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Social Sciences University of Ankara Institute of Social SOCIAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF ANKARA INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES MEDİNE DERYA CANPOLAT MIGRATION, INTEGRATION AND PERCEPTIONS: A CASE STUDY OF AFGHAN ASYLUM SEEKERS IN SIVAS MASTER THESIS JULY 2020 SOCIAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF ANKARA INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES MEDİNE DERYA CANPOLAT 170616009 MIGRATION, INTEGRATION AND PERCEPTIONS: A CASE STUDY OF AFGHAN ASYLUM SEEKERS IN SIVAS THESIS SUPERVISOR ASST. PROF. DR. K. ONUR UNUTULMAZ THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ANKARA JULY 2020 STATEMENT ON ACADEMIC INTEGRITY I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all materials and results that are not original to this work. I declare that this thesis is written according to the writing rules of Social Sciences University of Ankara, Institute of Social Sciences. Name and Surname: Medine Derya CANPOLAT Signature: i ABSTRACT MIGRATION, INTEGRATION, AND PERCEPTIONS: A CASE STUDY OF AFGHAN ASYLUM SEEKERS IN SIVAS Medine Derya Canpolat MA International Relations Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. K. Onur Unutulmaz JULY 2020 The ultimate goal of this study is to analyze the local people’s perception of Afghan asylum seekers’ integration processes within the framework of qualitative and quantitative research methodologies in the case of Sivas city of Turkey. Since 1979, Afghans, who have fled from their countries due to invasions and civil war which caused political instabilities, economic insufficiencies, and concerns for the future, have represented a visible example of human mobility. In the literature, although there are various studies on Afghans related to security-oriented themes such as war, terror, and drug trade, studies focusing on local people’s perception regarding the integration processes of Afghan asylum seekers are unfortunately insufficient. Sivas satellite city, similarly, has not been examined in this context, although it has been transformed into a city of immigrants due to the Afghans’ influx. Therefore, this study concentrates on Afghan asylum seekers who constitute the second largest immigrant group in Turkey, and aims to examine their integration processes in Sivas with a focus on the perceptions of ii local people. In particular, it investigates the factors that have determined the perceptions of local people on Afghan asylum seekers’ integration processes. Also, it questions whether the arrival of Syrian refugees to Sivas affected the local people's perceptions of Afghan asylum seekers and their integration processes. As the study deals with many concepts and topics, it employs a mixed research design based mostly on qualitative methods, and uses Grounded Theory as the theoretical framework to have a comprehensive understanding of the issue. The mixed research methodology includes both qualitative and quantitative methods. This study depends not only on the data derived from the analytical review of the relevant academic studies on migration but also on the data derived from a fieldwork that includes surveys and in depth interviews. Particularly, a survey was conducted with 400 local people and interviews were conducted with 50 local people. The data derived from the survey was analyzed by a qualitative data analysis software, SPSS IBM Statistics 20, while the data obtained from the interviews was analyzed through creating codes and themes. The quantitative data was presented by tables and graphs with the percentages and frequencies. The qualitative data, on the other hand, was presented through codes and themes referring to the statements of local people to enable the readers to hear the voice of the research subjects. All this data was discussed in a comparative manner. The study completes its discussion by making some suggestions and recommendations based on its findings. Keywords: Afghan asylum seekers, integration, migration, perception, Sivas, satellite city, Syrian refugees. iii ÖZET GÖÇ, ENTEGRASYON VE ALGILAR: SİVAS’TAKİ AFGAN SIĞINMACILARA YÖNELİK BİR DURUM ÇALIŞMASI Medine Derya Canpolat Yüksek Lisans, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Tez Danışmanı: Dr. Öğr. Üyesi K. Onur Unutulmaz TEMMUZ 2020 Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’nin Sivas şehrindeki Afgan sığınmacıların entegrasyon sürecine yönelik Sivas halkının algısını nitel ve nicel yöntemlere dayanarak analiz etmektir. 1979 yılından itibaren Afganistan’da yaşanan işgaller ve iç savaşın yol açtığı siyasi istikrarsızlık, ekonomik yetersizlik ve gelecek kaygısı gibi nedenlerden dolayı ülkelerini terkeden Afganlar, insan hareketliliğinin canlı örneğini oluşturmaktadır. Fakat literatürde Afganlara yönelik işgal, iç savaş, terör, uyuşturucu ticareti gibi güvenlik temalı araştırmalar yapılıyor olmasına rağmen, Afganların entegrasyon süreçlerine yönelik yerel halkın algısını ölçmeye yönelik yapılan çalışmalar ne yazık ki yeterli düzeyde değildir. Göç veren bir İl olmasına rağmen, Afgan sığınmacıların akınına uğrayan Sivas uydu kenti ise bu bağlamda daha önce hiç incelenmemiştir. Bu nedenle bu çalışma, Türkiye’de sayıca ikinci sırada bulunan Afgan sığınmacılar üzerine yoğunlaşmış ve onların kente entegrasyonu konusunu yerel halkın algısı üzerinden incelemeyi konu edinmiştir. Çalışmada, yerel halkın Afgan sığınmacıların entegrasyon sürecine yönelik algılarını belirleyen faktörlerin neler olduğu araştırılmıştır. Suriyeli mültecilerin kente iv gelişinin, Afganlara ve onların entegrasyon süreçlerine yönelik algıyı etkileyip etkilemediği araştırılmıştır. Çalışma, çoğunlukla nitel yöntemlere dayanan karma bir araştırma tasarımı kullanarak birçok kavram ve konuyu ele aldığından, konunun kapsamlı bir şekilde anlaşılması için çalışmanın teorik çerçevesi olarak Gömülü Teorinin kullanılması tercih edilmiştir. Çalışmanın yöntemini nitel ve nicel verilerin analizine dayanan karma araştırma yöntemi oluşturmaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışma, konu ile alakalı akademik çalışmaların analitik değerlendirilmesi ile anket, derinlemesine mülakat ve gözleme dayanan saha çalışmasından elde edilen bulgulara dayanmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, yerel halktan 400 kişiye anket yapılmış olup 50 kişiye ise derinlemesine mülakatlar yapılmıştır. Anketten elde edilen veriler nitel bir veri analizi yazılımı olan SPSS IBM Statistics 20 tarafından analiz edilirken, görüşmelerden elde edilen veriler kodlar ve temalar oluşturularak analiz edilmiştir. Nicel veriler, yüzdelik ve sıklık değerleri ile tablo ve grafikler ile çalışmada sunulmuştur. Nitel veriler ise okuyucuların araştırma gruplarının sesini duymasını sağlamak için yerel halkın ifadelerine atıfta bulunarak kodlara ve temalara uygun olarak sunulmuştur. Tüm bu veriler karşılaştırmalı olarak tartışılmıştır. Bu çalışma, elde ettiği bulgulara dayanarak bazı önerilerde bulunarak tartışmasını sona erdirmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Afgan sığınmacılar, entegrasyon, göç, algı, Sivas, uydu kent, Suriyeli mülteciler. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis supervisor who is my idol and who patiently guided me with his intellectual knowledge during my thesis process. Secondly, I would like to thank to my family for always supporting me unconditionally, especially my father and my pretty little sister who provided me with every opportunity during my field study. Without them, I would not have been able to complete the field work of this thesis. Also, I am very grateful to everyone who participated in the study and made this research possible. Finally, I present my sincere thanks to my best friend who always supported, motivated and strengthened me during my stressful thesis process. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT ON ACADEMIC INTEGRITY ........................................ i ABSTRACT ................................................................................................. ii ÖZET ........................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................... xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................. xiii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 1 1.1. AIMS OF THE THESIS .................................................................................. 1 1.2. RESEARCH QUESTIONS .............................................................................. 2 1.3. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE THESIS ........................................................ 3 1.4. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY .................................................................. 4 1.5. SYNOPSIS OF THE CHAPTERS .................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2: ANALYTICAL BACKGROUND AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................ 6 2.1. ANALYTICAL BACKGROUND ................................................................... 6 2.1.1. Definitions of Concepts .......................................................................... 6 2.1.1.1 Migration ................................................................................................................ 6 2.1.1.2. Integration ............................................................................................................
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