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STRATIFIKASI SOSIAL DAN POLA KEPERCAYAAN (Analisis Atas Fenomena Kekeramatan Makam Di Kota Palembang)

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STRATIFIKASI SOSIAL DAN POLA KEPERCAYAAN (Analisis Atas Fenomena Kekeramatan Makam Di Kota Palembang) STRATIFIKASI SOSIAL DAN POLA KEPERCAYAAN (Analisis atas Fenomena Kekeramatan Makam di Kota Palembang) TESIS Diajukan sebagai Persyaratan Untuk Memperoleh Gelar Magister Agama Bidang Sosiologi-Antropologi Agama OLEH MARIATUL QIBTIYAH 11.2.00.0.23.01.0122 PEMBIMBING DR. SUDARNOTO ABDUL HAKIM, MA KONSENTRASI SOSIOLOGI-ANTROPOLOGI AGAMA PROGRAM STUDI PENGKAJIAN ISLAM SEKOLAH PASCASARJANA UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2014 ii PERNYATAAN PERBAIKAN SETELAH VERIFIKASI Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini Nama : Mariatul Qibtiyah NIM :11.2.00.0.23.01.0122 Judul Tesis :STRATIFIKASI SOSIAL DAN POLA KEPERCAYAAN (Analisis Atas Fenomena Kekeramatan Makam di Kota Palembang) Menyatakan bahwa proposal /draft tesis / disertasi ini telah diverifikasi oleh Suparto, M.Ed., Ph.D pada tanggal 18 Agustus 2014. Proposal/draft tesis/disertasi ini telah diperbaiki sesuai saran verifikasi meliputi: 1. Menambahkan jurnal. 2. Menambahkan referensi berbahasa Arab. Demikian surat pernyataan ini dibuat agar dapat dijadikan pertimbangan untuk menempuh ujian Pendahuluan. Jakarta, 19 Agustus 2014 Saya yang membuat pernyataan (Mariatul Qibtiyah) iii iv KATA PENGANTAR Segala puji bagi Allah Azza wa Jalla, penulis panjatkan kehadirat-Nya yang telah memberikan rahmat, taufiq dan hidayah- Nya, sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan tesis yang merupakan salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar magister dalam Pengkajian Islam Sekolah Pascasarjana UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Shalawat dan salam semoga senantiasa terlimpahkan kepada junjungan kita Baginda Rasulullah Muhammad SAW, pembawa kebenaran dan petunjuk, berkat beliaulah kita dapat menikmati kehidupan yang penuh cahaya keselamatan. Semoga kita termasuk orang-orang yang mendapatkan syafaatnya kelak, amin. Atas izin Allah SWT dan bantuan dari berbagai pihak dengan penuh ketulusan hati penulis menyampaikan terima kasih dan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya, kepada berbagai pihak yang berkenan membantu, membimbing, dan memberi kemudahan dalam penyelesaian tesis ini. Terima kasih yang setulusnya penulis ucapkan kepada: 1. Prof. Komaruddin Hidayat selaku rektor UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta dan Prof. Azyumardi Azra selaku direktur SPs UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Juga kepada seluruh jajaran pimpinan SPs, Prof. Suwito, M.A., Dr. Yusuf Rahman, M.A., seluruh karyawan dan karyawati tata usaha, dan perpustakan UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 2. Dr. Sudarnoto Abdul Hakim, MA selaku pembimbing dan promotor dalam penulisan tesis ini. Masukan, saran, dan kritikan yang telah diberikan sangat berguna sebagai bentuk pengembangan pengetahuan bagi penulisan tesis ini, juga kepada seluruh dosen yang telah memberikan gagasan-gagasan pemikiran demi berkualitasnya penulisan tesis ini. 3. Kedua orang tuaku tercinta, Ayahanda Drs. Abd. Azim Amin, M.Hum dan Ibunda Latifah yang tidak pernah lelah memberikan motivasi, dukungan, dan doa dalam setiap sujud mereka. Kepada saudara-saudaraku yang selalu menyemangatiku dan memberikan dukungan kakak Abdur Rohim, SE,. kakcik M.Nur Kholis, S.Hi, serta adik-adikku M.Fitrul Quraisy, Nurul Hidayati, dan Aisyahtul Fadillah dan v keluarga besarku yang tidak bisa disebutkan satu persatu, terima kasih atas dukungan moril dan materilnya . 4. Buat sahabat-sahabatku Yuk Her, Iffa, Yuk Nisa, Onnie Sarah, Albab, Mami Ita, Mbak Zahra, Isti, Nadia, dan teman-teman angkatan 2012 SPS UIN Syarif Hidayatullah yang telah bersama-sama berjuang memberikan masukan-masukan pada penulisan tesis ini semoga kita dipertemukan lagi di lain waktu. Akhirnya, seraya mengharap ridha Allah penulis persembahkan karya ini kepada mereka yang memiliki perhatian pada kajian keislaman, disertai harapan semoga kehadiran karya kecil ini bermanfaat dalam memperkaya wacana intelektual, khususnya bagi pengembangan sosiologi-antropologi agama. Jakarta, 19 Agustus 2014 17 Syawal 1435 H Mariatul Qibtiyah vi PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIASI Saya yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini: Nama : Mariatul Qibtiyah Tempat/Tanggal Lahir : Palembang, 11 April 1990 Nim : 11.2.00.0.23.01.0122 Jenjang Pendidikan : S2 Pengkajian Islam Konsentrasi : Sosiologi-Antropologi Agama Menyatakan dengan sebenarnya bahwa tesis berjudul ‚STRATIFIKASI SOSIAL DAN POLA KEPERCAYAAN (Analisis atas Fenomena Kekeramatan Makam di Kota Palembang)‛, adalah hasil karya saya kecuali kutipan-kutipan yang disebutkan sumbernya. Apabila di dalamnya terdapat kesalahan dan kekeliruan, maka sepenuhnya menjadi tanggung jawab saya. Selain itu apabila di dalamnya terdapat plagiasi saya siap menerima sanksi berupa pencabutan gelar akademik yang diberlakukan oleh Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenar- benarnya. Jakarta, 20 Agustus 2014 Yang membuat pernyataan Mariatul Qibtiyah vii viii LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN PEMBIMBING Tesis dengan judul ‚STRATIFIKASI SOSIAL DAN POLA KEPERCAYAAN (Analisis Atas Fenomena Kekeramatan Makam di Kota Palembang‛ yang ditulis oleh Mariatul Qibtiyah NIM 11.2.00.0.23.01.0122 telah melalui proses bimbingan dan bisa diajukan untuk ujian promosi. Jakarta, 19 Agustus 2014 Pembimbing Dr. Sudarnoto Abdul Hakim, MA ix x PERSETUJUAN DEWAN PENGUJI Tesis mahasiswi berikut ini Nama : Mariatul Qibtiyah NIM : 11.2.00.0.23.01.0122 Judul Tesis : STRATIFIKASI SOSIAL DAN POLA KEPERCAYAAN (Analisis Atas Fenomena Kekeramatan Makam di Kota Palembang) Telah lulus dalam Ujian Pendahuluan pada tanggal 11 Agustus 2014 dan telah diperbaiki sesuai dengan saran dan masukan dari Dewan Penguji. Selanjutnya tesis ini dapat diajukan untuk Ujian Promosi Magister. Jakarta, 19 Agustus 2014 23 Shawwa>l 1435 Dewan Penguji: 1. Dr. M. Zuhdi, M.Ed, Ph.D (Ketua Sidang ) .................................... Tanggal 2. Prof. H.M. Bambang Pranowo, MA (Penguji 1) .................................... Tanggal 3. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, MA (Penguji 2) .................................... Tanggal 4. Dr. Sudarnoto Abdul Hakim, MA (Pembimbing/merangkap Penguji) .................................... Tanggal xi xii ABSTRAK Tesis ini menganalisa interelasi stratifikasi sosial dan agama dalam masyarakat. Stratifikasi sosial dianggap sebagai faktor yang menentukan kecenderungan-kecenderungan keagamaan dan orientasinya. Semakin tinggi hierarki strata suatu masyarakat maka akan semakin rasional pola kepercayaannya. Tesis ini menolak pendapat Karl Marx, C. Wright Mills dan Gerhard E. Lenski, Ali Syari’ati (1982), Robert MZ Lawang (2004) yang menyatakan bahwa stratifikasi sosial dalam masyarakat ditentukan oleh kriteria objektif yang berhubungan dengan kesempatan hidup dalam indikator ekonomi dengan penekanan terhadap aspek kekuasaan sebagai determinan stratifikasi sosial. Tesis ini mendukung pendapat Max Weber, Keith A.Roberts (2004), James D. Davidson dan Ralph E. Pyle (2011) yang menyatakan bahwa ada hubungan antara keadaan sosial ekonomi dan ketaatan beragama. Agama mempengaruhi dan dipengaruhi oleh sistem stratifikasi. Berdasarkan dukungan asumsi teori religious stratification, tesis ini akan menganalisa fenomena kekeramatan makam di kota Palembang di mana masyarakat (peziarah) memiliki pola kepercayaan yang berbeda-beda berdasarkan stratanya sehingga terdapat interelasi antara stratifikasi sosial dengan pola kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap kekeramatan makam. Sumber data primer dalam penelitian ini adalah data lapangan berupa observasi dan wawancara mendalam sedangkan data sekundernya berupa literatur buku, jurnal maupun artikel yang berhubungan dengan pembahasan stratifikasi sosial dan pola kepercayaan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif dengan pendekatan fenomenologis dan etnografis. Kata Kunci : Stratifikasi, Kepercayaan, Kekeramatan, Makam xiii xiv تجريد البحث لّيحل هذا البحث العﻻقة بني الطبقات اﻹجتماعية و الدينية ىف اجملتمع . الطبقات اﻹجتماعية هى العاملة الىت تعني ميول الدين . وكلما ارتفعت طبقة التسلسل اهلرمي يف اجملتمع فازدادت العقﻻنية أمناط الثقة يرفض هذا البحث ارآء كارل ماركس Karl Marx ,ج. وريغهت ميلز C.Wright Mills ,جريهارد لينسكي Gerhard A. Lensky, علي شريعة Ali Syariati (1982), روبرت مز ﻻوانك Robert MZ. Lawang (2004) فإهنم قالوا بأن الطبقات اﻹجتماعية ىف اجملتمع متعني مبعايري اهلدف اليت تتعلق بفرصة احلياة يف مؤشر اﻹقتصادية بالًتكيز على السلطة )القوة(كالعوامل الطبقات اﻹجتماعية . وبالعكس هذا البحث يؤيد ارآء ماكس ويرب Max Weber، كيث روبرت Keith A.Robert (2004) جيمس ديفيدسون James Davidson ورالف فيلي Ralph E.Pyle (2011) فإهنم قالوا أن وجود العﻻقة بني ا ﻹجتماعية اﻹقتصادية وطاعة التدي ّن. والدين يؤثر ويتأثر بالنظام الطبقات. بنسبة افًتاضية النظرية عن الطبقات اﻹجتماعية, حيلل هذا البحث الظواهر تقديس القرب ىف مدينة باليمبانج Palembangكانت الزائرات هلا اﻻعتقادات املتنوعة بنسبة الطبقات, حىت يوجد العﻻقة بني االطبقات اﻹجتماعية و اعتقاد اجملتمع على تقديس القرب واملصدر الرئيسي هذا البحث هو البيانات امليدانية باملقابلة و مﻻحظة امليدانية. و مصدر الثناوي هو البيانات من الكتب, واملقاﻻت املتعلقة بالبحث عن الطبقات اﻹجتماعية وأمناط الثقة. ويستخدم هذا البحث منهج نوعي بالصفة صفية معتمد على أساس املدخل الظواهر و اﻹثنوغرافية. الكلمات الرئيسية: الطبقات,اﻹعتقاد, تقديس, القبر xv xvi ABSTRACT This thesis analyzes the interrelation of social stratification and religion in society. Social stratification is considered as a factor that determines the religious inclinations and its orientation. The higher hierarchical strata of a society the more rational belief pattern of a society. This thesis rejects the opinion of Karl Marx, C. Wright Mills and Gerhard E. Lenski, Ali Syari’ati (1982), Robert MZ Lawang (2004) who state that social stratification in society is determined by objective criteria which relates
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