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Soci-224-Session-12-Slides SOCI 224 Social Structure of Modern Ghana SESSION 12 –STRATIFICATION - PART ONE Lecturers: Dr. Fidelia Ohemeng & Dr. Mark K. M. Obeng Department of Sociology Contact Information: [email protected] College of Education School of Continuing and Distance Education 2016/2017 Session Overview In this session, students will be exposed to Social Stratification. Every society puts its citizens into groups based on certain values. This may include gender, age, class, power and ethnic affiliation. Students would be introduced to the definition and scope of stratification, the various stratification systems and the theoretical perspectives on stratification Slide 2 Session Outline The key areas to be covered in the session are as follows: • Definition of Stratification • Description of the various stratification systems. Slide 3 Reading List • Nukunya, G. (2014). Tradition and Change in Ghana: an Introduction to Sociology. Accra: Ghana Universities Press. Chapter 10 Slide 4 What is Social Stratification? • A structured ranking of an entire group of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in society • A system of social inequality based on hierarchy of groups • Inequality exists in all societies—even the simplest Slide 5 Systems of Social Stratification • Any stratification system may include elements of more than one type – Ascribed status: social position assigned to person without regard for that person’s unique characteristics or talents – Achieved status: social position attained by person largely through his or her own effort or achievement(s). • There are generally two types: Open and Closed – Open: allows individuals to move up and down the hierarchical order with little ease. Typical examples is social class – Closed : mobility is virtually or totally impossible. Typical example is the caste system in India. Another example can be found in Rwanda in Central Africa. Slide 6 Four Systems of Social Stratification – SLAVERY – CASTES – ESTATE – SOCIAL CLASSES Slide 7 Slavery • Slavery: most extreme form of legalized social inequality • Varied from time to time – Greece: captives of war & piracy main source – United states & Latin America: was an ascribed status • Enslaved individuals are owned by other people • Treated as properties such as household pets or appliances • Today the Universal Declaration of Human Right is binding on all members of the United Nations prohibits slavery in all forms Slide 8 Castes • Castes: hereditary systems of rank, usually religiously dictated, that tend to be fixed and immobile • Hinduism in India – Four major caste called Varnas Slide 9 The Classic Case Of India • Tribalism breeds ethnocentrism – “ism” as a kind of religion –devotion or sentimental attachment to an ideal • Impact on bureaucratic procedure • Stereotyping • Utility- tribal association Slide 10 Estate • Estate – Estate system: associated with feudal societies in the Middle Ages • Required peasants to work land leased to them by nobles (owned the lands) in exchange for military protection and other services • Similar to systems such as caste & slavery positions were largely inherited (titles & privileges ) • Overtime prestige and other titles emerged independent of landownership – Titles such as Priesthood, Merchants and Artisans – This led to the collapse of the Estate system and replaced by a class system Slide 11 Social Class System • Class System: social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility – The boundary between the classes are not precisely defined – One is able to move from one stratum to another – Class system nonetheless remains relatively stable – Marked by unequal distribution of wealth, power. – Though mostly achieved is influenced strongly by family and other ascribed statuses • Income inequality is a basic characteristic of class Slide 12 Measuring Social Class • Objective method: class is largely viewed as a statistical category – Occupation – Education – Income – Place of residence – Prestige: respect and admiration an occupation holds in society – Esteem: reputation specific person has earned within an occupation Slide 13 Social Stratification in Contemporary Ghana • Social stratification tends to get pronounced as specialisation increases with technological development. • These have introduced conditions that have widened the gap between people in terms of wealth, power, prestige and privilege Slide 14 Influence of Education • Sources of social stratification – Formal education and skills it offers underlies the nature and form of social stratification in contemporary Ghana. – The role of Gender is gradually becoming insignificant Slide 15 Political Stratification • 2 Levels – Traditional authority (Royalty) – Partisan politics • Democratic elections (President and Parliamentarians, Assembly members ) • Political appointments (Article 71 holders, Principal officers of SOEs, MMDCEs, Board members etc.) Slide 16 Religious Stratification • Orthodox Vs New Religious Movements • Emergence of New Religious Movements and the characteristics of membership – English speaking founders/ leaders (academic titles) – Local language speakers/pastors and characteristics of the founders – The place of Gender within denominations – Clear division in the Islamic Religion * Slide 17 Marriage & Family System • Nucleation of the family • Metropolis and Satellite relationship* (Urban vs Rural ) • Restricted expansion of the marriage market – Ethnicity, Social class, Religion • Social reproduction in prestigious profession* Slide 18 Education • Hierarchy of primary and secondary education system (high, middle, low class ) – Private school running international curriculum – Private school running local curriculum – Public schools • Prospects for better – Better Schools (local/abroad), – Prestigious occupation – Higher income Slide 19 Health • Discuss with examples how social stratification is evident in access to health in Ghana. Slide 20 Why sociologists study Social Stratification • Its pervasive influence on human interactions and institutions - Inevitably results in social inequalities - Certain people rank higher than others - Control scare resources - Wield power - Receive preferential treatment Slide 21.
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