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2017 COURS N°14 Gelsémiacées, Apocynacées, Rubiacées, Lamiales

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2017 COURS N°14 Gelsémiacées, Apocynacées, Rubiacées, Lamiales COURS N°14 MERCREDI LE 24 JANVIER 2018 Descriptions de plantes ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 rameau ligneux prélevé sur un arbuste retombant, d’environ 1.50 m de haut. Les rameaux restent très longtemps verts. La tige est carré et présente 4 ailes. Les rameaux sont opposés, les feuilles sont caduques. La plante fleurit maintenant, avant l’apparition de ses feuilles. A l’extrémité des rameaux, il y a des fleurs. La fleur est jaune à 5 ou 6 sépales (normalement 5), 5 pétales soudés en un tube et s’étalant en 5 ou 6 lobes, 2 étamines, ovaire supère enfoncé au fond du tube, pistil. Jasminum nudiflorum, le jasmin d’hiver, de la famille des Oléacées. Chez cette espèce, il y a hétérostylie, ici plante longistyle. Les brévistyles n’ont jamais été vu. ! Origine Chine. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 2 rameau ligneux prélevé sur un arbre. La tige est ronde, avec une écorce présentant des lenticelles et des traces foliaires en hélice. Il y a de la mousse et des lichens sur le rameau (signe qu’il pousse lentement). Les rameaux sont alternes, distiques (dans un plan). Ils portent des aiguilles courtes et obtuses à leur extrémité. Certaines feuilles sont plus longues. Donc feuilles courtes, puis feuilles longues, puis feuilles courtes (hétérophyllie). La face supérieure des feuilles est vert foncé et la face inférieure présente 2 lignes stomatales. Présence d’un assez petit cône femelle sur un pédoncule courbe, retombant. Pas beaucoup d’écailles. Tsuga canadensis de la famille des Pinacées, la pruche du Canada. Amérique du Nord, région des grands lacs. C’est un arbre qui supporte pas mal d’ombre. Chez nous, il se présente plutôt comme un arbrisseau. Il existe aussi un Tsuga diversifolia et un Tsuga heterophylla. ! ! ! ! ! ! 3 plante herbacée, ligneuse à la base, présentant une moelle. La plante se ramifie. Les feuilles sont alternes, simples, lancéolées, profondément dentées, souples, vertes, sessiles, embrassantes. L’inflorescence est un capitule, avec les bractées du capitule, sur plusieurs rangs, pointues et avec une pointe brune, des fleurs ligulées jaunes présentant plusieurs dents, des fleurs tubulées jaunes, à 5 sépales, 5 pétales soudés, 5 étamines soudées par leurs anthères, ovaire infère. Glebionis segetum (des moissons), anciennement Chrysanthemum segetum de la famille des Astéracées. Les Astéracées comptent environ 20 000 espèces. Europe du sud. Plante peut être d’origine méditerranéenne, qui a suivi la culture du blé vers le nord. COURS Petit retour en arrière. Famille des Gelsémiacées Ce sont des lianes toxiques. Genre Gelsemium ! ! Gelsemium sempervirens Le Jardin Botanique de Strasbourg en a un. Famille des Apocynacées (ancienne Asclépiadacée) Genre Periploca ! ! Periploca graeca Etamines à appendices cornus mais ici le pollen est poudreux. Est de la région méditerranéenne. C’est une liane qui s’enroule par circumnutation et à chaque ramification le sens de rotation change, une fois à gauche et au rameau suivant à droite. Famille des Rubiacées Genre Thiollierea ! ! Thiollierea macrophylla Anciennement Bikkia macrophylla, arbuste de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Les Bikkia endémiques de Nouvelle-Calédonie sont devenues des Thiollierea. Malgré tout, il existe quand même un Bikkia en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Genre Bikkia ! Bikkia tetrandra Ici photographié en Nouvelle-Calédonie, sur un lieu sacré. C’est un arbuste avec de grandes fleurs. Nous arrivons maintenant à des plantes myrmécophiles. Genre Hydnophyton ! ! Hydnophytum formicarum Couvert de fourmis. Les tubercules creux sont habités par les fourmis. Genre Myrmecodia ! Myrmecodia beccarii ! Myrmecodia platyrea Sur la diapo précédente, il y a un Dischidia (ex. Asclépiadacée maintenant Apocynacée) Genre Randia 50 espèces. ! ! ! Randia formosa syn de Rosenbergiodendron formosum Photographié à Brazzaville dans un ancien parc. Grandes fleurs dressées, originaire d’Afrique du Sud, cultivé pour ses fruits, dont le goût approche celui de la groseille à maquereau. Genre Oldenlandia ! Oldenlandia salzmannii Photographié à Madère (anciennement Hedyotis salzmannii). Plante rampante, tapissante (elle ressemble un peu à un buwikopf). Pousse toujours à l’horizontal. C’est une plante d’aquarium. Pousse ici sur un rocher suintant. Genre Plocama 34 espèces. ! ! ! Plocama pendula Iles Canaries, broussailles. Nos Rubiacées indigènes n’ont pas le même aspect. Ce sont des plantes herbacées ou sous- ligneuses, à feuilles verticillées (toujours 4 ou plus). Les morphologistes pensent que ce chiffre correspond à 2 feuilles opposées, à stipules soudées ou non. Si les stipules sont soudées, 4 feuilles, si libres 6 feuilles. Mais les feuilles verticillées sont souvent plus nombreuses. Genre Galium 400 espèces, cosmopolite sauf en Australie. 52 en France, 14 en Alsace. Le plus connu, ! Galium verum La plante est ligneuse à la base et servait autrefois à faire cailler le lait, le caille-lait. ! ! Galium aparine Les feuilles portent des poils. C’est une mauvaise herbe des haies. A ce genre est rattachée l’aspérule odorante, le Waldmeister. C’est une plante à coumarine qui sent quand la plante est sèche. A manier avec prudence, car 2 molécules de coumarine forment le dicoumarol (mort aux rats) qui est un anticoagulant. L’espèce Asperula odorata est devenue un Galium. Le genre Asperula a une fleur à tube long. Le genre Galium à une fleur à tube court. Galium odoratum L’aspérule. Genre Cruciata Anciennement Galium cruciata. 3 espèces dont 1 en Alsace. Cruciata laevipes Genre Asperula Long tube floral par rapport au genre Galium. ! Asperula taurina Taurina veut dire Turin. Alpes centrales. Pas en France, photographié à Engelberg, en Suisse. Genre Sherardia 1 seule espèce. ! ! Sherardia arvensis Plante blanche ou rose, mauvaise herbe. Rubéole des champs. Genre Rubia La garance. 2 espèces. ! Rubia peregrina Indigène dans le sud de la France. ! Rubia tinctorum Pas indigène, originaire d’Asie occidentale et centrale, longtemps cultivée en France, la garance des teinturiers. L’alizarine, un colorant rouge trouvé dans les racines servait à teindre les vêtements en rouge et notamment les pantalons des zouaves. Il en existait encore au Goeftberg, un résidu de culture. L’alizarine a été synthétisée en 1869 puis on l’a obtenue par la distillation du charbon (BASF). ORDRE DES LAMIALES Les Lamiales sont un ordre immense, caractérisé par des fleurs gamopétales, de type 4 ou 5, un cycle d’étamines (4 ou 5 selon le type de la fleur), 2 carpelles formant un ovaire supère, tout comme les Gentianales. Mais les Gentianales sont toxiques, les Lamiales ne le sont pas. Il y a donc une différence biochimique. Famille des Acanthacées 2400 espèces réparties en 250 genres, ce sont des herbacées ou des ligneuses, surtout tropicales. Le calice est bilabié. En France 1 espèce. Genre Acanthus 20 espèces. ! ! ! ! ! Acanthus mollis C’est l’acanthe dont la feuille décore les chapiteaux corinthiens. Méditerranéenne. 5 sépales soudés en 2 lobes, 5 pétales dont 4 avortés, 4 étamines (1étamine qui disparaît dans le plan de symétrie). 1 grand pétale c’est tout, étamines toutes nues. Le lobe du calice se découpe en 2, un supère et un infère. ! Acanthus ilicifolius Etait dans la serre de Bary. Ilicifolius veut dire à feuille de houx. Asie du sud-est et Australie. Jolies fleurs bleues. Dans cette famille, il y a beaucoup de fleurs ornementales. Genre Thunbergia Une 100aine d’espèces d’Afrique tropicale. Liane introduite sous les tropiques. ! Thunbergia alata Lobes jaunes, tube de la corolle noir, la Suzanne aux yeux noirs. ! ! Thunbergia grandiflora Inde, cultivé à titre ornemental. Photographié à Madère. ! Thunbergia gregorii Afrique de l’Est. Photographié au Jardin Botanique d’Hyères. ! Thunbergia mysorensis Mysore est une ville de l’Inde. Il manque des pétales. Jardin Botanique de Funchal, Madère. Genre Ruellia 250 espèces plutôt tropicales. ! ! Ruellia brittoniana syn.de Ruellia simplex ! Ruellia chartacea Rouge. ! Ruellia squarrosa (unresolved d’après the Plant List) Poils raides. Genre Ecbolium ! Ecbolium ligustrinum Genre Justicia ! Justicia carnea, anciennement Jacobinia carnea, originaire du Brésil. Tropicale. Genre Dicliptera ! ! Dicliptera squarrosa Anciennement appelée Jacobinia suberecta. Photographié à Nice dans un jardin ornemental. Genre Whitfieldia ! Whitfieldia elongata Sépales blancs, pétales blancs. Jardin Botanique de Strasbourg, originaire d’Afrique de l’ouest. Famille des Martyniacées 4 genres et 13 espèces. Jolies fleurs et fruits crochus, cornus, etc. Genre Ibicella ! ! ! Ibicella lutea Jardin Botanique de Strasbourg. La griffe du diable. Genre Proboscidea ! Proboscidea fragrans Genre Harpagophytum Famille des Bignoniacées 110 genres, 650 espèces, plantes ligneuses, arbres ou lianes, tropicaux. Les feuilles sont pennées, avec des vrilles ‘à yeux’ (cellules photosensibles). 2 carpelles vont former des capsules à graines ailées. Genre Campsis 2 espèces. ! ! ! Campsis radicans ‘Lutea’ Campsis radicans La trompette de Virginie. Ses fleurs contiennent beaucoup de nectar qu’on peut secouer dans la main. Fait des racines aériennes à tous les nœuds pour se fixer. Amérique du Nord. ! ! Campsis grandiflora Originaire de Chine et du Japon. Les fleurs sont plus zygomorphes que chez Campsis radicans. Rustique chez nous, mais ne fleurit pas souvent. Photographié à Pornic. ! ! Campsis x tagliabuana (unresolved d’après the Plant List) Qui pousse à l’angle de la serre tropicale du Jardin Botanique de Strasbourg. C’est l’hybride entre Campsis radicans et Campsis grandiflora. Genre Catalpa Catalpa veut dire haricot en Cherokee. Arbre dont il pend de longues capsules (2 carpelles).
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