n I 0) a 2 PH ra O PH 2U '3I Io °«2 O OS*73 O 03 « « M «^ a-M-W -30 41 S'g 4< IO 2 ^3 "^ t>- Tt< IO U3 $2 N CO U3l£) t* CO ^< "2 »O »O IO *O^2 II II *^ II II II II II II 3* II l| F§ II || II || 1) "* || II || II |] «5 W& WOA WO WO WOA WOPH WO WOI^ £6 WO WOiH ^ ' S i « 1 1 k P 5 I* 5 ^ o "3 "o^ ° 2 fl 7J ,0 O > ^s -a !»t- 1s ^? 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Bromellite---___. Rhabdonhanite. CuO.SiO.HO2 Cahnite_..___... Phenacite_____.. 6 ^ 2BeO.SiOj 3CO2 Willp.mit.p. 0 Yj00.P325 w 'E £ 0 1 4 1 Ov^ .£ i 1! ifN 0» 11 PQ M CD CD CD CD O TABLE 4. Data /or the determination of the nonopaque minerals- -Continued Uniaxial positive group Continued Hardness, specific Varia Remarks o bility C * Mineral name and composition System and habit Cleavage Color gravity, and CD fusibility O O hd 1.746 1.724 H=3 Sol. in HC1. i i 20CuO.SO3.2CuCb.20H2O isb blue. O=3.40 o F=2.5 1.810 1.730 H=3-4 In section pale green and nonpleo- 20CuO.Bi2O3.5As2O5.22H2O blue-green. Q=3.79 chroic. F=2 1.765 1.75± Sky-blue ...... Q=3.33 Same as connellite? 16CuO.2CuCl2.Cu(NO3)2. needles. 19H2O Hex. (?)...... H=3 LJ weak 21(Mn,Mg,Zn)6.3Si62. section. G=3.719 O ^As2O3. AszOs. 10H2O !z! 1.804 1.757 ^lOTlfimperf...... H=6 Sol. in- HF. Pleoc.:a>= colorless, O BaO.TiO2.3SiO2 tab. G=3.65 «= purple-blue, etc. *i F=3 3 1.801 1.778 Fib. ___ ...... H=4.5 In section pale green and nonpleo- O LJ 4(Cu,Ca)O.As2O5.lHH20 emerald-green. 0=4.13 chroic. Usually biaxial. 2 F=3 O 1.803 ' 1.794 Trig ...... $ LJ 9(Mn,Ca,Pb,Mg)O. pleochroic. £> (Mn,Fe)2O3.3As2O5.3H2O d High llioydist - Black, reddish- H=5 Qelat. before calculation? Com ThO2.Si02 mids. brown, orange. O=S.3 monly isot. from alteration. Infus. 2 19 1.90 Triookeite UOOy highly perf. Soft Arsenate of Cu ^110^ less perf. F=easy up into flexible, asbestoslike pieces. Bluish-green in section and nonpleochroic. 1.910 Hex. Tab.'jOOOlK \ 0001 ^,^1010^ perf.. H=3 6PbO.4(Ca,Mn) 0 .6SiO2.H2O Q=5.74 F=3? TABLES FOB DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 75 -^.i«> "O a 1 .S S ^Sa §^5 HI a a ag* 05 *i 3 a j i 49 II £ S ° d ° s £3 LangbaiBoth Artificiald. units.A570r o |-9 red,deepnot Et £ Streakorang o 23 o .9 S«te N ZnO.forpure 49.11! w 1 Tl 1 8'- d *8.9| S 3« E-i®^^ ^S^^fll| a W PH q S cci^o 2l to d o a ~ N W «3 inHC. imittedIi §* 3 6 °« n S 15 2^73 fe o--§5 3 D O . ajtN-g.g cd * §!Jfeo-S N 3 .q >>CO "3 oH °2 w Z3 I °p a - a ^ §£ . SSWg .2 .S g « . ^ »O *o tg ri ° S? ^1 2. >ol ?2 «l JB. t- . ^! ts:^- co«S SI*"^5 COT)! COT)! rHCO COT)!,)! coco 2 M* flf 7! II II II II ii II II II II II II 1 II II ll ii 2 TTl T?| POpc, WO&H wo WO WOfe WOP=( WO WO WO wo5 wofl WOfl Es EJ a 3 * I ^ o S i o K» C) S CO "« i ft C § ^ 2 73 & 3 " « C fl 3 E* "c ll cg a a> E* - > C a C 1 ^ Q F^ £ '^fl* i c ai C | 1 d * 5o 1 a! ^ S"0 c f ® ct 1 ro »- & J ) ? & « P c. PH PC P (. a t I 1 E X 4- Ci. | 1 i2 ii- | «t- o c c. J t I ^ 1 ^ 1l< 1 -AivJ "° c ^ _*. c -ti « 5 l ""S c i a 6 i S § g i 1 »- § '"1 i S S 2 'S1 ! ^ S ma ! o 2 fe w 0 'JV & - Q, . PH - PH CO 2 PH PH PH bi . tsi 1 r b I bib c 2-° £ T- 2 § « 1° ^ -M 03 -*_ t- > *3 > 4J CD 03 -w a a <£ W EH EH W W E-i t EH EH W W ; 1 O ;O 6 CO 0 ! O ;co S "5" j § « ei i !0 O PH q ! I'0 cf O ! jPn PH O o»S 0)Es CD^ Sototo I W ' PH 0 0 o c: 163287 34 6 76 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS fe 3 "3 £" 9*20 b'OSJ.,- "m S8 " & 53 (§ ag^flSlsssS^te S "la * IP * 5 «| . { * w 1 ' ! §jd I|!ifi i !i li & Remarks <5 <2°° §°i §ln :i s |i « ! § g§l |§ PS,! i»!L^ 2-^ 1 %% % 1 <5 ^l "38 S W |v9 '"* ra g'ii &..^"OT "" -s pj> «§ . Wg .98 p aj.j3 § ,g & ^'S§ m £ §fl^ do g a o®® -3 "3 CO GO 03 CO CO (3 PH CO (9 S GO cpO 11*w S ** oJi^S CO oo 13 § 111 cocoon ,-< -Hiort cot~: -H>O . ot~: J3 mo 2 *«> ^-^ S3 ^"i coio2 o II II || || II II || II II II II g II II S II II 3 || || || || || 2 II || || || 5 W HOfe fc WO^H WO WOPn WOS HOS WOfiH WO 5 WO WOfl *c3 p . ! d i 0 « H £2 bJO H £2 ^ B-g g Q p "og ~£ 2 -fe i _wA t.o o Q o ^ O *. .-i w 0 aT a ^ I 2 5 l«- ^ i .s "S £ * a-S ?? «XJ c 1 * a 43,0 ^ 5 3. a « 0 S3 £ £ £"* > > 1 £ > § I S I *«s 03 3 *K» ». -0 «-, | tr. 03 o" .a « c* s 1 a 2 -a ft 6>o ft a> T3 -iJ O *§T3 s.s tilli i : «j += w 03 1 M M -4- o P a 03 £< » « £«« -. fej J J CO J J J co J? 3 IH co oo o> «-i t- o ion 10 o c5co rt i-l r-l rH PI N CO COCO »< "3 IO T)( t>» pi pi ci pi pi pi pi pi pi pi pi pi rt 5- -d J 3 >J " 00 »J iJ rt OCO § 1-1 (-J i-H O* C4 »-3 t^« O i ( P C^ iO *H P) M P^ IN Tjl ^ CO CO O M id ^ pi ci pq Pi ci Pi pi pipi Pi n pici || > . < en c: c: TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 77 "2 0! S| 3 i ^ fr W § « f° § A OD * 3.5 fc T3 t> n 'O'rJ §£ §1 > e o ^ .S 0 . 3 V f1 a ^ a ^ W S 1 S « a 2 c o ^) SBN 0 c = a^a 2 a* 1 1 g 4-" *IT H tr i b S§ .2 « o c >» c T3 "^ '^ .1: a-a o 3,2 K i At 8 Si 03 c (HS<2 | O M 3 - "o *e a ° 1 S g «I 03 CO CO N M M || .ts'a a> cc <=> Tg s cS "5*H rt K *O l> *O O 10 « u, U5 Su. «- CO ^ co O CO £3 C- 00 (-) ^ c* CO C< CO CO I-H CO ^ f ( ^ c^ co c^ ^ ^ CO f*3 ^ i-4 * c4 S3 II -3 II H ^ II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II H OS WCS W 0 5-eIs WO WOfc tr Ofc W Oh 0 W Oft woft (i oS *» 0> " -O. 1 > . .2 b a> C T m S £ 2 2 "3 C S 1 i ^0° 2 \ '£13 | £ £I O *r- C 2 .1 -§ J O £ 1 i s "c t- ^3 £ «s 1 g ^ < O C ol C u £ o ^ C _ «S sS Oi jj !-5 _ 0 *^ . I 3 1 "" £ 1 If «s- >> 4. J ^ 2 ^ *n»o "n S 'KV 1 ft* .5a- 02 ® *- ® pri g 1 - C £2 -So 0 g O fe §.^" S** C | 1a Pl^ ' U i W eg < | I '^ .52 X w 0, C '*c a ^ i Is il 4-3 i£ u 3 C O 1.3 4 C 6 1 - i 1ft b 0 03 S 's cc W « > f, 133 i. xj 0 i3 V d -1 ID !f o w « S | 4 10 s ! a W t^ PH EH EH fc E" EH EH W E^ CUD'S i S >. 6 i O O 0 g| W i/5 1 IS CO o :<5 P.O. <5 tf> 3 3 6 3 10 CO * 5 "*< | w II CO , " 5 6 'O .52 '3 o 03 |W a « -2 T3 tt S ,. J 03 O P lineralsthof biaxiproper CQ -a ^ .t 3 5 M &. a. .gft s o ;E 03 ~ 0 .3- 1 i Cfl S rtl 3 °5 t 03 "a ^S £4*7, £. bo !. 05^ 4 2 EH °S .£ S §2 3§ j 0 f CQ S C" > O S 2 1 O c W C -~ * _ w S 'S J IM o c iH Is" (N -^ W! ? CO CO Tf | III i IN'3 ci cq ei e> °'a _ « t> l?'3 ^ « S ^< s 1 ^ 1 Q) ^ CO ^ " I? 'rt 3 S ,_, >II *fe rt -H _ rt rH -H ; a 'cT;3 A ° h "j 3 2 2 3 c9 1 £ S 03 § W [JQ 3 >> 31 ' 3 S £.S<> 3 1 1 3 t3 12 1 1 i j S ||^ H m i 3 4. 1 1sa M i 0 0* _£ 1 I .0 ft J3 'S * f.5 4 3 *o K XI 1 5. C5 o> C T iO « ci . J ® i '«31 *o « 't«o°W ' 5" '3 3pq« .1 13 £ it «; ? P i \ "3 "S -1 «3r& g i 1 ** 03 ' S a 1 a 4.*2 .£ 3 .t' "? "c i1 f£ 155 c > ^ >> a-«'i-] o Si t/1 Vi I |1 C W . o >! S I) £>> w"£S i t? "° 0 '§ >r S o3 M s ». TJH 3CaO.CO.SO.SiO.15H23 O.CaO.4AlO.CO4Na23. O.CaO.4Al2O3.24Na2 Mineralandnamecompos O.AlO.4SiO.2HNa23 Ettringite_...... 6CaO.AlO3.3SO.33HO23 Loeweite -.--...... 0MgO.NaO.2SO.2^H23 Lewnite..---..---...--.-. Sulohaticcancrinite..---.. Nocerite------i.-- Hydrotalcite_.------6MgO.AlO3.COO.12H2 Cancrinite.------K O.3Si0.5HCaO.Al032 Beidellite.--______... .2MgClCaClO.12H2 n 2MgO.MgF.3CaF2 O3.3±SiOAl.3±HO2 Tachhvdrite.-.-- H Thaumasite______._ O9SiO.3H2 O9SiO?.3H2 | £ a 3 i I 1 g § 1 3 3.1 § , 1 « ? : S 1 : ! ! ! ! : < C c D < >-°a a D > TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS .79 2 ll 3M '3 3 S 73 " 3 a £ 0 o o tJ 1 £J 0> a> cti Un *S <3 "3 71 Oel B 1 3 "I AlO2 per 1? O 2§8 d 3" °H S II s 1^ &^S «| 1" " o oo-- Lo E"? «33.0 Al 3 . "3 a 3a .3d ,ll^ O^ jarM S S 8« ftn ||A CD Mr>> 0) 00 >. to to d S a) » 1 ^° 1 d ..*-« g <{ aj jQ *- § 1 1 5 bn a- 1 &«s 1 a 5 T O - j5 §*1 5 ,£j a> £ j £ ' 0 § 1 6 B o ^ O |J _*. 1- o UcS. . 51 >) W ~"~ S K 'S -w t -w t: .2 *3 .° ^ ' .S 2=^ "§ 'O fe fe E D. -* O .3 -^- QH 1 £- ,0 ~A~'~< ~*~ ,o a "a i -»- i O.H §° S 1-( ^H S § 's - 1 p. i i I 6- 1xi 1 03 CO -4J E ft S fn -S X ) bo ^ 0. bo d c 03 S0 8-2 § « i *j a ^ >. ! tf ® w a S a a S £ £ ti ft- w t5 E-i (I B B B B I o : 1 w | . 1 6 S |O CO O :o o CO « iS B o |B 1 O 9 '1 1 0 ,5 |i S £; 'O (Na,K,Ca)(Al,S8 o 6 KO.Al2O3.2SiOa2 KO.4CaO.AhOs2 aluminite.nc... 6ZnO.3AhOs.2SO 1 S 3 io S '-°- 5 J5 0 a d 6 j « s 5 !9 « 1 OW CS C^» -3;. b- Oi OS IN P^ U5 *O iQ *o »O iO ^O 1C io § O »O »? o 80 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS ° 5- 53 .o o W* W -a . a o *O 03 o O e3 oTi'w II II II II II II || £ II II || 0 D II II H WO WO WOfc 5 WO W0 WO W0.9 wo ll sE ;0 :o o $ io ^ u ' * iw o" rn i HT iw ELI ' frl W ^ '!T1 CO- o TO - q S oj q Pholidolite O.12(MK2 aico '§°'®PQ 5HsO So 10 ?5 a &* 8«i II N CD > CD <> CD <> < TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 81 tive pale 62 .a CQ S-a n a a §"£ 3 g fill 1 w «lll S us 1* «.« a ft. i nSSfe fe dOS 2 -.2 d- §o| M §o bib O 2-S2P 'S S S3 q w 09 >> *H o5 isol.in Datafo s-ao 0>TD O.P 03 fl 11 t> 1 1 3 £ o "c 5 « I a ^ "3 1 £ ' 1 10) C1 S 1 S £ t. c 9 C O >H C O C > p1 K* >H C "c 0) P. *_ "i ' MQ. ' a(- »Q W 1 1 S c a? C fe ' ! 1" S. | . 1 . 82 | 1 I 0 r; . i § I 1 £ 1 1 1 ' W "Ss ,£ -CO . 73 "&». Za 0} 1 . a tr ., ^a X 4> 3 PN g I 0 y 5 8 Sje 1 iE-i fi! l b o-S CO § ? 0 °5 d! I .t 4- 1 .£ "Sa 1 S I1 i a. " U ' <£s EH PC II i°< p-g. s ti E^ E- e fc t EH i i® 1 i 6 !O |3 § iS ;O o o i 1-! :« O W Wcc CO 03 ? »» r r- § 1C US s 8 s§ £8 r-I i-J »H f 5 5 s i 1 1 S3 I £ 10 § S1 i S >o S c> 82 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS 'C iS <5§ | o^ §2 .8 a S S 1 1 b ,| GS 01 £ C8 '®S * «-a »g | § ®^3 "a C f-Slof s a .g J^q ^ 3 M^3 ' . |I II S ^ a H |M -2 a 1 .g|»|| f S J3 giq "g^ « -3 II O ri °^ S O r^ 5*® P^ . . s ^ & * [g ** *O *t> P-H - ® c5 o .S P* M S'o^'ja a) si ajl a 1 W 2*t-T"3 c c a) « S'i £(« ° .-i 5 gS* |S -o 5 aj PH o ~^ ; ft p 3 a V i |£ ~ o ( ? 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W W £ £ fr ts W _ Q I 1 1 ; 0 'S5 i io i j i ~ ' i? in O a lO 1^1 iV, ~ i^ 02 O a ;S ;^ «W o i,s «» W § o j^ q c il id 13 o" ;O < 6 *i O § '3 ''« a 'fe W I.? « o to EL. a IQ S |o ; ^ ~ .go Jo ^ Jo (Ce,La,Di): O T)< Mineralnami nhftlr>nnhvllif: o ^0 & !^ iS-y? 3 eo fl **i § a| ii i N 5 J<< iTt^O p3 ^ ®X fl o c"s o 3 Is Is 1 Is I OS w 1N 1 O i a] 8 IS |8 | t^ c « « £ OOP s s s P C a S S " 3 S O 1 1 ! »- s 0 «5 S «5 «> CO CO CC .ce CC> 3 «: i- 1 S 9 -i S a> T i co r* c^ c> a r^- Oi C ir S £ S S S if i «> r- *- ^ II m a* a s < CD >> <:> TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 83 with Abs.: /. ificial Z'SO OS arka o>=v inte 3 « - «§ og MS .g O^; n t>> 9 .^ gj -"^8 O 523*3 . ticalauom.in 3 'R ll P o w 3J« *A 2% . g Apatitegroup. j£ . O io p>> tH m JC" P ". 'H S3 "? * ".IN co t"7 T7 77 T7" 77| H II II II II WOfe WO WO' WOP* WOfl WOfe wo WOfc 35 WO ' a i ! b i '| Ca 5 a 0 § >i > : s i 1 bfc a 0 *> " a "2o ag I « 0 .2 C ^o c | O b bk "S 5 t* _c 8 1 "c 'E_b O "c K. 0 5 CDa 5O k. 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ZAc=-44°. Uio>, noi^ dish, brown G=3.0 UlO^lameUar. r<». good. ish. F=2 *1.411 1.420 1.413 2V = 76°... . X-6...... {OOiydist.. _ . White.. __ ... H-3 NaF.CaFj.AlFa. 2E = 120°. ZAc=69°. Q=2.98 Tw. pi. {100\. HjO r<» weak. Disp. strong. F=1.5 Greenland. n 1.438 1.452 1.44 Orth. Woolly...... do...... G=2.00 l_l CaO.(Na,K)2O. F=easy 2Al»O8.12SiOj. 12HjO 1.439 1.469 1.441 2V-360.. . . Z-b ...... Mon. (?)...... H=2 NaaO.(NHOsO. 2E = 53°. YAc=30°. G= 1.574 {OlOjshows two seta PaOj.QHjO r>o rather Disp. strong. F=l of poly. tw. lamellae strong. at about 90°. 1.447 1.459 1.448 Taylorite ...... 2V-360...... do...... H=2 Sol. in HjO. 5KjO.(NHOjO. 2E=53°. F=1.5(?) 6S03 r>o rather stroug. CO 96 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS S "S .» >?« .9 S S^ n ^S I- 1 m^ 03 « 0303"3 O^ 2 a) »S X2 . w ^ 03 o 1 tn i !11 1 Illi 1 1 c '^ -d ""Sg.a "? §, 3° So -2^ M "o'S . a a) "". .5 ~a S S PL±? So r^ 1 !* l on 1 i 1 1* MW l n I icS*!? 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G £> jg -g II O 1 1 J2 ! scu 1-1 5 § d ^ 8 jf- a ISuNfi < 1 N ii' "S" ii ^ n 3 X K N O N N i is =i ', ', i 15^ £ 8; 3" ' O ' ° UlN m IC<5 O Cft p, O »-l .1 1 2 2 I CC 7j TWA 7gv ! 10 H c» a 1?" | £ ClN»-K; CN CO CO W CO TJ. c § {£ <-* CD CO CO CC O CC NM tM CC S 2 CO CO CO CC CO CO o 112 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS Z=deepcanary- « -^, tT f*>-i t>> tn 4-3 "~* C3 fl fl bn.interference palecanary-yellow. Y=canary-yellow. ^Soig-0 ! Pleoc.:colors.X= yellow.Typema 5°lfwlw Remarks 5 M^I| l^g> bolemphigroup. fe^ II o bo^.fes O w ^ & -o^*<2 terial. §.; 2 ^ .9 o>5 3 D f ~^^ 3 g'3,833 !«l"l§!flpHPM^SSPn < O 02 B O < . -a '-S 41 . §£ K~3 ^ ~* 4J 1 *O gj *^ ^ TO "OTOtO CM co OTO 2 CO CO £3 Q« (>'w II II II II II II II II 2 II II II w"!5 B HOM B B.O i a i j 2 0) i 1 "oo W 2j 3 _» q '-3G O \ ^ d fe 'So _b "3| o fl [3 £ o O PC >H o n O i ts s> is | bo cs ^ m 0 *J VH cs nS" O 09 CD ±-3 0. a 1°; O O 1-H ^. 8 3-rt o a tj a |"o bi 1 03 I 'S § ^a I H M B| S CD . O a" c jc fl P c u S"" O o CO s o C "S_CJ ° 2 i .2 i o' ij.- il> JS o if t. < O N X N fl a I ^ ; bi CO 0 t- i ' bb bib 0 + o ^ 1j o ' lip 2 0 ^ ic'g oc C co ts o'?2i3 j»5S 4 o :s: » i W ^ CD <° II m IM w CN ® || CO "jT .2 =3 *(JH II 5^ oc o 'llW X r \/ ll A II H A 1 II W A II o 1 J ! . « Mineralnamean Calamine_------4CuO.AlO.SO:23 Ripidolite.-.-._ .4Si02AlO23. Edenite------18MgO.4AlO;2 composition Cyanotrichite.--- 8CaO.2NaO.2 26SiO.H0.3I2 2UO.SO.4HO32 2ZnO.Sip.HO2 7(Mg,Fe)O. 8HO2 OQ~-' 6HO2 "5i C o"" H o ^ ^ ,^ 00 CR * to to to to o 5 to CO TO TO S TO CN ?- to to to CO O S CM Tf. 00 ^ oo ^ to to 00 to to 8 " *" 'C "^ > > < :> TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 113 H w . e> ~£ S'O >, #6 isj* fall A ii ii *"s 13 ..' ||P|||N|||;V (XJN5 01 a> JH i /IO a> _ cfl "o T3 normalblu oo .ja felat.Pleoc.; low-brown, yellow.Di interference somewhat £ n 12*8 mineral. * . 2 M O ol.inHN ri^g-fl >><5 § 'A W aall-i gw .a N. .a ||, -3.se.sos .^W ^ Si M CO o CO CO <1 CO *! CO "O "5 sg S S «2I S<« S fe ^» coco 2 coco 2 MiN'9 coco 77 n n -2 || || %5 || || S ' S || || || II II o* "II wo WoS lo wo5 wofl w woh wo P^W 0 ff fo3 ; Sw _3 o a ." P*» C _0 a> g ^ g V. a ll I W C/ £ n 0 C a a g Jj " S « "S « a _o's gt> 'c_c t ^J o a) be g3 U) r±tj """* f== 0 .£? S W CO >i o" o ^ O 3 tJ J ; ; C8 i t) __< i o> §-^ . a O. 5g a0 ; V 1 a o I"" i O ^ ! « '.13 J n CO a) > 1 u p W >1 ^ ^ 4O *^ Wt . )_ o tab ^ "fl J3 ' 03O hh w a '3 a 1^*" *§ * _O ^.~^ 5 j-. 5 -g .§^-0. £j §35 M^ 2 £ S iC1 * ^»8 a £ |5^°5 ^ d §-§! £ "" _J d|g 1 g o £ o 0 0 C S S S " ; ; | 1 o 1 _i 'o rj bo 1 p "? .13 i ] ^ ;«= 8 a 1- II Oj,^ i i K "-* 3 2 "oS'gd >xi i u b Is |2 & u "J 0*3 §.23 ° " "S "^ el j£i £ II 0 R HN - .2 II M wP < II N C X X N S> ^ CH ' >> 1 ; o ' ', 1 1 bi) 1 t< 1 a bib ] 1 CS ' [ | . o ;>bi o' o ; f?tg ; . :sC§ ol *O ii " 0 || fcj .£9 "to II Cd a> TC || a o bo U3 II d g II .2 o M 3X 1 wv II H A II ^ * II W V a>R IN V. 21 CS >3 IN tN O3 d W ^ ! 0 i «0 i i i :9, <5 j id PM .'o9, tN ; SW &£ i *- i to-° c* i9,1 ^* iii CO i§ . CuO.2UOs. CuO.SAljO ontronite.. (Ca,Mg)0. [etatorberui 2Si02.2(i i'o ^§^ ''2 :'<» id 8HO2 5 9HOZ c 1 ill ooq' J3co .SO ^co * h Z, EH Q PQ (O CO CO CO II* 114 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS 11| -i| if 2| II "41- |i| {^ ^f-t^ ^3-^H jO ""*"" p gj T »^ o^^rt fl 3 0> w fl «* O» . P* Remar Ifllf, iffl] p°J i1| I S|| §.2 .S"-.§ £982.8'" S-g'5 a BcSg s .S o * ***« K^TToflJCfl'S'S 3 23 "l"1 ^ O P fl 'rtS O^SN03'rjo -g^os.p"*-3 ^M^XJ^g^wrt^Do -gHP- ''JS -3 3^-° rH o ~M "Sow*"rv i^lCQCQ MCQCQCQ <,-CQ . "O .S § .*§<» «S d _ Js^ 2 13 ^4-3,Q cocoii ii ^Ocown n ii ^MOn n ii cococoii ii n ^oc^eoii ii ii coci'Sn n it coco^ii ii n ocon n cocic^ii ii n W cm"" tdcb MOfc WOfe WOP-H MOta MOfe WOfH MO HOf^ '3 a o te Ho Jr p^ 4-3 "oo 2 d |1 B O jj g ^ 2"xi t .2 0?^ r2 O t dT b P !3 So £ 'r a Co CuO jJH O -*J c IT |S 1 gl 2 o Q P W op ? o n ? O ; § II fl 1Co sg . " fe-5.3 3 i i CD .«. ftco ® 5:°"^ 3 &. S O * Tn".S ^3 Tn"rt O O « S . o C §" ** g-v-COCOC o o O a xi 0 CD ,Q ;( a .2 2 £ Tj T3 C3 _g as ^ ^ _c ^.§S . ^ I" Jl| df || £ to « 7 § til t ^ EI S o""" O EH ti SO S a s««i c?o ii CD o "gjtb °SS _° sts *? « ^ sSo . o-rn 1 cj .i c Ii -d v || c ii ci ^"M i 0 II a II < II II N II M H"" H II N o ^N * H M a IL, 0 _CD.O s S O M -Q . 'g fl a3 oo* o* § o" 03 ^g bi ,£? 2 CNCOTfi «IO«5W5 IO CNCNCN CNCNCNCN C1 S * COCOO CDCOCOCO CO CO oo co to IH io io r> CN - 1 4 >-H O> CNr-l»H*H gjCN B u" n II < 3 > CD 0 TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 115 8 dllh-ss "SH "^ O a^i§ ^M-sisid 42 gof-slb?! "og^ci _£ § ^iS'i-'S « .«K§s a CN CO >O t~ rH «5 00 l~. lOMiM f (O IN IN <0 CO 2 _ ^3 4-» 3 a a Ifl P c M^ "it*" 0§ gj 0 £ i .-§ = t M ti a£ 15 £ £ g ? O PP 0 o ^ o £ ;* 1 | || S J!^. 1 o"P< D< o" 1_ ' O-v-08 § I o 8 u ! ^ CD 0 03 DJO 1 a ^ca .2 EH bfl o3 ^ < . ^ g ^ S ' .0" ' q-S.% . CO ri a +j ® S 03 Or/5 C f o o i 0^" O hn O Q, 1w s § S S S £ ', 1 j _ io-H i i ICO a. bi 0 ;!& II 1 . C 1 io b ll "a o< a II <>< a ' c I ll si II SI ii M c < 1 S) M J« si M > I ! : s >, ^ 10* | 0 -JW I a >" w«oO d o o 03 o-H2 "tico * ',?. S p1 4 4 S t> c? 0 0 CO O Tl O 9sV ^ 0 C a g " O O: G fl> V2 ** i?" t» fwv II W A Tgv ii ii V tfV w & 0"" k. CO * 1 >N " > ^ > DC c^ A ; |o 1 | 1 IO ^ Humite___.... 3(Ca,Mg)O.Asji 3(Ca,Fe)O.BOi2 2SiOO(?;.7iH2 9(Mg,Fe)O.3AJ2 10(Mg,Fe)O. Picropharmacolite .6 MgO.2UOs.2SiC (Al,Fe)O3.2 14SiOO.F:.H2 2(Fe,Al)O3.2 6MgO.3Si02. 3CaO.SiO.CO2 Sklodowskite__. 4CaO.Na2O. Mg(F,OH)2 OS3-05 5SiOO.7H2 Edenite..____ 3(Cu,Fe)O. 7S0.17HjO3 S^-oO Chlorite____. cc 6HO2 7HO2 4. ^'sf-jWa w «w ^J T sS^s i B3 S (5 « EH o o o CN IN CO 0 10 * S S S 3 2 S 2 2 e» fc ! ! S . S ! 5 ? CO O N CO CO 1 CO d CN S CO CO CO CO Si s rl i-l ,-H ,-( -I rt r-t . 0 c: o 116 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS *: te^?-2'2 rl .3* fe a a d O-i a ^ O oy|lg^cB .a* §£ §s CN .a§ '3 -; * gs ^ -§3 ^w "3 Ld ll^U^I s^. a§ as S ,0 W M < <1 O O i i t» CO lgll "O 00 CO Ss SS «r§3 . 'C g^jO WCN'S COCO 2' CO TJI' ^5 CO CO CO CO coco'co OcNiM'X to co 2 £j ft >*W II lira il li 5 II II "ll II II II II II II II II II || tV || || <2 w"!!5 WO Wo5 WO£< WO WO WOfe Wo5 ~3 i a 1 1 ^a S|. 1 1 01 g ^ a 1 1 "M q^ fc "oo £ bfl'-' 1 o S r- 1 .S $ ^* IM 05 ca CO C-o" o' a gO OCN O o S I I -O d ; f> " " b.0 a s ' ^ W CO CS w 'C a w t 03 , pH "2 "C t. 0 ^ 03 ^_ fc i - as _^. ^ ^ a 6 £§ O Co t. x: o . c § fl d 3 X3 q o .S g £$. -g o O tj 03^ wr cr £ ^ O O S P- O 'S i 10' i-H i ; !o lOi sg o II i: eH 1 ' « ' "^ tu i « g<. "II => ]f i, c o II ii ^ UN UN < c UN Fa O N N X r* N S M a ! >- | 1 ] i CO toil ' O ! ^ O3 ; ^ i0 - o- n O 0 CO o § | £- oo o no t- !2n 2 c? T CO 03 0 00 O 03 5; ii »£ CO CO & CO 1' CC l' ft 33 HHV "3 T II V II II V II W II W 7«A J> " « *- K..CN i. CO 0 CO CO S CD CD CO S CO i 00 CN CN g CO S - CO § CO o o §3 00 S CO 3 fCO S a 2 ! 2 l| CD <> 0 0 c: c: > TABLES FOB DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 117 flO II .awSo - 0-2 H-S 2- So COCO oco II II II II II II II II II c II II II II II WO WO Ofr WOfn WO wo wo WOIV . . ! ^wo" 2* -13 P gg^ pa .2 * | 11 1 O) o 3 " ti o'S ^ 6 § & S 5 . fl "S sioS 5s -s 1 -3a -« 2>w C cu * (J * co !£ 5? ^ JH 5 PH ^" ~ ! ^*o* g 1 w 3 o .SP^I- Q J J-a T3 *- 8 s a Q ^- a 03 e- CO C 1 |al fa 8- £ fp 1 O , w . . . cu> .- ' 2 "S <«3 c -2 la cs &§ £ "C"3 .2 2" "S^ j 0 o M f OJ P- s. sf w 5.ff~ c O ^ CO o> 00 ^^ r 28, * * Q b £ s' t U. U) U i_, ; b ! ' 4J ! 0 o' 'o'S 0 J 111 Q) CN iico £ CN Tlco ; j > I J 2 a o^io ^ f co 2 7 i |7 -2 e. i T( i II a> * II o c V/\ M U 1 n A il * > S A ^g A J, n O °a |O c« O i M N ,_ ,£ 5 1- I . i<3 "a? 'fatS' "c?/-^ l^ri 'OO iP"* o earthsrare wO !S"x W^ ! -H cop!^ On i Wo3 'O Titanosilicate fcw -S ^J tD Na,Sr,Ca a"S Sgcf.j S§» Jl! pj Jg? :|g0 JI 0 | M ffj Losevite... S^CL .2*^^ w^"3 ^o3^ §^W j n^-S A |l ||sd ||i 'oC'4 ^ W C^ CO (N 3J oK' c« os -H CO S <£ 10 5 5 -5 5 3 S CO CO CO CO ! 5 « 5 ! §1 ! ! ss CD CD y -3 ft-3* ii .a 5-3 5'3.S«5 -efe 1^ *? o w 5>» 3w N . <3'3 <5'" §'£ .y1"""1 -Hc>i ~~ M 25o: -- "3 P«« Rfl'Sflp «3 .go P^ Q .SJ ' S3) o & CQ 33 O3 . .3 03 -^ CO HH c3 £3 ei rj Remarks i?! i^fl - t[° i:~s!f i0*! fc isX-, .'SiriJ'x ii Ma's 23'a S _ §"3 a (xj. aiifl . SSlS^fe « "^S § Q S .«° -9§2g q rt c3 03 »J p^ turjffl T3o P^T3 .9oS(3 n3t3O -ftfl., -*^r?! 3^1 a§.s§5 «1 £Sa IsllifS §>?'IS |< 03 w"u §« O to to «o . §2 1>^ >CCC M "CO S.^S CM'. 5? 0.. rQ y JJ|Q CM IN tOCO . CO CO'TH t^coS "Oco'co to co 2 co fo >o co 2 £3 a'i>'3 w^sr II II II II g II ii ii n ii a ii ii ii ii ii 2 ii ii n ii a WO WOfH WOfi, WO5 WOfa WO5 WO WO^ V. xi i »- o i i « S W p +: I-H 1 !«!_ <»' "* te V t- ~^~ . ' J *.S3 7* t>. m -« T' a Ti o .9'-+3 o -it 4f H" 1 5 i °t 1 a "» bo 2 2 o 0. "3 .5 °^ § o r^ O [? 0 (H 0 w O 0 § "* 82^ "S ! 1 ' ^- * ft ' d. 'Odo fe bfe 'Oo ca a 5. "s ? 1 o> O *~^H ^ o *-* _A_ ^ cuo ~A- 0 o o^ ot^ ^- «> £ ""1 M 2rH £ oo ^" rl °o X o o i-( O O ^ IT /-\ rn B -^ -v- ^ U -v fl '|«§!? £.S3 ^ 1 « cfl 1 s e 1"° c O Q 03 fl c. ^.35 .at i 1 w ^ »-» IH §°5 *a S £ O 0 e3"^ £ OJ "n oo a ^H " < CP ' 0 ;§ 1 I 1 CO l J* », § fl'fl sg jii iii g o o o *rt? -S y ^ c3 * > o O*3 u .0 ^ "^ ^ o w «C II , II « II .0 n X UN * O 2 ® II ^ ii ^H || a N t c^ r- c " r^N coCD ccCC to to to §5 coco ^ co »o lo^to iO CD CC to to to to o S -i r-! rn' . ri 0 II C3 ^ 0 CD > > < 0 TABLES FOE DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 119 feS'sX-i 11 fe II -3 " PV3. an& *|1l dS§-0.N ° P g o ° fe *"> « ci"3 sg.S13 3-°M . b& . ^"Sg § .as "lllrfS OM < 22^ a d " fe 8sfe.2 2^-S«|i «> te o n .M -a ra (d t* -3 $fl C0«lluj cococi "Jco'co t 7 II II || II II II II II II WO WOfc MOPn MOPs i ; o .; o ® a _ t^ ' 1 Cd y S o£ t>te P , [ §2 | 1. H "o fc 3 ^0 . 6 >2 t>> d ^a fei S I "3 .23 ' "n. o .S a> J3 Cd O d a "3S CtO ** 2 ca o, -sS ||. M ' O O WO I 0 O 0 -n. SoeOOQ 1. I- iao J 1 -O 2 Is 1 r^ I o ' *i ° .-*- o u I M <3 -go M d u d bib J c. o d e o s . ^* 1 o 03 s a 1*1 "S 3 O 1 - p*i f^ 43 HH _-!. c W d ** d^ d d ^ cj ® a b d o <303 w*O.O4 MO o c 5 a-o a > ll ; 1 IO* i Q* 1 ICO 1 *N Q W T~*" t_ iii 1 !*" j!^ s^| Is 9. 1?N llNfi II II >H II M t«fl Qr^-OCO M N H JH (H O >H ; 1 d o .| !0 .* '0 0 O &K?« I L o'S" o'S-w P*3 c3 o'§o 0 CD Q 0 S > c o'2 te Q> S II M r 11 ft WVII =,i ll wa ? ii A ISA 7wv 1 feA 7 7«v K^ NCQ > * ^^ * ^.CN l» »5 w CM K K^CM k E > CM a O CM CM & ^ c\ ! 1 " O j 0 9 i 2. i5 . Id jo W i eg W ! 6 | g is Ico o (Naj,Ca)O.I NasO.AUOa.' linoenstatite. Fatrochalcite. NazCMCuO. . §o~o sSWtrf jo 0 [iortdahlite 2(Si,Zr)O» 'O(no'nz)iO8(SV'J) 5 MgO.SiOj fc.a a ideite.. "5 4. 03H8 'f _c 0 E d dOco S^NCO -1(5^ 1 1 CO s s TABLE 4. Dala for the determination of the nonopaque minerals Continued to Biaxial positive group Continued o Hardness, Varia Mineral name and Axial angle Optical orienta System and specific bility a y 0 composition and dispersion tion habit Cleavage Color gravity, and Remarks fusibility 1.655 1.670 1.66 Z//flbers...... Yellowish..... H-4 Fe2O3.9MnO.4P8O5. r V 1.645 1.715 1.660 Blue...... 2CuO.2SiOs.H2O X _L cleav. Q=3.36 Pleoc.: in blue tints. Abs.: Z>X: 1.659 1.680 1.660 Sillimanite . _____ 2V = 20°...... X = 6_...... Orth. Acic. c.. { 100 ^perf ...... H-6 AhOs.SiOj 2E=33°. Z=c. G=3.23 be pleoc. r>w perc. Infus. 1.626 1.699 1.661 2V-90°±.--.- X = 6_. ._____._ ^010^ highly SCoO.AsjOs.SHjO r weak. ZAc=31°. {010} elong. perf. gray. G=2.95 pleoc.: X=pale c. F=2 pinkish, Y=very pale violet, Z=red. Colors vary. 1.645 1.688 1.661 2V=77°...... Z = 6...... {Oioydist-...- H-6.5 Tw.pl. {001}. 2Na2O.BaO.2TiO2. r>» rather YAc=3°. blue. Q=3.05 10SiO2 strong. F=dif. A 1.640 1.680 1.661 2V-90°±.-.-. X = 6_ ...... ---.do.---... H-7 V 2MgO.SiOs r I. Ab enegr aciin >Y>Z. . l.in abov as :s-§ ^SnKftnl.S'S89 fc'gH PH CO ejiejp IN S S «« "OeoCO 01"O Tf< INCNCN $ CO *O CO 0$ ^ CO CO ^ CO* t J CO CO CO «3 CO ^ CN CN "SCO . II U II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II 3 WOW W o bd o td o P6* WOW ! ; ;'; g £» | a § a 0> 0 d s!§ ' s J .-£ CO H 1"- o 2 g' -a « fe " . Rose-r( a> S '3 'a * » CD pj s 3 o £ & i '2 H 4J Cl i « "o A Wy> "5 2 *CO 273 o a n2 p-21 PH is o" 00 MM | a [ ju °°.E-9 ^- ® 03 (^ it. en 1 _g a* ao .a §| «M -&O'Q'OJ ki d tH j || 3 i0 a SSC- 11 E § o O h- § § S 2 u ItSrS j .23*u * 2 u a 0i _O O c PH S w ^_§a o$_^. S o w S3 2 c JS d j-jaj d Q*fc 'ft *^ d -w W fl o V c o o S O PH 0 O S o' ; j.. i _ 0 > 3 i '" .a . 1X5 , IT* ta ! M j ! n CN ; -6 t II ' 1!) C D1O 1i ii ? d "3 II ! JS ^ f c «< "ac o u .a <>> * ! II M < >H II N II S3 « i J \ M ; >> M j i M °'H i . a ^ ° oj '?- P, Q1 |CN CU o'^ o-fi§ oil 0 i-l Q, E Ef g C3 .2 {2 ii o S II e "o_ II o a SjTe $ II a u wv II W A 5" II j 11 S Y. T ii WV |s B a >^fe jj,. CN V. M IN 6N CO CN ^ Lindackerite--..-. Spodumene_-..-.-. 3SiO».Ce(F,OH)'j 3Ni0.6CuO.SO3. Reddingite.----..-.- Sfirandite.------.- (Mn,Ca,K,Na)Si 3(Ca,Fe)O.BO23. (Ti,Zr)O.5SiO2. 5MgO.7BO.MgCl23 Homilite(altered)_ O(?)2SiO+-nH2 LiO.2MnO.PzO52 LiO.AlO.4SiO23 2CuO.2SiOj.HO2 Boracite---..-_..- Rinkite --.---...-- (Ti,Zr)O2. O2As.7H25 3(Mn,Fe)O. O.3CaO.Na2 Ce(F,OH)3 NaO.3CaO.2 PO.3H25 (0,OH)3 'c£ LithioDhilit.fi '5 c c c JS a o I-D CO CO «D CO CO *H B i C CO O ^3 I>- CO CD I 1 §.- i 1 1 1 i i rt rt C ,H r-; « -; ffl <> c < > c: c> < c: 122 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS «,,'sT>>s:CN""S^-r^ 0? taB^oco a *"" m o WH fl} "3O a o d ^ ol ^ '-i3 M *3 >HrO M d O (H O o O 4^> O 03 4J 1 d §> CD ti « ft - :i d .d o CS ft ~ e .2^. o 0 M -*-o' f ^C. !2.° O ooo ; i-H 00 CC I ^H-v- C- PH § 0 s~^~ 1CO ^ a 1a1 as PH cc W ta'*' 5 1 e fl £ if « e "S 03 0 § ? O 0 " Q § 0 I 5W :9 'p'q S.2 .60 ^3 «^O 'CQ o O*Eo ;d T)< O ll« s al S 1^. ci CO ^ « ft -4J p£| co a ^ Co ^) .Q ®O(*"? ' * H) |M d T5 * - CO CO CO 1 r 00 CO COs § c CO CO CO ,-4' a rH C> r-J -H II PC sa <> I 1 < 0 c: TABLES FOB DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 123 gOOia CD ta:r> 11-S" CO _. . . ««2SS " fl o& .^«8§ . bo" 5SS? Mr-»-2 .-peg O » 2-2 ^ 2 ®«^§- §lo&g § 5 w .tJW q 9 ° g> a |SSy -9 IfSs aa-*do -s .9Ssi S«i*S u» coco ii n = cocoII II 0^ >, :« !S3 6 03 M 00 ' 2 '43 co IH ^ T3 O I'd T3 03 v. CD jj rt J« . 0 ' ;0 . 11 i. 31 ! * 30 S N > *?** ! ° <3 §2 1> II o <* ' c c II ««| c II II IN II M II N TN N !* ^ N w H PH o' J hi ' bi bi) . bi "jI * I ' .H C 1 p a t . CD , 9 'O g O i g 2 JJC^S S o C 2 o o'S £ to ° Io CO o i-i 2 o CO ^. a § O> n N 5 ° S ' H io II » "3 V ^ a * to II a-w 1 t- oc Cft 11 § A b V II pd A" il A II 1 A CN 9 u §6Q) K $ >« w K, > > CN en | ^ H CN CN ' a 2PbO.3Al0°3.2S03.2 Diopside-jadeite..... Diopside..^...... Magnesiumchloro- .'..Fillowite-_-._ 3(Mn,Fe,Na)O.2 Na2O.2MnO.POs2 Spodiosite------..... 3(Ca,Mg)O.PO25. IVO«OO!S2O-£Z! Na»O,CaO,MgO, Ironanthophyllite 7(Fe,Mg)O.8SiOs. CaO.MgO.2SiO2 phoenicite. 10(Mg,Mn)O. is AsO.7H25 P2Os.HO2 io a SomeCaFj AljOs.SiOj PsO5.6H02 4- a 'c OHS! HO2 4. ^,co a. Irt Z <> 163287 34 9 124 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS "3 a lias's 1 W !3ssl 'G S fe 0"°^ -ir § i Remarks 3 PS' II 0 c . o 1 d I .^S- 30 '3 03 '1 ate 03 Sog^^o Sfc- .9. sa§«d S . o O _,'2 g cu o> "3 ^.s a § 0^ ll w CQ CO "O CD to 00 00 OS S cc CD CO S O3 CD « S K ss CO CO CD ° ~ {£ p o fc II TO « >C * ^~O ow CO CO ^- <" 1 1 . = HI "C ao" Q &o- S 1 go o o 0 8"* o^" r-( O *- I I2 1 u W (j P* § C . bu u 0 . 3 J5, to p £ C O ei P^ w 3 S w . n . . ° 5 C C C p C O C ^5 I 5 o S o O >£, & S $ !?i 2 k f SL' o4 \ II Iw lo Triplite------Fe)O.PO(Mn,325 Koettigite.------Zincschefferite,----. Urbanite.----.-- (Ca,Mg)O.4SiOf OO5.8H3ZnO.As2 Zn)O.Mn,(Mg, JJ id OO.2FeNra23. MnF2 I &. j|» 111 a^o i^. a^W |g § ^rtcoill ii,c«« Hi!« FM O CO 1^ 1^ 00 00 CO OO 00 OO § o 111 CO Q (N t-- 10 o O O5 * O §? = § co f- r- to i^ I- »o CN eo S S t~ CO S s <> ao-S-g-a gS^^S MnOZnO3.3,7.4, "S-^-a ^aocaq withmineralfor CaO12.6MgO23.7, Insol.incent.per DataPyroxenegroup. Remarks flfifel " « " n=a^2^ ..a ^ost^^n 255^ tH.^So5«toeo® Q> ^ §-9«a S *v~~-li£ gsa.a u, g g tjj'a 8 => acid. Oa . .flS^-ai .3 0> t3 jg OrS^So2QoS'2 L4Oo3b*OJt> *"!?XiiO 0 . U 0 03 0 « K t>,wi«tcuct> >c3P.ao PH 03 o |s% 1OCO«-I S> ""os Jb 'd §.-"2 <0e*w II II II II II <§ II II II . w "ll)'2 Wfc MOfa MO5. WOfe- t* a" o £ ! a" 4 Ui u o ^.d * ' ba i | . "o -? M »£2a-g M vc o fe § ! oa §3 £ . 23 t a ® o O O pa i O O j h- oo ! 00 00 i a> ' a a S "-1 vj H 13 § 5 s, 03 O So" " 1 a i O §E 8 2 2 8 c b£ be a a ; " -23 oi O O (M 2 M 3 I 1 2 5 w PH £ PH U 05 *" « fW*^ 5 c' a a ' a ® ^ o ° ° S CO o" S^ s § S "5p? i MO ; 1 1» i-H i d '§§o> i 03 ^- is § «5 " i >> ii ' || fc?c^. o as ' +J^ 1 « I ^ m *^f is .§ o -° a§ ~° ^ ^ ^ . " W o II I O a II N 11 N -^^ O N >H >< >< w a ; i a>.2 ! bi> 1 o'l i ! bbi> a § ll jj » a £'2 o-H|| ?|j i|f ^ > 2 J » P II V" £^V 7gA 7w §v" ^a *> *~ t *~ K IN V. > M 03 V- 03 IM > IM 01 M id id io i Jo ® IS a> Mineralnamean (Mn,Zn,Fe,Mg) composition '§ 'OQ w sffersonite-- -- :S 1 Q O f O> i i ^ -! rH CM 00 O O) OS cc to ^ § 00 IM 00 00 00 CC O to _' 1 i (i ' ^' rH O II PH Ha <> <> 0 < TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 127 hlite. orless, * e> Zw,= |og^;|9 Pl **«deepoc ro «£H ^0»,2W =palle =yelllo ^«? OO-2" - CI. brotoow ftS » M ,8 ^t-£4 o Y= Jlfw u, --- l.iin Z yeous x®~y St^S i ^t a$ on , red, I gafc I? .5§ "& gf§f %a ns^SoSjs - 0 Ins 2 is" 5»<5O2fePn£S 3 slAi gt&§ss V OH fc 8 . J>ro£ f Su» -H r~u ii*' a2 cocoesu u u iiand ii u <°« ii ii ii a ii u ii u wos wofr woe* w WOh wo WO o a w M *- § So j 1 'S J30 i o d" 03 "S o ^*S U| a o f. a o' 1 1 1o' Q -s- fc- T3 o" O c C f-l o Sal I ^1 J^ ^1. 0 o^ ^- u o u ,£5 Ii^ ^ M > -< s TO !i° * _£" a-*j"i» 5 -o O1 II || "C . w « w II ) u :1 t> ftx H S50oWo'>> «» 1?" o'<-S3 -c i :< 4 < Ss3 .til =>< ii X UN II NQ II ^ t^ II N ||°C==H > Us ^ « ^ JH N N M N >H M o' . o ;'°sl '»;£ °si i 1? o_, ^ » <«>S JL ~& : g> ii M c c IIll ot & & U e . rj. II 0 II 0 .C> T T £ SII « II A II WA II WV 1 WA tf >(Nw ^, N *- > M K a >N ?r fj N cq (M ;o . i 0 d ^o <5 ?- o :w \ ~S ,"5 '3 S M r- O o fc iS ^ ^H 4CuO.AS2O5. i d O SO N K? "^ 0 2BeO.DaO.2 id^ 0 rf ^"0 Euchroite 0 a c> c> 128 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS i- .; ' 11 i^ o ' ' 7Sa>cjaas o ^iio-iS^B-gw ^55.^ S?"os's a B as O^ 42CB "°J>-l2j3 - S1 a C"5<5 . *c CM CN "^ | ^KJ^rSfa? »*f-9<2 S ^9i| 0 g aj|O o .CB '" ^j ^ 3_aj ^ .2 .. n d> > §*'3."S§ 'C^So^^'.S ^ o ?j 9. " ~ f "aSSfe!? -A; l^^^-iS^ -m^~ 'a-S M2 2 §-S &£ 8 & S c Oc?.&H p, ^ o SS §«M44^ >,'S'S.'5P :&^c§So W ^ ^ « P i£ *3 $3%£ ^ co 3 B "^ £»>~- CO 1^5 'O ^ . to -&ih n< _§ a $> '§ ii 7 f n'n-a ii If "7 '"77 tTfeo bi BOfii tdC^tS tz B ^ P^ pcj ^5 fi^ td O f^ "S ° "B £ '< '£ 3 I| I ~J "oc B S *?* aj c 5 o * - O >;« -^ § )S ° B § .3 S3 *^ bJU .M SS 1 £ 5 O 03 cc « o 3 vJ i^j t- ' Sj C8 OJ 1 a 0 be a A cc r S "C 3 S: ? * a «ftS a C I i o"S C?O S- S5 S- C- a s 1 . . « &< « ^8 1 a S.U, .S3 . M ^ . is *c i" = P '£ CL C e^ >- ^ d C o i pQ i O S ra ' ! *-^t TO ' S S ~ B O i B-*!* '^ro 3'wBC od o'c5 <5o ? JSi'o i^-o * «a - iT5 (O § 8 £ S! O O * r- CO ^ 0( *? - ? § 83 S g S 8 b- t^« t^1 r- CO «k t e r- .25 ^ c> c: ' <:: <> . TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 129 &°*i g Si* es-ao K\II so>>n a ^& l.inHCI. ^.2: ommon'JlOO S 5 I ^ MfeT-S P- "33 fe yl'S ^SBS*|B< § *d EiHo llo-HllS:o°° N «N COCO II II II II II II || II II WO HOP* WO £ c | c o 1 c C a a 3 j I Ml w 7; £ e « 1 At S3 T: c a 'S1 ct ^ u 03 E PH O £ O O p>. >'8 rt ; .b 1 ^ S , f. 1 is I 1 . 6 oa j g g "3 X!s oj c O o X ofe as 3! SH a 'is o PM PQ O U ; BE ft 03 o ! cag. I c o"; II 1 1rH O |E o 1 o § s i tn 1^ og ~C oj . flS ^ 3 1 ll 8P c in ££ d§ d . d -c dls c xi o °o 2 o § I ta 1^ r- E a ^<1> I o| ! ! 0 - 1 \£ '-1 ri it?[CO ' * "^ i "^* O II < II II : u *»3 TJ ^* ! o 1 *^? 1 u .a *>< t^10 t« UN 1 N ' IN A k i* SH o r 9* a ! J 0 - | ®.2 * W> » d 1 "ojb'g '°'H °S . ti.a to to o 0 O :s£ 0^l§ o ! "3;§ I II " a |7| S o S|| WB 5?rt AtJ S g s> 1 ^S £? II W V II W n W HA i ^§ 03 > NK ^ ^ >^N w ^> CJ >«- > Ol' w '-' e>> 10 oo oo 05 o> V-H § ' » § " S 5 5 S .S 3 K »o 10 IO § J5 o I-H Ir* rt' ~ ^ ^ ^ -H II > 0 0 0 CD 0 TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 131 «'dJ?OIH ' tx **J ®*-" w a ^Q5«dl8> a l i|| I"""* «- -3, 2_2.> o *| P.T3 u- ^S'o.r M '3.0'ON. O "^U5 3£>> 'I n "* ll' li S3 WO 5 a g b4 c l ^*d 03 § o -*. ?1 2 a & si '1 w-O § W -i< ^ M ^ 'JS S? c 03 £ ^ c 2 as b. §^° o S 0 . W O S !"C c i-H is i $ i** a S I ~^-8 «n ii r^~ . Jg ^ .a | t=:.s > . to Q^JH^ C ll So 58 3"*C O 03 ^.2 r® s -go d ON c a IpJS 0.0. o o_^" S^" 'c a co bo '-*! bi 9'S ^ d "2§ O 2 0! E1^ CO i"^ *C o 0 ''W ^"5^ pH 3 § .0 c §- §0 & o""° c §1 ^i r* S s a ! M 0 »*N§< i i ^gN || !** to H 3 if a II ; ll x o . i u a u V) U Pi > d l!,sg « < « II « ^ o ^"43 N§<=lll UN ?H 1 N II N Q ^NQ « ; PH >< w N > X . ! |y 1 » ( bi IS i _; CO H : 9 Q 1* ^ 1^ 2 i O Oo O M o * * o o is 0 S £ -« a 0 O> ft r*i n'v 2 vCt a$ CO II a § ai» "A II V N &v i II W A II A" 0 >* > j> k- >> * *> N > ^ *~ O CM ^ w (N N o | |O io s i l« CO o i . i<5o w !Q-O iaspore...... O PHJ? *>3 io° ;O s 5^w ^S i8^ AhOa.HaO 5 Apyroxene c S-d JO^ c ^-2 :id§^? :iS2 1 rt uj -*S CUD w Is 3^ is 3^|S» 1j= S. T3(N . <> O o 132 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS & s cJ-oso-^ocii; -&»iigjiag S-aS^ I « gS-'PS 2^ ^^HNcSgg ^C'O-g 0 . f SS'S'0 ^,* S '3 -0 -oNfi 01 ^J L^ || "S, a c8 Bij'cSo''. ^fl'^'Ss' M J.^'^S -.2 Q r5 . -e «5 lea *~ 00>o eo S Tto T Q'^ L*i'*3 ^ u^ to »A co »o lib T3 Oj-*j,jQ toco «t> CO r^ to CO W3 CO CO CO CO CO £5 cx t> '55 II II II II II II II II II II II II II W"!"2 wo WOPn WO WOP^ WOfc S-o S-o ta to 3 a"" . 'a » "3g « -c a -o ^ "O 3 ;> S r- W ? .£*! ^ H 0 ^cgis §2« i'Q 2 S'OS c 3 D !* PQ O ' P5 ; » ^ _^ i ! OrH ', MO I-J- Q -a J ^ J 8 s 1 *-* *-<-v- O *"* b CB 1 ft ^"g g So" S _O s 0 0®g ^0 cS 0 1 O I O 1-1 Pi Pi Q -^- ^ -H a 3 \ ' J T3 w ^ I a «! .2 as S 1 ! ® 2 S & a Q c o t 2 1 **£o 3 "C 'C 'E " 6 CO * 1 - o< 5 1 ; _ ^ 0 M - f2 S 5 ! ! S s g g a 8 rt r-i -1 rt 11 'C.-S < C D <> CD CD TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 133 : fc " M * t| ja-w ®x3 flll ISP 2S5§.se10 ^^ a +» < o 'O , "* ? .22 « *o s &x ii h sl^fililllt*,r^ 9?W co "It P-S-S.S -, II II l WO woiz; S3 if. fl °0 L-HS a II ll si HtSJ II N ll* 8-H II- a II W A II A o p 'EiOJ®. FeaOs.MoOs Molybdite- 1 a 7iHsO 'EiO Curtisi CoH6 Sfa,gs 134 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS ^- 9 " [n:Mg:Ca=95:2:3. \110\.Lamellartw. Pleoc.:X=deep brownish yellow,- Y=goldenyellow, Z=pelloale-yw. compound.pure blackFusesb.b.to pidotegroup. Commonlyopt. . "dl yellowishY=green, bluishZgreen,= earlyinsol.inacid. Ingroup.yroxene dicescalculated for a g g N )1.inacid.Data formineralwith48. leoc.Xstrong:= globule.magnetic liemarks SalmChateau. POs.centper2 Maygelat. green. & PH £ PH H CO CO o « 0 a >, CM CO o 1C 32* |s£s OJ CO 3 t~ . "O£5 a'p'wCO _-W.Q coco' coco CO CO CS CO CO ^« *^ CO* CO IT"! CO CO § II II II II II II II H II II II II It H ii ii bo wo wo WOfe WOh WOC-H ! So' 2 J 4 ^ ""S a a * fl'5 ^ V V « .22 S . o p .23 .52 Ja~t O £ ^ CO Q|S £ £ CT> "O S 00 S 1 CO " S a0^ CO 0 0> (N CO 00 K t- S S3 22 K t^ a ^ rH r-l r-i « is t-J »-; 11 3 3 < |s < C3 c: > TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 135 Oft" : S*»,r o tas O O Q3 «a *-*t3 CD «v, dl - S ^ 'IS 03ahrt>n B ^ Eioa 2_: sectionp nonplend .a| Klfa ^ linln& "a a i-. 1 4 CJ 82 Ilil^ ^ ^JaKNS 1 PH I"*" CO CO CO CO N ^* CO II II II II fl II II II II II II II II II II II II WOPR woh wo WOfe WOfc wo WOfc as3° ! i ! itic ffl : "o : j| jfl afe ^ "5 ° j S^ -OS'S B 0 J I j-H i «3 :«*5 ! I ^ "^ _A_ ij 1 o t "* CO ! . !co u | O ^ I ! r-3 QJ *° , 1 ii 3 *. S / 1 II Jq H , t 1 {j O O ^ »-\ o u A II Q> j o ^ ^ et e il <= fl N " II =>< Remarks w . w^ go s-af &TS 02 W M en w Iz M CO *§ O5 V OOiQ «jiii a |g ; i o 0 Opticalorienta positivealgroup tion e « ; =>' « II o < e II UN ii M n >i " I If" k>111. k>NN ^ JH « fj N f\ r*i s "9 M ! u, ! i ^ Axialangle anddispersion .-« 1 i-Jg- S i.-! t< CO "H < ^o o a ft 2 II »' S II =j c? WA £% twA" "iA TwA £y ii wy jiwy ii IM»- S H JJ..IN i> £ K ^^ "» » H (N Ca C^ 3 0 0 | Mineralandname o ii I !| composition ^ |o !d2 o'^ w '^ 3 ;| r og o | || j|S ^ N-o O S" 3 2° ~ J do > si o^o 3^o j B» -26 30 -aW §«0 a ^H-^ '^Trt O 0* "CS 5 . 1 < i oco 2 c3 CO *C s |o §S aS sS Q PH 5 W « M « EH ° it N! it 01 ? § § 1 , »O CO CO iO o t- co S S So S ^ (M CO 00 OS CO rf -j< co r* CO t~» t-* ^ t- t^ 1^ 8 'C.5 .tis> : '<>'£ <> ' C DO > TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OP MINERALS 137 ^ II 68 ll H §!" 3 a a 5wl R N" i ^ OJO .. S-gS q-:i W i °"o. -a «^ r » no'S^s'^.ii W »-H O S.^ -I °>.^»?SS .1 « .a tn4?ona fl-^ -2 i 3ft . O PL< W oqo INNNco II II II II II II II II MO wo *: O ' ^ 0 o i -d O" -*^ ' -2 J CO 4J> q O £ fl O ; . "^flfl Sw> 43 .2 t* ® rt 2 *O fa '^ Ui t>» CJ .23 lal ,«l ? * p >y] *C) ® Oj M (b'S O te a W ll) El S3 3 ^ ^ 4343 *-» ^5T343 2 PH fl & pq O CQ PH O PQ 'C ' ft _-l I ! i, "S s *C "*^ ' O o _ 03 -v" ^ Q. S °^ -Si. -*. o -H 00 > ' O cfl 0 -I 0 S- Co 8 S £ i « P " * O bi * .2 a o «- I £ 0 ^ -S ° ,' f6 1 d^~ .42 { 03 03 4: C C 0 oS 43" 4: K .2 * c C 0 C- tf tf Ul kl 6 EH 0 ^ a a oo ^ O 43 ^ ! . ! *^o a 03"*^ ."t^ rQ o !° I .S^ 1*^ ^ a "o' ii i 7 i o S oo^ g o E u ii* u ii . a^- 'o c II -c ^^H -C / ^ < ^< ^° II {« t ^ o, t3 ll N 1 N 1 N II X ii ^ H is] I N k, r* O W KH > tx r* N K > >» CD cj ! |_, be bb bo i ^/) . ^ °g°§> 03 S-d o'g ?:§ 1 ^ o g 7s.fi g 7 1 5 71 = s , 5o » .3 e> -is.? WV" 1 W *§ 1 WA ^ V £ ll v -gA av i IN u N, N 3 > IN w a - « s. CN 3 9 'a ;9 w ^ j .5W 9 q O O ' '3 ^ W "a !"£ |W 6AszOj.4SOj.33: 10(Pb,Mn,Ca,M IN 4PbO.9FeOs.2 0 a O a ^'i.,^ ! « !Si IS l§o ll ' "^ "W '5'®W ' PH ' OT SAsaOs flaHnlinito CM C3^ fcC^ *3' ®. ^ is;6 aQ^M§ cf^S 'SoBS -go§s T| iS8 1 i8 !§^ WM a*1 J P IP 1 i 5 a 5 o > c 3 PH PQ OH <> 0 138 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS pd. X: Z= ary a 3*fsT3~ ^ o SWbMH |9 S| 2§lil ^ S " II II WO * a& isli »M ,0 0,0 fl fl O O as i-H ! e o II lie* UN UN H . af 3 II » o II HV II V iai ! 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C«7 1 1 M ^r^ ® 5 iO ' « ~ : o as Q C3 r/i ^ . §£> .-§^ ' i ^ o .-§0 o Mineraln compoi Senarmont 6 t!Q -?°' S §O -r^ "P®-- j=C oo §O^ V. jg.S £fg< §- _|§. §£." §,£ ~.£ 1 Scs M 5co " Sco . 2« "3^ ® ro" 'C'f S1^ ^"'2 ^ OS EH-'MEHr^ r5 ^ J VC oo oo ^ S ~* » ^ rH i-t CO C^ CO CO U3 cs' cs' cs' c« c^' c<< c^ g 3 J; S 8 2 3 S ® 8 | - cl cs- | '*-<.21? ~ TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 145 blood-red.XAbs.: 03 O , d Nearlyinsol.acid.in Stronglypleoc.:X= paleZ=red,very 3.95,^ w §-. - HCDecpd.by XandY>Z. 2 ii H ii ll ii li ll« ll II ll ii ii a WOfi Bol woa 0 03 reddish o .2 t* id t || IS . wn. "r fe 1 '3 'a . a 83,0,0 J3X2XJ 30 Ja fi O V. ' 388 * s 1 gi. C«''"C _ > >>o> j ^ -tf-v- 0 w l- Jr o, >- 1 as °do 2 <| ii c . OT Qi t , c ! p ^ *^*.| i -^ -a C a o" o"sos s "w *"* S O O *H M4-V- P< C"s^ i I 1 c ~*~ c *- e £ « e i . J 1 ^ 05 OT . j§-0 5 c H )~^" bib o c ' - el's ° c A . C I £ X *» 0 £ & 5^*3 £ t 0 § """ . o o S o c i 1 ! aj ' ; S 1 ii 1 N « ;' a i " ! o ' j if o if e if c II « II -o^- o " °K ii N t N II N , II N UN ll M || M Kj S) X ^ * M N N 1 Ej bib is i is? bib a o w g ( k. b o "fl 2 o _u "Ho g £§ to a » p S o o 8 "ci a -fe a J "ii A w £>V ' fc y ii A M ii ii y I 1 £ «- « »- . 5 5 ! PI N CO !> N N M ^ ^ ; a 0 ; | ; a J 2? iO ! ! S ! o 1 a O !"J ! ],~ 'a o 6 (Fe.Mn)O. (Ta,Cb)z w | £ C- a* * O « O := s mtr* S?s? '"SO "S'ja b 1 1 S | r?* oP-ii*' Oi^ gS: c !?' I 1 '] s 1 pi pi N N c> 146 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS Isomor.hueb-with neriteferberite.and Pleoc.weak: X=lightgray-green, HCI.Sol.inTw.pi. Nearlyopaque. Pleoc.strong:very colorless,X=nearly cloudedY=reddish brown,Z=clear Sol.inH2SO«.conct. StronglyAbs.:pleoc. Z=darkgray-green. ^crosses\about010at Sol.inH2SO«.conct. HCI.Sol.inSameas BQ « Abs.:X>Y>Z. Remarks reddishbrown. s's^ X>Y>Z. crocoite? 90°. ^||N §3.5 A fl M , "O "? O e~ CN Oio COOuj J. I'M 'li'li'V coS § ii ii 7 ii T| ii 7? II II II II fls brown-yel a Brownish Hyacinth-red. hyacinth Yellow,black, Iron-black.... Smokybrown, Brownish Cochinealto "3O black. low. black. O 4 . red. etc. 03 «« o s Q t~t ! 6 CD CD i Cleavage ^{perf-010very gS3 ft B 2| § CD ft 3 fe P ft 8 aCD 8 O O 8 . u O m J2 6 Systemand tn CD 03 .M 83 .2 Opticalorienta '"' " ci tion J " e if e ]f UN II ^ !S3 S3 N 3 large..Very.. 1 IH Axialangle dispersion and r>»strong. r>»strong. -tj I ji & CD c a A" ?A" 1 n n CN CN )O.7(Ca,Ce,Fe,Na3 Wolframite-.-... Nadorite----- PbO.SbaOs.PbClz Crocoite. .__ Perofskite-_...... Pseudobrooklte .. andMineralname Wolframite.. . Dysanalite.--. 9 3(Pb,Mn,Fe)O. composition (Fe,Mn)O.W03 6TiOs.Cb2O5 (Fe,Mn)O.WO3 4. .H»0(?)0V25 Phoenicochroite. 1 PbO.CrOa 3PbO.2Cr03 CaO.TiOa FezOs.TiOj 1(S p. CN "3 00 oo a> CO CO CO CO CO « (N CN CN s J CN to c| 1 to - oi tN M CN CN | ij J O OO CO co CO ^ CO i CN' CO CD S 8 i CN CN CN oi «n '§s.eb [>, 0 CD 0. C3 TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 147 o-~ %& w* H 0*. a . .- §1 1 i! 3£oa.swa n II h & * T&'Z-3| 3 03 i^Tii a. N II II It ll | II WOfl W ' t* -0*0* -g a J M » M S b & "S « 0 JC a i- » Bri * 1 i '§>» ? a-g ®*2 ^ *S b " K a i <°o^ 2 3 5 o W££. C" 5 P « a £ ff i % | , t & ' i * e ec 1 I a £ 0 0 8 | 8 | 5- £ rH C ^H C § 8 ' 1 i/ 'Cw ^ 4 £. ^" I PH fi ^g iS x f»-i . ^. 3 f *** j: 0 C s t -^ >. kl kl o = > c c o o o"*" 6 S ? : u 5t? U i S < « -i- u u «"3 |] |« M ils1 § 9 i O f ®Q ii aj-is O ' .£3 2 » o. ^ri" " is S^ £ " M to ^^ S w t-* |j e> jg .5 V j; y i !' ^ fell IQ s 'A | 3 M iz H & W K M 15 6 o O i ^2J x~s Lj 1 X) « S ! ** 0 | M 09 - -S 1 O 9? «8, .0 IS b 1 1 I M t» a w 5 1 0 ^,0 |Q J 1 . | 2 Is 1 ° a rt IM ? 5 § CO t- S S cs O: i f 2 ¥ ' » ? i c. e- d e- ci "1 n His 148 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS S 03. pi g II -^ B ^1 <^- % °''3'.0- >. W^ go. K, 'g V . § at* o2 !>, "~ S £ B W 4jo ^ .. 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P- £ 5_ W £' Q s _C d E d g.2§ £ 8 4- CQ 4- 4- X o o £ h. o S C C ? f l=iS FH!^ " c C s o ] 1 " . ; 3 o < 1.5* | ^7 i°' oil 1 1 i <^ t 1 '? 2 oa O t j 0 0 "3 C t O c O ^ C/ «o ^.£2 -o -3 C ii 11 ¥ 5 V II X II N if if UN II SI II II || f^p > V N X (* M M W N K u" i t P c 8 ! 60 JO ,Cl M < a fe c1 o' O v. 00 io' £ tCS--? °o7» & 7°- o h- 0 E l~ II C. Tt \\ S, U3 II 5 .Ec x °f!t.J 1 7 a ||J ii H y ii KV II WV II II W N V. ^ tO iO IO 'O CD CD c: 154 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS > c. , ! < *! i III1 S1 1 s1 1 I s 12,§ ~ -ai" i<> I '£ ;, P 1 ^ '* . i « 0 -3 "-ij O^L a "S-" »« 2 "3^ ~ "1 03 * r ^ <0 ^ W W [Q 03 3 W *Q. ° o_. tr 03 ^>9 - * fc ^'S § « a "3 "5 j 3 > O.S ^ 'sa § fe P 41 '^lo ^ 1 H5 £ & & W> -4 3 as go. S PH < ^ 1 1 a ifl il!t *? «82 CO OC S; 5 s 'O Sj -4-^rjQ i*j i^ 't U) C4 0s! i O> i O "3o of i V (A g to O 3 | S i ic1 ^ 1 S c ^ ta o O & P C c 8 O \ | §en J | || .2 8 o>C8 1 5c j §tii o 5" °" 8 £ ! £ f*~ 1 i C CO bi g" bi « bb 39 a 08,2 'S-s. _o i . C "^^ E3 s S 203 bfl c jj§ fi *O fl "^ £. CO gl . c CJ.3 ° ,£ c a f~" 1 a t *tZ o DD 0 C E- |o' C8 ! A o; ;o a 'cj 10* a 2 i 1 O i PH «3 i M . ". is o ^ II > I' !« M , y -0 g& i^o- 1** £ t c tfx 11 N t" 1 II N UN S N > « pH S "3 O N r* N fe 1 i g "bJo'[2«! ' P J s ' . 0 0 o 10* 'O'r?&{> ' oj p, 1 C< 1 rH 0) M C C-HS^ O C4 O Tjl r> O C 0 iO O CO W "3-S '% Jf || ?5 II ei> SD R «» II 8 II o ill i§yM i n wy N nwy 03 CN IM < ! c, ; o^ O '0 O 1 m 0 JO "^ i W t 0 o S^O |§ W i« 0 to t^ « OS c< (N c> (N to to tf. to IO O 94. O3 CO 2 281 H S - >O io if, to 1C § 1 § ! § ? s s f E «! to II cd t>i <> " o TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 155 fc'Si 5' ;:: EH a| ME colorlessinsection. I l.inH2O.Nearl Nearchalcanthite. !§5g§sl| I&: 9 S-al |- ^4 . O to eg - i a . 771 ii H ii II II II II II II II wofl wofi WOfc WOfc WO WO iu- ! . « CO 11 o t H 0) % o £ <» - . S ' ® X Ill 3 i P I s IB s ' P ^ s ^ O 5 2PH ^ 1PH 1 1 8 c 1 I o~ T 1o" i o I I o § i & u | t ^^ PC, 1 K c/ C a e "oe d a _t o *U| *IHt oa o -g o 2* CO £ § 0 £ § Jl_ Jl_ 1 II bb iSi *I 8 1 1 it 0 a o ^ 3-2 c -g . § ' a °' §o.Is :« li « | § Srot?'« In c. °x Xji-l X«5 HH IN 1 CD c: 163287 34 11 156 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS c ig=H 1 * |l 9 4 1 3« 1 c-fojS _£ s <8 OJ m Q a> £ J2 -' f, ^ ^D .9 « N t-i a ^-< 5 ^ « ^_ 0 fe "'31 ^ tl qj *jl3 w W 5 C m'g O .+* v 5O *c 5 W > ° L^ IO 'q O ^> I* O gj p| W >> m of S > .S ® g 8 £ § w s ^ w ° 5 a £ X .-- fl -^ 5O *f° ^""c3 "^§ y*S '"(; 'cSr13 § a««- "h "3 83 £ 5 "^ r CO -3 a 't^I-l C3M ^*Q M a 0 g 03 CO ^ a ilnegatn o J, § Meyerhofferite.- <5' § Mineralandname 2CaO.3BO3.7HO2 CQ iLu .3SiO2.7iHAlO23 Trnn-f>nnnp.rr.halnan- o s<5 O.3SiO2.7iH2OAl23 composition 1C U- cc CD l^- CO e*1 co o- CO C-* »O TJ »O iT ff iO U" 5 Da. t-H r- i i-H r- T 1-1 *~ O cc ) Cf »O C*"t>- f » o- ) T T 113 IT »O u") u- S ir IT - i \ - r^ w c S 1 i r IT a 1 ! V- A £ CD <'> <:> < A 1.514 1. 543 1.537 2V = 56°.. . ..--do ...... H=2.5 Sol. in H2O. Nearly V CuO.SOs.SHzO 2E=92°. sky-blue. G=2.2 colorless in section. r 0*5 bill ®g> 6 73 *S £ £ a O S 3 .S *» o * p; '^ a> S s 03-" O O.g tS O S °2« ~ MS 'SrH1 §° c3 s >>« 9, 1?" >.s .£ "3m o> 1=1 " y <8 H J" -0 oj 2 II ^ a P5 _g '53 * ±J O .5 u 1 "ft S °il § M J "-> co* as 3 P u £ O 8«1^ o- «J> CM "3 rH io *o "^ 52 »O 10 W Tt< ^ O* t*; ^j O §l£l oioieo c w "3 ! Ui a) >> > "oO rH jj ' O e a O ®1 5fe -2 *- 43 « r-^ S Q, tS* Q> .r-l ^ I .t 1 .1 op, -go g a g c f *e f PI O OD r» B r» W P* O r> O O 05 O .2 sCO J"S i * kl e § 03 OJ o _no" CP 3 o'co g" s" 2 H 0^~ S 5 0 O o ' ^1 "to " _£ « * 03° 03-2 o-^ .s 03 ^~* O EH y 'S S . ^ ^ PH^ CO ^J-H 2 a| O -^S "^ PH -3 - . OJ .rH M ..O a 8 -cSS & & -o o> bib o^ tj2.c3 -£^ " 5-S |tl "3 oa S o o c e 0 co S "p |NJ< '"'be '§g ! be 12 ! « cfl iiS *3 O3 H 1 II 1 OT ^3 1 5o O ; e '^3 e | S 0 "fl C 1 « 8*® b ; ! ^ ' " o N II i § « II " II c I?>H UN ii >H I N i UN HN £ X O N K xi k X M ^ a 1 1 a bi 1 . « S3 'S O> "3 a M c ns l bo 41 £ ^ 2 lo-g S <» f ft Ul rt C3 n *"* *"* O QD te -H.« rS « 0 H 0 II s>' o> » f- ! 2 ! 1 ! ! ! ! s CON CO ^| COWCOCOCOCO »OiO ^ »O iCiO»OiCO»O 8 1 .2-w" CD CD > < < O TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 159 Fe2OsMicagroup. 3Ss 3 ^ll'a* 8 ft s2 ofw*^ 's'EH-^.aS3 o^ en x> « Dawsonitegroup. with inacidSol. «M S.Hh S W^ -u«.2>3ae« Ehrensfriedensdorf. I? M«Sa ^>. _« . ^Os-S^xi -; d m °Ort *n a *~ % .2*8 effervescence. .!2 o o OfR'S """S osW^a^ 1.30cent.per 111 1C 1 1 P -itf li,0'i« ais L§'§1 aE »sg llS. »3 3 §§0- 3.-§ n S35 fl 3o& 9 o >,§ S 0 n a.9» °a.a-D45 ~ § SPM5 g^xi°t>o5 S i 3 S . -3 go lj ^* 0 ^ . <0 QJ P^QJ W'^'O^a ^rl* ®2 ®5 *§! §£ --2 I 2 1 "3-° "3-° "3 >> 5° r^ ^" s> 2 T3 u 2 .£ 2 So, *° .2 M | -§- 8 ^.'cgs' ^ ^ -§ 82 o i-nO O S tj ' 8 B** o 1 X \ s <0 OS 'Q 2 C -o" \ £ £: w| ^ if §1 a d c ?^O^ja '^'C'S ci{2 t O 0 C g p, |^« 5 ft" g § !<=> i^ * tH c t | M N o" uftOWMS!0 -«- M MX EC So? bo »^' ! ! O 00 O t-» C>«;- 9- o-nteor-i "H g D § II c g1 o S S II a o II o 11 8 " S ' ;g ii u ii wV u w ii IN N IN $ O oi .0 i 3 o H ° 6 o ;o -25 |o g g ig0 .<2(g M d « N-tS « O lOj; O-TfS ISl J|i , o 0-^ .08 ,o s « >W ^^ ib| |3o |gg «g ig^ |^-o 128Saw iSiig sW T" m 1£ |»5 2°S §3-8 £s ^«S |S»S 50 g-8 I|S 8« 5^ fe^ |g «§5? 1 w ^i PP PM * ? <> 0 c> 160 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQTJE MINERALS > a? II II 1! Q "3 > .2 ^ nontronite.Decpd. tebras.Thetype jezekitehas0=1.561 andotherwiseis I- robablymemberka- etweenkaoliniteand isol.inMon-acid. o o olinite-anauxitese ries.Slightlypleoc. morinite,below.Be n. .a0> Remarks lifii HCI.by similar. ss'aigi a S'-S'o'a'o 5"l^llfe « CO ^ Ph M fr .. -a i _ o> w CO 11.11 cti§ I'll 17 " t^SUi J as ft:* « ^ II II II II II [ § III coOh BO ] coOfc to ' O ! £ I fe a) i 03 c * "c0 ^"3 a d a . a> ^> o »"li S& O | a a) C '""§ "5 "o B £ ^" II'£ 03 O PH O 5 & ft O "5 ; ! : i b£ a i i i C8 -1 t> t 9 *j o CD fe C5 C. C £ -&0 5. C _£_ O 1° p 8 o 8 8 ' £o^' a ^s ti) ; S-o c ^ CO _0 03 II 1 5 I^J II s| CD I I +3 1* P^ d e a (3 cC e T3 [ !0 'o io . 6 Q 5HaO.2AhO3.6Si (Al,Fe)O.5Si32 Mineralnamean Faratsihite- - - O3.2SiO(Al,Fe)2; Jezekite..------Morinite__---- O5.6CaF4P2. 4(Mg,Fe)O.4Al2 Nacrite.------Anauxite.------OO.A12Hor23 4(Mg,Fe,Ca)O. composition 2(Na,Li)F. 2(Na,Li)(OH) .2NaO.O3Al23 Corclierite------.2SiO.2HOAl23 Griffithite------CaO.AbOs. .HO10SiO2 2HO2 P025 O18H2 3SiO2 7HO2 IN S S i 1C i » : ? i-H o CO "O i § i - 1 -6 r_t IN f~ 01 0 o S s O g to $ e S r' " il * c: CD <> <> 11 t > TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 161 1 jq 1 2 SS^'o * £ 2coO.S2'5:5 > 3 § erpentine.Easily S'C^S^O 3 a £'30'O'>'o w 8*° ticaKan-group. HCI.sol.inPleoc.: andY=greenXor Z=yellow,greenor erpentine.Decpd. HCISO4.Hbyor2 acidol.inafterigni universal.Othertw. |«^ £ -CMS E.I^'S-Ss 'eldsparAbsogroup. Oelat.Anso.Tw. poly.,{010}-.almost t~t 03 o red-yellow.dark _-* 'Oj^1 ^ ^^ .cft > §" II a >. lawscommon. O Faintlypleoc. a gerdluarsuk. '5 ^uSScn-jg-^o^oo;S§ X flo:^^'!g t^"ll a 4iC rH StfE 4J ' 'S2S.. -N .0 J=£»=i | OT ij B§£°d| .g Bc9S&p| ng§ §-2 fe | tion. 5'CW ft a -§£?j£3.. 3§.s.eE^J= < M CO w <5 CO CO w O^.r. t/i 0) ] i ^ i C a « 5 e ' i i i 1I* 1 ) Q d c'f "g o a .cs o 1 " S ® "o "5 £ "3 -c £ "3 "o o P- ^ O a o o t- O ;' j' J - - o ' '; i i § -3 0 » i 3CX <3_: d c 6 & j o-^- § M. | 1 ! I I ! 1 P 0 Is g t. | .si C3^ E-1 .2 E-i O a 5. u PL, ^~. 5 Q? c/i ^ .X S^ CO g £ J5 c C ^S £8 5 d'C-S c. "tf c MOr* ~*~ A is 'C ftP"< °C o ^ (^ o"" o ^~" CD H h 1 HII ] ft£- B o"ll ft i £2>k < .< . 1 *5 i , * o ~P ® *^ ^ 52 ' "2 C3 W * O ' - O ' 1 ^ V. cC § ^^-\Q ' *~ r^H '1 ^ CO f' CS u W -^eg ^ N bi ^ 3 ° ti cT u ^ || t. j -^r "^ _. rr c 0 ' 0 O ^ (js 4-5 ^" ^ 'O o cuE^o 3^8 o" c. c K n *" "3 "^"S^"*"* o> s§^ c II -o II ^-.- fl ^Svjco'S ^ a 1 IS! H N M K t* M K 0 ^ "" N M IH O O j e i| '; u a bc ..5? o »o o o' no' o * O oj '"' 2 °0> -H?^' 4I O | to 0 CO CO 0 < S o11 ? U On* ^ *? « 2 3 a 1 I" T-H II C) yc II (N II "5 »o II a h -S £j II W II W || (B A II W || W IIWA WO "gA II WQ II C^ ^ ...-'eidellite. otashclay-.------(Mg,Ca)O.Al023. (Na,K)Li.AlSis32 Bolinite.------SilicateFe,Mg,of ntigorite------S ^ io SSiOs.nHzO. O3.2SiOAl.2HO2 3MgO.2SiOO.2H2 9,0 RichK.Oin ! i $ olvlithionite_ 2 6 :6 gi '5 Al,H.O w 3 SO Ifc C>X *". d OP22: -s 'fc- ^ W 3 p. "S 9 §d^ '§9 o *! o^ «< PH f^ M B K > B W^ c: O TABLE 4. Data for the determination of the nonopaque minerals Continued Oi Biaxial negative group Continued to Hardness, Varia Mineral name and Axial angle Optical orienta System and Cleavage Color specific Remarks a 7 composition and dispersion tion habit gravity, and bility fusibility *1. 570 ' .5 English! te_. _ ------Small...... X=c.- - Orth.(?) {OOl^mic - Colorless...... H=3 Lewiston, Utah. 4CaO.K2O.4Al2O3. Plates. G=2.65 4PsO5.14H2O n Vermiculite _____ 2V=0°-8° X near c...... Mon. Hex. { QOH pert.--. . Green __ H=l Pleoc.: X=pale V 4(Mg,Ni)0. 2E=0°-12°. plates. green, Y and Z= Al2O3.4SiOs. r>p weak. pale brownish green. 6^_>HsO NiO 11.25, MgO 18.18 per cent. H=3 A 1.574 1.574 Phlogopite ------_ . 2V2E=8°.~""~ =5° -c_,/\c=sn-ali_-_ Mon.. - {OOUmic Pale brown or Mica group. Decpd. V K2O.6MgO. Y=6. green. G=2.85 by acid. Pleoc. AlsOs.eSiOs. r>» weak. F=dif. faint. Data for min 2H2O ' eral with FesOs 0.9, FeO 1.7, F 3.2 per V' cent. «L . __- ' 1. 576., Jurupaite ' _ .-.-. ZAelong.=31°- Mon. Fib White . . H=4 Sol. in HC1. Contact 7CaO.MgO. G=2.75 deposit. 8SiO2.4H2O F=2 -n 2V 62° G=3.10 Pleoc.: X=pale 1.i O\Jf\fi 1.680 1.574 jt>assetit6. __._-___--. X=&... ___ Mon __ ------j 010 H 100 Mooi}' Yellow----- CaO.2UO3.PsOs. 2E = 108°r~" yellow, Y and Z = 8H2O(?) deep yellow. H=2 ' 1.577 1.575 Autunite.. __ ------2V=30°.. X=c - Orth. Thin iOOl^eminent Citron to sul Sol. in acid. Luster CaO.2UOs.PsOs. 2E=48°. Z=a. tablets^OOU- phur yellow. G=3.1 on { 001 ^ pearly. 8H2O r>p perc. Nearly tet- F=3 * rag. H=4 ' 1 ' 588 1. 576 Sphaerite __ . _ _ - Large. ___ .- Z=c ----- Orth. Concre One dist---.-- Gray to blue- 5AlsO3.2P205. tions. Fib.c. G=2.54 16H3O A 1. 576 1 1. 578 Penninite __ -. __ 2V 0°_t XAc=0°±__- Mon. Shreds- i OOi j-mic Green ...... H = 2.5 Chlorite group. V 5(Mg,Fe)O.AlsO3. r>t> perc. G=2.7 Decpd. by H.SO4. 3SiOj.4H2O F=dif. Abnormal blue in terference colors without ext. Pleoc.: X= nearly colorless, Y and Z=green. TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 163 2: i I! rillH te d M" 01 tog-SSfl t. -H§ »oo St. ^§ «5 8 S S 8 CO W W N* ,-H . CM N v) co ci CN co co co 10 10 ci to ci 10 co ci ii ii ii ii ii g II II || II II II II ^ II II || II II II II || II II MO MOfr PH WOfe KO WOfe WOfe MO WO(*4 WO III c ,21 ,i 5 | § | I ic a" ? S "S V >> J3 ° B hT d) o 23 »r *iaj x:IT *c .^H w 2 1 a ' t I "3a> 2 "c A : « «! Q «: 0 PH O U ^ 5 ^T O "C rl J o O S 1 < n S« - j J~ 1 -*- 2r.2 c 1 1 rt 8-3 c 0 C i* 1 i _8 ^- !z o c * 0 g^>i " ! ! ' ! 6 i >-c 1 o' 1 I ! o5 I J3 lc§ o o 1 P, i.cj ^« JJO K o' a) Jf ' fe i/ O ' CO O TlO O) J to M P JJ * I O ia5 & o oo a n t^ O Tt 0 CO O fH 00 || 0 u hi o c^ 01 ® II ^ a & II & -*3 ^2 ^ II ei K II o - Ifg II V ^ A TwA II v T gy n wy | W > d ~^- o ;9, 2 0 ~ 16 g || .6 d ®Q |t» ^ 1* OJ2 <$ !«* .0 ;^ ,Mn,Zn o :<5 3^2 5 M ' "^ i.lOHjO 9, oo 6Mjfv* S ff « oo oo ^C iO U ! S5 u5 i 35!!! 00 O 8 S i 55533 S 18 <> 0 164 MICEOSCOPIC DETEEMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS J 5S" "^Sls^g c S>, s5 ^l-; '1 35*2 cj » ^| S CO M 08 B '35 o fe o a> t*.tJv- ^ «ft ft Ut «j3 x; jg o a"WiE' S o ^ ° b 0! S 'E39" S «a .2 ^ ,_, § >> v« -3 jj * "® 'u '" ^- 8 « > -a fe .gg ,. 'g £"3 g o'^'cf - !3 * - * i1'" § ~ " "°1«5 -5.2 fe "3!§ g> M tva O OQ CO o> £«!$ ^S s ^ "O CB-tifi (N (N S2 CM' to CN t^ 2 - CM-S ^CN~5 tNCMtvi tOCNcO « & P II ll S -g II li lies 2 ll II ii li II ii ii II ii ii II ii BOS wO BO 5 BOfe BOfe BOfc BOPn a> >^« &^a >> a Ui 00 o _O "o m PH & c S ? an ai O a W CD ^ .^ i ^O -J4 -t 1 a t. c3 tie "^ ^ rf ^ "^ .^ £ "r 2 o C fl £ & ^ ^ O £ O q ! SP c i CO « 2 'E .2 ^ 3 S i 6 1 ' 1 a a o 4> I ^H -H O | o E '§ § s -v a q ^i x T3 i a a 03 4J si £ S^; liC- - N- c -SJ) .a'-w x gl3 4J c C 4J^ -1- >> c ^- C3 .PO .P "t^ CO IS o a o " 2 S . 6 "383 5 i ioo 'gga> atil >i > O ' «» '-S "ce*3 JS i* I i 11 ^ s "ri 'O O 'O I® O i ^-* i e-» CO I ©O ! hrj O q W ' . * '**^ SJ a «9 0-t* 'c O | Q ^| i Q .^ o '2 50 oB C5 ^a s -2'S1^ -S^-1 ^ cO ! -^ o **i -i-s c3-.i A . 3s r ^ 1S2 ' 13 15 io Id :s°.2 «" * 8 c: ^ H H of03 ^ ^ ^^ ! £2 S cc "3 ir r^ oo Oi O5 O O iO OO « OO CO Oi Cft s§: GO *O »O * »o co c - CO CD CC 5 3 S CM T3 co CN u: O5 CO »O o >o »o 10 8 8 rH r-i rt r-* ^1 iH II CP '5'^03 P>» TO £3 c: <> CD TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 165 ^=5 s .ai I"-:s » . ft . a M.2 ' o . CIS goo 3 ° g " S fel a a) Va . S|30 «S ~ a 08 a & §«£> § fl .S? ®q^g g.S'w II II II II II HOfr WO WO ; S g -ao "3 ~ ® ®m 1 >- fc. <" bo . a fi w ^"3 j- C a 1 If a -a OJ3 9 O a 2 n u 1 1 §1 kt^^ O CO O PH O O o ^ o i i d o - ; ; t; c. j Ui o t|g s . S 'e '3 ° O*-i_i _Q £ n a> _§_ T QiO "^ O '^ i 03 g f^"2o 3 g ^ § 5 | I u QJ Q 0} -o CO ; bib n 1 a CS |ll w - * £ M 03 O . 5 ! S o| MUS « S J2 C3 "SIo g c a ""^^ a ^ .0 1-1 S^lss t| i W o'" o O ^ o PI s £ . i | 0^|j|o» i j i sssg&i gSaSSo^ > -k .^.2" i 0 I "a 1 | 14 i _| 100 14 \ a o T3 H 0 ' 2 'o' C8 g) "o 0 O5^ 10' g o » ' C! 0) O 1C O ^ 1 O ^ IN n k. fef" o"^ S» CO H 0-" ^ SF II °0\\ o §Ta rf II a O »o a 7gy ii wv" C?A II w ii HA II WA II W A II H A K.1N S. « *- j> IN K, IN t. K CN K. K^. t> *"* ^ IN »> IN IN IN N CS !O io ; 2 iw O is ri |& iw 1 ! do 1 QJ i a .O i ^ "*. PM CS i C?CQ ;o ^ 1 w C«l ' r ( ^ io »S0 5^ i9sJ i^ 2(C '"O « H* ^^ -* x x /"s ' ^^ bflO ' x~Nfa '§.0 So -29 %. ^StS §>^ &a 11 !!» f II |-sS- WS Is 3(J o^^ ^1 w 0*8 >, 1O Jg« 9«£3 tNco'2 ei o1 a> ! ! °~ S " c ; d I "oC> 0 "§ ° o 03 §S t> .2 i t: 0 03 _p_ca o-! c -^- co^ w o § o o5-^ a? x- X . OS^j O *"* J& & r W a| c-*~3a ^-^ ^ -^ & r- «J3 s. c. ta^ og q .c ^ ^ '*" "C ^ c t-3 W O O * 8 i £ O *o. ra "" «5 £- I§ S C s "S03 bi | 'gpCD o-l S2 i « II W X! U cj .0 « D. 'O - £ ! S e a *c -^ s II C >^5 II N « II SI II S3 § ft X K H H W O M a j © o bi I P ! "08 Si'1 IP'Sp s O 10' C3 Q, i '05 0 £ o o S o S ^ 0 s£ sj CO a .2 t» C3 IN jj 05 5-3 oo a . * II co II e g II a - w II Sf II II A « II W || «A II WV « II W II W ^ ** i® ^ ^ ^ IN 03 cs Z IN IN cq a IN CM e O n ^^ < iws i . 4(Mg,Fe)O.4AljO £, |O _ Q. ^ I Mineralandname BeO*.Ca6.2SiO2. composition ii^. Q © OA 'i o * rt W i bBS aSS® i M ^ ^03 ' T co £ 10SiO.H02 S jga ^««Sg Chrvsonolla Sg5 I^Jo -f-SSo j NaF Oordifirit.fi i05 2 "' J^ § 0 S^ 05 " aM^0 PH S to toiOtot t~-OOOO to to to tO>O '1O*O to * *tO rH OOOS OOOO 00 CO toCOiOtQ totou? ^ r^(N to.to 00to t^C3rH N t^toIO iH 00co to totototo tototo 8 .23 1' as 0 0 O CD <> <> TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 167 gg2 '»M O ^|° w ft j O hn hft »4 * "3 O O theblys brandite. _ O 03 03 Agroup.:l;K:Na §4? ^fe 3« ° o "(U ON^ H.T 50 -SO-i l> Oi^Q_. r^! MLd 5M w"^ ®" (>> - «^ S"§J .al d fl ft o .998- &Sil «iT-a«-S9 s ii ii eTt '35 II "3 o sX^S 3H^^^ o GO "t? 0* & o g g^" 45 ^03 « 8 03 E^a W W§. .0 03X3 O w" PH ^ g 03 2..S S .-4-3 a'o a'S c 2 ci5 C ^ ri§ j s o a'SS § .^ 0 C orl oii o"" " §^ s1 S S S O § H ' H JL- ! j §" . H 1 d p I ^st- ? if » to' c a . !v fe a S 1 y II "^ u O 03° S II -o ft -6< 55 -1" ? " c II t?^ x"" oil -2 UN a -H p- S S S ! S ! 3 s S CQ ^*«O«O O>CO t** CO i-* ciopo»O23oooo oit*-> o> *Ou9tQO*Ou3 lO iO »O O kO' T-trH^HO-^^; ^J^ ,_| 1! * <> 0 6 * "5 MicaDecpd.group. byH SO4.Pleoc.2 faint:X=yellow, Y=brownish green, Z=brownishred. Insol.inHCI.Pleoc. inthickplates:X= brownishyellowto Sol.inacid.Related i1, green-yellow,Z= Remarks Abs:X "o fe'5 02 03 .. -a >c Oi G " * ^^*3 °°. ."d irate...; ^ 00 O *-"* o T o 'O QJ 4-3 rO co ci *T3 10 c*i 13 Wl C^ ift cc cc oi iO c*5 'O "5CO . coco 03 (VS'53 II II II II II II II II II II II II ll H II II II g II II «"fiB WOfe WCfH WO ! s <~ "*-*o - ° J3 "3 MiX) x: "O} S) 3 afcn o W ^ O ^ ^ >H O U i ! i 8 i IN o _^_ O aj "i ® u '3 ; _o 0 * 03 o CO ! _9_ 5;w o" jc lo o I3 8° 8 1 I I xj a i g- 1 . X: ttg ! 92 i ^ !' 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W CN 7 i. 8 II II C §§§§ .c 11 H ^ C < CS3 II < 1 WJ k N N !H > 1" p^ - ; ai ] M 1 o' ^- "5 ^ o" I n e e 0 2 0 0 S? -H a H II S II § a s II a §= W 5 b i* o II H 1 k.» 1 WA II (N £> N > ts > CN> 1, J> *> ^ 59 i 5 1 9 |°" iS cSM 9 O3.5Si(Fe,Al)s (Al,Fe)2O3. 2OaO.5MgO.8S Stilpnomelane. tremolite--.Soda O.4CaO.4Na2 18(Mg,Fe)O. Sanbornite--... S0- jio J?bc 2(Fe,Mg)O. 32SiO2.3HjO oS cS^f !®W s|2 BaO.2SiO2 "Tj a ?SS . l^ 4^ O3HS .2 - 0 0 170 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQTJE MINERALS "-a A o * O usVoo fell^pf a i?""0 -11 - <» teS " cs CD"? J-CB; °^Sfe5odS a^ 7 S sj*^. i'£ ja'^s ^| rt _^j' 2 o t-T O O *"* £. 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CN U3 O 00 CO CO iO lO 1 11 s s rt r-l -1 rt -H ^H o * II m c: 163287 34 12 172 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS ".Sg-^i*y» Swj? os ai§? fi I j oT,gstifi>2 2^s £* ! ! . i fc § cS1^ .'2. -6 10 g'CM ca a M M i r^ i f7) i .A* . A . . ^ s, o d^W o5,o« 3§ ^0 itIO .§2 J4> 9."co^:-^ 2S 'a^o '£ "3 0 00 0 -- CN 3 S CO CO CO CO O « 00 O ^H O O CM ' SCO ^ to CO O to to to "5 CO * O> CN 00 .2 *> 0 0 <^ C> 0 0 TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 173 O II II ® 0.5NS' _'J3 M" M cfl _l_ i -~ P} W a; & !8« o"? 1?. _; II J3 M £m S ~ ' w IN tOcO to coco II II co II II II II II II II II II WO t WOfc WOfc BOS O WO BOf* as 1 1 o , a c a *a3.^2 'fc X2 c 73 o . 0) | *"§ 01 73 £ xfftF B J H « - . * i 4) Cft O ^S ^ = w .c C fc "3 "3 !*> : 53.22 oc all P3 O O 5 0 P 5 Pi o 'd'-'O ' ' -o*-- n 'S h «!o§ i c«u: J 3 TO t>5 C3 (~^ ' O u o w,^ MiQ. 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Blubh...... Pleoc.: X=pale green LJ (Cu,Zn,Ca)O.SO3. 2E=57°. Z=b. ish, Y and Z=deep HsO r>v strong. greenish-blue. 1.611 1.657 1.642 Y-c------. Yellow...... O-3.54 Easily sol. in acid. MgO.2UO3.2SiOj. r>» very Pleoc.: X = colorless, 7H20 strong. Y and Z=canary- yellow. A V 1.632 1.645 1.643 2V=0°-67°-.-- Z-6. . ... ^OOlf highly H=4 Brittle mica. Partly ^ CaO.2Al2O3.2Si02. 2E=0°-130°. XAC=6°±. tablets^ 001 y. perf. G=3.0 decpd. by H2SO4. [> H2O T en 176 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS "° 03 Remarks § CO olive-green. pi.^ooiy. cent. "3 a .-7 il Oil 03 Jl w S 0 CO P Q X . "O *CM' CM . CO lOi-H 10 ^« CO CO 77 J II 77 T7T 7li| II 7 ii W "l<2 w o WO O)^ o i i* o C3 £.2 n0> u 3 <0 \ JM IS "Qo IM TJ '~4 o S3 O tv '5-° O' 0) -S2 ® ~ . 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' 73 m 0 i Sci o g$ ^ ? ° . £ "o 1 ] do's jj ^ t> B r* t* CD 2 O ^ "^ O i X3 flj O "3. f & bfl® fci toa -o a ^o p, "C ^*>^ PC ' Oo s S S PS « J "S i 1 .1 f1^' "c - 1 es e- o. . CD s 1 03 CO ^i^o _P< O* Ij ^"w _& o" E t en o rH O o ^H *"* z 8 £ o 8 M^<" U S t>i M- a CO W . QiS «| II S a> c .0 «* c c d eg P*> c °5 Q O . Q 03 o s*1 kl-N- §""" §~ to S § 03 i^r feaSS" IS? d |-A! a o * i O « 03 *~^ ,co .23 .2 oo '$ "^""cT ;o;S . 7 !H1 "il* '®Q . -1 0 g " ^ O f^i iH PM m PM CO W <1 m CD 1 § i CD * § ! 5 S UJ CD 8 " ?. ? 3 S S CM CO M (N 00 S O CD ^ CO CO s 8 * - 2 '§!cb S» CD 0 0 0 CD CD TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 179 3 II >"" ££ I"3 O> V3 (~1 M II II f"! ^ » flO ® §'3'3 oi £ 1 rt W & ce "in 2 na<{ « 3 .^ ft §ls 0 5^S ,-< . . ii ! -2 1 £ ft d 1 I a b- w 'o £ a 0 c I - 203 03 || i3 2 1 H1 | 1 O O M ^ "* . 0 fl S "8 a _t te S fe o 1 _a o' ,j | J3 ^ o f& 2~ft ^ 8 o -v-g ,0 .0.0 vJ>, « Cfl IT* s 00 (/ ^4 FQ U X ** , ^ _ S H 2 CO Q> *C a c H a> to c §1 I O> C i a 4£^ O 1 a s 0 ! 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CO CO i CO |s 0 0 0 0 0 TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 181 II II fe^q 5 II II 'S F;&£= 0> t*JfM O o"~ << MM g <-> oJ S 0 Pleoc.:[icagroup. Z.DataX oco TOO. S «$ to T* ""co^ co toco . CO II II II II II II II II co-2 II II II 2 II ii ii S II II WOfc WCf* WO 3 o WoS O WCfe ffl WO ! 1 ii j C5 o ; i .Sf 03 _2 d "~ s> to j j ""a a 2 c' S o c .£ _o c '_5 X "o "3 ; a 3 S) jc o a 0 i KH O PH ^ S « Q -g ; *b i j C 1 (^ O | 0) 1 i o3 ^H 1 t a I u ^O ; 1 1? 1 1 1 0 o$ O i r-l D. 8 sS S I | I ,' U 0 . . j tj «X5 «' 2 i? .2 SB .w 1 0 w§ S fc S t- cfl " fc ; s Z?"2" c' ¥ ,c d c d L.5 d dSxi 9o . o o o o ft« Ui "*^ O O« O § 0 ^ § ^ O ^ % ; ] 03 ; [ ^^J^ !~-, . . ; 'oo 1 O ' t faO ?^ i aj T3 * 'CN "3 ! 1 I ]lM J 1 " Jl jSi^ g : " j r 7? § " S ;7 'S'a'S ! Ii, '" g 0 03 u n o> i.^ o/^"^ 1 w l!> n t. it ^ UN O Nt^ a UN K ii ^ all- byHjSO4.ecpd. gelat.andvescence 57°,thodomeat COa29.414.25,per Pleoc.:Xorange-= Yyellow,palevery= mphibolegroup. Mg/Fe=1.4;Al/Fe HCIefferwith3l.in and{OOl^Tw.or- brownish!=paleyel Z=canarylow,yel 3 a HCI.ffervescesin MineralwithCaO BaO48.54,SrO17.6, Zcolorless.orange,= ON 10* Remarks Mfl 03 "71 r-3 II "3 '"S cent. =4.8. poly- low. W ^ 0 * * CQ M ^ . 73 m 0 0 £ o a> ^ 00 CO o . CO o co a INlN coco li.^^ if * II 1737 ^7 ii lie II II II II ^"a3 wo O WO PH wo WoS WO wo 03 i i HO 1 t Q *oo 1 £ n a! J i a' o3 "§1 b) "S O o ! P. d 'o E: "3a 03 i 2 2 03 fcH O 0 O C 0 o J o O [ i 03 « I 15 03 1 ^j ! JS s ®o' e 03 S 1 S 1 S 03 ^_~Q Oo c' o"g 3" og oS O oa fH rH ^1 ^L ^L C- o tab o 73 PI j ] S J a o .2 s S 3 m .2 §"o3 g;g 3 fi ^ ^. o I-S a c d a a ^J 5o° o e o 0 5°w -^< 0 W a S % ^ - "a03 : i \ *3 1 "w '§§ °?U |7 [ d « p, i7 03a **+3 jtl -=>< II S) ^ IMO 1?N UN 0 UN Q. M N IH M JH S i O 0 I | !s i i '! ..M | § 'fe o> oV| ; f Pi SL'ii'o o . '*T3 §f ! §7 if & a & II WA tA Twv 7«A (. II ^ d ^ c* i* ^ ** ^N K» t> ^ 1> ^* ' « ^ 03 IN « IN IN 0 ,_, Tf V * r- IN CO CO r- to IN 5 i O ff - ! ? 5 CO s 1 1 CO CO I 1 s. a CD CD |1 <> <> <> TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 183 o> «u d P| '3 |l| - ^ . -iltfi ifl |p j£ 05 1* tri O bjQ 0) W §S ^4=£« Q«v^+l -t£ *ls«- as . N _rt O 5 S "Sd'^H'E 0,'^.^®° o O _3 'ga ^.^§ o U o27 " 0 3 qxs5 i3 5 U r6« >. W S ° Q. gs 1^ _g g"S ° ^-M §4*5 ojV-sS -g 'ojSw s «?s f 8 . 3« .11 «2S SS* «^ tow "M! "Tl u ! X ^ u bin u OJ U a OJ j oC ~w W . . t-- !>. 5S « CO O 184 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS XJ< ® j r® andrhodonite.ite S|«1> Al/FeMg/Fe=3.7; Z=darkdarkbrown, brownish.yellowto mineralforData orientationcloseipt. IV G2^ .mphibolegroup. Pleoc.:X==4.4. yellow,Y=pale .mphibolegroup. XYandPleoc.:= colorless,Znearly= Fe:Mn:Mg=with wollaston-thatofto Tw.//<|n CO i- 8°!s -H o CO CO co 'O% a*>*wS -w lo to co toco ^ CO'3 toco . Is- CO M toco II II II II II II II II II 3 II II II II II W w 2-2 wo wo WOfe WOfH WO 1 M "o Ipl 'ac i - c o a ° S p o Hi ^o C3 "3 03 O Q.^i'St _g 5 . O 3 o PH O "§ J o "c3 0 C3 o b 0} 1-1 ^ Q -v- O tM ca 03 W "C ICO _^_ o lM O.5 o^.- a 03 a . _ao' _ao' HI'3 i2-^-S3^TttE O o| "I Ss oo C - ^ ^L o u a 'C .2J sia ^ PH * o (S a| S c s '-2 "09 "^ p a 2 a T ^ O o O o .2 CO S S ^ 'S03 >o 1°^' P>) -"o ! CM i°^ ' ^ o | o !!>2 o c/ is 15" u ^T-^° CM co ^.(J"^"^?- II If : ii |7 ®5-^^ || aSft !^.!!,^®H o -=< y^ 25 IN UN i& II C< ^^-v-rH a >H 0 > ^ N a | 1 | a 1 io-^ i .]& Q - _^ a O'CM g 0 S ^ !!~i "3 oi £* S II =. O5 t*. ii & ;?7 FH ^ n pq O ^ PQ oo 00 00 CO to to . ! ! S CM 3 to O) 00 (^ toO3 to00 toOS to ^ - -= o "3 CM CM S to "3 to a 1 1 _A >> ^ £3 <> <;> <> > TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 185 ag _ o. ^o H ti ,. MV .223 bo c : .-> .?o§ ri 5 3-d i £ $.2 6 gg II S §.:£ o w S'3.E:""fS . S,8'-s' ®'S 5-'*'» ^ 18 J !>, w a * 03 s" ca HCJCDS^-^ tl " wo WO)! 52^ .£? « S8 IT I-fl UN M u II WV II WV i 6 o w>o o o Ce, 4SiO .-§<)03 W . soo !?fo o r<5O 0 186 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS Sa i >,£ i || T3 ii xi II ft II 'Z? .^ W ,Q O tj H "S 3 cB £8 i"0 a^N « oo ^JH § (2 C.S &.. ta Ot3-§'^'O * > T3 . S« us Remarks Sol.inHCI segmentsanc showpoly.t\ normalinter «I? CO Manganese °Disp.ofin MEFe:Mg: videdinto S'S'43 Amphibole 81:11:4:4. |3| II |«^| 0.015. colors. « a S sYao *- R -T3 03 _ -o CO'No W O C3-U >o 1 el+?l 2 t^^ coco' ^ s^H 53 &'? "JQ ii II II co! II II II ii «7 wW §r~ B BO fe BO W BO&H ^ §"* 2 a? »*> M "'o" "oO "S c c ' E£ O c c *j ® O te a 1 s -£5 S « ^ 0 'S « j a ti cj w 3 a oa 1 .2 PnO « o' 3 C PH £ ai S| M 1*3 1 d d d cj d d §.2 0 o o o %2 02 a s* s £ s "a03 'aM, ; ; H^ II ^ II .] ! M j o'o' So'S'^r ! . ' d 03 "3 |co Ig I? TJ H *"* " * f§" toS ;7 73*" 'S.D'"1 co§ a bi i hi i j a i 03 a | 2 i? ifef p* p, o-H | 0 i 01 °j, W .23 H « » o o> t^ A 00 CQ £?A" 1 HA II be ii y a >>- 03 s *- OS CQ CN J a i i 6 ; ^ ] CaNa(Mg,Fe)i2< Qruenerite__-. Mineralnamean CaO.VsO4.PzOj. Chlorophoenicite. Stilpnomelane.... (Fe,Al)O3.5Si2 Hornblende...... Pharmacosiderite. composition Sincosite...... 10(Mn,Zn)O. TiSi,O«(OH2 Axinite----.-_.. 6(Ca,Fe,Mn)O. 2A1O.BO3.23 (Fe,Mg,Mn)? 3FeO3.2AsOs.2 O5.7HAsO2 2(Fe,Mg)O. (OH)2SisO22 Fe)(Al,5 8SiO.HO2 5HO2 O3H2 O13H3 o o -H 1-1 cq co 01 O5S S COffi CD ta CO CO CO CD CO -H to r~ i 1 8 g § t- ^ O IN >0 * co 0 o CO to CO CO 8 ' r-i* rt 8 n ' n ^ oII m Ii <> <> 0 <> TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 187 a ^ '8 3 II S||XJ |JI P 3§^MS£ Q.,2 g M-O O a^7eoSX3 rt toco II II II II WO WO WOfc BO CJ ^ : o *. & § § ft «tfl rtw-a »r0 S 2 _a V ^ W OJ PE *CS 8 S rt E s. . S ,o - 0 T; 1 g 1^. 11 5^i s * C S"o --i"'" a OM C ;E~ §. c C- rt 0 « | a | 1 & E c Si fl X C -4- 5s *-= ^ C O,o S rt§ Cr ' o' o' o ' I -d o o' I 0 co .c < a o |g> a to o o o( C4 ^ o T to & 1 7! S T i 3 & £> 7 « gV II W II a V 1 w a 5 ^ «^- > K* IM o S a O I-. o i «, ' o ^ ., PH ^ O a o ra ® I-* Q) 0 o| o . O '^1 a 3 v-i-tfp) a).-; ^ ;.-: O . a COfe -"tn ® ! MnCh.SMl 13HOS cfl.52 fl ;iS»^trl o _r Q?^i S^f) o g li 5 g* 'poocIS |« ^g §? c ,3 II S Sio c H d-« Sv^ g w -CH! fc S« «!? i ' W &* fe E-i < « ^ § S § 0 § 1 to g t^ to t- o S r^ o> O g g § to S FH . rH -<' |f 7 -H PQ PQ <> <> 0 0 < 0 163287 34 13 a) Habitcharacteris Alterstic.toser 3 ^ a.'d Q i 03 i/l 5 ,a ^ 3 5" §2 orientationpt.close wollastonitetoand rhodonite..Tw.pi. Ul "30 S|g, 3 i O p. .s'-J3 .ti^a "3CD § sCo w^0 £ o 3 PH O O o CS «g ti t< "3 ^ *§ . ' |ti a _fto e "^aS ^8 O OCN oo, "^"S 5^~O *~4 :^- o «' ] s .2 ilc a i 3 § D1 &4 ^ »>» ; I as c to* T: x .y jj oa a s-/ 03 ft\ I O ^ O ^ i 5 |o a II i '§§s iJL ;SV 1 Q " 5. i J^-^ °.<2-T "-S2 I'M< e t Q II F"a II (H t5N uj UN O N M w M i | bo 2 1 j CO >i< 03 O, ' . 0 S 0 CD CM . Pi CD . 00 OM « §11 II Vg bio II W ?H 1lA *!**1 a as J> M t* >*- C8 CM ^ o> § § o CO CD g «i ~ IO ; t-CO i 1 f- § 0 0 0 < 0 II 1.693 1.704 1.701 Tinzenite _ ____ 2V=63°______- Y=6...... Mon. Radial ^lOO^perf ..... Vollrm* O = 3.29 Pleoc.: X=pale yel AlzOa.MnaOa. 2E = 126°. Z=near c. plates. lowish-green, Y = 2CaO.4SiO2 Medium pale greenish, Z= large. colorless. r>v. 1.692 1.705 1.702 2V=75°...... X=a...... Orth. Pris. c- lHOjperf. at H=5.5 Pyroxene group. Iso- (Mg,Fe)O.SiO3 r>» weak. Z=c. 90*. G=3.42 mor. with enstatite. F=5 Nearly insol. in acid. Data for mineral .- with FeO 18 per P cent=26 per cent C (molecular) FeO. S SiOj. As iron in- L, creases B increases, ^ 2V decreases, pleoc. increases. Pleoc.: >rj X=clear red, Y= o yellow, Z= green. £d 1.695 1.708 1.702 Barylite ______2V=70°-.-... Y and Z J_ Orth...... {OOlKlOOteood. White H=7 Franklin, N. J. Some- G 2BeO.BaO.2SiOj 2E = 156°. cleavages. Q=4.07 times opt. positive. H H 1.660 1.713 1.705 Tarbuttite---.-----. 2V-500 .... Ext. on ^OOU Trie {OOl^perf. _ . Colorless, yel- H=4 Sol. in dil. HC1. H 4ZnQ.P2Os.HsO 2E = 92°. to {100}= 1 o w i s h , G=4.15 W One bar in 35°; on (100) brownish. F=easy dicates r>p to {0011 = g weak. 15°; on (010) fe!i i The other to 1001} = T 00 co 190 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS 0,2 & °" t. S II a II II d d cico a li gj « li CJ-S& gN.MfHN^g 3 tJ> O ^ ( a 3 ^ 03 N 5 "S^1 §"343 o mpH © 2 d ^ S "li* ^ d" &b n Ofr.'Q'OpQ /T< . fT "S ii w ti^ !>"0 ^ ^ H §J|, g g^j 2 £-« II 5 S3 H § Vol* >o N rtS *S S «: N O TooS 73 gj-wS coco t- TO a CO CON CO CO W co'cq cooicvi II II II "1 II II II II II II II II to* BO B 05 BOfe BO BOfe BOfa ' \ c a 1 £ TJ t-4 S i be "o0 ! 13 J3 d 0 (3 a S x'CJ "SQ3 a "S fc> _E p. ^1 Wa f£Ja O 0 ^2 *a tn cS 05 "SS 1 0 2~ »2 o, e 1 s . fcl K a>CS CXo <» -ZZ* 2 "IS a i3 i S'S s"Ea ° li* isl38-Q-lt--* 1-J 0 08 CD O CO . . g g ! - go e 2 S - g P s 8 i 1 s CD l>- § s CO B * 'S| <> < <> < TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 191 I)NM Zs «T, . a ci § | DJ Q> I>*R S5 CL, 0 ! £ £ [ >> M ;§ 'ct c ,ts *l 1 b *o *f O h £"5 "3g 3^2 1 bfljS 3 (T a 3 O _A"*§§ C » ! c.ftw «K 3 ^s. t . c -is is. - T3 H o i C 5 o § c .a tab T na . . 03 a c .z o 43 0) £ 3 A P*"^ ^~ c T3 X 4> a 1. il S^ X* c O 1 i -H \ t fc .. 1 ii 0 c5 1 II U5 ; II -0 o II II e II .^ *KJ^T o^ .e ,X ,g ^ II >H II N UN II N 1 N X H tSJ > « ^ ^H ' 4 h 1 kl ; bi a*'* ' c? . d a '1 - § o' + 0 6o'| -H n slCQ Oji «a & c> » 0 »4Jfs £ II oo o oo a II 55 CT II 'A 1! HV A II A II W N k. J...CN K WA Jl IN M 1 IN Woehlerite-...-.-.-. 30 CaO.MnO.SiOa Epidote...__ .- 6rt 10SiO2.3ZrO2. 3! - MgO.FesOs. 0 lOCaO.NaaO. 4CaO.3Al2Oa. .4HjO3SiOa O«.3NaFCb2 1 « * sl OUO3.2H2 O6SiO,.H3 f ^ « «, 5 Ct, 01 , 5 s^S" 1o 1 1 X 15® 1 *«< 08M» 12«S . ^^^EHaaS,88 » ^|i§S§s§^» C®«SN VJCM ^^^'CMSaT^S S^'S ^S'S . | *'3M- R.18 ° 3 ^N^PS'M.s!^£8§§"t -ui-^S &-. («)I tn§ 2 Sp '^|||s§§|^ ,- § ? ili -all Ji'fI 8sf §^§-a !i M^< < 'fl>cfl Scfl )luj®T3'"H'"H*-^P'7? *4JC S-< ia% a. ^ ^;^; r^^ JCT S 0 *O § 4^*0 OJ. : § p w O ' « O U 3 ^ * a . D "3o cr S t*P ^ rj . 3 ^ cp o fe O ^ ^Q 3 O **^ TH Oi'-^ Q ^^ Q O H £ O oj co 3 rr *^ t-> S O "Q ° ^ 3 o o 0 >> ^ ? 1 t-i ^ i CD 2 -^ 73 2 ^J »>»OT*-*3 3 (A? .£ CO CD A | »Q ^ >-< Q, l> d i^ *2 g |? ,.^^1 ? « S-s "2 ° £S 3 <« &* i 3- § £tJ-i'S'S ^m ^3 . ®a '? ' "Sg o" a-s 5 % s| §| s 5 CQ ii -ggl !§ . |s s 1 E"^ t^ c^ " o S A i°' 5* * io "§- H 1^ ! ? & g « . O-" O ' '; 1 i 1 1 I"|| a sS" Js"® 11° & 3 q S 738 .^,0, 0.2 0 || 0< px° ii^-tS<-2 "0 II N NX Si it& H t« 5 ^- *D S e o' ' >> 1 o a o o S3 ! *> ^ I & rH ' A O o 1 i OX) ^ 0 S O* o« o ' o 'TXS T14J * 0 0 §| o'* c 10 co c o o Cf -fcj S II a oo & 1 II g A II V * w * T^ "Vs 5 ~> i . ^ IM IM PI % £ 3 § id k ;O s 08 »_ ' ® "cd 1 Ifl g § OO IPQ So _S?uJ IX M *^ ta V Mineralnan compositi _a^W |O g fl^ 3 axO Sn » SfC If j% q a-3 IP-O 35 1* «! ^os §|s aS &g H Is le ^ .§8 IM I|s > EH D P4 3 g | g « S5 * t>- t- O *£> CO O H . 1O - CS CN W « U5 U5 N ^H - rH rH II <> c: TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 193 ilil &&*** Q> fl S^gs © r1 *** *5 , "8 Srf?" 0,0 s rn H II II S«> g$ . 0 ft'STI ^ i -SO | n cooi § coco 1-1 « _ IN CO **co N co II II II II II i II II M II II II II II II WOfc WOli WO to O WOfe WO WO i a a" i I i £ ." 0 Jv S3 Io " .2 1 fefe Q) tuo p,^t 1 fl 2.o" ft . & a ^'C 03 |S 2oo iS 08*3) fi | I o II EH " "a t>> >> >> 00 ^ >OCO 1 la*=3 al 3 co^'S« 4 1 ' T3 m && coco £ c* cr co§ J CO Tl^CO. "a03 i 15 J2&' i t^ .2 . |O b d o"" i is.? i ^!|? .9 ** * -O ' Li S « « S J rt H j^J «> 2 II ^3 JSd««^f .ejX ^"N 1 II 1 N -J HO II " || ?- 0. O >H N KJ « « N N O H a »; co -a ec o- § cc cc | S g | r* E s - ,- F 1-1 * iO O »O r-( O5 i" s E l> 1 . I >?3 <> c D < TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 195 ^ aw °§?. *%fllg a t? V II II II II II II II-g WO wo woS 1 i '3'w a" a 8 g CD q . a! c ' O S ft.^ -u CD j 3 o a 6 o-o a a" £ & CD 4. bfici o o ^ c S cs 'rt * * e o o 32 o« -a > h O .a a PQ !> PH PH PH a> « O go" o c J 8 a c ^ 8 . -O 5 "C o" § is « O g,) *-< 3 ^ c i ^- ^ ""'^H' c »J w rt"§ ~"~1 ^"S a£ s"-93 ~^-« § o 0§ §a 8 §'" 8 o'" 8 8 g ' A s^ bi bit bi "5 »o a W a a cj ^H -' o t_< jj o ^ . s PH S 3 'c So" c cl d f 2^ c it § =§* o». ^ ^ ^ & ^ ^ o o u u bo ; . II j ! 'CN u ! a"3g - : i i | S-JJ^-JJ 1 N .0' j §0 2^0 E i Ii I O ! o *~* M ® S ^ ^§ o"o " ! II ^ * 3(Al,Ce,Fe,Di)jO3. Aurichalcite-__-... O MnjOj.PjOs.4HjO? 7(Zn,Cu)O.3CO2. Epidote.- ... 4CaO.3(Al,Fe)jO3. 2ZnO.MnO.SiOj. 53 Libethenite -..-. Hodgkinsonite___ M Allanite(altered). Rhodonite____ 4ZnO.AsjOt.HjO 4CuO.PjOs.HjO 0 4(Ca,Fe)O. MnO.SiOj BSiOj.HjO CSiOj.HjO 4HjO Adamite______1 S HjO e _e idtS E Is 1 c »H 5a 22 II ra pq 196 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS s!&" < JB t + J 03 X »S12" c j° . .£1| |^ lljl, 1^1 ||f |P| t C c l§ "c -" t!.*^ g'-^ff.8 a!S^-s'ii!tH.ISI> s-^^-^s 1 a s; 1 03 c 43 M < IO V " W^ O"i!j ii ^ O *?ifefc* o®** **^ c _e a e. S'S ! c 5 J? 1 C' r-t (t>co <» .H CO «5COffl "JCO SDCO !3 a't> *w 1 1 \ II 1 II II . II -II II II II II II W"|-B C C> t10 tr P*< O WOfr WO WO 5 J ! o «> fc 5 i g g 2 1 S ("S C 6 t fe ° £ Jd a 32 r2 "^ a 1 1 k til 2 o FC c PC P P4 PQ n 3 «*- 1 CD H> 1 g ;§ 1 SP, 5 I-a 03 C c *3c 0 ft.§ 0- . C8 ^ S -rH ... tv s 2- = « s§ s§ * 5 T 1 | a o^- o-^- 5 P- 5 p -^ Z- 3 ft M i til bo d g ', o a 3 To EH 3 1.0 _o _o «j CO A 3 2 £ bi ^ ^ 1% .3'"§ 05 o~ o . a Jm fi *° £ X £ g-S a e g s o _c. » ° CQ = t s i, O C O 03 ; ; -» o i II IQ* ? 6 00 '§§1 ; > ^ jf £ « 'CO CO 1 [j 3 £ (O o i""«3 li i° $ I o *. II J3 \>O .C « ^ O X 2 *> 11 rKj1 ll M II ll K> ll M a i 0 r1 r^ 1* r* 3 g £ >j oj . «' ! 1?'^CO O 2 2> i? ob E? ' 5 SM O . _« ! i * =3 o' o CO C kjflrt O e- 3 "o?6 i 9 |6 !0- 5 § eq «l ^w O '^o £ '^§0 2'3(5 o M O i ei °? ^^O [ cv ^ O ^ i, O H 5 11 »2 S CJW !^w ^ ^ !^W 2 -^W 4 "3 s c O a Sc. S 8§ fl n-O -3 q a 8 °I^ * gO3 « «! IS^. 'S 'a W= 2 uj g^ ex 10 t~ O ^-l t*s £ t»s * - ^ J ^ es j§ ^ 00 CO o oo o oo ^ 5 S K i> rt' fe E s a 1H oj£ '§! <> C3 < TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 197 o q> ui »fcp*S , ffl 8O i -S*^ ^ «°«1 ^j ^ip-loorSlo^6 1 O "II Ci p M *-- r 1 M b »^>t kO w r^ *oO "J ** * tf ' § ° ® ^^W^t^OS^ " « H > J?IS o *o 5 ^ ^ c^ OSTji 3 CON tt* II II II COII COII COII tDII COII II II -2 ii ||. II . WOfi Ofe 0 T3 S ! o d a> i < I f 1 a>" a 2 a . 0 . £ 3 S O «g *> « 0 °. ^ s iii E * a ^ 1 p PU O « ,5 £ i r * * i a> a "-1 4. R an S a ^~ s ^_*^3 Ci* 1 ix. -8 -o- -H^- -*- .2 o O M OO OS O ; S o ^- J^OJ § E I /' o«2 bib «j a M a . H a SaJa ® .2 0 ^0 0 WM- S £ ':<> i n « o-H ^ ca ^ ill «'< J IS 32 <^f3 UN II K M / K^ K >H , ^ 1 4i| It. ^ 0 O 0 0 M O» M 0"° I en a c II So II A [> |- II A II A 1 H II ^ ^ «- > > > ^ K* ,5 N IN 1 . ' «4 w ' ^ / ! id-2 !O :6 :2 o !" * 'W |^ '» M S J^O ' -^ '3d o 3 |o !^H 8 S ."a? CO 51^ !co-? i &! .2 '3 "3 o,§5l M 5| wS-g &£ _8 fe ftp, £5 M ^J 0-3 PH.O II II II ^1 F bJO*r^ ' p B O »§ oi IS 5 II J -§ CD cu O'-' i-. b-O If9 fl £"->{!< .0.0 .2 « s 1 5° d "" " F i rt q ..5'fl-g CD a i 2 o-S's oSfc? g| 3-2-2 fe2 >>O P 05133 >» it Jill CQ ^ o ra X 73 03 « i tg O col? -Uw C»5 O hfi'*~NO' ^^A. ^O 1O 7 7 qS p^iS «3C»u3 >ous oo 00 10 -^ '"^N.Sg lO^ IO 'O §j ,"t5 ^ CD CO CO ^ CO CN CD CC CO ^ CO c*3 § [| 3 5 tO Tt^ e Conichalcite----... 2CuO.2CaO.As2O5. Some4S1O2. Gummite___-.-... C) (vanadifer-Aegirite NasO.(Fe,V)jO8. CaO.MgO.2SiOs Brochantite..-.-__ Is ill* Mineralandname 7(Mn,Zn,Ca)O. !iS '^S-o 3UO3.Si02.6HO8 composition Leucophoenicite 4CuO.SOs.3H2O »s i^^g (Pb.Ca.Ba)O. 3Si02.H2O 'S'*' I §*S l^HjO ous). oweSS. ScDS-a,,- 2-s5a 821 ll-asl 2Pn 'CM § PP o JH CO JO CO t^ t- . * ^ -: « - -. E § g 5 . S B s o « ^ OO 8 ^ CN K t^ t» S s t-^ ? 0 » "3s05 >. 0 c: TABLES FOB, DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 199 - ii n CM -a a g "?«««, -° §<<» 3 IM "3-0 8 30 " E! Iptli?5f!t! I AMco U N 0 § O M TI'COlM II wo WO WCP-H t. C> C3 a'a -II PH O 5.s"- 2a RM UN II W ii w A S.so Id §2 ? S52 IS 200 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS ^ o andZ=green-yel jl.inHCI.Inlarj Inpartopt.+.se Pleoc.markedi darkbrowntonea formineralwitata o a fl'SoSoqjp^l tionpalegreenan livineGelagroup. Pleoc. faint:Y> orange-yellow,'. hloriteGelagroup. MnzSiO496percen ^ 3 §a Remarks w « p^ii nonpleoc. lyopaque. low. III CQ O fc O Q PH 1«1^ 5« CO o*9 t^is r-t (N iO Ci 10 t> lo**^ »O CO rH >o "O §«iQ CO T}5 M oco'^i O CO'0 CO CO Tf Or* CD CO c^ ^ D«'>'i3 II II II II II II II II II II II II II II ^1" W " 2"" WOfe WOP* WOP*< WO WOfc bo o i o 4^ [> "3 . d d q5 Q) 2 s 8 "3 feb a 0 "3g -1^ '3 3 .J 08 t. is ^2 3_22 UlCS a o 2S fi o O ^ O S B 0 O ; S CD i i [ 1 1 d COS? o O > 03 o! ' 3 I_ T3a :o |d i iq O i'n jo t» Sg ;B ^°'w!|So |« iq 03 5 sB 6 q |5s So sg a> 'Uia> Po ' IP 2? S 3 1? 'Cfe- Hifl^lN 'i>7 w" OCO o" £§CBN i o ^ 00 IN CO * ^ O S?t 00 ca - ^ - -1 IN -c^ 00 ! 5 . So 00 ,-Tf 8 a 00 Ir- i^. o l~- 1 8 in II *M^5 <> c: < 0 0 TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 201 & 5'3-w s . a of*32 « ' -3 S 5 NTS S2"3 So -O to >. °s .00. ®'3 I §8 S-dMa'jj« oaa ~o.® lasH JwswiSag "2 a '0 IIp° PH < coci 2 II II II II II II II II 3 WO WO WO WO WO WOfe wos o 2 31 II us o i i cCT "^ j i ' T'83l"<_ 0 01 "C 4-3 o fe 3 0 o. o- S^S i o11 1 o" olb S O -I |U 1 I I "Vi « ' 60 M S a§ ® 5 B 3 § s H"1" 0' £ S S ** o HI P^ o c £ § o el's c IM'M t § »^ sig6~ 1* U ^ o c ^ f^ o E C is1 . i ^ i°3 aJ i ; i ! ^ ; ' a* » '+ 1: Uii a 1^5 -d ^' ^ ei il o II e 1 1 .a «< V o, t> II < c II ii X 11^ 1 O II N II o II r* 1 II >H !* H X X ^ X X! > X I i [o* bib i o' o o' ^* io' O o' S 9 ; li-H V s£ i i&s O-H! n w = « O |Q p( 0 So s7 1 II O IT \\ e.% II II a 9 II a § o II wv i WA m zWA > TlWA 1 WA ii y i9 i leoc.:X=colorless, Z=blue. OuO low-green,Z=blue- luniteSol.group. inHCI.Faintly Dataformineral withMnSiO425.5,2 o ZnO41.58,28.96per Relatedcent. to X=pleoc.:nearly livineQelat.group. FeSiO474.5percent.2 55 l|ti colorless,Yand yellowish.Z=pale w Remarks malachite? (O "* II green. 03 (ft M , Q M ^* PH CO «J O 0 p* .. 13 CO S >r Jco COCO lO O* .^ iL ^ §l£l CO CO CO CO cc ^ ocotjo C3 iO , ( CO COIN 33 O» £ to T 1 II II II II II II II II II II ^ II II II II II II II wM s,<" o WO HOfc WO fH WOP* 0 O o *£ a> q 3 g a> o> c 3 bl a S c. &>> js a S i .0 4- i. "ojs c. o> t i ^ w O) 6 0 _o i & ^ "ol S^ "5 s s 3 o 5 ^ ^ c ft 0 O 1 is j be S" tl 4. »j _tf 03 a 3 1^. 0> T P. 5 o c o 8o o §1 o Cf +. "q ^ ^0 1 c q 1 -(- tS 43 t- a 3 s « .2 o S HH --i ti CM CO CO s' ^ 00 1 00 o "O o o o §o oo St*» 00 ~'00 -1' 1o 8 ~ * " "' . o PIII 'Sisefl t>> c: 0 0 TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 203 o o, d t-'o a £ ,30 g^-SI-l Jg" £3*1 & I 111 ^ou^S-ag .2 | u w II II II WOfn BOP WOPH WOPH d d C d S ^. I 2 bib oi i g 73 "c to i & S^i g i o c c. P d" g d d b 2 p S c O) 3 C g S3 3 i£ 1. a X £ £ & O ra q PC w C O 3 j ; «tJ -I S j i S P *"* ^. 4* k*» a ^ bo"^" ' «t-« . «-. .^ t* a3 ® 3 o>CO 1 fl«2 ^ Q«M o" a o"sa g"jg o S § o" o O o o bb l_ a £ wi i 4- t 1 o a c O S) ^J T) .59 d E c d u w a £- io ;o ! :o |6*i. agilite____... 2PbO.UOj.PjOi tacamite--.__ .3Hj4CuO.PjO6 1 3CuO.CuClj.3H aledonite..._. 2(Pb,Cu)O.SOi q3 ® !o i i! S 4! 03 i J2 2 HO.2 HO.8 " !x '55 low ?n -^-3 *-> ] 3 3 °° E o .go 11 uj C U5 ^ 0 . ' A p W P- "I O 163287 34 14 TABLE 4. Data for the determination of the nonopaque minerals Continued bo Biaxial negative group Continued s M Hardness, O Varia Mineral name and Axial angle Optical orienta System and specific a 7 ft Cleavage Color gravity, and Remarks O bility composition and dispersion tion habit 00 fusibility O O 1.750 1 ftft 1 S7 2V=30°-..-.._ X=c...... {001}perf--- H=2-3 Tw.pl. { Oil K Pleoc.: UO3.2H2O 2E=54°. Y=6. 6. low. O= 4.967 X=colorless. Y O r>v. and Z= yellow. 1.73 1 91 1.870 2V=53°...... Y=6.. -.-.... ^OOUhighly H=3 Pleoc.: X=pale blue- M 6CuO.AsaOs.3H2O 2E = 113°. Z near a. perf. green. G=4.19- green, Y= light blue r 1 f\f\f\ 1 909 i ft?*1; 2V-430 .-..... Y=6_...... {OOl^perf.'jOlO^ H=4 Sol. with efferves 2CuO.CO2.H2O 2E=86°. XAc=23°. less so. G=4.0 cence. Disp. with r<» in air. X nearly J. F = 2 in crystal, r>» large. £> {001 1 Pleoc.: X= nearly d colorless,Y=yellow- H ish green, Z=deep green. A 1.835 1.886 1.877 2V=47°-..-... X=6...... Orth. Equant. {OloydisMlOO^ H=6.5 Olivine group. Gel- - 2FeO.SiOj 2E=96°. Z=a. less so. black. Q=4.34 at. Pleoc. Nearly r>r rather F=4 colorless in section. strong. Abnormal blue and yellow interference colors. Data for nearly pure Fe2SiO«. TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 205 II II -d o Ij «T-) '.Jo'11 «"£ .5 i"2 ll ^-a Basallunitegroup. Abnormalgreen ^ N 2'S 858 i^-So M a«tMT:>. yelolorlesspaleto colorless,leocX:= . Y=paleyellow,Z= colX=nearlyleoc.: orless,Y=*canary- Z=darker yellow, sectiondividedinto biaxialsegments colors.interference jCBB^p,sg" a 5°«Oca S2g@^ * fe « ^ j-§ ^a^S-aaSCrtD, 'Pla 3*.s i .n ; I!' «5g section.lowin yellow.deeper canary-yellow. !» a W §S§ S&fl-S^. g. W e ^fl«S i?"-fegc> _2^J3 _ h.2 SCUT) ^ *> ,S--oi3£ slsll^a P,2j2*3 9gW>J!s|lo -gr! SJ|1?£ S^N o Ssi ^ ««sS2||eooSbooS I CO CO SH O U PM HI " ^ ^^ ^ 'jj^ ^ "^ >, ' B >'<14'1§' °o.S i j » ; i O" O o . , & CD§ feg& ^^ 1 H I "E M O.M.S . £ Jj fe-g > ;>* £j ' ° a" _e CO jj ~ cS'O £ 0 fc ^ 0^ "3 "a CD JH « > « !* « > O cs ! 1/1 i ! j 3 is- | ; ^ "c S .« s d ,j V S 3 .2. g s a § |_ _s 8 I I II i 1 1 .0 A aS« ^ <2 Cd o 2 = §«2 5*3 o ^ [/D S3 dfi a) W pS ^^- al "2ce .2^-S S c; .MS dS Si's -c "° a °° as*" ° E S o 'S b S " "E ""ISS- o~"3§ t*5- b|/2 "o-S 0° S 0 O O P. is-a . " §," « j u a a DO ! ea ea+j o|gg ', 0 0 0 O ', ^30. cj I « "3 « II u II u^S-o a II fScjiltr ^j II H II > «X i t*"1^ II XX X N X X X X o ! °^ >, abb °Jl . is 2 "Oo * M ' > a '-H "I Hi Ol C-l » O a 0 c a E - 0 * « ni CQ CN Hi CN ^ 15 , c5 o J O !o ' 0) .O0 S(1< (iS arnotite._--_.. KjO.2UOs.VjO6 yuyamunite....CaO.2UOs.VjO, 2PbO.3FejOa.Pj > «S Sote 5 o d° ourraarierite---. PbO.5UOa.10Hs orkite------__. ! S« Ss» ^ 9. ?# 2SOO.6H38 «Sfex^'^ ? 2 Is ss o> S i O O fs. C3 is m ^ C] 00 OC CD O 00 ^~ O) 1 1-4 vH ! 4 ^ 1 11 C= « J D CD <> <> 206 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS g-s'gflftissfS-S-3 8"""°3* & * *-5 M jr «|u|1tf° W S- Wo 5 K<3 q o O O . C2 o« a w >a e » § 1 as (D Co «s I 1 r £-fl 3 -o >o " HW fe I «.2 s s Us & ii IIW « « A o"2 So !O !r* *. a .-. g^. i15. -a"oH ^O §0 8.0 'g S Soo En c: CD TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 207 brown,Z=green.= ill «''3> 111. S° darkred-brown.In sol.hotinjmewhat X=brown,leoc.:Y X=elat.Pleoc.: palebrown,Z= w 5t-arijil Of.volborthite. sJsllsJE isotropic.part w./ltablets. HCI.dilute t 1 i^Sa^S lightlypleoc. ! *Jt s | ^N |-«s .g^ -a sgrioflSlS >-J -u co .3 o 5 feW,S S.SO < O f-1 CQ E-I ty ^ PH PH CO cc 1C CC ^ o -o o® m t^ IO * >OOO 10 *^ W 10 5 M ^ioS ^ ^3" pX *& CO *O ^ lo "*P 1O IO rH CN Cli cN couSf^ c^co5*^J tc c*i cu cc co ^ n n ii II II II II'* II II II II II II II II II || II II CD'11 II II II II II II II wo wo PH WOPH WOP* W O PM Wo fe t- OPu WOPH W c" *-*i-T p-t> ! ! .' .P cT^T! co c g>. o 0 S5 u _Ofe i! g. , * § a f foa o 8 g"l a 4! s" "C a ^ g b - t> S« I* 1 5 > e C ft i o" c _| S 3 5 I «' I ! !- I i S 2 rfjbi jd bi) jjci S ° -2 03 Q> o « xi -g «| W fe <^K «g 1 .2 s S EH® EH"®_ p.,"* p, £ w oj 03 _^ *T *1 . (O C. « "C c .0 . ^H CO * £ n t «§ . S-Sa n u- 0 . C h"""" §^~ f!"~«1r^^l** . §""O^.g§ 6S"r^ S~M'1 _i_3 P- s § O g X3 H : H W "35.£? gV _>» ^ ^"ii H . 10 T3 M +2 p. v §oT II -o **^ CO +J bft'cB \, c .2 ^ £ a s o n e II a_« fl Ji II II fi tj^ ^ S i 2 1 ^ £ IM c i M "£2^ \°'z3 o'10 t.cj ! § o* <§ o' bbfl 03 . i CN m - 0 g o> « ^ o S a ft"* ll § ?r7? c^f " fr 3 e> a ® ft. s: ||| II V £ ^gA »£ 1 »fi I ' B § y "' CN h. K. t» >»- E V* !N m IN H CM O CM a J Turanite_____... TscheSkinite(altered) Walpurgite-.------.. Lanarkite... ..-.. 9 \<5 Uzbekite..._ .. AsjOs.2SOa. Titanosilicateof M 'O 5CuO.VjO.2HjO5 Beudantite-. .. O3.2PbO.3Fe2 Alamosite-. Ce,Fe,etc. 2AsaOs.l2HaO oS :°< 5BiaOs.3UO3. ^0 Ng PbO.SiOs 2PbO.SO3 2° al«S 6HjO 82- lol ill, ! OEi «s° J« ^0^ { " !§B | Z "305 i > UJ eo r- O O O '-' »*H S o> o> O> w O O O S S " H 1-H rt fH e4 CM' CN N f 1 § g S S S g 0 5 ^ N CM cJ ci c< pi CJ (N CD CD 208 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS * BJi i IT?«H TT^ r-i C<5tO WOfc coPt MO M HO ^»fc§c3 >: a Mas^- g' q fH Q o O "So ^ "-^a UN ga a § . !?£ 9& 8,2 fs Ss 00 "O INllO JO MV II W A II W A "V "wv aw i^N W .' o :o me tio iS nera com cq c -t> Cl TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 209> id.Ka as^aSs§.-§0^1 H rS SS 5 I !=§«>* 6 tig" fl*;^ +r 3 7l& S 6 a fl fl o 's f-t 55 s^feSs W . = "3 IN 00 £ i i M> 1 | *55 ^-11 t. J i n J J O CQ * a hfl 03 , ', 55 »-. o | 12 0^ M r rt S I w Tl t- E 1 00 an 0 = H ?$» §A II v1 'C i ;O jo 0 io ' ; 0 o W 1 1 W IK i "O w s 'O oi t °* i . t . r? , OS 9PbO.3As2< BijOs.COj. CaO.3VaO5 SAsaOs.H PbO.2PbCl Laurionite--. PbCk.PbO jo O(?)nH3 w" CaO.SVsOs Trigonite - 6PbO.2Mn Fiedlerite Curite.-- 2PbO.5UO; Mimetite PbCh Sj2 ffl a 3P^ * 4- T TTlAinite fc 4- Id g .bo a . 3X1 g & 05 PL, & a a s PC , -H S S H f M -O h! O ffi^d^im tt--' S o> te ° S 10 .f iisi$ login i 5 «rS * ° SnSj W S^LJ a ^5 i»4*-'"1*- LJ * Sri" _ ft DC c |Il -a Slt-Id 1 TJ 1*8 gi'gSV 5 n^ £ " on -3 -SniiesSg § o SWC 5"3>.oK -3^ ftN -g ^ " N a ^N^PJSW £ feP(^ 03t»hHOO 1O Is £3 00 . lOt^ M IO O4v5.cou3fc*cn^*-^ cococ^ "SeoES ' cicc'S ^ II II § II II §5 II II II ll n II II 5 ! n n n n s&fi KOfr WO!S WC3 KOfe WOhS ! WOfe o o ^,,5 o-g « >a a>. (sfc P t» o a 03 p1 **^ 2 o .S .- U "oo g . »2 aa w « * . 1 3 fl?»W ® 03 te fe © fl fl (^ 3 D a g "§3 'S-o '-Jo ? g "3 3 & c o v^ m n 00 OS O CJ CN H S! « N IN So I-H M eo c5 « « J5 US CN CN P» CM 82 S 3 2 §2 S « c*ci»-i cicic4cl »3 * K n If CD CD CD TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 211 iss j 3 s^SfljS! *i 1 Sda 3 9.l7«i 1| ^ ail aS si a 7-Huj ">« CNtfi « COcOrt "dirt co co ,H' "5co'2 COCOrH* CO IN CD ^ CO *O II II 3 II || H I II H II II || II II 3 II II II II u ii 5 n H H II H II II WOM wofsi WOfc BOS w woS WOP* wo i a "3 B:' > te a 5 o i t>v O 0) P 1 1 & "32 O o]Siskinto |Sulphur;- blBrownto Honey-yell bio fr* CQ brgreen, i I ! «3 i II tfl U II o II ! ^ S1 ! 53 r] i qj il ! 0 ** 2§" /§" £ isl? 0^I i iS 'CO jj * ° b- ii ^ o 3. CT 1 §CO a »I S-i3 ^ II 0 & "o o V M II A" |y- TWA II WA ab A 1 ,N Nk- U E a E o ^.-y U ^ W £ cc K ; . *? \ ;O ' « ] . :o 0 \X !c5 S. r^ 6 «5> Valentinite. :__ 4(Pb,Zn)O.V(2 Cuprodescloizite. 2PbO.2CuO.V 4PbO.SbsO3. Schwartzembergi 2PbO.Pb(I,Cl] 4(Mn,Pb)O.Vs iso BijOs.COj.nHs Descloizite . Goethite(impun Fe2O3.H2O+n] (pure).Goethite Pyrobelonite.--. 2PbCl» FejOs.HzO 1 11 . HO2 OH2 1 HO2 SbzOs j: tf5 US3N .£| u i O W O j j -! CO CM'$ ^8 co n CO oi CM CM' CM CM' IN c^ i>i CM CN CN j ^. o CM S 5 O3 iH 15 ^CM CO CNg§ r3 °° CO CN" CN ° CM' CM' . CM' CM CM'CM CM' CM' CN II * * PQ !212 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS * t* i i ii i T I.««O Sft *3"^S o^ i"" 1r§ « i Q O CQ ^-' J> ^ ^'O ® o **3 J3 r PH ^-2 : g §D ^"g W ' M ."S *. Its >*fe ^5 1'O.|. Jg Jg|« ^S^ £"§, i 1 M ^kJ 0 r SA -a| 1 ,y _j (3 o £ -J "~* IZJ 03 T3 S ' ,3 "*5 111 1 a3 'TS°.s «a «^sO T7i ^csflSt^*J ® C3 0? -3.9cQ(HO -3°3 0 £ §"" ti PH CQ en !> "«§£ -H ll M co o -*. ~n oo I co w\e<5 5'3t^§ ioS . Sa' ^1 5 CO . 00 "3lO | t- T3 55 *"» " IQ ^4 CO c£ ^CQ CN^I rHCOt t P^OO W"'^l II II 5 i " 1 117 i ii 2 ii ii ii ii H 3 ii ii woa tc Ofl WOfn tr Ofl WO WOfe fq WO 1 * | S8 -S-s -3 -3 O s O « ^ "SP'C * 81 ^ o ^ CD O *-> , -*^ o §^ (X 9 CD S2 e°i | .2 m 2 «3§'t3"M' P- I ^ .^r c O t* o 1 a 38 E 8 CO CO ' fn t<^- o P4 C 0 0' I1 I1 I111 1 I ui : fl i 3 -H 10 >. J 3| 3 ci ?- ci >f. co co r-.' co CD IN pi pi pi pi Pi 5 fl3 IO 3 3^ « 2 CM *)< 00 COCO "5 "3 e 1* 1 t)« ^ IO CO II ^ II d pi pi pi * pi W W *H *£ S3 C 3 C 3 TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 213 4. TransHCI.Sol.in C Alteraingtooct. {010}-Lustertile.on Sol.inHNOs.Insec lemon-yellow.tion FaintlyVolatile. HNOs.InDecpd.by 09 red.Luslucentto determined,beennot; minerals,forcrystalline c Dividesintoanom. pl.<00iycom-Tw. cherry-red.section differentratheritlyhas thegroundfrommayn frominpartcomemay correspondsections cryolite.tionof tl " red.pleoc.in weak.Pleoc.very metallic.ter C exposure.on © O H pearly. mon. to c o M 1 OX! ] H to tfj M qj PQ CM Tt< C?'H >Aoo if e?^4. 00 J>to to S -H' "i 'S* gj-2^ T> II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II 1 liS 1 n £ 10fc WOfc WOfc WO wo WOP*lOh xsfi ""£ o tr oS ft ofi . : ^"3 * S'S j |ag >c § gS"3 8 c > lg j >i s a p >, g k li 5|1 i a 1f» bO® i ' 2 Pi r*9 o S *"£ & V I -** ^ * M Q 3 2 ._^ C c! - "Bai? C e 9 "3""! o ^£j» u "C a C8.J3 Aa-a "c_£ *§ i«* »2 tj, JHJ -H i ; is^ 1 1 ||j! O °o/° o'^ o-H § S is 0 1 g >* o a> 9 -^ «77=i & £ 3D B " .13 II WV II 1x3^1^ A - > N >- 7w J>TV fc- j^ Sflo» H r> ^ '5 *j "o « ,_, id ,' astJ , i-i ag _;S. S|«DiJS § _ wO M ^ja **§ § 5 IS § & ^ to-'S<) - fl8 " " "d O CB s§ o §4? jo cp 43 N ^ M qS j^3 00 u-5 . «5 . Mf. COCO . «5-n< "5 O S O» g O t^. 73 5? *3 X) NrH coc^£2 5ooi2 >»c^ wiciS Neo cocs cccics coc^S ^ci-. II II II it | II || £ g || || || | II || || n II || || II || it II || g w &P WO WO^ WO 5 >O WO£ WO WO WOfc WOPq WOfo - 3 ' "5 S "S ' * |w x'S "30 ° ^ 03 a «, § -r a a = c O 2 w & S .* c il !l ± rtk-2 5 £ o > pq V. O ^ g 0 03 ^ "3 03 o> £> V a a 0 0 § 0 g 3 -0 "3 3 4- 0 M .« V « I t -J3 fe ^> C. '*" « ff~! 5 = t c ? I* i>0a p o1 9 C P> c x II - !<3 1»-'^"5 °W 5 ^ CO £ O fc P5 C J^ P5 ^ 6 03 «°^ S os '§§§ t t *o3 1-*^ + Mineralandname FeO.FeaO3.4SOs. Hydroussilicateof 10(Zn,Cu)O.2AljO3. O W 2CaO.2SiOi.3HjO 4CaO.4S10j.7HjO composition FeO,MgOFeaOj, Chalcedonv..__. 4! SO».7HjO Zeoharovichite <5 « Ofistmoreltft- O24H2 TTisinepritfi PH -c ! « S "30 | dP ? Bakerita *O s O "p 2 ! ^ ePI ^^0 g o§ CQ ,S 01 u. 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II II 216 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS C35 '" "-1 ti° o "^ «3-£?'S j.S.9 §N 3 1 03.&8-S-X "c i <8 o ' ''^'S'0 (~3 '~< -o^ ^jia^x 0*0 » c '!T 3 S ^^ 4^ qj Kemarl j 5 c "csfl fHI IJN 9* i termetallic . c« S . ^ ?».£ ^3" "S ctj-SSoj-" i > t» P 1 i *3 ,0 X[lit* *3 §S§ SI'S ft -s s-^ § ^ 3 O OJ T c i iX O-S C a i o-C cjl< t. J 0 a] < !E-i>S^ *)*" M 5 i I\ Q C «a "g t» _.. 00 ||^3 ^ CO °^ ST * "S . «pS « 5c3 ^ 'T Tii ^ 'T 1 T 7T7 I'lf-g 1 ii i'!! 7* 1 bo & O WO(x< SOS ti10 ttJO &io5 wo *10 t s 2 § i ; ?^ > "3o ^0 ; - a ^ ° * « c>5 a .°S .6 1 O i « 1 -^'3^l-2 15 ^ :i- 1111 l fl p: > ">. pq PC O S \ pq 5 O *_ ; a> S B? o 1s £ > 0 C> a o > s bo - ^* X i o e o 0 c 1 1L 1! 1 S5 C o S^ s. OT 03a *» 0 as 2' b s «l 1 s * * ,n IS O o t. ^ fl O *^ j« >. P 1 c t^ fc p. c X c s g 02 £ o~ o (i ^ s PH 5 "S5 ^ .2 s |l X ' ^ ; p. O G 45"S <«o bo ^ '^3 co P Qd 05 p. I I 2T3 .« i a q o CB _ i W CO composition d°: " 6 0 Mineralname Ferberite. . ~a FeaOs.STiOj g al? 1 M ^ 1 1 °3 So , £ £ - S|S 2 2" 1 2 1 °§ |o | o II all s XI ? Sl 5 ^H S |fi fc^ | CM "5 S 0 ' § N o M " W < 3 > g 2 1 2 4 ^* ^ ^ ^ £ C^ ^ N « IN W ^ bo bO C a 8 j& ^4 ,_. O CO O s kri 0> ^ V S c 8 1« & to & a II II II II ii ii H '§1 CD C : TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 217 ^ 01 o 5 a >« inaques< te ^ inHNOa.N dslightlypi rlyopaque. inHNOs. transltoque greenishgra a t>£ a W ^3 . D.O a ^ CO 'Q ^ ^ S "o o'"Q..S ^ CO * ra II II o ii II II 2 ii ii H ii ii WOfc WO (^ WOM WOfa WO s s*° g * fl 1 l^i 1 ,Q *~ ^O a q25 9 .",0,0 5 h 1 Q CM i 1 ^ s S r| § S I* o | § | 1 1 £ c 5 C 5 S| : s i 0 O g<-go-H .« .1? 55= 2PbO.AsjO8 6 PbS.AssSa AgFesS28 S £ o 1 s 1 "-"0 ^S * & fl DC ^ ^ i. o c o ro W fl tUD tuO |l |s ii ii " £ PQ PQ TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 219 DATA ON MINERAL GROUPS TABLE 5. Alunite group The minerals in this group are uniaxial, the aluminum members positive in optical character, the ferric members negative. The birefringence of the jaro- sites, the negative members, is greater than that of the aluminum minerals in the group. In general mixed crystals are not formed. Basal cleavage is distinct. Uniaxial positive Specific Mineral and composition CO 6 gravity Alunite ______1.572 1.592 2.60 KsO.3Alj08.4SOs.6H20 Natroalunite.... ______1.585 B = .01 2.6 NaaO.3Al203.4S03.6HjO Goyazite. ______1.620 1.630 3.2 2SrO.3AljOs.2PjOs.7HjO Qeorceixite...... 1.625 B=weak 3.10 (Ba,Oa,Oe)0.2AljOs.Pj05.5HjO Svanbergite. ______^ ...... 1.626 1 MO 3.52 2Sr0.3Al203.PaOj.2S03.6HsO Plumbogummite ...... 1.654 1.676 4 2PbO.3AhOs.2PjOj.7HjO Hinsdalite- _____ . _____ . ____ ...... 1.671 1.689 3.65 2PbO.3AljOs.2SOs.PsOj.6HjO Florencite ______1.680 1.685 3.59 CeaOs.3AljOs.2PjOj.6H20 Uniaxial negative 1.80 1.75 (NHOjO.3Fe20s.4SOs.6HjO Jarosite. ______; ______1.820 1.715 3.2 KjO.3FejOs.4S03.6HaO Natrojarosite. ______1.830 1.750 3.2 NaaO.3FeaOs.4S03.6HjO t» 1.882 1.785 3.66 AgaO.3Fej08.4S03.6HaO 1.875 1.784 3.63 PbO.3Fea03.4SOs.6HjO 1.93 B=low 4.2± 2PbO.3FejOs.PjOj.2SOs.6HjO 1.96 B=low or 4.1± 2PbO.3FejOs.AsjOj.2SOs.6HjO moderate TABLE 6. Amphibole group The general formula 27 of the alkali and lime amphiboles is (Ca,Na) 2Na0-iMg1 (Mg,Al) 4 (Al,Si)2Si6022(0,OH,F)2, with K replacing Na in part and Fe",Fe"',Mn, and Ti replacing more or less Mg and Al. For those amphiboles free of calcium and sodium the formula (Mg,Fe)7Si8022 (OH) 2 adequately expresses the composition. In the following table the formulae are doubled in order to show better the real variations in composition of the material for which optical data are given. The table is divided into (A) the orthorhombic amphiboles and (B) the mono- " Berman, Harry, and Larsen, E. S.. Composition of the alkali amphiboles: Am. Mineralogist, vol. 16, p. 140, 1931. 163287 34 15 ' TABLE 6. Amphibole group Continued clinic amphiboles. (B) is further divided into (1) the cummingtonite series, (2) the tremolite-actinolite series, (3) the hornblende series, and (4) the soda amphi- bole series. The third and fourth divisions might easily be further subdivided, but for the present purposes a further subdivision seems inadvisable. A. ORTHORHOMBIC AMPHIBOLES The composition of the orthorhombic amphiboles is expressed by the formula (Mg,Fe) 7Si8022(OH) 2. Probably only a portion of the Mg is replaceable by Fe, for no member of this series high in iron is known. The index of refraction and specific gravity increase with the iron content. The birefringence is about 0.02 ±0.005. The Mg members are optically negative and have large axial angles, but as the iron increases in amount the axial angle increases and passes through 90°. (See No. 4 of table below.) Thus the iron- rich members are optically positive. The orientation for all the members is Y = 6, Z = c. B. MONOCLINIC AMPHIBOLES Cummingtonite series. The cummingtonite series has the composition (Fe, ° Mg)7Sis022(OH)2, which is similar to that of the orthorhombic members. The Fe predominates, however, in the monoclinic series, whereas Mg predominates in the orthorhombic series. Rarely Mn (and in one entry, No. 6, Zn) enters into the composition. The axial angle about X is large, the dispersion is noticeable, and the bire fringence (6.035 ±0.005) is greater than that in the orthorhombic series. The extinction ZAc ranges from 11° to about 16°, increasing with the Mg content. In all members Y=6. Pleochroism is not strong in yellow and brown, and the absorption formula is X TABLE 6. Amphibole group Continued Intermediate members between (1) and (2) are designated pargasite. The high iron members of the series are here called hornblende. Kearsutite is used for the titanium-rich members and basaltic hornblende for those members containing, appreciable Ti with less Mg+Fe than hastingsite and less (OH) than the normall amphiboles. The optical properties of this series are more varied than are those of the other- groups. The birefringence is in general less than that in the tremolite-actinolite series and greater than that in the more alkalic amphiboles. There are, however, striking exceptions to this rule. The extinction, ZAc, is very variable, and Y=6 in most measurements. The axial angle (2V) is likewise variable.. Most of the members are optically negative, but high Mg and Al members are optically- positive. Soda amphibole series. In the soda amphibole series are included all amphi boles in which the Na (+K) exceeds the Ca. Here, as in the hornblende series, the composition shows considerable variability. The most alkaline members may be expressed by the formulae Na3Fe"3Fe///2Si8023(OH) (riebeckite), and Na3 (Fe,Mg) 4 (Fe,Al)Si8022(OH)2 (arfvedsonite). Ca enters into the composition of many of the members here included. The members of this series have a considerably lower birefringence than the other amphiboles. Pleochroism is marked, commonly in blue and violet. With increase of Na there is a change from the normal amphibole orientation, so that Z=b and X/\c is small. The optical sign is generally negative. TABLE 6. Amphibole bO Anthophyllite series to g Composition No. at ft y Name o Al+Fe'" Mg Al 00 Ca Na Mg+Fe Ti Si 0 OH . F Miscellaneous O Fe Fe o I^ I 1 1.598 1.623 21 o 2 1.608 1.631 9 3 1.629 1.635 1.640 .. do... - 5 w 4 1.633 1.638 1.652 . .do fel - Cununingtonite series fi 1.639 1 fi47 1 664 1.5 5fv 1.650 1.665 1.679 .... -do...... 8 fi 1.657 1.674 1.685 ( ) 7 1.663 1 fiftd 1 699 .4 1.666 1.684 1. 700 .. do...... -...... 2 g 1.677 1 fiQ7 1.717 .. do .1 Tremolite-actinolite series 10 1.599 1.613 1.625 4 10 16 44 4 1.600 1.616 1.627 .... .do 4 10 16 44 4 12 1.602 1.618 1.631 . ..do - . ... 4 10 16 44 4 I 1* 1 AftO 1.614 1.635 .... .do ...... 4 10 16 44 4 75 14 1 604 1.617 1.630 . .do ...... 4 10 16 44 4 20 15 1.609 1.623 . do . 4 0.5 10 6.5 15.5 44 4 13 6.3 Ifi 1.609 1.636 .... .do...... 4 1 10 16 45 2 1 40 17 1. 613 1.621 1 634 . .do . 4 1 10 15 44 2 2 11 3 18 1.614 1.630 4 10 16 44 4 7.4 19 1.615 1 629 1.637 3 2 10 16 44 4 Mg/Mn-6.9. 20 1.616 1.630 1.641 4 1 10 1 15 44 3 1 8 1.7 21 1.617 1.633 1 641 ... -do .-. - 4 .5 10 .5 15.5 44 4 6.8 2 4 22 1.624 1.638 1.650 . _ .do . 4 1 10 15 44 3 1 4.6 1.4 23 1.628 1 644 1.655 .. do ...- 3.5 1.6 9.5 .5 15 44 4 6 2.7 TABLE 6. Amphibole group Continued Anthophylllte series Axial angle Bire No. a 0 7 Name and disper Optical frin Orientation Specific Color Remarks sion sign gence gravity 1 1.598 1.623 0.025 3.06 2 1.608 1.631 .023 3.03 green. 3 1.629 1.635 1.640 .....do ...... 011(7) 3.09 Opt.(+) for red light. 4 1.633 1.638 1.652 do...... 019 Cummingtonite series fl 1.639 1.647 1.664 Gnmmingtonite...... 112°...... 0.251 ZAC=16° ... .. __ .. 3.24 Sa 1.650 1.665 1.679 __ do ______.. ;.. . ___ 87°, _____ . .029 ZAc 16°...... 3.31 X and Y'= yellow, Z=brown. 6 1.657 1. 674 1.685 75°... ___ . .028 ZAc=16° _ ..... 3.44 Mg:Fe:Mn:Zn=20: 18:19: 13. 7 1.663 1.684 1.699 Qruenerite... . ____ . _ ...... 79°.... ___ . .036 ZAc=14H° ------3.40 Black ...... X and Y nearly colorless, Z= yel low. R 1.666 1.684 1.700 .....do ...... 85°-86° _ ... .034 Z=pale green. 9 1.677 1.697 1.717 .-..do-...... 82°... _ .... .040 ZAc-110...... 3.52 X and Y= colorless, Z=pale yel low-brown. Tremolite-actinolite series 10 1.599 1.613 1.625 0.026 ZAc=20° ...... 11 1.600 1.616 1.627 - do-....--.- ...... 80° . .027 ZAc-150 . . ... 2.980 1? 1.602 1.618 1.631 . .do 82° __ . _ .. .029 ZAc=15H°- ...... 13 1.602 1.614 1.635 .do ...... 033 ZAc=17°...... 14 1.604 1.617 1.630 .-..do-..--..- ...... 88°...... 026 ZAc=18° - ...... 3.02 15 1.609 1.623 1.636 .-.-.do . . .027 Ifi 1.609 1.622 1.636 .. do.....-.--...... 027 ZAc=17°-18° ...... 17 1.613 1.621 1.634 do .021 ZAc=17°...... 3.06 IS 1.614 1.630 1.641 Actinolite _ ---...... '...... 80° .027 ZAc=16° __ .--....-- 3.04 19 1.615 1.629 1.637 69° .022 ZAc=17° ...... 3. 15 20 1.616 1.630 1.641 .025 ZAc=15° -.-.. 21 1.617 1.633 1.641 ..... do...... 024 ZAc=15° ...... W: 1.624 1.638 1.650 ... ..do .....do- .. .026 Z= blue-green. m 1.628 1.644 1.655 do ...... do .. .027 ZAc=14°...... bO green. fcO TABLE 6. Amphibole group Continued IsS Hornblende series Composition No. a ft V Name Ca Na Mg+Fe A1+ Fe'" Ti Si O OH F Mg Al Miscellaneous Fe Fe 24 1.618 1.631 1.642 4 1 8 3 15 46 2 5.1 5.5 25 1.659 1.673 1.681 .do---- 4 1 8 5 13 44 4 1.5 .2 26 1.692 1.730 1.760 4 1 7 5 2 12 46 2 5.7 1.7 27 1.621 1.627 1.642 Edenite. _ .- 4 2 10 1 15 45 3 28 1.622 1.630 1.645 do 4 2 10 2 14 44 2 2 13 16 29 1.613 1.618 1.633 4 2 9 4 13 44 1 3 30 1.614 1.619 1.633 __ do _ -..-.. _ ------4 2 9 4 13 44 1 3 31 1.616 1.62 1.635 do 4 2 9 4 13 44 2 2 23 21 32 1.619 1.626 1.641 do...... 4 2 9 4 13 44 4 36 67 33 1.622 1.628 1.643 do 4 2 9 4 13 44 4 16 17 Na/K=5. 34 1.622 1.632 1.641 4 2 8 6 12 44 1 3 10 12 35 1.633 1.638 1.652 4 2 9 4 13 44 2 2 6.2 36 1.640 1.646 1.659 4 2 9 4 13 44 2 2 2 37 1.653 1.663 1.670 . .do 4 2 9 4 13 44 4 4 4 TiO2=1.65 per cent. 38 1.653 1.661 1.669 4 2 8 6 12 44 4 13 2.8 39 1.658 1.670 1.680 4 2 9 3 .5 13.5 44 3 1 1.4 4.3 40 1.659 1.673 1.681 4 2 9 4 13 44 4 1.4 4.8 41 1.663 1.677 1.685 4 2 8 6 12 44 4 1.7 2.1 42 1.664 1.672 1.680 4 2 8 6 1 11 44 4 4.5 4.1 43 1.667 1.688 4 2 7 7 12 45 3 7 3 44 1.670 1.693 4 2 7 6 1 12 46 2 3.5 4.5 45 1.675 1.691 1.701 do . 4 2 8 5 1 12 45 3 4.3 4.2 46 1.676 1.700 1.718 .do - . . 4 2 7 6 1 12 46 2 12 3 47 1.677 1.700 do. 4 2 7 6 1 12 46 2 4 3 48 1.679 1.694 1.698 4 2 8 6 12 44 4 .9 3.4 49 1.681 1.700 " Basaltic hornblende- ___ 4 2 6 7 1 -12 47 1 2.2 1.6 50 1.687 1.708 do..- ...... 4 2 7 7 1 11 45 3 1.6 2 51 1.693 1.711 1.713 . .do---.- ...- -. 4 2 8 5 1 12 44 4 .03 4 52 1.693 1.710 1.713 4 2 8 6 12 44 4 .1 2.5 53 1.693 - do...... 4 2 8 6 1 11 44 4 .14 3 64 1.695 .. do..- .. 4 2 8 6 12 44 4 0 2 55 1.698 1.719 1.722 .....do.-...... 4 2 8 6 12 44 4 .15 4.7 63 TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 225 II 4 i « g II i N t^ d Remarks 11 kl ^ ^ ^ ® lx * Zbrown-green.= Z=violet-blue. darkbrown. -^ IH N ' N " N 43 fe ^» »O ^^ fl ^ fl ^4^ ^cg o green. TT E ii & ii E ii fel4 fc ii X X X K K K Black.._.... Brownish Black...... a M "3_o green. fl f a O a CO D, £ £ 1a S 6 O O S P « >> as ^* CC o cc -HCN NCN o ^ 28 co 1 i § 3 88222 CNCN SN«- tNCOT] S M« co n M M M CO CO C< CO CO W CO C* COM COP- MMM CO CO M A r- 0 S ' N>HN NN N>HNNN (SJNNNNN NNNNNNNNN NNN N N N > » Hornblendeseries O OO OOOOO OOOOOO OC Isiliil si§ 8SS1 w-s g. 0 M'l ++ +++++ 1 ++I II II II III III 1 1 1 1 llo" i Axialangle anddisper sion & C c s V A A Vf !i A w 0 t. £ a t. °o°«= 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 O O 0 o- 0 ? / oco 1 s s s tr, *o r* i 2 S s M §5 i 5 i! T 1 * ^ nblende------..-. Pargasite.------hornblendeBasaltic------.do...-- - . - CD | 1 55 | f a a CD S SS° c c 2 '35 « S« 'M'S-r c c 3 a. s buO.M bi) hO W e c dn S s o SS <= c C c e O 2 c H P *4^ c c c oS Ho 2 e c c >2 c 10 &* *c e T. I'l-? c '.5 S *c ' S'.C'S'C T r c c c c T; 5 o3 a 1- CD -e cl 3 C3 '5S S5J S (^ Wf^ (I t ^ ||S28| ||2 2 2 §3 c-- §§§ II iiisl iii F- ""* 2 « 3 r-o»ccot-a a* CC GO QO OS O> OS O> CT CC cc CO CO CO CO CO CC CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 0 S§| g§ §g22§ HI ii il fH^ti-H 1-HF-l ^H1 t^H^H^H ^H^-ii-I^Hi-H ^-(^Hi-I^Hi-l^-trHi-Hi-* ,-l^H^H i^ ^H i-H ^H 6 5! fc SSS S58S SgSSS? SS3JS S 38 S3 SSSSSSg 383 SS 3 S 3 TABLE 6. Amphibole group Continued to to Hornblende series Continued OS Composition No. a 0 7 Name Ca Na Mg+Fe Al+Fe'" Ti Si O OH F Mg Al Miscellaneous Fe Fe 56 1.634 1.647 1.652 3 2 9 2 15 44 4 3.6 .4 Na/K=7 . 57 1.644 1.657 1.663 3 3 8 5 13 44 2 2 3 2.2 58 1.654 1.666 1.670 3 2 8 4 14 44 4 2 1.7 59 1.670 1.683 1.693 3 2 7 6 1 12 44 4 3.7 4.4 60 1.695 1.710 1.710 3 3 7 7 12 44 4 6 3 Na/K=2. Soda amphibole series 61 1.606 1.613 2 4 10 16 44 4 62 1.605 1.615 .. do...... 2 4 9 1 16 45 3 15 0.17 63 1.66 1.673 2 4 8 3 15 45 3 2.9 1.2 R4 1.699 1 719 1.721 ..... do...... 2 4 7 6 13 44 4 0 1.4 Li/Na. 65 1.625 1 fif\4. 3 6 5 15 44 4 2 T i/Ma 4 66 1.652 1.655 1.661 4 8 2 16 44 4 6 .5 67 1.655 1 664 1 4 7 3 16 45 1 2 2 .2 68 1.655 1 664 6 16 44 4 69 1.670 i fififl 1.682 1 . 5 7 3 1 15 46 2 .6 1 70 1.688 1.691 1 . 3 6 4 1 15 45 3 .4 .08 71 1.694 -1 RQQ 1 5 9 1 16 44 4 72 1.695 1.698 .. do . - 5 7 3 16 44 4 48 .2 73 1.695 1.703 5 5 5 16 46 2 .07 .15 74 1.696 6 8 2 16 44 4 .2 Na/K-4. 7C 1.695 1 699 6 6 4 16 46 2 .05 no 7P 1.705 1 5 7 5 .5 13.5 44 2 2 .1 7 TABLE 6. Amphibole group Continued Hornblende series Continued Bire Axial angle Optical Specific No. a ft y Name and disper frin Orientation Color Remarks sion sign gence gravity 5fi 1.634 1.647 1.652 62°...... 0.018 ZAc-21°. .-__. .. .. green, Z=deep bluish green. 57 1.644 1.657 1.663 .019 ZAc-18°- -- - 3.26 58 1.666 1.670 63°..-...... 016 7 A / QQO Z=deep blue-green. 59 1.670 1.683 1.693 830 r>»...._ .023 ZAc=9°...... 3.18 Z=dark olive-green. 60 1.695 1.710 1.710 r>»__ ...... 015 YAc-12°-17°...... 3.42 greenish blue. Soda araphibole series 61 1.606 1.613 1.623 + green. 62 1.605 1.615 1.622 .. do . 0.017 ZAc-250. 3.07 large. 63 1.66 1.673 1.673 .013 ZAc-45°(?) ._ ... 3.14 64 1.699 1.719 1.721 . do 36° . .022 ZAc-20° .. Z= blue-green. 65 1.625 1.645 1.654 51°. r>» .029 Y-6;ZAc-0°.-.. 3 11 X-light yellow, Y-violet, Z- purplish. 6R 1.652 1.655 1.661 .009 ZAc=44° ...... strong. gray. 67 1.655 1.644 do 41°. r>».... .009 Z=6; XAc=18°-30° . 68 1.655 1.664 1.668 42°. r<»_ _ .013 Y=6; XAc=27°-35° Z= pale yellow. 69 1.670 1.680 1.682 .012 Y-6; XAc-20°-25° 3.3±. Z=black. 70 1.688 1.691 68°. r>p._._ + .003 Z=b; YAc=l°±----~ Z = dark blue-back. 71 1. 694 1.699 .005 Z=6;XAc=12°. 3.41 7? 1.695 1.698 do ,005 Z=6;XAc=8° _ _... 3.42 73 1.695 1.703 .008 74 1.696 .005 Z-o;XAc-10" _ ..... 3.41 75 1.695 1.699 .004 XAc=3°...... 3.39 76 1.705 .005 Z-6;XAc-10°. .... 3.46 Black...... fcO bO 228 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS TABLE 7. Apatite group Specific t TABLE 8. Aragonite group Orthorhombic, biaxial negative Spe Name and compo Axial angle Orienta cific a 0 y sition and disper tion Cleavage grav Remarks sion ity 1.520 1.667 1.667 7° X=c..._ 3.7 SrO.C08 r p weak Z=b. 48.54, SrO 4.25, COS C02 29.41 per cent. 1.529 1.676 1.677 16° X=c.... ^oioHnoy... 4.3 BaO.C03 r>» weak Z=a. 1.530 1.680 1.685 18° X-c.... ^OlO^dist.... 9 Oil QQ 01 rw>r ppn t" CaO.COj r<» weak Z = ft. pure. 1.540 1.695 1.703 Tarnowitzite...... 23° X=c.... ^OIOK...... 3.02 Ca:Pb=15:2. (Ca,Pb)O.C02 T>V Z=6. 1.804 2.076 2.078 Cerusite...... 8° X=c.... <110H TABLE 9. Barite group The members of this group have the following characteristics: Orthorhombic. Optically biaxial positive and a rather small axial angle, with the exception of anglesite, which has an angle of 60° to 75°. The orientation in all the members is X = c and Z = a. The dispersion is r Spe Mineral and com Axial angle cific a ft 7 position and disper Cleavage grav sion ity 1.571 1.576 1.614 42° 2.93 CaO.S03 1.622 1.624 1.631 51° 3.96 SrO.SOs 1.636 1.637 1.648 071/0 {001H1NH perf., {010[ less so...- - 4.5 BaO.SOs 1.877 1.882 1.894 Anglesite ...... 60°-75° {001} \110\ dist...... ft 3 PbO.SOs Disp. strong TABLE 10. -Calcite group Uniasial negative Spe Mineral name and com cific < 0) position Color grav Remarks ity 1.486 1.658 Calcite (pure)...... 2.715 CaO.COs 1.500 1.681 Dolomite (pure) ...... do...... 2.87 CaO.MgO.2COj 1.518 1.698 Ankerite ___ ...... _ ...... do...... 2.95 CaCOs 52.6, MgC03 36.7, FeCOs 10.7 CaO.(Mg,Fe)O.2COa per cent. 1.509 1.700 Magnesite _ , _ ...... do...... 2.96 Pure. MgO.COa 1.526 1.716 .....do...... 2.97 CaCOs 52, MgCOs 26, FeCOs 22 per CaO.(Mg,Fe)O.2CO2 cent. 1.527 1.726 .....do...... 3.09 MgCOs 85, FeCOs 15 per cent. (Mg,Fe)O.COa 1.547 1.749 3.12 CaCOs 48.3, MgCOs 11.3, FeCOs 37.9, GaO(Fe,Mg)0.2CO3 MnCOs 2.5 per cent. 1.570 1.788 3.43 FeCOs 50, MgCOs 50 per cent. (Fe,Mg)O.COj 1.697 1.817 Pink...... 3.70 Pure. MnO.COj 1.605 1.826 ..-.do...... 3.74 MnCOs 79.3, FeCOs 19.9, CaCOs 0.8 (Mn,Fe)O.COj per cent. 1.596 1.830 FeCOs 73.2, MnCOs 2.2, MgCOs 23.3, (Fe,Mn,Mg)O.COa CaCOs 1.3 per cent. 1.621 1.849 Smithsonite...... _ . .... Colorless. __ . 4.398 ZnCOs 97, FeCOs, CaCOs 3 per cent. ZnO.COj 1.613 1.855 3.78 FeCOs 90, MgCOs 5, CaCOs 5 per cent. FeO.COs 1.60 1.855 Spbaerocobaltite ----- ... Red...... 4.1 CoO.COj 1.633 1.875 Siderite ---....--...... Gray-brown ... 3.89 Pure. FeO.COa 230 MICKOSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS TABLE 11. Chlorite group Chemical characteristics. The chlorites are essentially hydrous magnesium- aluminum silicates, in which ferrous iron replaces more or less of the magnesium and slight amounts of ferric iron, and in some varieties chromium replaces the aluminum. Winchell has shown that the composition can be adequately ex pressed for most of the chlorites by assuming for the end members antigorite (Ant), H^MgsSizOg, and amesite (At), EUM^A^SiOg, together with their ferrous equivalents, ferroantigorite and daphnite. Many of the so-called chlorites, however, show serious discrepancies in composition when an attempt is made to fit them into this series. It is here suggested that this apparent discrepancy is due to the fact that some chlorites are intermediate in composition between the true chlorites and the clintonite group. On this assumption most of the dis crepancies cease to exist. As this intermediate series has not been the subject of an optical study, the few data available have not been included in this table. Optical characteristics. Many of the data in the table have been drawn from the recent excellent chemical study of the chlorites by Orcel.28 Most of the new analyses, for which optical data were given, are here used, but those chlorites that seemed to be intermediate members, as above defined, were excluded. The chlorites approaching antigorite are generally low in birefringence (0.003- 0.009), whereas those nearer the amesite end of the series are higher (0.009- 0.015). Likewise, there is a slight increase in refringence from antigorite to amesite. An increase in iron content at either end of the series, however, causes an increase in the index of refraction. Absorption also increases with the higher iron content. There seems to be little relation between composition and optical sign or axial angle, which ranges from 0 to 30°. Most chlorites are optically positive, with dispersion r " Orcel, J., Recherches sur la composition chimique des chlorites; Soc. franc. min6ralogie Bull., vol. 50, pp. 75-456, 1927. TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 231 TABLE 11. Chlorite group Continued Optically positive Composition Spe Bire frin Name Axial angle cific Remarks 0 Fe" Fe'" grav gence ity Ant At Mg Al 1.562 0.014 Chlorite...... 33 67 2V=0°=fc-.- Colorless. Fe»0» 1.74 per cent. 1.571 .005 50 50 ...... Small...... 2.657 Green. FeO 1.05 Fe208+CraO8 1.57 per cent. 1.572 .003 Leuchtenbergite. . . . . 50 50 2V=10°- Nearly colorless. 1.572 .003 Chlorite- .-.. 50 50 MnO 1.06 per cent.. 1.575 .015 Leuchtenbergite- .... 40 60 2V18°-19°... 2.656 Amber colored, 1.575 .015 40 60 2E=28°-30°. 2.735 1. 576 .003 50 60 2.7 1.579 .005 50 50 2V=0°±. 2.675 f]=0.2. Violet- 1.580 .008 Sheridanite _____ 25 75 2V=20°±... 2.680 FeO 1.24 per cent, 1.580 .009 Ripidolite.. . 60 50 Small...... 2.70 Some FeO. 1.582 .011 Chrome clinochlore.. 45 55 Varies...... 2.7 1.587 .008 Chlorite--..- _ -.... 29 71 0.10 2E = 35° ..... 2.718 1.588 .012 33 67 .08 2V=19°. . 2.696 Light green. 1.589 .011 ..do . 40 60 .07 0.05 2V=29°. _ 2.713 Oreen. 1.593 .009 Chlorite... . 33- 67 .16 2.788 1.594 .012 _ _do- . 29 71 .17 .03 2E=40°.. 2.754 1.597 .015 Amesite...... _ . ~20~ 100 .16 Small...... 2.77 Pale green. 1.607 .008 80 Medium .... 2.9 1.616 .004 Kipidolite... . 33 67 .61 .06 2.901 1.618 .003 33 67 .33 .05 2V=0°...... 2.883 1.633 .001 . do . 29 71 .79 .12 2.94 Optically negative 1.578 IVI3 50 fiO 2V=0°...... 2.7 colorless. Cn03 n 1.590 .003 57 43 0.03 AhOs 1.594 .010 40 60 .08 0.07 2V=0° 1.60 .002 Thuringite ...... 25 75 4.9 .38 1.637 .023 Chlorite 50 50 .5 1.0 2V=15° 1.639 nnfi 45 55 2.13 .07 1.649 .006 33 67 17.2 member? X=pale yellowish, Y and Z= olive-green. 1.651 .003 ?9 71 2.90 .05 3.100 1.665 .012 Thuringite ...... ?6 75 3,0 .36 2.96 1.667 .009 ?9 71 9.75 .01 3.20 lite) (?). 1.80 25 7fi 4.6 2V=00=fc.__. _ 3.34 No AljOj. Abs. strong. X=brown, Y and Z=black. TABLE 12. Epidote group The general formula for the epidote group may be written Caj(AlrMn,Fe)3Si3 0,,(OH). Clinozoisite is the almost pure aluminum member, whereas epidote contains more or less iron, and piedmontite has, in addition to iron, some manganese. The calcium is in general not variable, although minor amounts of sodium are present, and in hancockite some of the calcium is replaced by lead and strontium. The members of this group are monoclinic and elongated along the 6 axis, with the exception of zoisite, which has a composition similar to that of clinozolsite but is orthorhombic. Only small amounts of iron are found in zoisite. Allanite is a related species containing rare earths. The optical characters that are common to the group are as follows: The plane of the optic axes is b {010}. 232 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS TABLE 12. Epidote group Continued The optic angle (2V) is generally large. In the Al-Fe series an increasing con tent of Fe tends to decrease the axial angle somewhat. The inclined dispersion is strong, with r < v for the optical positive and r > v for the optically negative members. The birefringence is moderate to fairly strong, increasing with the iron content. The extinction is variable, from X A c~ 0° in zoisite to X A c= 7° in piedmontite. Y= b for all members. An optic axis emerges nearly normal to the basal cleavage. The absorption and pleochroism are marked. The pleochroic colors are in red, yellow, and green. Optically positive Spe- Mineral name and Axial angle ciflc a ft 7 composition (2V) Extinction grav Remarks ity 1.700 1.702 1.706 Zoisite ______0°-60° X=c.. ... 3.2 When iron is present Pure Al member. zoisite may be op tically negative with Y=c and X=6. 1.700 1.703 1.718 X=c...... Al:Fe=30:l. 1.715 1.717 1.719 66° XAc=-7°.. 3.21 Pure Al member. 1.715 1.720 1.725 90°...... XAc= (?)... 3.36 Al:Fe=14:l. 1.738 1.757 1.778 90°± . XAc=-7°.. 3.40 Pleoc.: X=light or Little Mn"'. ange-yellow, Y= light phlox-purple, Z= old rose. 1.745 1.764 1.808 68°...... XAc=-6°_. 3.447 Tunaberg. Al:Mn:Fe=6:2:l. 1 7W 1.789 1.829 86°...... XAc=-4°.. 3.470 NajO=2.96 per cent. Al:Mn:Fe=6:7:l. 1.750 1.782 1.832 Piedmontite 81°...... XAc=-7°_. 3.453 Ca:Mn=10:l. Al:Mn:Fe=7:3:2. Optically negative 1.716 1.719 1.723 Epidote...... 90° XAC 1°~ 3.36 Green. Al:Fe=9:l. 1 797 1 7SQ 1.751 3.5- (Ca,Fe)3(Al,Cr, 4.2 Altered. X=pale Fe'" DOsSiaOu yellow, Y and Z = (OH) brownish red. 1.722 1.742 1.750 Epidote.- ...... 80°...... XAc=-2°.. 3.4 Pleoc.: X = color Al:Fe=9:2. less, Y=pale green ish yellow, Z = colorless. 1.733 1.755 1.768 Epidote....- ...... 74°...... XAc=-3°.. 3.433 Abs.: Y>Z>X. Al:Fe=5:2. Nordmark. 11 79Q 1.763 1.780 69°...... XAc=-5°... 3.4 Green. Pleoc.: X= Al:Fe=5:3. colorless, Y=pale greenish yellow, . Z= colorless. 1.737 1.761 1.782 Manganepidote ___ 87° .... XAc=-4... 3.425 MnO= 2.26 per cem. Al:Fe=3:l. 1.788 1.81 1.830 50° ...... 4.03 (Pb,Ca,Sr)2(Al,Fe, faint in reddish Mn)3Si3On(OH) brown. Abs.: Z> X. TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 233 TABLE 13. Feldspar group Orthoclase, celsian Monoclinic. Carlsbad twins common. Opti Spe Axial cific a 0 7 Mineral name and composition cal angle Optical orientation grav sign (2V) ity 1.518 1.524 1.526 Orthoclase _ ...... __ __ 0-70° Y or Z=b...... 2.56 K2O.Al203.6Si02 XAa=5° 1.518 1.525 1. 527 (Na,K)2O.Ah03.6Si02 75° 1.537 1.540 1.542 T Z = 6...... 2.72 CeiOn XAo=-2° 1.542 1.545 1.547 79° Z=&...... 2.82 CeaOn XAa=-18° 1.584 1.589 1.594 Celsian ...... + 87° Y~b...... 3.38 BaO.Al203.2SiOj ZAo=28° Microcline Monoclinic, characterized by a fine'grating of albite and pericline twins. Carlsbad twins are also common. 1.519 1.525 1.527 Anorthoclase...... 45° Ext.{001}2°; exM010[10.60-.. 2,« AbtsOras 1.522 1.526 1.530 83° On{001}=15°; on{010H6°-~ f, « KsO.AlaOs.eSiOj Plagioclase In powder the albite twins are common on the basal cleavage. Pericline twins may be seen on iOlO^ cleavage. Other twins are less noticeable. The indices of refraction and the extinction angles on the \ 001 \ cleavage and to a less extent on the ^010}- cleavage serve to determine the members in powdered fragments. Optical Axial Ext. on Ext. on Specific a ft T Mineral name and composition angle sign (2V) ^010} <001> gravity 0 +' 1.525 1.529 1. 536 Albite (Ab)...... 74 24 w 2.605 NaaO.AhOs.eSiOa 1.539 1.543 1.547 86 6 1 2.64 AbsoAn2o 1.550 1.553 1.557 + 88 8 2 2.678 AbaoAruo 1 CCQ 1.563 1.568 + 79 21 9 2.70 Ab TABLE 14. Garnet group T ^Isometric. Commonly isotropic but may be. weakly birefracting with complex twin grating. The garnets show a wide range in index of refraction, but they have an equally wide range in chemical composition, and the index of refraction is not 234 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS TABLE 14. Garnet group Continued invariably sufficient to place accurately a member of the group. The specific gravity is an additional help for identification, as are also the color and the occurrence and associations, but some knowledge of the chemical composition may be necessary. The indices of refraction of the pyropes that contain some iron overlap those of the grossularites, but the specific gravity of a pyrope is considerably greater than that of a grossularite that has the same index of refrac tion. The manganese garnets have about the same range as the iron garnets. The indices of refraction of the ferric garnets and the ferrous garnets overlap, but the specific gravities of the ferric garnets are much lower. The titanium garnets, in common with all titanium minerals, have high indices of refraction and relatively low specific gravities. The general range of the different garnets is given by the following list: Specific Mineral name and composition 71 gravity Composition 1.705 3.510 3MgO.Ah03.3Si On 1.735 3.530 Do. 3CaO.Al203.3Si02 1.742 3.713 CrsOt 2.4, FeO 10.2, MgO 18.4, CaO 4.5, 3(Mg,Fe)O.Al203.3Si02 MnO 0.5 per cent. 1.749 3(Mg,Fe,Ca)O.(Al,Fe)203.3SiO2 andradite 4 per cent. 1.760 3.837 Fe20» 1.9, FeO 15.6, MgO 17.2, CaO 0.9 3(Mg,Fe)O.Al203.3Si02 per cent. 1.763 3.633 30aO.(Al,Fe)j03.3SiOj 1.766 3(Mn,Fe,Ca)0.(Al,Fe)j03.3Si02 31, andradite 3 per cent. Almandite ______-- ______1.789 3.917 Fe20s 2.4, MnO 0.6, CaO 4.8, MgO 7.9 3(Fe, Ca,Mg) 0. Alj03.3Si02 per cent. Spessartite.. ______1.794 4.153 MnO 37.98, FeO 4.99, CaO 1.66 per cent. 3(Mn,Fe)O.Al203.3Si02 1.800 4.180 Pure. 3MnO.Alj03.3SiOj 1.801 4.093 3(Fe,Mg,Ca)O.Al2O3.3Si02 Spessartite _____ ...... 1.811 4.273 FeO 11.1, MnO 32.2, CaO 0.6, MgO 0.2 3(Mn,Fe)O.AlaO3.3Si02 per cent. 1.814 4.158 FezOa 1.26, FeO 15.02, MnO 25.24 per cent. 3(Mn,Fe)O.Al203.3SiOj 1.818 FeO 27.8, MgO 1.0, MnO 14.3 per cent. 3(Fe,Mn)O.Al203.3Si02 1.830 4.250 Pure. 3FeO.Al2O3.3Si02 1.838 3.418 Ah03 5.9, Crj03 22.5 per cent. 3CaO.Cr203.3SiO> 1.865 3.781 AhOs 6.1, Fe208 25.1, FeO 0.8, CaO 33.7 3CaO.Fe203.3Si02 per cent. 1.895 3.750 Pure. 3CaO.Fe203.3Si02 1.94 3.7 Ti02 8.7 per cent. 3CaO.(Fe,Ti)203.3(Si,Ti)Oj 1.98 3.85 TiOs 16.9 per cent. 3CaO.(Fe,Ti)203.3(Si,Ti)Oi 2.01 3.7 TiOj 25 per cent. 3CaO.(Fe,Ti)2O3.3(Si,Ti)Oj TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 235 TABLE 15. Melilite group The melilites are composed of the following end members (Berman): Gehlenite, Ca2Al2Si07; akermanite, Ca2MgSi207j soda melilite, Na-sSiaO?; submelilite mole cule, CaSisO?. In addition to this isomorphous series the following members are closely related: Hardystonite, Ca2ZnSi20?; meliphanite, (Ca,Na)2Be(Al,Si)2 (0,F)7; leucophanite, CaNaBe'Sia (0,F) 7. The following are the important optical characteristics in the melilite group: The akermanite end of the series is optically positive, and the gehlenite members are negative. Some of the intermediate members are sensibly isotropic and show abnormal interference colors. The birefringence is generally weak, the iron members having a somewhat greater birefringence than the magnesium-aluminum members. . In the table below the compositions of the members of the group are given in terms of the percentages of the end members as indicated above. (A, Gehlenite; B, akermanite; C, soda melilite; D, submelilite molecule.) Spe cific ( CO Mineral name and composition grav Remarks ity 1.571 1.595 2.96 Orthorhombic. X=c. 2V=39°. CaNaBeSij(0,F)7 1.593 1.612 3.01 (Ca,Na)jBe(Al,Si)2(0,F)7 1.626 l.<632 MelUite ...... 2.98 FeO 2.18 per cent. A=31, B=46, 0 = 13, D = 10 1.629 1.633 Melilite ...... 2.93 FesOj 3.80 per cent. A=36, B=46, C = 16, D=4 . 1.639 1.633 3.12 Pure artificial compound, Ca2MgSin07. B = 100 1.636 1.647 Qehlenlte. ___ . ______. ___ ...... A=51, B=37, C = 12 1.653 1.657 FesOj 1.59 per cent (velardenite). A=71, B=29 1.658 1.666 Qehlenlte. ______...... 3.04 FesOa 1.43 per cent (velardefiite). A=79, B=20, 0 = 1 1.658 1.669 Qehlenlte. -....-. .-...... 3.04 Pure artificial compound. CaaAhSiO:. A = 100 1.657 1.669 3.4 CajZnSizO? 1.658 1.670 3.23 Do. CazFeSijO? 1.691 1.691 Qehlenite.. ______. __ ...... 3.0 FejOa 3.49 per cent (fuggarite). A = 56, B=35, 0=9 163287 34 16 .236 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS TABLE 16. Mica group The micas are characterized by the following physical and chemical properties: 1. An exceedingly perfect cleavage giving rise to thin elastic plates of hexagonal outline. ,« 2. They are basic silicates of magnesium, aluminum, and potassium^ with or without magnesium, with little sodium and no calcium. Iron replaces both the magnesium and aluminum. In the lithia micas, however, the lithium does not replace the potassium but rather magnesium or aluminum. 3. The optical characteristics may be summarized as follows: The true micas are all optically negative. 2V is generally small, but becomes 45° in muscovite. The acute bisectrix (X) is nearly normal to the basal cleavage. The iron and manganese micas are rather strongly pleochroic. The birefringence is generally between 0.03 and 0.04. 237 7 ac I g 4. If b. i e ^ I « 't>o fc gl| ' _< "a ^-g _cc S >* 1 ' *c^ J p- > 4i £ > ' J Jz a >i c 1 | s 1 < 1 CS a "a 1 s tc *. c a g 6 _c c "3J3 C ^t » 6 £ [i i.c i. O C < "i2 a ' , 1 o "c£ "5_c> c1. c "c O C ft. Jfc i C C C C bib .2 <8 jjj a a a og §;§ g "SIH g "c la S 0 o A A A ^«s E 0 a ai 0 c. « ^X W n sG3 w o CO td » O M W KLiFe"Al4SUO2o(O:2 Sie620K2(Mg,Mn)8Al2 Mineralnam KMg«Al2Si»Oo(OH)42 Si6OKMgAl(OH)62sI8 wjpjtiiv------(K,Na)Al«Si(O2o(OH;2 i6(KNa)MgAlSi(25321<> K!Mgo.5AlsSi«.60zo(OI KMgAlSiO2o(OH)487 KLi3Al4SiOi(OH)Fi27 O'!S(2'«N)IV(HO)g!w KMgAl4SiO(OH)22722 Fuchsite____._ !SIV(al'3l\[)3IO)«Ol9 ManeanoDhvllite. Al«Si oc Tj 00 Ol i- §: Ol en a tfl to s>o I § sto to to §1O to T- rH If. CO I to CO £ - i § * «i 1 s pc s § 5 to to PQ 238 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS- 0 to 73 >< i tp j-j te v P< + a » 8 . ^ O S M *^ t/3 Q3 O O ,Q Q fe S ^ 05 <1 ^ . S1 o" ^ « -o ®fl ^. puCD ^ ^Ote o> PttUO ^j *-* O k.^ P ''pq P< || § iS O -a ^-Sfl^ N w a I*,- « § ^'s *?§ tf n ^ S rl ..a £o g 8 i ikJ jiT3 a i"7 |iM"S aj ' jiH^ jN ||cog = N i . s "^ "^ ""N' ^ « ^ ^ ^S * §2 §§ g"g ^ g® =3 ^ M"M S^S^S^I S & oo o m CN o CN ftsl^ 00 CO t"» O C5 » 1 i_j o> coo Jj,- CN CO CN CO CN CO CO CN 05 d n "cfl te J« & c O ft2 i a § 3 XI r*> g 2 "o w" O P, S ft c C 0 OS c Contip C c c c a S ct If § j £ PPI o 3 Ci E> fl v. ^^ 2 to bib e '3 P. u o u a." cu L? p. C c c c ~« ** ? t ^ 'S g A 0 ** E < ra c o y 1 c<- o c u: 3 ra to 1 1 w J K < H a .2 o P. a 1 B B B a 0 S ~"Si o o £ a ^ ^ ^ . V O 6 o £ CO B o ' o ra CO CO a s"o B 5 EIL,- ft, ? oB 13 r® f^ B "s so g i ^ a £ c. p H 1 1 p o §^ ^ . §«< l ^1 %o 5 S3 "3 '& ^g § a § .I"* i % £ £S < ®s 1 a M 3 M bfi jaC° 8^ IS .|S |§.'l§. -2§. gfe .-S& 2 "£ 1^ |M |M |g |M |M |M |M |M IM |M *O U5 O CO O t1-" TT j- »H »C CD 00 O CN CN CN 3; 00 CO 0 8 55 S 8 S8 S « S « S S TABLES FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 239 TABLE 17. Olivine group The composition of the olivines is represented by the formula (Mg,Fe,Mn,Ca) '(Mg,Fe,Mn,Zn,Pb)Si04, with the following as the end compounds: Forsterite, Mg2Si04 ; fayalite, Fe2Si04; tephroite, Mn2Si04 ; monticellite, CaMgSi04 ; glau- cochroite, CaMnSiO4 ; and the rare compound larsenite, PbZnSi04 . Others to be found in the table below are more or less intermediate members. The optical characteristics of the group,are as follows: 1. The orientation is X=6, Y=c. 2. The less ferrous members are optically positive, and the dispersion is r Optically positive 1.635 1.651 1.670 85°...... ,. MgsSiOi i fun 1.661 1.680 Qft°-4_ 3.2 Mg:Fe=94.9:5.1. (Mg,Fe)2Si04 .1. 653 1.670 1.689 88° - 3.341 Mg:Fe=88:12. (Mg,Fe)jSi04 1.663 1.681 1.700 Olivine.- ______90° 3.404 Mg:Fe=83.8:16.2. (Mg,Fe)2Si04 Optical!y negative 1.651 1.662 1.668 75° 3.2 Colorless. FeO 4.8, MnO CaMgSiO4 1.6 per cent. 1.679 1.716 1.729 3.41 (CaMnSi04 1.680 1.701 1.720 86°. . ..-. 3.52' (Mg,Fe)2Si04 1.681 1.706 1.718 3.46 Mg:Fe=75:25. (Mg,Fe) 2Si04 1.711 1.727 1.740 85°...... 4.0 Red, brown. Mg:Mn=40:60. (Mg,Mn)2Si04 1.758 1.786 1.804 Roepperite- _____ ...... 77° 4.0 Mn:Fe:Zn:Mg=24:48:13:15. (Mn,Fe,Zn,Mg)2SiO4 1.759 1.786 1.797 Tephroite ___ ... _ ....- 65°...... 4.1 Brown. Faint pleoc.: X = (Mn,Mg)2Si04 reddish brown, Y=red, Z=greenish blue. Mn: Mg=92:8. 1.760 1.769 1.770 40°- 4.42 White. Ca:Pb=71:29. (Ca,Pb)ZnSi04 1.768 1.792 1.803 69° 3.91 (Fe,Mg,Mn) 2Si04 faint: X and Z=greenish yellow, Y= orange-yellow. Fe:Mg:Mn=57:38:5. 1.777 1.807 1.825 Tephroite...... 60°db 4.113 Reddish brown. Practically pure. 240 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS TABLE 17. Olivine group Continued Optically negative Continued Spe Axial angle cific a V 7 Name and composition (2V) grav Remarks ity 1.805 1.838 1.847 54°...--.....-. 4.1 Gray, etc. Fe:Mn:Mg=66r (Fe,Mn,Mg)2Si04 27:7. 1.808 1.836 1.846 Manganfayalite ...... __ ... Large...-. . ... 4.3 Fe:Mn=76:24. (Fe,Mn)2Si04 i.823 1.864 1.873 51°. _._._ 4.3 Yellow 'to black. Nearly (Fe,Mn,Mg)2Si04 colorless in section. Ab normal blue and yellow in terference colors. Fe : Mn : Mg=87:7:6. 1.835 1.877 1.886 470-_.._.._-- 4.34 Yellow to black. Nearly' Fe2Si04 colorless In section. Ab normal blue and yellow in terference colors. Nearly pure Fe2Si04 . 1.92 1.95 1.96 Larsenite. -...-_------Large. -.-.. _ 5.90 White. PbZnSiOi TABLE 18. Pyroxene group The pyroxenes have a composition which may be expressed by the general formula (Ca,Na,Mg) (Mg,Fe",Mn,Al,Fe"') (Al,Si) Si08. The various end compounds corresponding to this formula are enstatite, Mg2Si206; hypersthene, (Mg,Fe)2Si2Oe; clinoenstatite, Mg2Si2Oe; diopside, CaMgSi20e; hedenbergite, CaFe"Si206; johannsenite, CaMnSi2Oe; jadeite, NaAlSi2Oe; acmite, NaFe'"Si206; Tschermak's molecule, (Ca,Mg)Al2Si08 ; and spodumene, LiAlSi208. Many names have been given to pyroxenes intermediate in composition, Aegirite, pigeonite, augite, etc., are such intermediate members. Schefferite is. a manganese-bearing diopside. Jeffersonite contains manganese and zinc. Commonly chromium, vanadium, or titanium enter into the composition. These elements are comparatively rare and are not included in the general formula. Wollastonite and the so-called triclinic pyroxenes are not included in the tables because they do not seem sufficiently related, either chemically or opti cally, to'the monoclinic pyroxenes to warrant such a grouping. Further, there is no evidence that isomorphism exists between the monoclinic pyroxenes and the triclinic species, whereas the monoclinic members seem completely miscible in each other (with the exception of spodumene). In the table the composition is given in terms of 24 oxygen atoms in order to reduce fractional quantities and yet record the significant features of the analysis. The axial angle (2V) and the dispersion are given about the bisectrix Z in all cases, in order to show the systematic variation. Likewise the extinction angle, in the monoclinic members, is given for ZAc in all cases, for the same reason. The table is divided into two main groups the orthorhombic pyroxenes and the monoclinic pyroxenes. The first group is arranged according to the increasing amount of iron, which causes an increase in the index of refraction. The mono- clinic pyroxenes are arranged according to the decrease in the amount of the Mg+Fe atoms. This arrangement shows the chemical gradation from clinoen statite to the diopside-hedenbergite series, which in turn grades into the soda pyroxenes, of which the end compounds are acmite and jadeite. The monoclinic pyroxenes are therefore divided into three groups, each of which has its special optical characteristics. TABLES FOB, DETERMINATION OF MINERALS 241 TABLE 18. Pyroxene group Continued ORTHORHOMBIC PYROXENES The orthorhombic pyroxenes have the composition (Mg,Fe)Si03. They have parallel extinction, generally with Y=6 and Z=c. The birefringence is compara tively low. With an increase in iron that is, from enstatite to hypersthene the following changes take place in the optical properties: Index of refraction increases. 2V increases to 90° (about Z) for about 15 molecular per cent of iron and then increases rapidly with additional iron, so that X becomes the acute bisectrix. Birefringence increases. The magnesium end of the series has no pleochroism, but an increasing iron content tends to make pleochroism more noticeable. The usual pleochroic colors are X=pink to red, Y=yellow, Z green. In this series the most reliable means of determining the composition seems to be by refractive index. The orthorhombic symmetry serves to distinguish this, series from the other pyroxenes. MONOCLINIC PYROXENES Clinoenstatite-pigeonite series. The clinoenstatite-pigeonite series may bt- expressed by the formula (Ca,Mg)(Mg,Fe)Si206. Mg The principal chemical characteristic is a ratio of -77- >1, without any appre- (~>& ciable amount of soda or alumina. The optical characteristics may be summarized as follows: Opt. -j- with a small axial angle (2V). No marked variation in the extinction angle, which is ZAc=40°± (clinoensta- tite has ZAc=22°). Pleochroism is weak, but increases with iron content. The small optic angle is perhaps the best means of identifying the members ot this series. Diopside-hedenbergite series. The formula for the diopside-hedenbergite series, is Ca(Mg,Fe,Mn,Zn,Al,Fe" /)(Al,Si)208. The calcium-magnesium-iron members are the most common; schefferite has some manganese, and jeffersonite has manganese and zinc. The chief chemical characteristics of the series are a ratio of = 1, with no sodium. How- Mg, etc. ever, certain pyroxenes containing aluminum and ferric iron, with no sodium, are to be referred to this group. These are the augites, which are optically similar to the nonaluminous members of the series. The so-called Tschermak molecule enters into the composition of augite that is, the molecular percentage of silica is lower than that ordinarily found in the pyroxenes. Optically the chief characteristics of the series are The extinction ZAc ranges from 88X2° in diopside to 48° in hedenbergite, the iron end of the series. The birefringence ranges from 0.030 in diopside to 0.018 in hedenbergite. The axial angle (2V) shows little variation from 60°; the dispersion is r>v> distinct for most of the members but is strong for the titanium-rich member. The index of refraction increases with the increase in iron. Pleochroism is noticeable only in the higher iron members of the series, and then only weakly. A combination of axial angle, extinction angle, birefringence, and index of refraction serve to differentiate this series from the other monoclinic pyroxenes.. 242 MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF NONOPAQUE MINERALS TABLE 18. Pyroxene group Continued The probable composition, within the series, can most easily be determined by the index of refraction. Soda-pyroxene series. The formula for the soda pyroxene series is (Ca,Na) (Mg,Fe,Al,Fe'")Si208. The presence of sodium, with an equal molecular amount of aluminum (or ferric iron) is the chief chemical characteristic of this series. Titanium, vanadium, and chromium are present in some members. The series grades from diopside- hedenbergite, with no sodium, to acmite-jadeite, with the maximum amount of sodium. For simplification of- nomenclature the intermediate members of this series are called aegirite. The optical characteristics of the series are as follows: A large extinction angle, ZAc, which generally increases with an increase in sodium. A large axial angle, which increases beyond 90° (about Z) as the sodium increases. A rather strong birefringence for the members rich in sodium and ferric iron and a rather low birefringence for th§ aluminous members. Pleochroism in green and yellow is common and in brown is less common, but it appears to bear no simple relation to.composition. The large axial angle (about Z), high index of refraction, and large extinction angle serve to distinguish this series from the other monoclinic pyroxenes and to differentiate between the members of the group. 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