Chapter 2. Coleoptera Pests of Stored Food Supplies and Field Crops

Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops

V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar Oles Honchar Dnipro National University

Introduction1

Coleoptera is the most numerous order of insects, containing over 400 000 species, which is almost 40% of described insects and 25% of all known animals. The number of beetles in the fauna of Ukraine is still unclear, but it is assumed that it cannot be less than 30 000 species (Bartenev et al., 1997). Most species at the imago stage have a hard chitinous exoskeleton. The elytra are highly sclerotized, the hindwings are membraned with poor venation, are used for flying and while the insect is at rest, the hindwings are folded under the elytra. The wings, very rarely the elytra, can be reduced. The mouthparts are of chewing-biting type, usually are well deve loped and are differently structured in different groups. In most cases, the antennae comprise 11 segments and are different in form and length. Out of three segments of the thorax, the most developed is the prothorax, which is flexibly connected with the mesothorax, which is flexibly connected to the metathorax. Each of these segments is divided into the upper part – the tergum, the lower part – the sternum, and the lateral – the pleura. The legs are well developed, typically they are running or curso- rial, but depending on the way of life, they are also saltatorial, fos- sorial, natatorial, raptorial, and adhesive. The legs usually consist of 3–5, sometimes 2 segments.

1 Rusynov V. I., Martynov V. O., & Kolombar T. M. (2019). Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops. In: Current problems of agrarian industry in Ukraine. Accent Graphics Communications & Publishing, Vancouver, Canada. – P. 34–133. Doi:10.15421/511903 V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 35

The abdomen is fixed, tightly connected to the metathorax, without appendages. The total number of abdominal segments is no higher than 10, each of which consists of two half rings – dorsal (tergum) and abdominal (sternum). The terga are covered by the elytra and are poorly sclerotized, and the uncovered terga are as thick as the sterna. The terminal (apical) segment of the open terga is called the pygidium, the terminal sternum – anal, its structure is different among the sexes. The coloration of beetles is diverse. It depends ei- ther on the presence in the cuticle of pigments (non metallic tones), or on a special microscopic structure (metallic tones) or on the com- bination of the pigments and the structures. The development of beetles involves full transformation. The eggs are usually oval, half-transparent, with thin non-pigmented cases. The larvae are quite different in structure (oligopod, polypod and wireworm types) with well developed, highly sclerotized heads and gnawing-chewing mouthparts. The thoracic legs are developed or reduced and can even be absent (larvae of snout beetles). Most larvae live a secretive life. Larvae of leaf beetles and representatives of some other families live openly on plants. The pupae are free, soft, with thin cases; pupae of most species develop discretely in soil, wood and other suitable places. Beetles inhabit all terrestrial biotopes, fresh water and to a lesser extent saline waters. Many of them are typical inhabitants of the upper layers of soil and dead and decomposing plants, some live in manure and the corpses of animals (Brygadyrenko, 2016). Especially numerous are the inhabitants of different parts and organs of plants (leaves, flowers, fruits, shoots, bark, wood, and roots). According to the type of feeding, the beetles are classified as predatory (both polyphagous and specialized) and herbivorous (phytophages). Among the latter, there are consumers of leaves (fo- livores), roots (rhizophages), wood and bark (xylophages), flowers (florivores), fruits (carpophages) and seeds (granivores). The consumers of fungi are the group mycophages, consumers of decomposing plant and animal remains – saprophages and necrophages. 36 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops

The regional fauna is represented by two suborders: the mainly predatory Adephaga and the omnivorous Polyphaga. Many representatives of the Polyphaga suborder, and, in some cases, Adephaga cause significant damage to agriculture and forestry (Vasilev, 1987). Coleoptera also includes pests of stored materials of plant and animal origin (Ptinidae, Dermestidae, some darkling beetles (Tene- brionidae), seed beetles (Bruchinae), wheat weevils (Sitophilus granaries), and Bostrichidae).

Suborder Adephaga Family Carabidae The family Carabidae including ground beetles, is an incredibly diverse group of insects that can play a major role in agroecosys- tems. By consuming a variety of insect pests and weed seeds, they can help protect crops from pest damage and associated losses, and decrease costs associated with pest control (Namaghi, 2011). Many species of ground beetles are predators. They feed on insects, their larvae, mollusks, worms and other invertebrates. Some eat both plant and animal food (omnivores), some ground beetles are herbivorous (phytophages) or feed on remains of animals and plants (saprophages) (Thiele, 1977). Phytophages include pests harmful to agriculture. Among predators, recourse to phytophagy is related to rapid decrease or disappearance of animal food, caused by different reasons. One of them is the death of invertebrates which are food for the ground beetles. Another cause is various viral, bacterial and zoopar- asitic diseases, or consumption of ground beetles’ potential victims by other animals. A no less important factor is the seasonal migration of the ground beetles’ prey, mostly insects. Ground beetles cannot always follow their migration. A certain negative impact is also caused by farming activity (cutting down forests, chemical processing of plants, etc.) and industry causing ground beetles to migrate to other places or turn to saprophagy and phytophagy. For example, in May 1968, in Ukraine (Vinnytsia Oblast), Clivina fossor beetles V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 37 destroyed 50% of seedlings of corn on farms where insecticides had been applied to the soil prior to planting, leading to the death of many insects. All herbivorous ground beetles distributed in the territory of Ukraine are polyphages. Accordingly, they are observed to have a preference for some particular plants. Sometimes an apparent relationship between beetles and certain groups of plants is explained by the fact that certain species of ground beetles are associated with particular habitats. For example, meadow ground beetles harm meadow grasses (Gramineae) and sedges (Cyperaceae), forest ground beetles harm sprouting seeds of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants in forests, glades and forest edges. They eat ripening seeds, fruits, young leaves, root collar and other organs of the plants they damage. Many authors (Novák, 1967; Frank, 1967; Frank, 1971; Thiele, 1977) have mentioned the significant contribution of ground beetles to natural destruction of pests and forest insects, and that they sometimes even play a leading role in this compared to other predators (for example, Staphylinidae). Therefore, if necessary, plants should be protected against ground beetles using first of all agrotechnical and other environmentally friendly methods, using insecticides only in extreme cases if there is a threat of significant economic damage. When considering measures against ground beetles, one should take into account that most species of this family, except a few obligate phytophages, such as Zabrus tenebrioides and Z. spinipes, are notice- ably, sometimes significantly useful in destroying different pests of agricultural crops.

Subfamily Brachininae

Brachinus (Brachinus) crepitans Linnaeus, 1758. Size – 6.5–10.0 mm. Is characterized by visible number of abdominal sterna, equaling 8 for males, and 7 for females. The apices of the elytra are blunted, with no lateral margin. It has one supraorbital seta. The front legs of males are insignificantly widened. The color is bright: the head and pronotum are reddish, the elytra are blue-green, rarely 38 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops black-blue, of metal color. The pronotum has no carina (keel). The wings are well developed. The leathery margin on the apices of the elytra has long, downcurved setae. The elytra are usually of one col- or, metallic. The abdomen, metathorax and pygidium are black or dark brown, the base of the abdomen sometimes is reddish. The elytra are usually enlarged at the back. The intervals of the elytra are not raised, the leathery membrane on the dorsum is narrow, brown or black. The 3rd and 4th segments of the antennae are completely reddish. Cosmopolite, occurs throughout Ukraine (Brigic et al., 2009). Predator, but can damage generative organs of rye, wheat, timothy (Phleum pratense), and foxtail grass (Alopecúrus) (Eyre et al., 2009). Brachinus (Brachynidius) explodens Duftschmid, 1812. Small- er than 4.5–6.5 mm. The elytra have no pre-scutellum spot; their intervals not raised, the striae are not clearly distinct. The head with the eyes is wider or nearly wider than the pronotum. The abdomen and pygidium are black or brown. They occur in the south forest steppe and in the steppe. Broadly distributed European species, common throughout Ukraine (Saska and Honek, 2004). The beetles can harm generative organs of rye, wheat, timothy, and foxtail grass (Eyre et al., 2009).

Subfamily Harpalinae

Acinopus (Acinopus) laevigatus Ménétriés, 1832. Body size – 11–16 mm. The body is large, black, the antennae and the legs are brown. The head is slightly narrower than the pronotum. The margin of the elytra is nearly straight. The upper part is glossy. The incisure of the right mandible starts at the front border of the labrum and is covered by the labrum in the posterior part. The striae on the elytra are very thin. Distributed in Southern Europe, Eastern Medi- terranean, Central Asia, the Near East and in North-East Africa. In Ukraine, it occurs in the steppe zone, causes damage in Kherson and Odessa Oblasts and in the Crimea (Avgin and Özdikmen, 2008). Causes damage to grain (wheat, rye, corn, barley, panic grass, oats), technical (beet), garden (carrot), and medical (plantains (Plantago) V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 39 crops. It feeds on the wild-growing species of herbaceous plants (Po- aceae, Chenopodioideae, Compositae). Beetles and larvae are omnivores. These beetles cause damage to grain crops by eating sprouting seeds, generative organs and ripening seeds (Namaghi, 2011). Acinopus (Acinopus) picipes Olivier, 1795. Body size – 12–17 mm. Their distinctive feature is that the outer incisure of the right mandible starts near the posterior edge of the labrum. Has distinct striae on the elytra. Distributed in Europe, Western and Eastern Mediterranean, the Near East. In Ukraine, it occurs in Odessa, Mykolaiv, Kherson, Zaporizhia Oblasts and the Crimea (Fadda et al., 2008). Causes damage to grain (wheat, rye, barley, panic grass, corn) and technical (beet) crops, and also feeds on 6 species of wild-growing grass (Poaceae, Compositae). Anisodactylus (Pseudanisodactylus) signatus Panzer, 1796. Body size – 11–14 mm. Body is thickset. The head has a red spot on the forehead. The apical spur on the protibia is simple. The dorsal surface is black or with poor metallic gloss. The third interval of the elytra has no setiferous pore. The elytra are jet-black, often with bronze gloss, the epipleura are reddish. Distributed in Europe, Central Asia, China and Japan (Fazekas et al., 1997). Is common throughout Ukraine. The greatest damage is observed in the forest-steppe, subzone of the northern steppe and the foothills in the Crimea. Pantophagous. Causes damage to grain (wheat, rye, corn, barley, panic grass), grain legumes (peas), technical (beet, potatoes, mustard, chufa sedge (Cyperus esculentus), flax Linum( ), sunflower), garden (onion, lettuce, cucumber) and forage (clover, lucerne (Med- icago sativa), sainfoins (Onobrychis) crops, berries of strawberries (Fragaria), fallen fruit in gardens, seedlings of hornbeams, maple, and ash (Talmaciu and Talmaciu, 2011). Ditomus eremita Dejean, 1825. Body size – 7–11 mm. The body is thickset, the head is of the same width as the pronotum, which is significantly transversal. The color is black, and the antennae, tibiae and feet are brown. The head has unclear roundish forehead indentations. The intervals on the elytra have two irregular rows of punctures bearing protruding hair. Distributed in the south of the 40 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops

European part of Russia, Central Asia, and Eastern Mediterranean. In Ukraine, it inhabits the steppe, especially the southern part. Phy- tophage. Beetles consume sprouting seeds and young shoots of wild- growing grass (Chenopodioideae, Compositae), rarely wheat and corn (Nekuliseanu and Matalin, 2000). Harpalus (Harpalus) affinis Schrank, 1781. Body size is average – 9–12 mm, usually cylindrical. The side edge of the pronotum has only one setiferous pore near the middle. 2–3 external intervals of the elytra are densely punctured and bear thin hairs. Above it is of bright metal green, bronze and copper color, rarely is blue or black, the antennae and legs are yellow, sometimes the femora are jet-black. The larva has mandibles with one middle tooth. The front edge of the head between the two mandibles has 5 teeth, of which the middle one is the biggest, triangular with 6–12 denticles along the edge. The external side of the mandibles has one long and 3–4 short setae. The middle tooth on the front edge of the head bears 10–12 denticles (Bey-Bienko, 1965). Broadly distributed in Europe, occurs in the Near East, and in the Australasian region (Honek et al., 2003). The beetles feed on food of both animal and plant origin, and are mostly predatory. They cause damage to grain (wheat, corn, barley), grain legumes (peas, soybeans), technical (beet, mustard, flax), medicinal (plantains), garden (lettuce, cucumbers) and forage (timothy, lucerne) crops. Of other plants, it causes damage to strawberries, hornbeam, maple, spruce, and pine. Feeds on five species of wild-growing herbs (Eyre et al., 2013). Harpalus (Harpalus) distinguendus Duftschmid, 1812. Body size – 9–11 mm. The upper part of the 7th and 5th intervals of the elytra bears no large punctures. The shoulders are angular, with an obvious but often small shoulder tooth. The pronotum between the posterior edges and the main fossae is not flattened, the lateral margin is entirely narrow. Above it is metal-green, copper, more rarely blue or black-blue, the antennae are reddish-brown with red first section and infuscated bases of the second and the third sections, the legs are jet-black with brown feet. The larva has a rectangular middle tooth on the front edge of its head, with 6 small teeth. Distributed in Europe, V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 41

Mediterranean and the Near East, in the European part of Russia, Siberia and Central Asia (Urbaneja et al., 2006). Occurs throughout Ukraine, damage observed all over the country. Causes damage to grain (corn, oat, rye, wheat, panic grass, barley), grain legumes (peas, wild beans (Phaseolus)), medicinal (wallflower (Erysimum), poppy, restharrow (Ononis), tansy (Tanacetum vulgare), forage (clover, lucerne, sainfoins, vetch (Vicia) crops, strawberries, fallen fruit in gardens, pine, maple, hornbeam, ash (Pustai et al., 2015). Harpalus (Harpalus) froelichii Sturm, 1818. Body size is 8–10 mm. The distinctive features are as follows: the dorsum is protuberant, the antennae are reddish, the legs are jet-black, with reddish feet. Distributed in Europe, the European part of Russia, Si- beria, Kazakhstan (Bezděk et al., 2006). Pantophagous. The beetles sometimes cause damage to the seedlings, generative organs and ripening seeds of grain (wheat, barley, maize), technical (mustard, flax, cannabis), medicinal (daisy) crops and fallen fruit in gardens. Harpalus (Harpalus) fuscipalpis Sturm, 1818. The body size is 7–9 mm. The pronotum is narrowed towards its base, in front of the posterior edges is not sinuate. The upper side is flattened, the antennae are black, with reddish first section, the legs are dark, with reddish feet. Distributed in the middle belt of Europe, the European part of Russia, Siberia, Central Asia. Occurs throughout Ukraine (Bolgarin, 2010). Pantophagous. Sporadically causes harm to the seedlings, generative organs and ripening seeds of grain (wheat, rye), medicinal (daisy) and forage (lucerne) crops and fallen fruit in gardens. Harpalus (Harpalus) hirtipes Panzer, 1796. Body size – 12.5–15.5 mm. The outer angle of protibiae are cut slantwise (the outer angle is greater than the inner one), the external upper angle is stretched in a similar manner to a rotor blade. Width of the pronotum is over 1.5 times larger than its length; its sides are widely fringed in front, the widest part is in the middle, is slightly narrowed in near the base. The mesofemora have 12–15 setae along the posterior edge. Black, the antennae are brown-reddish near the top (Bey-Bienko, 1965). Distributed in the middle belt of Europe, the European part of Russia, Kazakhstan and the Caucasus (Bezděk et al., 2006). Oc- 42 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops curs throughout Ukraine. The beetles cause damage to the seedlings, the blooming parts and ripening seeds of grain (wheat, rye, barley), technical (cannabis) crops, and berries of strawberry. Harpalus (Harpalus) picipennis Duftschmid, 1812. Body size is 5–7 mm. The pre-scutellum stria on the base has no setiferous puncture. The third interval of the elytra has no spot after the middle. The angles of the pronotum are rounded, the antennae are reddish-yellow. The shoulder angle of the elytra is blunted, but obvious, with a notable edge. The top is clearly pebbly in texture; the main fossae of the pronotum are punctured. The metafemora have 6–7 setae on the posterior side. Distributed in Europe, the Euro- pean part of Russia, Western Siberia (Schwerk and Szyszko, 2009). Occurs throughout Ukraine. Pantophagous. The beetles sporadically harm the sprouting seeds, more rarely the flowering parts of grain (wheat, panic grass), medicinal (plantains), vegetable (carrot, garden asparagus), forage (clover, lucerne) crops and berries of strawberry. Harpalus (Harpalus) serripes Quensel in Schonherr, 1806. Larger 9–12 mm, wide and bulging. The upper side is black, rarely with bluish gloss. Distributed in Europe, in the Near East, in the European part of Russia, Siberia, Central Asia. Occurs throughout Ukraine. Pantophagous. Sporadically causes damage to the seedlings, generative organs and ripening seeds of grain (wheat, rye), medicinal (daisy), forage (lucerne) crops and fallen fruit in gardens (Taboada et al., 2004). Harpalus (Harpalus) servus Duftschmid, 1812. Body size is 8–9 mm. The femora are infuscated. The upper side is black. The base of the pronotum is cut with a slight groove, the posterior angles are almost acute-angled, and are blunted at the apices, the widest part is in the base or remotely behind the middle. The antennae, legs and often the base of the tibiae are red. Distributed in Europe, the Mediterranean, Central Asia, the European part of Russia and Western Siberia (Kataev, 2015). In Ukraine, it can be found in the steppe and forest-steppe. Pan- tophage. The beetles sometimes cause damage to the seedlings, generative organs and ripening seeds of wheat, barley and panic grass. V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 43

Harpalus (Harpalus) smaragdinus Duftschmid, 1812. Body size is 9–11 mm. The pronotum between the posterior angles and the main fossae is flattened or slightly indented, forming a significant widening of the lateral margin. Jet-black, the margins of the pronotum are reddish in the light, the elytra of males are glossy, green or blue, the elytra of females are mat, jet-black, the antennae and legs are reddish-yellow. In larvae have the front edge of the head is set between the mandibles with two pairs of lateral teeth and a rounded serrated projection between them. Distributed in Europe, the European part of Russia, Western Siberia, Central Asia (Desend- er and Bosmans, 1998). Can be found throughout Ukraine, damage observed in Polesia and in the forest-steppe. Causes damage to grain crops, grain legumes, strawberry, fallen fruit, sprouts of pine, hornbeam, maple, and ash. Harpalus tenebrosus Dejean, 1829. Body size is 9–10 mm. The third interval of the elytra has only one setiferous pore behind the middle, which is near the second stria. The pronotum is slightly narrower than the elytra, flattened, its base is slightly and not densely punctured. The episterna of the metathorax are twice as long as their width. Black, the upper side has a blue and violet gloss, the antennae are red, and their second and third sections are often infuscated, the legs are red-brown. Distributed in Central Europe, the Mediterra- nean, the European part of Russia, Central Asia (Kataev, 2013). In Ukraine, can be found in the steppe zone. Pantophagous. The beetles sometimes cause damage to sprouting seeds of maize, wheat, rye and berries of strawberry. Harpalus (Harpalus) zabroides Dejean, 1829. Body size – 12–14 mm. The antennae and legs are at least partly brown-black. The protibiae are cut straight on the top. The width of the pronotum is slightly bigger than its length, the sides have narrow margin in the front. Black, glossy, the elytra of females are mat, the antennae are red with dark bases of 2–4 sections. The larvae have a protuberant front edge of the head between the mandibles in the middle part. Distrib- uted in Europe, Western and Eastern Mediterranean, middle belt of the European part of Russia, Siberia to Transbaikalia, Austria, Belarus, 44 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops

Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, France, Ger- many, Hungary, Italy, Moldova, the Near East, Poland, Romania, Slo- vakia, Spain, Switzerland, former Yugoslavia. Can be found throughout Ukraine, but more often in the steppe zone. (Khobrakova, 2008). In Ukraine, three zones of damage are distinguished: heightened – Odessa, Mykolaiv, Kherson, Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhia, and Do- netsk Oblasts, unstable – Kirovograd, Poltava, and Kharkiv Oblasts, insignificant – Northern and Western Forest-Steppe. It damages grain (wheat, rye, panic grass, oat, corn, barley, buckwheat), technical (beet, castor bean (Ricinus communis), sunflower) and forage (clover, lucerne) crops, strawberry, and fallen fruit in gardens. Microderes (Microderes) brachypus Steven, 1809. Body size is 7–10 mm. The head is notably thickened, with long setae in the front. The mentum has no middle tooth. The body is jet-black, the antennae and legs are rust-red. The bases of the pronotum are punctured, the main impressions are flattened. Distributed in the Near East, the North Caucasus and Central Asia (Andersen, 2005). In Ukraine can be found in Odessa, Kherson, Zaporizhia, Donetsk Oblasts and the Crimea. In Donetsk Oblast, the beetles have been observed to eat ripening seeds of wheat. Ophonus (Hesperophonus) azureus Fabricius, 1775. Body size – 6–8 mm. The pronotum, elytra and the upper part of the legs are densely punctured and covered with hairs. The posterior angles of the pronotum are smoothened or rectangular; if rectangular, the striae of the elytra are not punctured. The upper side or at least the elytra are metal blue or green. The legs are completely red-yellow. The pronotum is coarsely and not densely punctured. Distributed in Europe, Western and Eastern Mediterranean, North Africa, and the Near East, Central Asia, the middle belt of the European part of Russia. Can be found throughout Ukraine. Pantophagous. The beetles sporadically damage the sprouts and generative organs of grain (wheat, oat), technical (mustard), garden (carrot, sorrel, lettuce), medicinal (St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum), plantains) crops; feeds on 7 species of wild-growing herbs (Poaceae, Composi- tae) (Honek and Jarosik, 2000). V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 45

Ophonus (Ophonus) sabulicola Panzer, 1796. Body size – 13–17 mm. The hairs on the elytra are protruding. The head is not flattened. Lateral margins of the pronotum are rounded. The elytra are usually of metal color. The pronotum is ordinarily significantly narrowed towards the rear, the posterior angles are blunted, but obvious. The elytra are blue or blue-green, the antennae are red-yellow, the rest of the body is black or jet-brown (Giglio et al., 2003). Dis- tributed in Europe, Western and Eastern Mediterranean, the Near East and the south of the European part of Russia. In Ukraine, it can be found in the steppe zone, including the plains in the Crimea, where it has been observed to damage sprouting seeds of wheat and panic grass. Ophonus calceatus Duftschmid, 1812. Body size – 12–15 mm. The elytra are sparsely punctured and covered with hairs. Black or jet-black, glossy, the antennae and legs are red-brown. Distributed in Europe, Mediterranean, Central Asia, the European part of Rus- sia, Siberia (Popovic, 2014). In Ukraine, can be found throughout the territory, having three zones of damage: heightened – Odessa, Mykolaiv, Kherson Oblasts and the Crimea; unstable – Kirovohrad, Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhia and Donetsk Oblasts; insignificant damage – forest-steppe and Polesia. Damages grain (wheat, rye, panic grass, barley, sorghum, oat, rice, corn), technical (flax) and forage (green foxtail (Setaria viridis), foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and others) crops, fruits of strawberries, fallen fruit in gardens; feeds on 10 species of wild-growing grasses, maple seeds. Ophonus griseus Panzer, 1796. Body size – 9–12 mm. The posterior angles of the pronotum are rectangular, blunted at the top. The abdomen is covered with small punctures in the middle, is smooth on the sides. Distributed in Europe, Mediterranean, Cen- tral Asia, Japan, the European part of Russia, Siberia. Can be found throughout Ukraine. The damage was observed mostly in Zakarpat- tia Oblast, Polesia, and the forest-steppe, and only in irrigated lands in the steppe (Bolgarin, 2010). Damages grain (wheat, rye, barley, panic grass, oats, corn), grain legumes (pea, wild bean), technical (beet, mustard, flax, cannabis), garden (carrots, onions, cucumbers, 46 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops lettuce), medicinal (wallflower, poppy, plantain, valerian) and forage (vica, lupin (Lupinus), lucerne) crops, and other plants such as strawberry, hornbeam, and maple (Kocourek, 2013). Feeds on 10 species of wild-growing herbs (Poaceae, Chenopodioidae, Umbel- liferae, Compositae). Ophonus hospes Sturm, 1818. Body size – 11–14 mm. The front angles of the clypeus on each side have only one setiferous pore. The elytra of females are mat, entirely dense and finely punctured, often glossy in males. The pronotum is punctured only in the posterior angles and along the lateral margins; the head is smooth. The elytra of females are entirely covered with dense punctures, whereas the elytra of males often bear punctures only on the sides. The upper side is usually blue or green, more rarely jet-brown with blue gloss, the legs are jet-black or reddish (Bey-Bienko, 1965). Distributed in Europe, Western and Eastern Mediterranean, the European part of Russia. In Ukraine, can be found mostly in the steppe and sporadically in the western forest-steppe. Pantophagous. The beetles sometimes damage the seedlings of wheat, foxtail (Setaria), tubers of chufa, young shoots of potatoes (Gailis, 2018). Ophonus stictus Stephens, 1828. Body size – 11.5–15.0 mm. The pronotum is narrowed to the rear, its posterior angles are rounded. The hairs on the elytra are dense, black. The upper part is green or blue-green, the lower part is black, the antennae and legs are yellow-reddish. Distributed in Central Europe, Western and partly the Eastern Mediterranean (Balkans), European part of Russia, Western Siberia, and in the Caucasus (Guéorguiev, 2008). In Ukraine, can be found mostly in the steppe and sporadically in the forest-steppe. Pantophagous. The beetles sometimes cause damage to the sprouts, generative organs, ripening seeds of mustard, wheat, carrots, feed on 8 species of wild-growing herbs (Poaceae, Plantaginaceae, Umbel- liferae, Compositae). Ophonus rufipes Degeer, 1774. Body size – 11–16 mm. The top of the head and the front part of the pronotum are smooth; the temples are bold or with a few hairs. The posterior angles of the pronotum are sharply rectangular or blunted at their apices. The V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 47 entire elytra bear dense punctures and hairs. The upper side is jet- black, the antennae and legs are reddish-yellow. The central part of the abdomen is bald and smooth, with rare punctures and hairs on the sides. Distributed in Europe, the Mediterranean, Japan, the European part of Russia, Central Asia (Matalin, 1994). Distribut- ed throughout Ukraine, the zone of constant damage includes the southern steppe, the zone of sporadic harm – the northern steppe. Causes damage to grain (wheat, rye, panic grass, barley, oat, rice, sorghum, maize, buckwheat), grain legumes (peas, wild beans (Phaseolus), soybeans, broad beans (Vicia faba), technical (beet, potatoes, sunflower, peanuts, mustard, rape (Brassica napus), chufa, castor bean, thymes (Thymus), cannabis), vegetable (tomatoes, carrots, onions, sorrel, lettuce), medicinal (wallflower, poppy, sage (Salvia), tansy (Tanacetum), plantain, restharrow (Ononis) and forage (Sudangrass (Sorghum × drummondii), timothy, vetches, lupin, clover, sainfoins, lucerne) crops, berries of strawberry, fal len fruit in gardens. Causes damage to trama ( flesh ) of edible mushrooms (penny bun (Boletus edulis), Russula), seedlings of spruce, pine, hornbeam, maple, ash and generative organs of 19 species of wild-growing herbs (Poaceae, Liliaceae, Urticaceae, Po- lygonaceae, Chenopodioideae, Leguminosae, Compositae) (Eyre et al., 2013).

Subfamily Platyninae

Amara (Amara) communis Panzer, 1797. Body size – 6–8 mm. The body is thickset, there is no puncturing on the episterna of the prothorax, and the sides of metathorax have fine punctures. The elytra of both sexes have obvious microsculpture. The upper side is bronze, rarely bronze-black. Distributed in Europe, Western and Eastern Mediterranean, the European part of Russia, Siberia and Central Asia, introduced in North America (Majka, 2005). Distrib- uted throughout Ukraine, found sporadically in the steppe zone. Pantophagous. The beetles sometimes eat sprouting seeds of wheat, flax, trauma of Russula and other edible mushrooms. 48 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops

Amara (Amara) eurynota Panzer, 1796. Body size – 9–12 mm. The pre-scutellum stria of the elytra has a setiferous pore in the front. The striae of the elytra along all its length to the top are not deep, the intervals are flat. The basis of the pronotum has no or few punctures. Above it is bronze, more rarely greenish or bronze-black; the legs are usually entirely black; three main segments of the antennae are reddish. Distributed in Europe, the Mediterranean, North Africa, the European part of Russia, Siberia and in the Near East (Saska and Honek, 2003). Distributed throughout Ukraine. Pantophagous. The beetles and larvae sporadically damage the generative organs and sprouting seeds of grain (wheat, panic grass, barley) and forage (clover, vetches, lucerne) crops, 6 species of wild-growing herbs (Poa- ceae, Urticinae, Compositae) and also young cabbage-plants and fallen fruit in gardens. Instead of strict phytophagy, the larvae prefer combined feeding on grains and other insects (Saska, 2004). Amara (Amara) famelica Zimmermann, 1832. Body size – 7.0 – 8.5 mm. The tibiae are jet-brown or black, the second segment of the antennae is infuscated on the upper part. The main impressions on the pronotum are large and deep, with practically no punctures. The seventh interval of the elytra near the apex has two punctures. The upper side is bronze or bronze-black. Distributed in Europe, Mediterranean, Northern China, North Africa, the European part of Russia, Siberia, Central Asia and the Near East (Heliola et al., 2008). Distributed throughout Ukraine. Damages edible mushrooms (Rus- sula and other), grain (wheat, rye, corn, oat, panic grass), technical (flax, potatoes), garden (lettuce, sorrel), berry (strawberry) and medicinal (flax, sage) crops, fallen fruit in gardens, tree species (hornbeam, maple, ash); feeding observed on 15 species of wild-growing herbs (Poaceae, Urticinae, Chenopodioideae, Crucíferae, Rubiaceae, Compositae). Similarly to other thermophiles, is observed in areas heated by the sun (Venn et al., 2013). Amara (Amara) familiaris Duftschmid, 1812. Body size – 5–7 mm. The pre-scutellum puncture furrow is developed normal- ly or at least there are obvious signs of it. The legs are of uniform yellow color. The upper part is dark-bronze-green, rarely blue or V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 49 black-bronze; 3–4 main segmemts of the antennae are red-yellow. The front edge of the pronotum is obviously sinuate, the front angles are prominent, usually sharpened. Distributed in Europe, the Mediterranean, North Mongolia, the European part of Russia and Siberia (Sotherton, 1985). Distributed throughout Ukraine. Pan- tophagous. The beetles eat generative organs of 8 species of wild- growing herbs (Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Caryophyllaceae), more rarely grain crops (wheat, rye, corn), technical (beet) and medicinal (plantain) plants. Amara (Amara) lucida Duftschmid, 1812. Body sizes – 4.5 – 6.0 mm. The front border of the pronotum is rectilinear, the front edges are blunted. The pre-scutellum stria is sometimes barely visible. Distributed in Europe, the Mediterranean, North Africa, the European part of Russia, Siberia (Tyler, 2007). Can be found throughout Ukraine. Pantophagous. The beetles eat generative organs of 8 species of wild-growing herbs (Poaceae, Cruciferrae), and less commonly grain crops (wheat, maize). Amara (Amara) ovata Fabricius, 1792. Body size – 9–11 mm. The lateral edges of the pronotum in the main part are rounded; the setiferous pore in its posterior angles is remote from the lateral edge at a distance of no less than the diameter of the pore; its base is almost or completely unpunctured. The upper part is black-bronze or bronze- green, rarer copper or blue. Distributed in Europe, Japan, the West and East Mediterranean, the European part of Russia and Siberia (Thomas et al., 2001). Can be found throughout Ukraine, but sporadically in the steppe zone. Pantophagous. The beetles and larvae sometimes eat the trama of penny bun, Russula, sprouting seeds of technical (flax, mustard, Camelina) and garden (radish (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus), turnip rape (Brassica rapa), lettuce) crops, hornbeam and young shoots of potatoes. Amara (Amara) similata Gyllenhal, 1810. Body size – 7.5–9.5 mm. The lateral borders of the pronotum in the main part are almost parallel; the setiferous pore in its posterior angles is positioned at the very lateral edge; its base is obviously punctured. The upper side is bronze or bronze-green. Distributed in Europe, the 50 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops

West and East Mediterranean, the European part of Russia, Siberia and Central Asia (Jorgensen and Toft, 1997). Distributed throughout Ukraine (Faly et al., 2017). Causes damage to grain (wheat, rye, corn, barley, flax, buckwheat), grain legumes (peas, wild beans), technical (beet, flax, mustard) garden (lettuce, cabbage, cucumber), medicinal (plantain, daisy) and forage (lupin, vetches) crops, strawberry, hornbeam, ash, maple, fallen fruit in gardens; feeding observed on 12 species of wild-growing herbs (Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Caryophyl- laceae, Cruciderae, Compositae). Amara (Bradytus) apricaria Paykull, 1790. Body size – 6.5–8.0 mm. The groove in the front of the posterior angles of the pronotum is obvious. The body is narrow and elongated. The punctures in the striae of the elytra are less notable in the back, but almost or completely absent on the upper incline. The mesothorax and the abdomen bear no punctures on the sides or bear fine punctures. The tooth of the mentum is big and large, blunted in the top. The striae of the elytra have deep punctures in the base. The elytra are 1.5-1.6 times longer than their width. The base of the pronotum has coarse but sparsely arranged punctures. The metatibiae of males have dense hairs along the internal edge. Jet-brown, often with light bronze gloss, the lower part is rusty red. Distributed in Europe, the West and East Mediterranean, Central Asia, the European part of Russia, Siberia, Central Asia (Eyre, 1994). Can be found throughout Ukraine, damage has been mainly observed in the steppe zone. Damages grain (wheat, rye, maize, barley, oat, panic grass, buckwheat), grain legumes (pea, wild bean), technical (beet, sunflower, peanut, mustard, flax, cannabis, thyme), garden (onion, carrot, sorrel), medicinal (wallflower, St John’s wort, sage), forage (vetches, clover) crops, berries of strawberry, maple, ash, fallen fruit in gardens; feeding observed on 10 species of wild-growing herbs (Poaceae, Chenopodioideae, Compositae). The beetles of this genus, similarly to Curtonotus and Harpalus genera, are known as pests of seeds of grain crops (Eyre et al., 2013). Amara (Bradytus) crenata Dejean, 1828. Body size – 6.5–8.5 mm. The punctures in the striae of the elytra are deep to the V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 51 top. The mesothorax and the abdomen have coarse punctures on the sides. The body is narrow. The tooth of the mentum is small, two- forked. The metatibiae of males have no dense hairs on the internal side. Brown or jet-brown, the underbody is rusty red. Distributed in the middle belt of Europe, the West and partly the East Mediter- ranean (Balkans), the middle belt of Russia and in the Caucasus. In Ukraine, can be found mostly in the steppe and the Crimea. Pan- tophagous. The beetles eat sprouting seeds and generative organs of grain (wheat, panicgrass, barley) and medicinal (St John’s wort) crops, and also some wild-growing herbs (Poaceae, Compositae). The larvae are mostly carnivorous, eat eggs of other insects (Sakine and Iskender, 2009). Amara (Bradytus) fulva Muller, 1776. Body size – 7.5–9.5 mm. The pre-scutellum stria of the elytra have no setiferous pore. Is of uniform yellow or yellow-brown color, the upper side has a greenish gloss.The body is wide, the pronotum is about 1.9 times wider than its length. Distributed in Europe, the East Mediterranean, the Eu- ropean part of Russia and Siberia (Niemela and Halme, 1992). Dis- tributed throughout Ukraine. Pantophagous. The beetles sometimes cause damage to sprouting seeds of grain (wheat, barley, maize), technical (flax, mustard) and garden (onion, lettuce) crops, the young shoots of potatoes, seedlings of maple and generative organs of wild-growing herbs (Poaceae, Cyperaceae and others). Amara (Celia) bifrons Gyllenhal, 1810. Body size – 5.5–7.0 mm. The entire pronotum, except the main impressions, is uniformly swollen, its lateral edges are not explanate]. The basis of the pronotum is of almost the same width as the basis of the elytra. Narrow, the posterior angles of the pronotum are blunted, and often the entire base is deeply punctured. Reddish-brown, often with metallic gloss, the antennae are of the same reddish color. Distributed in Europe, North Africa, the European part of Russia, Siberia, Central Asia and in the Near East (Noreika and Kotze, 2012). Distributed throughout Ukraine, damage recorded in the forest-steppe and northern steppe zones. Causes damage to grain (wheat, rye, maize), technical (mustard, thymes), garden (onion, sorrel), medicinal (yarrow (Achillea), 52 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops plantain, St John’s wort, daisies) crops, fallen fruit in gardens, feeding observed on more than 20 species of wild-growing herbs (Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Chenopodioideae, Cruciferae, Euphorbiaceae, Rubia- ceae, Compositae). These beetles are attracted to formalin, which is used as a fixating liquid in traps (Holopainen and Varis, 1986). Amara (Curtonotus) aulica Panzer, 1796. Body size – 11–14 mm. The projection of the prothorax behind the front coxae has no fringing. The pronotum in front of the posterior angles is clearly sinuate. The posterior angles of the pronotum are sharp, protrude to the sides, the lateral edges are rounded almost to the posterior angles. Wide, black-brown, the upper part sometimes has a bronze gloss, the antennae and legs are reddish. Distributed in Europe, the European part of Russia, West Siberia, Central Asia and the Near East, introduced in North America (Eyre, 1994). Distributed throughout Ukraine. Pantophagous. Sporadically harms sprouting seeds, more rarely flowers of grain crops (wheat, corn, rice), grain legumes (peas), technical (cotton) and forage (clover, lucerne) crops, seedlings of maple, hornbeam and some other species of wild-growing herbs (Composi- tae). The beetles are tolerant to high temperatures and are xerophiles (Lambeets et al., 2008). Amara (Curtonotus) convexiuscula Marsham, 1802. Body size – 10–13 mm. The episterna of the metathorax bear dense and usually coarse punctures. The front edge of the pronotum is slightly wider than its base. The body is flattened, the upper part usually has a metal gloss. Distributed in Europe, the West and partly the East Mediterranean, the European part of Russia, Siberia, and the Near East (Eyre, 2004). Distributed throughout Ukraine, except mountain regions of the Carpathians and the Crimea. Pantophagous. Is recorded as a pest of grain (wheat, rye, rice), technical (beet, mustard, fennel (Foeniculum), medicinal (plantain, restharrow) and forage (clover) crops, sprouting seeds of hornbeam and flowers of 7 species of wild-growing herbs (Poaceae, Chenopodioideae). Amara (Xenocelia) ingenua Duftschmid, 1812. Body size – 8.5–10.5 mm. The base of the pronotum is narrower than the base of the elytra, the body is wide and large. The main impressions of the V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 53 pronotum are in the form of coarse punctures. The head is flattened, the eyes are slightly protuberant. Jet-brown, the upper part is usually with bronze gloss, the elytra of females are mat; the epipleura, antennae and legs are rusty red. Distributed in Europe, the West and East Mediterranean, the European part of Russia, Siberia, Central Asia and the Near East. Distributed throughout Ukraine (Putchkov, 2011). Pantophagous. Sporadically damages sprouting seeds of grain (wheat, maize), technical (kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), cannabis), garden (carrot, lettuce) crops, flesh of strawberry fruit, in fruit gardens - fallen fruit and generative organs of some wild-growing grasses. Amara (Xenocelia) municipalis Duftschmid, 1812. Body size – 5.5–7.0 mm. The elytra have obvious pre-scutellun stria. The antennae are dark, starting from the third segment. The eyes are moderately protuberant. Black, the upper part has bronze or greenish gloss, the epipleura of the elytra are usually brown; the legs are rusty red. Distributed in Europe, the European part of Rus- sia, Siberia and the Near East (Schwerk and Szyszko, 2009). Dis- tributed throughout Ukraine. Pantophagous. Sporadically harms the generative organs of grain (wheat, rye) and technical (mint) crops; feeding observed on 7 species of wild-growing herbs (Poa- ceae, Labiatae, Compositae). Amara (Zezea) chaudoiri Schaum, 1858. Body size – 8–10 mm. The front angles of the pronotum almost or completely do not go beyond the front edge. The legs are completely rusty-red. The upper part is blue or black-blue. Distributed in Europe, the Mediterranean, the European part of Russia, Siberia, Central Asia and the Near East (Saska and Honek, 2003). Distributed throughout Ukraine, except the mountain belt of the Carpathians and Crimea. Pantophage. The beetles eat the generative organs of 28 species of meadow and swampy herbs (Sagittarieae, Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, Cru- ciferae, Chenopodioideae, Compositae) and sporadically grain (wheat, rye), garden (sorrel) and medicinal (poppy, plantain) crops. Amara (Zezea) plebeja Gyllenhal, 1810. Body size – 6.0–7.5 mm. The upper spur of the protibiae is wide, three-denticled. The anten- 54 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops nae are always two-colored: the main 3-4 segments are yellow-reddish, the rest are black. The upper part is metallic. The front edge of the pronotum is sinuate, the front angles are prominent. The groove of the front edge of the pronotum is blue, the front edges are protruding; the posterior angles are flattened, the main pits are densely punctured. The striae of the elytra are thin, not deep. Bronze, with green or brass gloss, the femora are black, the tibiae are reddish. Distributed in Europe, the West and partly the East Mediterranean (except Asia Minor), the European part of Russia, Siberia (Van Huizen, 1977). Distributed throughout Ukraine, except the Crimea. Pantophagous. Causes damage to the generative organs of 21 species of wild-growing herbs (Poaceae, Cruciferae, Euphorbiaceae, Compositae), sometimes grain (maize, wheat, rye, barley), technical (beet, mustard, thymes, flax), garden (cabbage, sorrel), medicinal (poppy, madder (Rubinia tinctorum), plantain, sage, wallflower, daisy, dandelion) and forage (vetches, lupin) crops. Amara consularis Duftschmid, 1812. Body size – 7–9 mm. The body color is jet-black or deep brown, the antennae and the legs are rusty red. The pronotum is no less than 1.7 times wider than its length. The groove in the front of the posterior angles of the pronotum is barely noticeable. The body is wide, the elytra are about 1.3 times longer than their width. The upper part is dark brown, sometimes with light metallic gloss. Distributed in Europe, the European part of Russia, Siberia and Central Asia (Kromp, 1990). Distributed throughout Ukraine. Pantophagous, the beetles sometimes damage sprouting seeds of grain (wheat, rye, barley, maize), technical (beet, mustard), forage (sorghum, clover) crops, maple, hornbeam, berries of strawberry, fallen fruit in gardens. Amara tricuspidata Dejean, 1831. Body size – 7.0–8.5 mm. The front angles of the pronotum are moderately prominent, its basis is not flattened, only the main impressions bear scattered punctures. The striae of the elytra are moderately deep in the front, deepened towards the top. The upper part is dark-bronze without greenish tone, the legs are entirely black or the tibiae are slightly lighter than the femora. Patchily distributed European species (Desender and V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 55

Bosmans, 1998). Distributed throughout Ukraine. Pantophagous. In meadows and swamps, eats the generative organs of 18 species of plants (Sagittarieae, Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Polygonaceae, Caryophyl- laceae), in fields - wheat.

Subfamily Pterostichinae

Pterostichus cupreus Linnaeus, 1758. Body size – 10.5–13.5 mm. The third interval of the elytra has one pore. The fringing of the lateral edges of the pronotum gradually enlarges towards the back and is explanate. The first and the second segments of the antennae are red. The shoulder denticle of the elytra is not obvious. The head is densely punctured. The elytra are slightly wider than the base of the pronotum. The upper part is copper-red, bronze, green or black with greenish gloss, rarely blue; sometimes the femora, and rarely the entire legs are red. Distributed in Europe, the European part of Russia, Siberia, Central Asia (Thomas et al., 2001). Distributed throughout Ukraine. Predator. The beetles sometimes damage the sprouting seeds of grain (maize), grain legumes (peas, wild beans, broad beans), technical (beet), garden (lettuce, spinach, radish (Raphanus sativus var. radicula) and forage (clover, lucerne, vetches, lupin) crops, maple, hornbeam, ash, young shoots of potato, flesh of the fruits of strawberry, tomato, fallen fruit in gardens (Brygadyrenko, 2016). Pterostichus melanarius Illiger, 1798. Body size – 12.0–17.5 mm. The claw segment of the feet is covered with setae in the lower part. Uniformly black, glossy, the striae of the elytra are deep. Distributed in Europe, the West and East Mediterranean, Sibe- ria, Central Asia (Fournier and Loreau, 2001). Distributed throughout Ukraine. Predator. The beetles eat seedlings of grain (corn), grain legumes (peas, broad beans, soya beans), technical (beet) and garden (lettuce) crops, sprouting seeds of maple, hornbeam, ash, fruits of blackberry, stone bramble (Rubus saxatilis), tomato and fallen fruit in gardens (Chapman et al., 1999). Zabrus (Pelor) spinipes Fabricius, 1798. Body size – 18–23 mm. The body is thickset, massive, significantly swollen. The pronotum 56 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops is entirely covered in punctures. The elytra have fine puncture rows. Black, slightly glossy, the elytra of females are mat. Distributed in the eastern parts of West Europe, the East Mediterranean, the European part of Russia, Siberia and Central Asia (Gokturk and Celik, 2017). Can be found throughout Ukraine, where three zones of damage are distinguished: heightened - Odessa, Mykolaiv, Kherson Oblasts and steppe zone of Crimea; sporadic damage - Zaporizhia, Kher- son Oblasts and steppe Crimea; insignificant damage - north steppe and south forest-steppe. Damages grain (wheat, rye, maize, barley, panic grass, oats, rice), less commonly technical (beet, sunflower), forage (Sudan grass, timothy, false oat-grass) crops and four species of wild-growing herbs (Sumarokov, 2004). Zabrus (Zabrus) tenebrioides Goeze, 1777. Body size – 14– –16 mm. The pronotum bears dense punctures only on the base. The elytra have deep puncture rows. Jet-black, often with bronze gloss, the antennae and legs are brown-red. Distributed in the middle belt of Europe, the West and East Mediterranean, central and south zones of the European part of Russia, south part of West Siberia and Central Asia (Osborne, 1971). Distributed throughout Ukraine, where three damage zones are distinguished: heightened damage - Odessa, Mykolaiv, Kherson, and the lowland part of the Crimea; moderate damage - central and south regions of Kirovohrad, Dni- propetrovsk and Zaporizhia Oblasts, and also Chernivtsi and Za- karpattia Oblasts; insignificant damage - forest-steppe zone to the south border of Polesie. Damages grain (wheat, rye, maize, panic grass, oats, rice, sorghum, buckwheat), technical (sunflower, fennel), garden (lettuce), forage (Sudan grass, timothy, false oat-grass, fescue (Festuca), orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata), wheatgrass (Agropy- ron) crops and about 10 species of wild-growing grasses. The greatest damage is caused to winter wheat (Bassltt, 1978).

Subfamily Scaritinae

Clivina (Clivina) fossor Linnaeus, 1758. Body size – 5.0–6.5 mm. The body is elongated, jet-black or reddish with no metallic gloss. V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 57

The pronotum has no impressions on the sides from the middle line. The terminal sternum of the abdomen has fine microsculpture. The pronotum and the elytra are of one color, jet-black or brown (reddish among incompletely colored individuals). Distributed in Europe, Mediterranean, Central Asia, Siberia, introduced in North America and distributed across most of the USA and Canada (Nel- son and Reynolds, 1987). Distributed throughout Ukraine. Preda- tor. Adult individuals are able to fly, which allows them to spread (Gerken et al., 1991). The beetles, in some cases and the larvae, gnaw out the seedlings and underground parts of grain (maize), technical (beet, mustard, cotton plant), garden (cucumber, cabbage, lettuce, onion) and medicinal (Valeriana) crops.

Subfamily Trechinae

Bembidion assimile Gyllenhal, 1810. Body size – 2.8–3.5 mm. Piceous black, the front part of the body is greenish, the elytra have a bluish tone. Pronotum dull from dense, reticulate microsculpture assimile with elytral striae deeper and more coarsely punctate. An- tennae and legs stouter. Elytra with pale apex and preapical macula but in anterior half without or with indistinct spots. Wings often reduced (Lindroth, 1974). Distributed in Europe, the Mediterranean, North America, Siberia and Central Asia (Zulka, 1994). Distributed throughout Ukraine. Predator. The beetles sometimes eat the generative organs of meadow grasses. Bembidion lampros Herbst, 1784. Body size – 3.0–4.5 mm. Up- per surface with metallic, usually brassy, rarely bluish, lustre. Base of antennae (at least first segment underneath) and legs reddish, but femora and tarsi often infuscated. Frontal furrows somewhat dilated at middle. Seventh elytral stria lacking or consisting of a row of weak punctures anteriorly. Penis with external left sidefold (Lindroth, 1974). Distributed in Europe, the West and East Mediterranean, North America, Siberia and Central Asia (Wallin and and Ekbom, 1988). Distributed throughout Ukraine. Predator. Sometimes damages the seedlings of grain (wheat), technical (flax) and garden (tur- 58 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops nip rape) crops, cabbage shoots, flesh of strawberry fruits, sprouting seeds of pine, spruce, maple. Bembidion quadrimaculatum Linnaeus, 1758. Body size – 2.8–5 mm. A small species with very long legs. Black, forebody more or less metallic, elytra with humeral and almost constantly with preapical spot yellow, and often apex, sometimes also suture brown. Four basal antennal segments and legs rufo-testaceous (or femora slightly infuscated) (Lindroth, 1974). Distributed in Europe, North America, the European part of Russia, Siberia, Central Asia. Distributed throughout Ukraine. Predator (Grafius and Warner, 1989). The beetles rarely harm the generative organs of grain (wheat, rye), medicinal (plantain, poppy) and seedlings of garden (onion, radish (Raphanus sativus var. radicula) crops, cabbage plants, flesh of strawberry fruits, fallen fruit in gardens and sprouting seeds of spruce and pine.

Suborder Polyphaga

Family Anobiidae

Subfamily Anobiinae Stegobium paniceum Linnaeus, 1758. Body size – 2–3 mm. The capitulum of the antennae of males is prominent, of females slightly longer than other antenna segments together, notably larger than the segments of the flagella. Red-brown or rusty-yellow; the body has dual hair cover – protruding and appressed. The elytra are less than two times longer than their width. Distributed globally. Significant pest of various food products and materials of mostly plant origin (Lucas and Riudavets, 2002). The adult beetles do not feed. Female lays 20-60 eggs on different products and goods, which the larvae feed on. The larvae penetrate the layer of food substrate and dig tunnels in it, which by the end of the larval development are about 2 mm in diameter (Kučerová and Stejskal, 2010). Before pupation, the larva creates a pupa cradle and fills it inside with wood flour. The beetle gnaws out a flying hole of 0.9 to 1.6 mm in diameter, and flies out. The beetles often gather on windows and window panes. V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 59

Larvae cause damage to grain, bread, various flour products, many domestic objects, wicker baskets, armchairs, pharmaceutical products, plywood products and many other objects. The duration of the larva’s development depends on the environmental temperature. At the temperature of 17 °С, development lasts 37 days, 24 – 17 °С, and at 28 °С, it is completed in 8 days. Therefore, in different climatic conditions, the number of generations is different. During one year in Europe, usually one generation develops, and in the southern states of the USA - up to four. At a temperature of 4-5 °С, development stops, and the larvae enter diapause which sometimes lasts up to four months and often ends in their death (Jian et al., 2010).

Subfamily Ptininae Niptus holosericeus Faldermann, 1836. Body size – 4.0–4.5 mm. The pronotum is almost ball-shaped, the middle line is distinguished weakly and only in the posterior part. The elytra are ball-shaped, puncture furrows (striae) are very insignificant. The entire body is covered with hairs of golden color, which hide the main surface. Distributed in Europe, the Mediterranean, North Africa, the European part of Rus- sia and the Near East (Manachini, 2015). Can be found throughout Ukraine. Synanthrope. Usually feeds on different organic remains, can damage rugs, leather goods and grain products. Epauloecus unicolor Piller & Mitterpacher, 1783. Length – 2.2–2.8 mm.; width – 1.3–1.5 mm. Body form much as in N. holo- leucus Fald. but with the pronotal disk less convex and with the sub- basal angles before the prothoracic constriction less broadly rounded. Integuments reddish-brown. Vestiture consisting of rather coarse, golden hairs. Head very finely and densely alutaceous, opaque, the sculpture almost concealed by the closely appressed hairs. Antennae two-thirds as long as the body, the intermediate segments only slightly longer than wide. Pronotum shining, roughly and very densely punctate, the sculpture somewhat obscured by the hairs; the latter close, decumbent; some of them, on each side of the median line and on each side before the constriction, semi-erect, this usually causing the median line to appear sulcate and the sub-basal angles to appear tu- 60 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops mid. Elytra shining; the sides strongly rounded; the striae represented by rows of deep, coarse punctures behind each of which is a prostrate hair; intervals subequal in width to the striae, each supplied with two or three rows of prostrate hairs and a single row of semi-erect hairs; all hairs of the elytra equal in length, the length of each subequal to the width of an interval (Norman, 1875). Distributed in Europe, Mediterranean, Near East, the European part of Russia. Can be found throughout Ukraine. Usually feeds on organic remains of plant origin. Ptinus (Ptinus) fur Linnaeus, 1758. Body size – 2.0–4.3 mm. The penultimate segment of the legs is simple (not bifurcated) in both sexes. The hairs on the elytra of females in the striae and in the intervals between them are long, protrude; in males, the hairs in the striae and intervals are appressed and of the same length. The elytra have white scales. The pronotum of both sexes bears two longitudinal, usually narrow, spots of yellow hairs on the disk, which stretch to its middle. The size and color vary, but the spots described are always present. Prefers humid habitat, can be found in decomposing wood and other plant detritus, sometimes on the remains of animals. Distributed throughout the globe (Howe and Burges, 1951). Can be found throughout Ukraine. Females are flightless, the wings are developed only in males. Due to specific body structure, Ptinidae beetles are often mistaken for spiders. Beetles and larvae damage various products and materials: rusks, groats, flour, grain, hay, taxidermy mounts, insect collections of. Resistant to heightened and low temperatures. Ptinus (Ptinus) latro Fabricius, 1775. Body size – 3–4 mm. The elytra of males and females are different in shape, but the females have no obvious shoulders, the elytra of males are narrow and parallel. Raised hairs on the body are yellow. The elytra of females are long and elliptical, with thin puncture furrows, their intervals bear a row of similar protruding setae, among males - stretched and narrow, the intervals significantly wider than the striae. The punctures on the apical part of the second stria of the elytra are usually sepa- rated from one another by intervals which are 1.5–2.0 times larger than the puncture in diameter. The punctures on the metathorax are 2–3 times as long as their width. Color is dark. Distributed throughout V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 61 the Palearctic, except the north. Can be found throughout Ukraine. Damages stored grain, flour, raw tobacco (Stejskal et al., 2011). Ptinus (Ptinus) pusillus Sturm, 1837. Body size – 1.8–3.0 mm. The pronotum bears no longitudinal spots of appressed yellow hairs. Meso- and metatibiae of males have one thin apical spur. The antennae of females are thin, shorter than half of the body, their 4-10 segments no more than two times longer than their width on the top. The pronotum has only poorly developed hair patches. The front sash on the elytra is straight, enlarged on the sides. The elytra of males are stretched, but their sides are not parallel, moderately rounded. Dis- tributed throughout the Palearctic, uncommon (Smith and Barker, 1987). Damages stored flour and grain. Ptinus (Cyphoderes) raptor Sturm, 1837. Body size – 3–4 mm. The pronotum on both sides of the disk has highly lifted light small “pillows” of hair. Small “pillows” of hair on the pronotum are small, stretch to the front no farther than the middle of the pronotum, the same in both sexes, divided by a wide furrow. The pronotum has no obvious ansiform hair patches on the sides. The elytra of females bear moderately long, protruding hairs, appressed in males, two white sashes nearly reach the elytral suture. Distributed throughout the globe. In Ukraine, can be found within the forest and forest-steppe zones (Brown, 1940). Is different from P. f ur by presence of two yellow felt “pillows” on the pronotum. Causes damage to grain stores. There are cases of damage to honeycombs. Ptinus (Bruchoptinus) rufipes Olivier, 1790. Body size – 3.5 mm.The base of the pronotum has no raised longitudinal tubercle on each side. The pronotum has no sharply demarcated small highly raised “pillows” of hair, but sometimes has ridges of hair. Its disk does or does not bear small brush like patches of hairs. The sexual dimorphism is manifested sharply: male is narrow with long, almost parallel, elytra, whereas the elytra of females are oval or elliptical and wide. The penultimate segment of the legs of males and females is not sharply, but obviously bilobate. The elytra of males are significantly stretched, covered in yellowish stripes of same color, with no light sashes. The elytra of females are significantly swollen, 62 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops oviform, with two transversal zigzag sashes, of which the posterior one ends on the elytral suture, and bears small spots at the apices. The main color is black or black-brown (Howe, 1959). Distributed in Europe, in the territory of the former USSR. Can be found throughout Ukraine, mostly in the forest and forest-steppe zones. Has been found under bark of trees in natural conditions and in grain stores. Damages grain and grain products.

Family Bostrichidae

Subfamily Dinoderinae Rhyzopertha dominica Fabricius, 1792. Body size – 2.5–3.0 mm. Oblong, reddish-brown, glossy. The front part of the pronotum has small, flatly pointed teeth, positioned as regular semicircles. The rows of punctures are coarse. The larvae are polyphagous, and harm not only products of plant origin, but also of animal origin, for example leather (Breese, 1960; Edde, 2012). Distributed in the Afro- tropical region, Australia, the Azores, the Balearic Islands, Belarus, Great Britain, the Canary Islands, Corsica, Croatia, Cyprus, Den- mark, the Dodecanese Islands, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, the Near East, the Nearctic region, the Neotropical region, North Africa, the Oriental region, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sardinia, Sicily, Spain, Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Esto- nia, Finland, Slovakia, Sweden, Netherlands. Globally distributed (Fields et al., 1993). Colonised port cities of the USSR, including Ukraine. Damages grain and different groats.

Family Dermestidae

Anthrenus (Florilinus) museorum Linnaeus, 1761. Body size – 2.2–3.6 mm. The body is densely covered in scales. The antennae comprise 8 segments, with the capitulum of 2-segments. The sockets for folding in the antennae are very deep. The epimera are not seen. Larvae live in nests of birds, wasps and bees. The beetles are often found on flowers of meadow and steppe plants. The V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 63 upper part is covered in black scales with yellow-brownish scales; white and yellow-brown scales cover the posterior angles and the base of the pronotum and form three thin tortuous sashes on the elytra. Distributed in Europe, North America, the European part of Russia, Siberia and Central Asia (Woodroffe and Southgate, 1954). Can be found throughout Ukraine. Damages zoological, entomological collections, food supplies and food material. The beetles feed on nectar and pollen of umbellifers, common in human habitations. Anthrenus (Anthrenus) scrophulariae Linnaeus, 1758. Body size – 3.0–4.5 mm. The elytra bear black scales with three narrow sashes of white scales, interrupted at the elytral suture. The elytral suture has red and yellow scales. Sometimes the entire elytra bear spots of black, white and yellow scales. Dis- tributed in Europe, Asia, the USA, the European part of Rus- sia (Hasan et al., 2008). Can be found throughout Ukraine. The beetles appear in spring and in early summer on flowers and fruit trees and on different crucifers. In mid-June, they damage mustard, courgettes, wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), damaging flowers and leaves. Harm leaves of apricot and peach. Can be found in bird nests and in houses, damages wool products, zoological and entomological collections. Anthrenus (Florilinus) verbasci Linnaeus, 1767. Body size – 1.7–3.2 mm. Internal edge of the eye has no groove. The upper part is in covered with elongated jet-black and yellow scales. The sides of the pronotum, its base and three sinuous thin sashes on the elytra bear white scales. Distributed throughout the Palearctic (Woodroffe and Southgate, 1954). Can be found throughout Ukraine, in bird nests and in houses. Damages woolen products, zoological and entomological collections. Dermestes (Dermestes) lardarius Linnaeus, 1758. Body size – 7.0–9.5 mm. The body is comparatively large. The forehead has no median ocellus. The antennae comprise 11 segments, with a 3-segment capitulum. Males usually have a little pit with a brush of long hairs. The pronotum is covered with black hairs with spots 64 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops of yellow hairs. The sash on the elytra bears yellow-grey hairs with 6 round spots of black hairs (Kingsolver, 1991). Distributed in Eu- rope, North America, the European part of Russia and the Near East. Can be found throughout Ukraine, in bird nests and in houses. Damages leather and fur goods, meat and fish products. The larvae attack nestlings of poultry. Trogoderma granarium Everts, 1898. Body size – 1.8–3.0 mm. The antennae consist of 11 segments (rarely 9-10 segments), with 3– –9 segment head. The epipleura of the pronotum have sharply des- ignated pits for the capitulum of the antennae. The tibiae have no spinescent structures. The cuticle is light-red-brown on the top, sometimes the head, pronotum and several spots on the elytra have a darker color. The upper part is covered with yellow hairs, dark parts of the cuticle are covered with light-brown hairs. The antennae usually comprise 11 segments, sometimes 9-10 segments. The antennae head of males consists of 3-5 segments. Distributed in the Afrotropi- cal region, Oceania, North Africa and in the Near East. With grain, it was introduced to Europe, Australia, North America (Banks, 1977). For Ukraine - it is an object of external quarantine. Significant pest in grain stores. The larvae damage long term stores of grain, especially barley, corn, rice, wheat, seeds of cotton plants and other products rich in protein. Can feed on products of animal origin (Jood et al., 1996). Trogoderma versicolor Creutzer, 1799. Body size – 2–5 mm. The cuticle of the elytra is black or brown-black, with three reddish- brown sashes and several spots. The upper part is covered with black or dark-brown hairs, light areas of the cuticle are covered with white and yellow hairs. Distributed in Europe, North Africa, Western Asia, the European part of Russia, Central Asia, Trans- caucasia, Siberia (Strong et al., 1959). Can be found throughout Ukraine. Damages books, leather, zoological and botanical collections, sometimes grain of maize in grain storages, products of animal origin. Causes damage to beekeeping and sericulture, larvae harms cocoons, silkworms and pupae of the domestic silkmoth (Hadaway, 1956). V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 65 Family Cerambycidae

Subfamily Lamiinae Dorcadion holosericeum Krynicky, 1832. Body size – 11.5–17.0 mm. The elytra bear two dark velvety stripes in intercos- tal sections; has marginal, shoulder and the elytral suture stripes, and no light stripe on the spine. The dorsal surface is grey-black or brown, the antennae and legs are black. Distributed in the forest- steppe and steppe zones of Poland, Russia, Belarus, Moldova, Ro- mania, Slovakia, Georgia and Ukraine (Dascălu, 2012). The larvae live in soil, feed on the roots of herbs, mainly grasses (Özdikmen, 2010). Dorcadion carinatum Pallas, 1771. Body size – 15–23 mm. Front legs with large, significantly enlarged segments. The main segments of the antennae are mat, with noticeable fine covering. The front part of the marginal stripe of the elytra usually bears distinct punctures. Has no distinctive white elytral suture. The elytra are significantly elongated.The pronotum bears large non-uniform puncturing. The humerus of the elytra is blunted only in the third apex part. Black, glossy (Özdikmen, 2010). Distributed in forest-steppe and steppe of Russia, Ciscaucasia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Ukraine. Feeds on leaves of grasses (Biliavskyi et al., 2012).

Family Chrysomelidae

Subfamily Chrysomelinae Chrysolina (Chrysomorpha) cerealis Linnaeus, 1767. Body size – 6–11 mm. The pronotum has rounded sides; the puncturing on the elytra is chaotic. The pronotum has a notable fold along the side edges in the base part. Green, with blue, bronze, violet or purple longitudal stripes. Distributed in Central and Southern Eu- rope, the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Central Asia and Siberia (Bieńkowski, 2013). Can be found throughout Ukraine. Beetles and larvae are seen on the leaves of cereals from May to September (Marshall, 1979). 66 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops

Gastrophysa (Gastrophysa) polygoni Linnaeus, 1758. Body size – 4–5 mm. The pronotum, legs and the bases of the antennae are orange- red, the head and the elytra are blue, violet or blue-green. Distributed in West Europe, North America, North China, Mongolia, Korea, the European part of Russia, Transcaucasia, Central Asia and Siberia. Can be found throughout Ukraine (Deroe and Pasteels, 1982; Bieńkowski, 2013).The beetles and larvae feed on different species of wild-growing Polygonaceae, but often damage the leaves of buckwheat, lucerne, vetches, beet, mustard, grain crops and other field crops.

Subfamily Criocerinae Oulema melanopus (Linnaeus, 1758). Body – 4.6–5.3 mm. Head, elytra, coxae, trochanters, tarsi, and tibial apices black; pronotum, femora, and most of tibiae orange to red orange; all black parts of body (except outer 8 antennal segments, apices of tibia, and tarsi) also with a distinct bluish reflection; surfaces shiny. Anterior and basal margins of pronotum may be narrowly black; sometimes elytral reflection greenish; mandibles often reddish. Head .The antenna clearly more than 1/2 length of body; outer segments elongated, segments 7 and 11 each about 2 times as long as wide, segments 8–10 each less than 2 times as long as wide. Vertex with a distinct, median groove; surface weakly convex to flat and densely punctate, punctures variable in size. Clypeal area with dense punctation and with setae obscuring surface. Pronotum. Width and length subequal, widest medially; constriction located at basal 1/4, width at constriction 88% of medial width; medially at basal 1/4, with or without a small fovea; large, not dense, irregular punctures at sides extending anteriorly to middle, on disk extending to near base; at basal 1/4, a coarsely punctate transverse depression; surface also with sparse, very fine punctures. Elytra. At basal 1/4, a weak to no depression; intervals between striae with weak development of fine punctures and transverse grooves; infrequently in basal 1/4, large punctures of striae transversely aligned; 3d stria with 13-18 punctures in basal 1/2 of elytron; 9th stria complete. Elytra much elongated, each elytron 3.5–3.7 times as long as wide. Ventral Surface. Metastemum with large punctures, moderate in density, a V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 67 seta arising from each puncture; large punctures nearly absent medially except along anterior margin; surface also with fine punctures. Abdomen finely scabrous, especially at sides; stemites 1–4 below apex with transverse series of moderate-sized punctures; stemite 5 with scattered moderate-sized punctures. Length. Aedeagus. In lateral view widest medially, widest point behind declivity, apical tip pointed downward and sharply pointed, lower apical margin broadly sinuate, upper apical margin nearly flat and curved downward apically; in dorsal view sides subparallel basally but narrowed anteriorly, small orifice overlaid by 3 lobes, 2 lateral lobes broadened and concealing median lobe, portion behind orifice flat; internal processes simple, in dorsal view symmetrical but of no distinctive form (White, 1993). Distrib- uted in Europe, the Mediterranean, North America, North Africa, the Near East, Asia Minor, Mongolia, the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asia. Can be found throughout Ukraine, more abundant in the steppe, central and eastern forest-steppe. Dam- ages oats, barley, durum wheat, corn, panic grass (Kher et al., 2012).

Subfamily Eumolpinae Pachnephorus (Pachnephorus) tessellatus Duftschmid, 1825. Body size – 2.5–3.5 mm. The upper part is densely covered with grey scales which hide the main body surface. Distributed in Mongolia, Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, the Czech Re- public, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, the Near East, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Swit- zerland, the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Central Asia and Siberia (Gavrilović and Ćurčić, 2011; Morse et al., 2014). Can be found in the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine. The beetles sometimes damage the seedlings of winter wheat, and in West- ern Siberia were recorded to damage sunflowers.

Subfamily Galerucinae Chaetocnema aridula Gyllenhal, 1827. Body size – 2.0–2.5 mm. The upper part is bronze or copper-bronze. The puncturing on the elytra is randomly patterned, organized in rows in some places. Prolonged- 68 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops oval, dark-bronze; the punctures on the elytra are quite small on the top and dense. The shoulder tubers are swollen. Distributed in West Europe, the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Central Asia and Siberia (Schmitt and Rönn, 2011). Can be found throughout Ukraine. Harms winter and summer wheat, barley, rye, oat, Se- taria italic subsp. italica, wheatgrass, fescue and other grasses (Kaplin and Antonov, 2006). Galeruca (Galeruca) pomonae Scopoli, 1763. Body size – 6– 12 mm. The side margin of the elytra ends on the shoulders or near the posterior angles of the pronotum. The lateral stria of the pronotum is significantly impressed and remote from the side edge; each elytron bears four initial ribs, with one or few incomplete secondary ribs. The upper part is yellow-brown, rarely black. Distributed in Europe, North America (introduced), Northern Iran, the European part of Russia, Siberia, the Caucasus and Kazakhstan (Schmitt and Rönn, 2011). Can be found throughout Ukraine. Beetles and larvae sometimes damage cabbage, carrots, sugar beet, rapeseed, winter and summer cereals, and also field and garden crops. Phyllotreta vittula Redtenbacher, 1849. Body size – 1.8–2.3 mm. The forehead and much of the vertex is covered in punctures. The internal edge of the yellow stripe of the elytra is straight and near the apex is slightly creased towards the elytral suture; the head and the pronotum are metal-green. Distributed in Europe, North Africa, Central Asia, Ko- rea, the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Central Asia and Siberia (Schmitt and Rönn, 2011). Can be found throughout Ukraine. Damages wheat, barley, rye, panic grass, maize, Setaria italic subsp. italica, false oat grass, foxtail (Setaria), fescue, meadow-grass (Poa), orchard grass, and other grasses, rarely sugar beet, Cruciferae, an- ise (Pimpinella anisum), mahaleb cherry (Prunus mahaleb) (Vig, 1998).

Family Cleridae

Subfamily Korynetinae Necrobia violacea Linnaeus, 1758. Body size – 4.0–4.5 mm. The upper part is completely blue or green. The antennae and legs are V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 69 dark. The elytra have deep puncture rows which gradually disap- pear near the apex. Cosmopolite. Distributed in Afrotropical, Ne- arctic, Neotropical and Oriental regions, Oceania, the Near East, North Africa. The beetles and larvae are predators. Can harm products of animal origin and grain in storages (Özdemir and Sert, 2009).

Subfamily Trogositinae Tenebrioides mauritanicus Linnaeus, 1758. Body size – 6–10 mm. The body is flat with large head and transversal-heart- shaped pronotum. Brown-black. Cosmopolite. Distributed in Af- rotropical, Nearctic, Neotropical and Oriental regions, Oceania. Considered native to Africa. Can be found throughout Ukraine (Sumarokov, 2004). Lives in mills, groat and baking factories, stores, in residential buildings, on ships; in natural conditions - under the bark of diseased and dried out trees. The beetles are predators, can be found under the bark of drying trees, and also in grain stores, where they eat larvae and pupae of different insects. The larvae also consume insects in grain stores, granaries, at the same time they also cause significant damage to grain and grain products (wheat, barley, corn, oats, seeds of cotton plants), dried fruits, vegetables, etc). Prefers flour. Damaged flour becomes dark and obtains unpleasant smell and taste. Over an hour, a single larva harms 1-5 grains, mostly their embryo parts, causing loss of germi- nation. Especially damages grain with moisture over 10 %.

Family Laemophloeidae

Cryptolestes ferrugineus Stephens, 1831. Body size – 1.5–2.2 mm. Clearly distinguished from others by impressed lines on the sides of the pronotum. The body is flat, males have wider head and longer antennae. The width of the pronotum is slightly greater than its length. The antennae of males reach the middle of the body, the antennae of females do not. Rusty red. Cosmopolite. Distributed in Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Eu- 70 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops ropean part of Turkey, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Sicily, Spain, Sweden, southern regions of Russia (Hagstrum, 1989; Flinn and Hagstrum, 1998). Can be found throughout Ukraine. Damages stored grain products, similarly to sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis). Differs from it by smaller size (1.5–2.2 mm). Usually lives in stored grain, sometimes forms large colonies in the breeding grounds with high temperature (30–32 °С) (Campbell and Sinha, 1976). Placonotus testaceus Fabricius, 1787. Body size – 1.5–2.5 mm. The pronotum is almost square, the front angles are stretched into a sharp spike. The antennae are of the same length as the body. Brown-yellow. Distributed in Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Cro- atia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, European part of Turkey, Fin- land, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Sicily, Spain, Sweden, central and southern belts of Russia, in the Far East. Can be found throughout Ukraine (Bondarenko, 2013). Feeds on flour and groats of heightened moisture. Sometimes gnaws out the sieves in flour mills. The development of a generation lasts around three months. Does not develop in substrate at moisture below 15–18 %.

Family Nitidulidae

Subfamily Carpophilidae Carpophilus hemipterus Linnaeus, 1758. Body size – 2–4 mm. The body is wide, oval, swollen on the top; the length of the elytra equals their total width. Black or brown, the elytra have a yellow spot on a shoulder tubercle and a large spot behind the middle. Cos- mopolite. Distributed in the Afrotropical, Nearctic, Neotropical and Oriental regions, Oceania, the Near East, North Africa (Dowd and Bartelt, 1991). Polyphagous storage pest. Beetles and larvae feed on different products, especially dried fruits and baked bread, mainly white (Dobson, 1954). Harms also wheat, barley, flour, peanuts, lettuce seeds , etc. V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 71 Family Silvanidae

Oryzaephilus mercator Fauvel, 1889. Body size – 3.0–3.5 mm. The beetles are red-brown or brown. The temples are three times shorter than the eyes. The clypeus of males has no horns, and the femora - no teeth. Distributed in Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Great Britain, Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, European part of Turkey, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sardinia, Spain, Switzerland (Loschiavo and Smith, 1970). Can be found throughout Ukraine, along with the sawtoothed grain beetle, but much rarer (Allotey and Kumar, 1988). Oryzaephilus surinamensis Linnaeus, 1758. Body size – 3.0– 3.5 mm. The beetles are red-brown or brown. The temples are of the same length as eyes. The sides of the males’ clypeus are often deflected as horns, and the metafemora in the lower part behind the middle have a small tooth. Cosmopolite. Distributed in Europe, the Mediterranean, the European part of Russia, except northern regions (Trematerra, 2000; Trematerra and Sciarretta, 2004). Can be found throughout Ukraine. Damages embryos of grasses, the disks of sunflowers, flour, dried fruits. Beetles and larvae feed on cracked grain and products of grain processing, rice, dried fruits, dry meat, medical plants, etc. Does not damage wholegrains. The beetles can live without food for a long time. Lives in grain stores, on confectionery and pasta factories, in stores, flour mills, groat and compound feed factories (Fleming, 1988).

Family Curculionidae

Subfamily Cossoninae Caulophilus oryzae (Gyllenhal, 1838). Body size – 2.5–4.0 mm. Beetles vary in size from reddish-brown to jet-black with slight gloss. The tubular extension is not enlarged in the upper part in the form of a spade. The eyes are swollen. The flagellum of the antennae comprises seven segments. The pronotum is uniformly covered in punctures of small rounded spots. The elytra have deep 72 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops puncture rows. Differs from related species of storage weevils by wide and short tubular extension of the head. Caulophilus oryzae or broad-nosed grain weevil has the proportion of the tubular extension to the length of the pronotum and elytra as 1 : 1 : 2, whereas other storage weevils – 1 : 1 : 1. Also, the femora of all legs of the broad-nosed grain weevil are thickened from the middle to the apex; the protibiae have a groove on the internal side (Mordkovich and So- kolov, 1999). The egg is 0.4-0.5 mm long, white, transparent, oblong (Migulin, 1983). The larva is white or yellowish. The body is slightly crescent-bent, wrinkled, bears rare hairs, has no legs. The length is 2.5–3.0 mm. The length of the pupa is 2.8-3.0 mm, the width is around 1.3 mm, white in the beginning and afterwards turns yellow. The tibiae have two short setae, whereas wheat weevil ( Sitophilus granarius) have only one. Winters in stores. The female gnaws a hollow in a seed or other food substrate, where the egg is deposited, and closes the hole with a plug of solidifying secretions. Female lays 200–300 eggs. The egg phase, depending on temperature and moisture, lasts 4 to 14 days. The larva phase lasts around 3 weeks. During development, larva feeds on the internal content of the food substrate. Pupation takes place inside the damaged material (Shamonin, 1986). The pupa phase lasts around 5 days. In optimum conditions, the development cycle is completed in 30 days (Savotikov and Smetnik, 1995). In less favorable conditions, it can last up to 50 days (Eremenko et al., 1967). The beetles are highly resistant to unfavorable conditions: at temperature of 16.6°С, they can exist without food up to 50 days (Migulin, 1983). Distributed in countries of North and Central America; introduced in countries of West- ern Europe and Morocco. Quarantine object for DPRK, Mongolia, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine, Bulgaria, and Romania. Dam- ages seeds of different grain crops, and also chestnuts, acorns, fallen figs, peas, flour, macaroni, etc. Both beetles and larvae are pests . They eat out the internal content of the seed similarly to the granary weevil (Sitophilus granarius) and rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae). The beetles cannot consume dry solid grain, but can eat moistened, and fractured grain or grain damaged by other pests and lay eggs inside the grains (Sokolov, 2004). Spreads in all phases of the development with fruit, V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 73 seeds, grain and other products, which it damages. The beetles fly and can inhabit and damage grain of maize in the field. From there, they become transferred to the storage together with the collected grain (Savotikov and Smetnik, 1995).

Subfamily Dryophthorinae

Sitophilus granarius Linnaeus, 1758. Wheat or granary weevil .Body size – 2.3–4.5, significantly varies (depending on the food which it developed on). The body is narrow, cylindrical, glossy. Young beetles are of light-brown color, adults are almost black. The small head is stretched into a thin tubular extension, the end of which bears the mouthparts of gnawing-chewing type. The antennae bent at a certain angle. The pronotum bears coarse longitudinal pits, the forewings have deep longitudinal striae, and are concrescent. The membraneous hindwings are not developed – the beetle is not able to fly (Sokolov, 2004). The female abdomen is straight in profile; thin anal hole is in the form of transversal slit. The last segments of the abdomen of the male are curved downwards and the anal hole is in the form of curved slit. The laid egg is at first transversal, dirty-white, of regular elliptical shape; over time, this regular shape disappears. The length is 0.6–0.75 mm. Width – 0.3– 0.4 mm. The larva has no legs, fleshy, vermiform, around 3–4 mm long, with brownish head. In shape, the pupa resembles an adult beetle, transparent, 3–5 mm long (Yakovlev, 1974). Female gnaws out a hole in the grain near the embryo, at the bottom of which an egg is placed. The female’s fertility is around 200–250 eggs. For pre- venting eggs from drying out and protecting them from predators, the egg is covered in slime which solidifies in the air. Few days later, a legless white larva comes out of the egg, shortened, with an outward swelling spine and brown head. Right after hatching, the larva gnaws into the grain, where it spends all of its life, consuming almost all its content. As the larvae complete development, they form a cradle, in which they turn into pupae, which resemble the adult beetle in shape. The pupal development lasts 7–22 days (depending on the air tem- 74 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops perature). After solidifying of the cover, which takes 2–6 days, the beetles of new generation gnaw a rounded hole in the grain and emerge. They feed by gnawing the softest parts of grain, thus damaging a large amount of grain during their lifetime. The beetle avoids illuminated places. After even a slightest disturbance, it falls in stupor, closely appresses the antennae and the legs to the body. Optimum conditions for the weevil’s development in grain is grain moisture 14–16 %, air humidity – 75–95 % and temperature around 25 °С. The duration of the pest’s development from the moment of laying eggs to the imago stage depends on the temperature and moisture. At 17 °С, the development lasts around 80 days, at 20 °С – 70 days, at 25 °С – 34 days and at 28 °С – 1 month. The beetle has a long life. At room temperature and with availability of food, the beetle can live over a year (at temperature of 10–12 °С – 28 months) (Os- molovskiy and Bondarenko, 1980). At the temperature of 5–10 °С, the beetles stop eating, and at 3 °С they fall into chill-coma; at temperature below 0 °С,the weevils gradually die (Sokolov, 2004). The deficiency of moisture slows the development of the weevil, and 11 % moisture is lethal for it. In southern regions, in the conditions of grain stores, the granary weevil can have 2–3 generations, compared to 1–2 in central regions. Beetles, larvae and pupae winter inside grains. The beetles can winter also in cracks in the floor, walls, in cellars and other similar places. Is distributed with all types of infested goods. Especially often with storage equipment, grain-processing machines not cleaned from the remains of old grain, and with undestroyed sweepings and grain wastes unsuitable for usage. Cosmopolite, one of the most harmful and common grain pests. While feeding, the imago harms different grain and processed grain products. Larvae can develop in grain of wheat, rye, barley, oat, rice, maize, buckwheat, panic grass, sometimes in macaroni products and in compressed flour. Grain damaged by the weevil becomes easily accessible for secondary grain pest species – insects and Acari. When the weevil is numerous, the damaged grain becomes unsuitable for human consumption and causes digestive disorders (Sokolov, 2004). Significantly infested V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 75 grain becomes hygroscopic and further undergoes self-heating and decomposition. Sitophilus oryzae Linnaeus, 1763. Body size – 2.5–3.5 mm. It looks very similar to S. granarius, differs from it by smaller and thinner tubular extension. The body is brown, mat or slightly glossy; the pronotum bears large dense punctures; each elytron has two red spots; the wings are developed, the beetles are able to fly well (Sokolov, 2004). The elytra are densely covered in puncture striae, and narrow intervals between them are covered in short rows of punctures. The entire pronotum is densely covered in rounded punctures, so in the middle there is no smooth narrow longitudinal line free from these punctures, such as the granary weevil has. All development stages (egg, larva, pupa) in shape and size are similar to the corresponding stages of S. granarius. Larvae are white, fleshy, 2.5–3.0 mm long (Volkov et al.,1955). The pupae are at first white and later become yellowish, up to 2.75 mm (Osmolovskiy and Bondarenko, 1980). The duration of the beetles’ life is 3 to 6 months. Beetles which stay for wintering live up to 8 months; the places for the wintering are piles of grain, underground galleries, burrows of rodents and other secluded places in non-heated buildings (Ganiev et al., 2009). The rice weevil is more fertile than the wheat weevil, and lays up to 500 eggs. The way of laying eggs and further development are the same as of the granary weevil. The rice weevil is a thermophile, and cold temperatures are lethal for it. In southern areas, over a year it has up to 4, and in the northern – up to 2 generations. Optimum temperature for the development of larvae is 28–30 °С, and grain moisture is 18 %. In these conditions, the development cycle lasts 23–25 days. At 21–25 °С, the development of one generation lasts about 40 days, whereas at 14–18 °С it slows to 3.5–7.0 months. At the environmental temperature below 13 °С and moisture of grain (wheat) below 10%, the rice weevil does not develop. Rice weevils harm grain of rice, wheat, rye, maize, barley, flour, wild bean, seeds of cannabis, pearl barley and dry flour products, seeds of panic grass, essential oil-bearing plants and bean plants. Compared to the wheat weevil, the rice wee- 76 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops vil causes much more damage. Due to the development of the rice weevil, cereal grains lose 35 to 75 % of their weight. The breeding grounds are plant remains with grain of different cereals which ac- cumulate over years on threshing floors. Annual accumulation of unsuitable grain wastes allows the beetles to survive in them over a long time. In cases when the food supplies in the sources are ex- hausted before the harvest or when old threshing floors are taken out of use, the weevils leave them. At the same time, they make mass flights before the grain harvest (Eremenko et al., 1967). There have been occurrences of infestation of grain in fields at distances of up 1.5 km from stores with infested grain (Sokolov, 2004). Cosmopolite. Introduced in all countries around the world. Distributed in Europe, the Mediterranean, the Oriental region, Oceania, the European part of Russia. Can be found throughout Ukraine in stores of grain and products of its processing. In field conditions, it can be found in the tropical belt. The beetles feed on wheat, rye, barley, oat, sorghum, cannabis seeds, millet, corn, rice, flour, bran, rusks, cookies, macaroni, dried apples and other products; however, the larvae do not develop in flour, bread, cannabis seed, millet, bran, and dried apples. Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, 1855. Body size – 2.5–5.0 mm. The beetle looks similar to S. oryzae, but is larger. The upper part of the body is semi-mat with slight gloss, light spots on the cuticle at the base of the elytra reach the shoulder angles (Sokolov, 2004). In- dividuals of typical coloration have red-brown spots on the elytra distinctly defined, brighter compared to wheat and rice weevils; the spots in the front part of the elytra usually extend to the shoulder tubercles. The pronotum has coarse dense rounded punctures, some of the punctures are sharply impressed, with bright gloss; the areas between them are narrow, carinate-sharpened, glossy (Shamonin, 1986). The beetle has two pair of wings and is able to fly (Eremenko et al., 1967). The development of Sitophilus zeamais or maize weevil is similar to the development of S. oryzae. In resistance to cold, the maize weevil has an intermediary position behind S. granaries, but superior to S. oryzae. For example, at 5 °С, the beetles of wheat/granary weevil lived 30 days, while maize beetles – 23, and V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 77 rice weevil – 4 days (Sokolov, 2004). Distributed in moderately warm countries of America, Europe, Asia and Africa. Causes the same damage as other weevils. Harms grain of wheat, rye, oat, barley, rice, corn, buckwheat, pearled barley and other flour products, seeds of panic grass, essential oil-bearing plants and bean crops. Grain damaged by the weevil becomes unsuitable for food (Ganiev et al., 2009).

Family Meloidae

Subfamily Meloinae Meloe (Lampromeloe) variegatus Donovan, 1793. Body size – 11–42 mm. The body is large and strong, the elytra are short, at the bases one overlaps the other, further diverging. The abdomen is very long, swollen; extends beyond the apex of elytra, sometimes among males, and always among females. The upper part is coarsely wrinkled, bronze, green or red-violet, the abdominal terga have copper-red transversal stripes. The head behind the eyes often has a longitudinal furrow or thin keel. The antennae are not thickened in the middle. The pronotum is usually transversal. The posterior coxae are no longer than their width. Distributed in South and Central Europe, North Africa, the European part of Russia, Siberia and the Near East (Luckmann and Scharf, 2004). Can be found throughout Ukraine. The beetles sometimes gnaw leaves of sugar beet, cabbage, rye, wheat. Larvae can cause damage to beekeeping, and cause para- sitic diseases of bees. Meloe (Meloe) proscarabaeus Linnaeus, 1758. Body size – 13– 22 mm. The antennae of males are significantly thickened in the middle, the antennae of females are notably thickened near the base and become narrower towards the top. The width of the pronotum is no greater or almost greater than the length. The posterior coxae are longer than their width. The head and the pronotum bear coarse dense punctures. The elytra have coarse skin-like wrinkles, and are quite large in the shoulders. Black with bluish shimmer, more rarely dark blue. The antennae of males are curved in the middle (Di Gi- ulio et al., 2014). Distributed in Europe, the Mediterranean, the Eu- 78 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops ropean part of Russia, the Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asia and the Near East. Can be found throughout Ukraine in various habitats. The beetles feed on leaves of Ranunculaceae, Fumarioideae, Astera- ceae, spurge (Euphórbia), Compositae, Umbrelliferae, sometimes gnaw leaves of beet, potato, clover, stems of seedlings of cereals, mustard, and sunflower. Meloe (Meloe) violaceus Marsham, 1802. Body size – 10–32 mm. The head and the pronotum are slightly and sparsely punctured. The elytra are very narrow at the shoulders, with longitudinal wrinkles. Blue or violet, very rarely black (Lückmann and Assmann, 2006). Distributed in Europe, the Mediterranean, North Africa, the Euro- pean part of Russia and the Near East. Can be found throughout Ukraine in forest edges, forest glades, gardens, meadows, swampy areas, can feed on the leaves of potato, clover, sprouts of wheat, maize. Meloe (Eurymeloe) scabriusculus Brandt & Erichson, 1832. Body size – 9–28 mm. The head and the pronotum bear very thin hairs seen from the side against the light, densely and significantly wrinkled- punctured. The antennae are thinner and longer, not thickened near the top. Black-blue or blue, slightly glossy. The eyes are small and flat. The elytra are densely and finely pebbly. Distributed in Alba- nia, Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, France, Germa- ny, Greece, Hungary, Macedonia, the Near East, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Moldova, the Caucasus and Cen- tral Asia (Luckmann and Scharf, 2004). Can be found throughout Ukraine. Has been observed to damage the sprouts of wheat. Mylabris (Eumylabris) crocata Pallas, 1781. Body size – 7–16 mm. The antennae thicken towards the top. The mandibles are asymmetric. The claws are usually not serrated. The elytra usually have membranous sashes or rows of spots, the rest of the body is usually black or metallic, densely haired. The arrangement of the spots on the elytra: 2, 2, 2. The larvae develop in the egg cap- sules of locusts, more rarely – in nests of solitary bees. The larvae feed on flowers, more rarely on leaves, can damage leaves of soybean, lucerne and other plants. Distributed in Europe, Iran, Syria, European part of Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 79

Asia (Hayat et al., 2002). In Ukraine, can be found in Kirovohrad, Kherson Oblasts and Crimea. Mylabris (Eumylabris) fabricii Soumacov, 1924. Body size – 9–20 mm. The pronotum is conically narrowed towards the top, has a depression or longitudinal furrow in the middle, its disc is often sculptured. The pattern on the elytra is composed of rounded spots. The arrangement of the spots on the elytra: 2, 2, 1. Distributed in Europe, Iran, the south of the European part of Russia, and in the Near East. In Ukraine, can be found in the steppe zone and Crimea. The beetles most often concentrate on wild-growing Compositae and Cruciferae, but can also harm crops by gnawing flowers and young leaves of cabbage, radish (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus and Raphanus sativus var. radicula), mustard, lucerne, cereals (Zhu and Higgins, 1994). Mylabris (Mylabris) quadripunctata Linnaeus, 1767. Body size – 11–16 mm. The elytra are red or orange with black apices and two pairs of spots - in the first quarter and in the middle section; sometimes the posterior pair fuses. Distributed in South Eu- rope, Turkey and Western Asia, European part of Russia, Central Asia (Luckmann and Scharf, 2004). In Ukraine, can be found in the steppe and forest-steppe zones, in highlands of Crimea, and around Kyiv and Lviv. Habitat generalist xerophile. The beetles harm the ears of rye, flowers of poppies, safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), flowers and leaves of mustard, rape, flowers and seeds of cabbage, dill, pumpkin, melon, soybean, lucerne, sainfoin, sunflower. Mylabris (Micrabris) sibirica Fischer von Waldheim, 1823. Body size – 7–11 mm.The pronotum is non-uniformly pebbled, with a low smooth keel. The pattern is similar to that of the previous beetle, but the apical fringe is nearly always present (Bey-Bienko, 1965). Distributed in North-West Mongolia, the European part of Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan. Can be found throughout Ukraine, except Polesia. Meadow mesophile. Can consume anthers of wheat, barley, sugar beet, flowers of lucerne, clover, vetches, Compositae and Cruciferae. 80 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops

Mylabris (Mylabris) variabilis Pallas, 1781. Body size – 10–17 mm. The pronotum is uniformly and largely punctured. Dis- tributed in South Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa, the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia. In Ukraine, can be found in the steppe and forest-steppe zones, Zakarpattia Oblast and Crimea. The beetles are habitat generalist xerophiles, can consume the flowers and young leaves of garden crops of Cruciferae, Asteraceae, and Poaceae.

Family Tenebrionidae

Subfamily Alleculinae Omophlus flavipennis Kuster, 1850. Body size – 7.5–12.0 mm. Black, the elytra are yellow-brown or red-yellow. The lower part of the body and the femora are covered with homogenous light-grey hairs. The internal claw of the forelegs of the male has a tooth; the fifth segment of the forelegs of the male is enlarged; the main segments of the antennae, palpi, protibiae and feet are yellow. Distribut- ed in Italy, Romania, Hungary, Dalmatia, Turkey and Transcaucasia (Kiliç and Yildirim, 2009). In Ukraine, can be found in the south of the steppe zone and in Crimea. The life cycle and extent of damage are the same as for O. proteus. Omophlus lividipes Mulsant, 1856. Body size – 6.5–9.5 mm. The lower part of the body and femora bear dense black appressed and more rarely protuding hairs. The pronotum has fine yellowish appressed and more rarely partly appressed hairs. The antennae of males equal 3/4 of the body length, the forelegs are notably thickened. The main segments of the antennae, tibiae and the feet are yellow-brown. The lateral margins of the pronotum are rounded, narrow in the front, largely extending outward. Distributed in Austria, Germany, Italy, Poland, the European part of Russia, Ciscaucasia, Kazakhstan (Nakládal et al, 2017). In Ukraine, is more often found in the Central and Left-bank forest-steppe. Is distinct from the other species of this genus in having dark-yellow coloration of the main part of the antennae, tibiae, V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 81 and feet. The life cycle and extent of damage are the same as for O. proteus and O. flavipennis. Omophlus proteus Kirsch, 1869. Body size – 7.0–14.5 mm. The elytra have obvious puncture striae, with glossy smooth or slightly wrinkled intervals; the punctures in the furrows are larger compared to the intervals. The main part of males’ elytra has well notable protruding hairs, the rest of the elytra of males and females is bare. Dis- tributed in Europe, Turkey, the European part of Russia. In Ukraine, can be abundant in the belt of forbs and Volga fescue (Festuca valesi- aca) – feather grass (Stripa) steppes, and in Crimea (Ghilarov, 1937). The beetles concentrate during the day on the flowers of different plants, often in large numbers, feed on pollen and different organs of flowers, preferring the Rosales family, but can also eat the anthers of Poaceae, Cruciferae and other plants, often gnawing the petals and pistils. Young larvae are saprophages. Older larvae also prefer dead plant remains, but can also damage living plants, mainly the seedlings of different crops. Can be found in numbers ranging from several dozen to 200 individuals/m2, however usually causing no significant damage to crops.

Subfamily Diaperinae Gnathocerus cornutus Fabricius, 1798. Body size – 3.2–4.5 mm. The body is parallel-sided, bare. The pronotum in the front is of the same width as the elytra. The elytra have very thin puncture striae. Rusty-red, insignificantly glossy. Cosmopolite. Distributed in Aus- tria, Belgium, Great Britain, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Sweden, central and south belt of Russia (Tsuda and Yoshida, 1985). Can be found throughout Ukraine. Found in flour, but it seems that it feeds not only on flour, but rather consumes other storage pests – larvae of flour beetles.

Subfamily Palorinae Palorus depressus Fabricius, 1790. Body size – 3 mm. The body is elongated, brown-red. The head has deep transversal impressions 82 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops between the clypeus and the forehead. The pronotum is insignificantly transversal, widest behind the front margin, from where it narrows almost directly towards the base. The elytra bear thin puncture striae. The largest impression is the one which stretches along the front edge of the head and reaches the front edge of the eye. The side edge of the cheek reaches the front edge of the eye, and contin- ues further (to the middle of the upper part of the eye) only as a very thin, hardly notable, keel; practically the entire upper part of the eye is seen from the top. The upper edge of the head above the antenna is almost straight. The clypeus bears rare, significantly erased punctures. The puncture row in the third interstria of the elytra is sometimes doubled (Bey-Bienko, 1965). Distributed in the middle and south parts of the Eurasia, central and south areas of the Euro- pean part of Russia (Shavrin et al., 2015). Can be found throughout Ukraine. Develops in rotten wood, under the bark of deciduous and coniferous species; mostly predatory. Can be found also in storage facilities on grain, grain products, in flour and flour products. Palorus ratzeburgi Wissmann, 1848. Body size – 2.8–3.0 mm. The clypeus bears small but distinctive punctures. Puncture stria in the third interstria of the elytra is not doubled. Distributed in Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Sweden, in the south of the European part of Russia (Cooper and Fraenkel, 1952). In Ukraine, it can be found in the southern steppe zone in stores of grain and grain products. Palorus subdepressus Wollaston, 1864. Body size – 3 mm. The impression along the front and lateral edge of the head reaches the posterior edge of the eye. The lateral edge of the cheek also reaches the posterior edge of the eye, and therefore the upper edge of the eye cannot be seen from above. The edge of the head above the antennae is gradually rounded. The furrow between the clypeus and the cheek is smoothened. Distributed in Great Britain, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Sardinia, Sicily, Slavakia, Sweden, the south of the European part of Russia (Doumbia et al., 2014). In Ukraine, it can be found in the steppe V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 83 zone and in the southern forest –steppe zone. Harms grain and grain products. Breeds in stores. Subfamily Pimeliinae Asida lutosa Solier, 1836. Body size – 9–12 mm. Black, covered in appressed reddish hairs, between which particles of soil usually stick. The pronotum is densely punctured, with impression in front of the scutellum. Each elytron on the sides bears a sharp keel and four insignificant intermittent wavy ribs. Distributed in Bulgaria, Romania, and the Caucasus. In Ukraine can be found in the steppe zone (Ghilarov, 1937). The beetles and larvae prefer virgin lands and set-aside lands, where it occurs in large numbers. On cultivated lands, the beetle is found rarely or singularly, mostly in tilled areas, sometimes damages cultivated plants similarly to T.nomas. Tentyria nomas Pallas, 1781. Body size – 12–15 mm. Black, glossy. The elytra are smooth or with thin longitudinal furrows, sometimes with transversal wrinkles. The epipleura of the pronotum are covered in coarse and deep longitudinal wrinkle-furrows. Dis- tributed in the European part of Russia, Ciscaucasia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia. In Ukraine, the beetle can be found in the south forest- steppe and in the steppe zone. Prefers virgin lands and abandoned lands, where the larvae develop. The beetles crawl into ploughed lands, where they cause damage to agricultural plants, mainly on tilled ground , insignificant harm similarly to O. sabulosum. The larvae on ploughed soils are observed rarely or in single specimens and can harm seedlings and sprouts (Ghilarov, 1937). Pimelia subglobosa Pallas, 1781. Body size – 14.0–18.5 mm. Black, the elytra are oviform or ball-shaped. The protibiae have a tooth on the top of the external edge. The apical tooth of the protibiae is sharpened. The middle and hind legs are not doubled. The elytra are ball-shaped, with large smooth tubercles, have small erasing hairs between the tubercles. The side rib of the elytra is significantly swollen. Distributed in Bulgaria, Turkey, Greece, Macedonia, Roma- nia, the south of the European part of Russia (Leo and Fattorini, 2000). In Ukraine, can be found in the steppe zone. The beetles harm 84 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops agricultural crops in a similar manner to owlet moths, and the larvae can damage seeds and the sprouts similarly to the larvae of the Blaps genus. The beetles and larvae prefer virgin lands, and are not observed in large numbers in fields with crops. Subfamily Tenebrioninae Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer, 1797. Body size – 5.5–6.5 mm. Oblong-oval, bare. The elytra have puncture rows, deeper in the upper part. The protibiae are enlarged towards the top. The pronotum is widest in the base or in the middle, but in this case it slightly narrows towards the base. The puncture rows on the apex of the elytra turn into furrows. Black or brown. Distributed in Austria, Belgium, Crete , Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Repub- lic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Italy, , Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Norway, Poland, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Sweden (Salin et al., 2000; Chernaki-Lef- fer et al., 2007). Found in storage premises throughout Ukraine. Alphitobius laevigatus Fabricius, 1781. Body size – 4.5–5.0 mm. The pronotum has significantly rounded sides, narrowing slightly less towards the base rather than to the front. The puncture rows on the top of the elytra do not change into furrows (Fox and Bayona, 1968). Distributed in Belgium, Great Britain, Cyprus, the Czech Re- public, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Madeira, Malta, Norway, Poland, Sicily, Slovakia, Sweden, but occurs rarely (Maitip et al., 2016). Can be found throughout Ukraine in stored grain and flour. Blaps halophila Fischer de Waldheim, 1820. Body size – 17–23 mm. The body is usually large, bare on the upper part. The elytra have a long tail-like projection in the top. The antennae are shorter, their apices do not reach the basis of the pronotum, the first segment of hind legs is notably asymmetric. The pronotum is swollen, insignificantly transversal (width is 1.1 times greater than the length) (Allsopp, 1980). Distributed in Austria, Bulgaria, Croa- tia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, south of the European part of Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 85

Uzbekistan (Chigray et al., 2016). In Ukraine, can be found in the steppe zone and Crimea. The beetles are active in the morning and evening hours, during the day they hide in shelter, crawl into burrows of rodents, basements, storage premises and other dark places, under sheds and different structures, including houses. In the farm fields, the beetles similarly to B. lethifera feed on withered plants, cut during mechanical processing the rows between tilled crops. In barns and storage places, the beetles gnaw seedlings and sometimes damage potato tubers, and also feed on different grain remains (barley, wheat, maize and other food supplies). The development of larvae and the damage they cause is similar to B. lethifera. The greatest damage is caused by wintering larvae to sown seeds of maize and other cereals, sugar beet, sunflower, Cucurbitaceae, and also the seedlings of agricultural plants. In places of concentration (breeding grounds), larvae of such species as B. lethifera can cause serious damage to crop fields. Blaps lethifera Marsham, 1802. Body size – 20–27 mm. The protibiae are narowed at the base, but have no groove]. The pronotum bears small, moderately dense punctures, the distance between the punctures on the disk is smaller than the punctures. The apical slope of the elytra is very steep. The side fringe of the pronotum is thin, not thickened in front of the basis. The pronotum is rarely heart-shaped. The elytra are swollen. Distributed in Albania, Aus- tria, Belgium, Great Britain, Corsica, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, It- aly, Crete, Madeira, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sardinia, Sicily, Slo- vakia, Sweden, Asia Minor, the south of the European part of Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, the Caucasus. In Uktaine and the south forest-steppe, in the steppe zone, in arable lands and virgin lands (Dekhtiarev, 1928). The larvae cause damage in soil. They inhabit illuminated areas of fields, prefer tilled crops and garden crops, more rarely occur in wheat and barley. Active in the morning and evening hours, and during the day, they hide in shelter and crawl into burrows of rodents, storage places and basements. The beetles feed on the seedlings of different weeds (saltbush (Atriplex), Sal- 86 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops sola ruthenica Iljin.and others), in beet fields, they prefer feeding on withered plants which remain after weed control and thinning (Allsopp, 1980). Blaps tibialis Reiche, 1857. Body size – 20–24 mm. The apical projections of the elytra of males are short (up to 2.0) and in females undeveloped. The I sternum of the abdomen of males is positioned between the coxa and the tubercule. The protibiae in the base on the internal margin has a notable incisure (less significant in females than in males). The pronotum bears dense, partly fused punctures, the distance between the punctures is smaller than the punctures them- selves. Distributed in Bulgaria, the European part of Turkey, Greece, Crete, Romania, the European part of Russia (Soldati et al., 2017). In Ukraine, occurs in the southern steppe zone. Observed in floodplain steppe areas along with B. lethifera, but always as single specimens. The way of life and damage caused by these beetles and their larvae are similar to B. lethifera. Gonocephalum granulatum Fabricius, 1791. Body size – 6.5–8.0 mm. The protibiae are only slightly wider than the middle, the apical tooth of the tibia does not reach farther than the third segment of the leg. The third segment of the antennae is 2.0–2.5 times longer than the second. The dorsal part is almost entirely bare, with hardly noticeable setae. The uneven intervals of the elytra usually protrude further than the even intervals. Distributed in Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, the Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia, Romania, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Spain, Asia Minor, the south of the European part of Rus- sia, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, in mountains of Central Asia (Bunal- ski et al., 2014). In Ukraine, can be found in the steppe zone, most abundant in south subzones of southern chernozems and dark kas- tanozems. The damage to the plants caused by the beetles and larvae of this species is of the same type as damage caused by O. sabulosum. Opatrum sabulosum Linnaeus, 1761. Body size – 6.5–10.0 mm. The base of the pronotum is of the same width as the base of the elytra, or slightly wider. Indistinctive intervals of the elytra are raised. The pronotum is uniformly granular, without smooth elevations. V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 87

The cant of the pronotum is moderately raised. Distributed in the European part of Russia, Siberia, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Asia Minor (Medvedev, 1968). Can be found throughout Ukraine. The larvae feed on rotting plant remains, practically do not harm live plants or even if present in large numbers. The beetles are polyphagous and damage seeds of various crops, but are most harmful to the seedlings of tilled crops and seedlings of garden crops in spring and early summer. Over this period, several dozens to several hundreds of beetles can concentrate on one square meter. Especially noticeable is the damage it causes to sunflower, maize, tomato, cucumber, soybean, wild bean, onion. The beetles prefer feeding on plants which are beginning to wither, and therefore are especially harmful for freshly sown seedlings of garden crops and tobacco. Beetles eat the leaf laminae of grasses, and cotyledons of sunflower and other crops (Brygadyrenko and Nazimov, 2015). Episodes have been observed of the beetles damaging swollen and sprouting seeds of barley, wheat, oats, Cucurbitaceae, and other plants. The most significant damage is caused by the beetles in late April to mid May. By early June, the intensity of damages diminishes and by mid-June it has practically stopped. Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1758. Body size – 12–16 mm. The head is small, rounded. Black-brown, with fatty gloss. The last segment of the antennae is not transversal, semi-rounded. The head and the pronotum are densely punctured. The pronotum at the base has no swollen stretched part, only a deep transversal furrow, the ends of which are orientated to the front, the posterior angles of the pronotum are sharpened or straight. The elytra have obvious furrows, the punctures in the furrows are not always distinct. Cosmopolite, considered native to the Mediterranean. Distributed throughout Ukraine. Storage pest. Beetles and larvae damage products of grain milling (flour, especially with heighted moisture or fusty groatы and brans), and also grain, rusks, dairy products (macaroni, vermicelli), etc (Martynov and Brygadyrenko, 2017). In the grain, the larvae first consume the embryo, and then the endosperm. The damage caused by the beetles consists not only in their consumption of part of the 88 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops product, but mainly in their contaminating the products with ex- crement and larvae skin. Damaged products lose their capacity for long-term maintenance, obtain an unpleasant smell, and the damaged grain loses ability to sprout. Inhabits mills, grain stores, confectionery and macaroni factories, bakeries, any places where the sanitary requirements are not fulfilled, and also humid unventilated places, where food spills out of its packaging (Sokolov, 2004). Tenebrio obscurus Fabricius, 1792. Body size – 14.0–18.5 mm. The throat has no lateral spikes. Black, completely mat. Last segment of the antennae is transversal. The dorsal part is covered in numerous fused punctures. The pronotum has a cylindrical section at the base. The elytra have barely noticeable puncture rows, the intervals have large scattered flat grains. Distributed throughout the forest and forest- steppe zones (Cotton, 1927). In Ukraine, can be found in Polesia and the forest-steppe. Sometimes is found in stores, but usually in natural conditions. Larvae develop in rotten wood and more rarely in forest litter, singularly occur in tilled fields. Is not numerous. Tribolium castaneum Herbst, 1797. Body length – 3.5–5.0 mm. The beetle is red-brown to rusty-red in color, almost mat; the pronotum is uniformly rounded on the sides, not grooved; it is widest in the middle; the thorax scutellum bears numerous small punctures; the elytra are puncture-furrowed; the intervals bear very small punctures (Sokolov, 2004). Tribolium castaneum or the red flour beetle is very similar to the mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor), and is distinguished from it by glossy red-brown color and much smaller size (Eremenko et al., 1967). Also, the red flour beetle look similar to the confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum), distinguished from it by the following features: three terminal segments of the antennae are sharply thickened; in the lower part of the head the distance between the eyes equals the width of the eye; the wings are well developed, beetles fly well, especially at night (Dashevskiy and Zakladnoy, 1978). The red flour beetle is more thermophilic than the confused flour beetle. Prefers bread and feed grain with damaged grains and seeds of weed, which the beetles and larvae feed on. By this feature, the beetle is distinct from confused flour beetle which occurs more often in flour V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 89 sweepings and flour dust. Larvae are white at first, but become yellow in the terminal stage, are 3–7 mm in length, with two triangular hook- like projections on the 9th abdominal segment. The pupa is yellow- white, looks similar to the pupa of the mealworm beetle, but its length is no more than 3.5 mm. The female pupa has two small tubercles at the end of the abdomen, and the male pupa has one small prominence (Sokolov, 2004). In favorable conditions, the females are able to lay 300–350 eggs on average over their life, and 1000 eggs maximum. Eggs are hard to find due to the fact that they are covered with sticky liquid which quickly becomes covered in particles of flour and flour dust. The development of eggs at 25 °С lasts 6–7 days. Larvae undergo 5–12 moults, transform into pupae, and then into beetles. The larvae develop best in flour and bran. In cases of mass contamination, the flour becomes lumpy. The flour contaminated with larvae obtains a dirty color, unpleasant smell and taste and is unfit for human consumption (Bey-Bienko, 1966). Depending on the temperature, the larvae develop in 20–100 days. At the temperature of 27 °С, the pupa phase lasts 10–12 days. The lower temperature threshold for the development of red flour beetle is 15.2 °С. At the temperature of 25 °С, the development cycle lasts 47 days. At 30 °С, in flour, the development of eggs, larvae and pupae lasted 4, 19 and 5 days respectively. As with confused flour beetle, it develops throughout the year in heated premises. In unheated premises, the beetles winter. The beetles have a long life span of up to two years and occasionally longer (Eremenko et al., 1967). The beetles are extremely tolerant of low content of moisture.In ground products, they develop at moisture content of around 1 %. The abundance of any given population of red flour beetle is limited by the fact of cannibalism, when beetles and larvae eat eggs and pupae of their own species. The cannibalism increases as the density of the insects’ population increases. Is distributed with contaminated products, containers and storage equipment; within the territory of one enterprise actively distributes itself during night flights. Cosmopolite. Distributed in the southern regions of European part of Russia, Central Asia. Distrib- uted throughout Ukraine. Damages groats, compound feed, bran and 90 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops other ground grain products. Prefers bread and feed grain with pul- verised grain and seeds of weeds, which the beetles and larvae feed on (Sokolov, 2004). Often found together with confused flour beetle in batches of grain, flour and groats. Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, 1863. Body size – 3.5–5.0 mm. Confused flour beetle looks very similar to the mealworm beetle, differing from it in glossy red-brown color and significantly smaller size. Also, the confused flour beetle looks similar to the red flour beetle, differing from it in the following parameters: the antennae gradually thicken towards the top; in the lower part of the head, the distance between the eyes is 3 times wider than the width of the eye; the wings are undeveloped, beetles are flightless (Dashevskiy and Zakladnoy, 1978). The prothorax is rectangular in the upper part. The rounded end of the abdomen of male bears hairs and is bare in females (Eremenko et al., 1967). The eggs are white, of short oval shape, 0.7 mm long. The larva is flattened, white at first, but becomes yellow in the final stage, body length is 3–7 mm, has three hook-like projections on the 9th abdominal segment. Adult larva is yellowish above, lighter below, covered in sparse long hairs (Shorohov and Shorohov, 1936). The pupa is yellow-white, looks similar to the pupa of the mealworm beetle, but its length is no greater than 3.5 mm. The female pupa has two small tubercles at the end of the abdomen, and the male pupa of has a small elevation (Sokolov, 2004). Over unfavorable conditions, females of confused flour beetles can lay on average 300–350 eggs over their lifespan, and up to 1,000 eggs maximum. Eggs are hard to find, for they are covered in sticky liquid which collects particles of flour and dust. The development of the eggs lasts 6–7 days at 25 °С. The development of the embryo in the egg stops at temperatures below 10 °С, the development cycle of the confused flour beetle is completed in 56 days on average. Larvae undergo 5–12 moults, transform into pupae and then into beetles. The larvae develop best in flour and bran (Zakladnoy et al., 2003). In cases of massive contamination, the flour becomes lumpy. The flour contaminated with larvae obtains a dirty color, unpleasant smell and taste, and becomes unfit for con- V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 91 sumption. Depending on the temperature, larvae develop over 20– –100 days. At the temperature of 27 °С, the pupa phase lasts around 10–12 days. The beetles live, eat and breed for up to three years. The lower temperature threshold of the development of the confused flour beetle is 14.8 °С. In favorable temperatures of 23–25 °С, the development from egg into an adult beetle takes 35–45 days. At the temperature of 25 °С, the development of the confused flour beetle is completed on average in 56 days. At 30 °С, in flour, the development of eggs, larvae and pupae of the confused flour beetle is completed in 6,25 and 6 days respectively. In heated premises, confused flour beetles can produce up to 4 generations over a year, in unheated – 1–3. The abundance of any given population of the beetles is limited due to the cannibalism, when the beetles and larvae consume eggs and pupae of their own species. Cannibalism increases as the insects’ population density increases. The insects are highly tolerant to low content of moisture. In milled products, they can develop at moisture content around 1 % (Zakladnoy et al., 2003). Confused flour beetle is a thermophilic species. Even at 0 °С, it lives only 2–3 days. Typical inhabitant of heated premises. Cosmopolite. Distributed in the south of the European part of Russia, Central Asia. Quarantine object in Mongolia, Slovakia and Hungary. Distributed throughout Ukraine. The damage caused by the beetles and larvae of confused flour beetle consists in their consuming and contaminating various products, especially flour, to which they are particularly attracted . Found in mills, feed compound factories, bread factories, bakeries, confectionery and macaroni factories, breweries and food supplies stores. Feeds on flour, groat and bran, rarely damages wheat, dried vegetables and fruits. Absolutely does not feed on grain legumes and solid grains of crops with scarious bracts - oats, barley and rice (Sokolov, 2004). Con- fused flour beetle also feeds on grain, but only if the grain is damaged; it cannot consume healthy, solid grains, and dies. It should be mentioned that it usually damages the upper layer of heaped products (Shorohov and Shorohov, 1936). The beetles have scent glands on the thorax and abdominal segments, which secrete fluid 92 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops with a sharp unpleasant scent, which contains quinones. Especially significant damage is caused in mills, where it develops throughout the year, nests inside different mechanisms which are hard to clean (Eremenko et al., 1967). Tribolium destructor Uyttenboogart, 1934. Body size – 5.1–5.5 mm. Black. The angle of the cheek near the front edge of the eye is rounded. The front edge of the pronotum has rounded significantly prominent angles. Cosmopolite (Brown, 1950). Can be found throughout Ukraine. Damages various grain products, allspice, glue, knitted and nylon goods. Inhabits only heated premises, including apartments, where produces 3–4 generations during the year. Way of life similar to T.confusum, but is less harmful. Less tolerant to cold than T.castaneum. Tribolium madens Charpentier, 1825. Body size – 4–5 mm. Three terminal segments of the antennae have a clearly distinct capitulum, the head has no keel at the internal edge of the eye. Dark-brown to black. The width of the pronotum is 1.4 times greater than the length. Only the first interstria of the elytra has no keel, the second interstria at the base has a keel. Distrib- uted in Central and Southern Europe, European part of Russia (Halstead, 1969). Distributed throughout Ukraine. Similarly to T. confusum, together with which it is usually found, causes damage to the same products, leads a similar way of life to this species, but causes less damage.

Family Dascillidae

Subfamily Dascillinae Dascillus cervinus Linnaeus, 1758. Body size – 10–12 mm. Is almost parallel-sided, black. Males bear dense grey hair; the elytra, antennae and legs of females are yellow-brown, the top has dense yellow hairs (Baker, 1981). Distributed in the European part of Rus- sia, except the tundra and steppe zone. In Ukraine, is distributed in forest and forest-steppe zones. The larvae harm roots of oats, grasses and trees. V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 93 Family Elateridae

Adrastus rachifer Fourcroy, 1785. Body size – 3.0–3.5 mm. Black or dark-brown, the antennae, legs, the front edge of the pronotum and its posterior edges and the elytra, except the stripe along the elytral suture and sometimes the sides are yellow. Distributed in the south of the European part of Russia, the Caucasus (Kabalak and öZbek, 2018). In Ukraine, can be found in forest-steppe zone; through the river valleys it travels to the steppe zone, including steppe Crimea. In leached chernozems in lowlands, forms concentrations of larvae of up to 30 larvae per 1 m2, including in crop fields. Agriotes brevis Candeze, 1863. Body size – 6.5–9.0 mm. The width of the pronotum is slightly greater than the length, the elytra are not enlarged in the posterior third part. Black or black-brown, the antennae, legs and a wide stripe, which sometimes disappears along the edge of the elytra, are red-brown. Distributed in Asia Minor (Tóth etal., 2002). In Ukraine, can be found in Zakarpattia Oblast. In the lowland part of Zakarpattia Oblast, causes damage together with A. sputator, from which it is distinguished by the transversal pronotum and glossy surface of the body. Life pattern and harmfulness of larvae are similar to A. sputator. Agriotes gurgistanus Faldermann, 1835. Body size – 10–14 mm. Swollen, the pronotum enlarges towards the posterior angles. The greatest width of the middle segments of the antennae is 1.5 times less than their length. Black-brown, sometimes of chestnut color, the antennae, legs, lower part, sometimes only the edges of the segments, are lighter; the upper part is covered in silky grey indumentum. Distributed in Bulgaria, Romania, Asia Minor, the south of the European part of Russia, the Caucasus (Kudryavtsev et al., 1993). In Ukraine, is most abundant in south forest-steppe, in north and middle belt of the steppe zone, some concentrations were found in the southern steppes. The formation of concentrations of larvae of this species is not related to grasses. Damage is caused by larvae of all ages, but especially harmful are larvae of final stages in plantations of maize and garden crops. 94 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops

Agriotes sputator Linnaeus, 1758. Body size – 6.0–8.5 mm. The prothorax is punctured less coarsely and densely compared to its epipleura. Areas between the puncture of prothorax are at least twice as wide as the diameter of the punctures. Width of the pronotum equals its length. The elytra are slightly enlarged in the posterior third part. Dark- or light-brown in grey indumentum, the pronotum is usually slightly darker than the elytra, the antennae and legs are lighter. Distributed in Asia Minor, North Africa, the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Siberia, Kazakhstan (Benefer et al., 2012). Distributed throughout Ukraine, the zone of its highest abundance includes the entire forest-steppe and the northern strip of the steppe zone. One of the most abundant species of pests in tilled lands of the middle belt (Čačija et al., 2017). The highest number of its larvae was recorded in sod loamy, sod-podzolized, manure-carbonate, grey forest soils, degraded and thick low-humus chernozems, where their number often reaches several dozen per 1 2m , sometimes even reaches 100 specimens and higher. Damage is caused by larvae of all ages, but the most harmful are larvae of final stages. The formation of breeding concentrations is related to the grass vegetation. Agriotes tauricus Heyden, 1882. Body size – 9–12 mm. Flat, the pronotum in front of the posterior edges is narrowed. The largest width of the middle segments of the antennae is slightly less than their length. Brown, the abdomen, the antennae and legs are lighter; the upper part is covered in silky hairs (Bey-Bienko, 1965). Distrib- uted in highland Crimea, the Caucasus, Ciscaucasia. The beetles look similar to A. gurgistanus, but differ by gloss and thin silky indumentum. Larvae can be found in Ukraine only on soils of tilled and meadow areas in the mountain regions of Crimea, where they form concentrations of 5 specimens per 1 m2 and cause damage to agricultural crops in a similar way to wireworms of the same genus. Agriotes ustulatus Schaller, 1783. Body size – 8–13 mm. All intevals between the puncture striae on the elytra are similarly hairy, of same color. The second segment of the antennae is notably shorter than the fourth. The punctures on the epipleura of the prothorax are significantly larger compared to the pronotum, V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 95 more flat, very densely arranged. Black-brown with silky yellow hairs, the elytra are yellow-brown, the antennae and legs are light. Distributed in Central and South Europe, Algeria, Tunisia, in the south part of the European part of Russia, Ciscaucasia, the Volga region (Furlan, 1998). In Ukraine, the zone of mass distribution and significant damage includes Zakarpatia Oblast, the west and central forest-steppe zone. The larvae are abundant in tilled fields on grey forest soils and leached chernozems. Completely absent on sod-podzolized soils. One of the most harmful pests of seeds, seedlings of agricultural plants and root-tuber crops in forest-steppe zone of Ukraine. Melanotus brunnipes Germar, 1824. Body size – 11–15 mm. The pronotum has no elevated midline, but is smoothened at the front edge. The pronotum has equal length and width, its sides are insignificantly rounded. The terminal sternum of the abdomen is impressed on the sides, so its middle part seems raised, it is cut on the apex and densely covered with hairs. Black, the antennae and legs are brown; in yellow indumentum. Distributed in Asia Minor, in the south of the European part of Russia, the Caucasus (Kabalak and öZbek, 2018). In Ukraine, inhabits forest-steppe and north part of the steppe zone, is especially abundant in the zone of grey forest soils and degraded chernozems in the forest-steppe. The greatest damage is caused by of third and fourth year larvae, younger larvae prefer decomposing root tubers and seeds. Larvae of this species are among the most harmful pests. Common on chernozem soils, in some places, occurs in large amounts in tilled lands in the forest-steppe. Prefer soils of heavy metal compound.

Family Scarabaeidae

Subfamily Cetoniinae Cetonia aurata Linnaeus, 1758. Body size – 15.0–20.5 mm. The dorsal surface is covered in scattered hairs, metallic-glossy, green, golden-green, copper-red, dark-violet-blue, blue, black; the ventral 96 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops surface is copper-red. The elytra bear transversal white spots. Dis- tributed in Europe, West Asia, China, Mongolia, the European part of Russia, except the tundra, Siberia, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, (Englund, 1993). Distributed throughout Ukraine, but sporadically in the south. The beetle harms flowers of fruit and decorative plants, field and garden crops. Tropinota (Epicometis) hirta Poda, 1761. Body size – 8.4–13.6 mm. The elytra have white or yellow-white, sometimes disappearing, spots. Black, mat, the upper part is covered in long white hairs. Distributed in Central and South Europe, North Africa, West Asia, the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan. Distributed throughout Ukraine, but causes more damage in the steppe zone and in Crimea (Subchev et al., 2011). Beetles gnaw flowers of fruit trees, garden roses, rose (Rose), whitebeam (Sorbus), shadbush (Amelanchier), almond (Prunus dulcis), lemon, mandarin, grape (buds, ovaries, young leaves), buckeye (Aesculum), Viburrum, Syringa, privet (Li- gustum vulgare), Sambuculum, golden currant (Ribes aureum), black currant (Ribes nigrum) (young leaves and flowers), oleaster (Eleaeg- nus), peony (Paeonia), poppy, radish (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus), Eruca, rape, mustard, cabbage (seeds), beet (transplants), flax, Rheum, cucumber, water melon, melon, pumpkin, kenaf, cotton plant, castor bean, strawberry, sainfoins, pea (leaves, seedlings), clover, vetches, broad bean, soya, wild bean (Phaseolus), lucerne, chick pea (Cicer arietinum), sunflower, Carthalmus, tomato, Bellis, Iris, tulip, ears of rye, wheat, barley, panicle of panic grass, maize and other plants. Oxythyrea funesta Poda, 1761. Body size – 8.9–13.7 mm. The pronotum has no fringe on the sides, has six white spots positioned in two longitudinal rows. The upper part is covered in long hairs, glossy, black-green with bronze shimmer. The elytra bear numerous white spots. The abdomen of females has longitudinal rows of white spots on the sides, which males have also in the middle. Distributed in Southern and partly Central Europe, west regions of the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan (Tamutis and Dapkus, 2013). Distributed throughout Ukraine. Beetles gnaw V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 97 flowers of forest species, fruit trees, decorative plants, field and garden crops.

Subfamily Dynastinae Pentodon idiota Herbst, 1789. Body size – 15.8–25.3 mm. The forehead has one tubercle. The pronotum is much more narrowed in the front than at the base, the widest park is behind the middle. Black, mat. Distributed in Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, European part of Turkey, France, Hungary, Crete, Macedonia, and the Near East, North Af- rica, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, south part of Russia, the Caucasus (Bunalski et al., 2014). Distributed throughout Ukraine, except the zone of Polesia, damage is most notable in Dnipropetrovsk and Zaporizhia Oblasts. The beetles damage stems at the bases or root collar of many cultivated plants and wild-growing species of plants: maize, sunflower, beet, cabbage, radish (Raphanus sativus var. radicula), rape, buckwheat, Rheum, watermelon, cucumber, melon, pumpkin, kenaf, castor bean, Sesamum, soya, peanut, wild bean, Humelum, canabis, safflower, hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus), lucerne, sainfoins, poppy, tomato, tobacco, potato, sage, mint, wheat, panic grass, sorghum; can cause damage in plant nurseries, eating seedlings of apple, pear, peach, cherry, sour cherry, cherry plum, mulberry, Persian walnut (Lodos, 1981). Larvae harm roots of maize, sunflower, beet, Carthalmus, wheat, sorghum, onion, potato, grapevine, red and black currant, gooseberry (Ribes uvac- rispa), barberry, apple, pear, apricot, cherry plum, oleaster, fennel, dragonhead (Dracocephalum), lavender and other plants.

Subfamily Melolonthinae Anoxia pilosa Fabricius, 1792. Body size – 17.5–26.5 mm. The pygidium has a groove at the apex. The symmetrical spots on the pronotum are small, the posterior spots are often absent. The sterna of the abdomen have sharply distinct triangular white spots. The hairs on the elytra are small, uniformly scattered, form no patches. The apex of the propygidium bears the same small hairs as the pygidium. Black- 98 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops brown, the elytra are slightly lighter; sometimes partly or completely brown-red. The upper part has dense grey hairs, while the pronotum has long protruding white hairs. Distributed in the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan. Distributed throughout Ukraine, except Polesia. Larvae damage grain crops (Dekhtiarev, 1929). Melolontha hippocastani Fabricius, 1801. Body size – 20.5–29.0 mm. The pygidium is vertical, among males is narrowed on the apex into a short projection with enlarged apex; pygidium of females is shorter, sometimes undeveloped. Red-brown, vertex, nape, scutellum, epipleura of the elytra, pygidium and the lower part are black. The color of the upper side and legs ranges red-brown to black. Distributed in East Europe, the European part of Russia, Siberia (Ruther et al., 2000). Distributed throughout Ukraine, causing greatest damage in the forest and forest-steppe zones. Beetles gnaw leaves, birch and other trees and shrubs (similarly to M. melolontha). Vora- cious consumer of the needles of larches (Larix) and inflorescence of pine, more rarely – needles of pine, does not consume leaves of ash. Larvae damage roots of the same fruit and tree plants as larvae of M. melolontha, causes great damage, especially in plant nurseries and young plantations (Švestka, 2008). Also damages roots of many field and garden crops: beet, grasses, bean crops, potato, tobacco, carrot, poppy, cabbage, rape, cucumber, melon, water melon, pumpkin, sunflower, hop, buckwheat, Rheum, mallow, flax, Ricinus, sage, mint, onion, garlic, Asparagus and other. Damages roots of grain crops. Melolontha melolontha Linnaeus, 1758. Body size – 22.5–31.5 mm. The pygidium is more gently sloping, with small appressed hairs, which are long and raised only on the sides and the apex, with long (shorter in females) process. The sides of the pronotum bear less dense hairs, which do not cover the main surface. Black, the elytra, pygidium, legs and antennae are red-brown, the elytra and femora are sometimes black (Švestka, 2010). Distrib- uted in Europe, except the north of Scandinavia, Iberian Peninsula, South Italy and Greece, in the west of the European part of Rus- sia (Reinecke et al., 2002). Distributed throughout Ukraine, causes greatest harm in the forest and the forest-steppe zones. V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 99

The beetles gnaw leaves of oak, beech (Fagus), different willows, poplars, aspen, maple, buckeye, field elm (Ulmus minor), alder (Al- nus), lime tree (Tilia), birch, Persian wallnut, hazel (Corylus), rose, black locust and Siberian peashrub, gooseberry, grape, staghorn su- mac (Rhus typhina), buckthorns (Frangula), black elderberry and red alderberry (Sambucus racemosa), Tatarian honeysuckle, larch needles ; rarely eat spruce and pine needles, also there were recorded cases of significant damage caused by the beetles to leaves, flowers and ovaries of fruit trees, especially sour cherry, cherry and apple trees. Causes no damage to leaves of ash tree and Syringa. Larvae harm grain crops, gnaw roots of birch, oak, hazel, maple, ash, black locust (Robinia pseudoacaci), buckeye, Persian walnut, all fruit trees, berry shrubs, rose, Swida, lilac, privet, Tatarian honeysuckle, sil- verberry, Viburrum, barberry, grapevine, herbaceous plants, grain crops, bean crops, potato, tobacco, poppy, cabbage, beet, rape, cucumber, melon, water melon, pumpkin, carrot, sunflower, buckwheat, Rheum, mallow, flax, Ricinus, sage, mint, onion, garlic and Asparagus. The greatest damage is caused to sugar beet, potato, strawberry, and also forest and fruit trees, especially in plant nurseries and young plantations. Amphimallon assimile Herbst, 1790. Body size – 11.2–14.0 mm. The spurs on the internal edge of the protibiae are positioned opposite the middle tooth of their outer edge which bears three teeth. The disk of the pronotum bears thin protruding and sometimes also appressed hairs. The pronotum has small, very dense, punctures. The elytra have short appressed hairs. The scutellum is significantly transversal. The pronotum is almost mat, with small and dense punctures, in protruding and appressed hairs. Light colored, red- brown or dark-brown. Distributed in the south-west part of Europe- an Russia (Gavrilovic and Curcic, 2010). In Ukraine can be found in western Oblasts, and then further to the east up to Vinnitsa, Odessa and Mykolaiv Oblasts in the east. Larvae gnaw roots of cultivated plants, similar to larvae of A.solstitialis. Amphimallon altaicus Mannerheim, 1825. Body size – 12.8–15.5 mm. The pronotum is covered in scattered punctures of 100 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops average size, the males have long, protruding, and the females – shorter appressed hairs. The scutellum is semi-rounded. The elytra of males have rather short hairs, females are almost bare. Black or black-brown, the elytra sometimes are red-brown. Distributed in the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Siberia, Kazakhstan, on the Balkan Peninsula. In Ukraine, can be found in Lviv and Donetsk Oblasts, but very sporadically. The larvae harm the roots of field crops (Dudarova and Abdurahmanov, 2009). Amphimallon solstitiale Linnaeus, 1758. Body size – 13.8–19.0 mm. The spur on the internal edge of the protibiae is positioned opposite the groove between the upper and the middle teeth of the outer edge (if three teeth are present) or opposite the groove between the teeth (if two teeth are present). The disk of the pronotum, besides fine hairs, also has large setae. The external edge of the protibiae of males has 1–2, rarely 3 teeth, females – 3 teeth. The elytra have large ribs. Pale-yellow, the abdomen, spot in the middle of the pronotum, divided by a longitudinal stripe, often dark. The pronotum of males has long appressed and protruding, and females – short appressed hairs (Montreuil, 2000). Distributed in Europe, Asia Minor, North Iran, Mongolia, China, the European part of Russia, Siberia, the Caucasus, Central Asia. Distributed throughout Ukraine. In forest and forest-steppe zones, beetles gnaw leaves of fruit trees, raspberry, pine needles Larvae damage roots of pine (two years old seedlings), maples, ash trees, fruit trees, prickly wild rose (Rosa acicularis), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and Siberian peashrub (Caragana arborescens), locust (Gleditsia), European spindle (Euonymus europaeus) and Euonymus verrucosus, black elder (Sambucus nigra), barberry, Viburrum, currant, gooseberry, hop (Humulus), Persian walnut, grape, stalk of poplar, roots of poppy, cabbage, rape, buckwheat, Rheum, flax, beet, cucumber, melon, water melon, pumpkin, cotton plant, mallow (Malva), castor bean, pea, wild bean, soya, peanut, cannabis, carrot, valeriana, sunflower, chry- sanths (Chrysanthemum), safflower, tobacco, tomato, sage, mint, lavender, Lallemantia, potato, onion, garlic, Asparagus, chufa, wheat and other grain crops, maize and Sudan grass. V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 101

Holochelus (Miltotrogus) aequinoctialis Herbst, 1790. Body size – 13.5–18.5 mm. The capitulum of the males’ antennae is significantly bent and longer than the pedicel. The males’ pronotum has dense small punctures and long protruding hairs, females’ pronotum has dense punctures and shorter hairs. Glossy, brown-red. Distributed in South- East Europe, Asia Minor, the European part of Russia, Kazakhstan, the Caucasus (Gavrilovic and Curcic, 2010). Distributed throughout Ukraine, most harmful in the steppe zone. Larvae gnaw roots of cabbage, rape, swede, turnip rape (Brassica rapa), buckwheat, Rheum, flax, mallow, beet, soya, peanut and other bean crops, Ricinus, hop, carrot, sunflower, safflower, potato, tobacco, eggplant (Solanum mel- ongena), tomato, maize, wheat and other grain crops, onion, grape, currant, gooseberry, rose, seedlings and saplings of fruit trees, oak, maple, ash trees, black locust and Siberian peashrub, Tatarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica), European spindle and others. Holochelus (Miltotrogus) tauricus Blanchard, 1850. Body size – 13–16 mm. The capitulum of the males’ antennae is slightly bent, of the same length as the pedicel; the sixth and seventh segments of the antennae are transversal. The pronotum has small similar punctures and long (shorter among females) protruding hairs. Glossy, red-yellow and brown-red. Endemic species to the Crimea (Martynov, 2010). Larvae cause damage in a similar way to larvae of M.aequinoctialis. Holochelus (Miltotrogus) vernus Germar, 1823. Body size – 16–20 mm. The pygidium has similar punctures. The appressed hairs on the pronotum are only slightly shorter than the protruding; hairs of females are much shorter compared to males. The pronotum is mat, in very small and dense punctures. Insignificantly glossy, dark brown-red. Distributed in the south of the European part of Russia. Distributed throughout Ukraine except the Crimea (Vovk et al., 2016). Larvae cause damage in a similar way to the larvae of Miltotrogus aequinoctialis. Monotropus nordmanni Blanchard, 1851. Body size – 10.7–12.5 mm. The head, pronotum, elytra, at least at the base, and pygidium is covered with long protruding hairs. Yellow, the forehead, the disks of the pronotum and the scutellum are brown, the sides of 102 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops the elytra have narrow brown margin. Distributed in the Mediter- ranean, the south of the European part of Russia (Coca-Abia, 2003). Distributed throughout Ukraine, except the Crimea. Lives in sands, larvae gnaw roots of plants, harms grapevines, seedlings and saplings of tree species. Polyphylla fullo Linnaeus, 1758. Body size – 26–36 mm. The protibiae of males have two teeth, and of females – three. White scales form longitudinal stripes on the pronotum, the elytra bear white marble pattern of fusing spots. The base of the pronotum has no fringe. The elytra have distinct white or yellow-white scale spots, between which only rare single scales are scattered. Brown- black or reddish-brown. Distributed in Central and South Europe, south and middle belt of the European part of Russia. Distributed throughout Ukraine on sandy soil, massively abundant and causes the greatest damage in forest-steppe and steppe zones, especially in lower Dnipro sands (Dekhtiarev, 1929). The beetles gnaw needles of pine, leaves of beech, poplar, black locust, etc. Larvae cause significant damage by gnawing roots of young tree and shrub species – pine, oak, grape (especially stalks), fruit trees, berry shrubs; harms roots of cabbage, rape, poppy, beet, buckwheat, Rheum, bean crops, Ricinus, sunflower, carrot, potato, tobacco, sage, mint, onion, garlic, Asparagus, grain crops, maize. Especially harmful for young pine plantations, plant nurseries and vineyards on sands. Rhizotrogus aestivus Olivier, 1789. Body size – 13.0–17.2 mm. Yellow, middle of the pronotum has a brown longitudinal stripe, the elytra along the elytral suture and the side margins are brown (Bey- Bienko, 1965). Distributed in Central and South Europe, West Asia, the south of the European part of Russia. In Ukraine is distributed to the north to Khmelnitsky, Vinnitsia, Kyiv, and Sumy Oblasts. Larvae gnaw roots of field and garden crops and tree plants. Can cause significant damage in plant nurseries. Maladera holosericea Scopoli, 1772. Body size – 7.0–8.2 mm. Black-brown, sometimes reddish, mat, with dove-colored tinge. The antennae and legs are brown-reddish. Distributed in Central and Eastern Europe, the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Siberia, V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 103

Kazakhstan, Central Asia (Ahrens, 2006). Can be found throughout Ukraine on sand. Way of life similar to S. brunnea. Beetles gnaw leaves and buds of field and garden crops, larvae - roots of herbaceous plants, tree seedlings and saplings. Serica brunnea Linnaeus, 1758. Body size – 8–10 mm. Oblong, mat, brown-reddish, with slight whitish silky shimmer. Distributed in Europe, the European part of Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan. Dis- tributed throughout Ukraine, except the Crimea, but sporadically in the south. Beetles gnaw leaves of trees and shrubs, larvae – young roots of field crops and seedlings of tree plants (Eyre et al., 2002).

Subfamily Rutelinae Anisoplia (Anisoplia) agricola Poda, 1761. Body size – 10.5–13.0 mm. Skinlike border of the elytra reaches the posterior edge of the III sternum of the abdomen. The pronotum is covered in short protruding hairs. Black, with metal-green shimmer, the elytra are reddish, yellow or brown, of same color or with black suture, spot at the scutellum and sash at the middle, or entirely black (Mico et al., 2001). Distributed in middle and south belt of the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan. Distrib- uted throughout Ukraine, more often in Polesia and northern part of the forest-steppe, and also in the pre-mountain and mountain area of the Crimea. Beetles damage immature seeds of wheat, rye, barley, foxtail millet, larvae – tubers of potato, roots of beet, grain crops. Anisoplia (Anisoplia) brenskei Reitter, 1889. Body size – 9.3–11.0 mm. Large claw of the front legs of males are thicker, less narrowed to the apex which is notably cut short. The pronotum is parallel, narrows only in the front, has an insignificant grooves on the sides in front of the posterior angles. The upper part is yellow- grey, the lower part bears white hairs. Distributed in the middle and south of the European part of Russia (Pavlov and Ruchin, 2013). Distributed throughout Ukraine in the Left-Bank forest-steppe, among forbs of the steppe, in the premountain and mountain areas of Crimea. On rye ears usually eats anthers, more rarely – ovaries. 104 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops

Anisoplia lata Erichson, 1847. Body size – 12–15 mm. Skinlike border of the elytra hardly reaches the basis of the IV sternum. The pronotum is bare. The elytra are of one color – brown-red, brown or black. The pronotum is narrowed from the basis to the front, its sides are almost straight in front of the posterior angles. The patch of hairs near the scutellum on the elytra of males is not obvious, and the lateral swollen part of females reaches the last third of the elytra. The abdomen bears scattered hairs. Rather glossy, black, the head and the pronotum have greenish shimmer. The elytra are red- brown, brown or black-brown. Distributed in South and South- East Europe, European part of Russia, Moldova (Mico et al., 2001). In Ukraine, is distributed in the north up to Vinnytsia, in the east up to Cherkassy Oblast. Causes the most significant damage in the steppe zone of the Right Bank. The beetle damages immature seeds of wheat, rye, and barley. Anisoplia segetum Herbst, 1783. Body size – 8.0–12.5 mm. The elytra bear scattered hairs, long and protruding at the base, the females have an insignificant lateral swollen part. The head and the pronotum have scattered protruding hairs. Black, with bronze or green gloss, the elytra are brown-yellow, females have black spot at the scutellum. Distributed in the south of the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan (Blintsov, 1986). Distributed throughout Ukraine, significant damage observed in the steppe zone and the Crimea. Beetles gnaw anthers, and also ovaries and seeds at the beginning of ripening on the ears of rye, wheat, and barley. The larva eats roots of beet, sunflower, chufa, tobacco, seedlings of apple tree, pear, plum, tubers of potato. Anisoplia tempestiva Erichson, 1847. Body size – 10.8–13.5 mm. The lateral edge of the elytra has short thick setae. The dorsal surface is glossy, the elytra are bare or with a hairy spot near the scutellum, the females have a well developed lateral swollen part; if the elytra are light colored, of one color, then no apical infuscation is present. The legs are of moderate length. The skinny fringe of the elytra is long, stretches from the elytral suture angle to the place of widening of the lateral edge. The sides of the pronotum of males are parallel, V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 105 narrowed only in the front. Metal-green, the elytra are brown, rarely with black pattern (Bey-Bienko, 1965). Distributed in Palestine. In Ukraine can be found in Zakarpattia Oblast. The beetles gnaw immature grains of crops. Anisoplia zwicki Fischer von Waldheim, 1824. Body size – 10.2 – 13.0 mm. The pronotum of males and females narrows from the base to the front, with straight, slightly grooved lateral edges in front of them. The elytra of males and females have an obviously hairy area near the scutellum, the lateral swollen part of females is only slightly behind the middle of the elytra. The abdomen is covered with dense grey hairs. Almost mat, black, sometimes with green shimmer, the elytra are brown-red or black (Baraud, 1991). Distrib- uted in the south and south-east of the European part of Russia, Ciscacausia, Kazakhstan. In Ukraine, distributed in Luhansk and Donetsk Oblasts and in Crimea. More often on wild grasses, especially couch grass; sometimes harms grain of wheat, rye, and barley, similarly to A. austriaca. Anisoplia (Autanisoplia) austriaca Herbst, 1783. Body size – 13–16 mm. The abdomen and femora have short appressed hairs. The lateral edge of the elytra bears short thin setae. Bare on the dorsal surface, black, with metal-green shimmer, the elytra are red-brown, females always have black spot near scutellum, whereas males have this only in the south of their range. Distributed in West Asia, the south of the European part of Russia, the Caucasus (Ozdar, 2002). Distributed throughout Ukraine, except north-west regions of Polesie. The most significant damage is caused in south of the forest-steppe and steppe, south from the line between Vinnit- sia, Kyiv, Poltava and Kharkiv Oblasts. The beetle gnaws out seeds of grasses during the period of milky ripeness, and pushes solid grasses to the ground; particularly damaging to wheat, rye and barley, feeds on grains of wild grasses - different species of couch grass and other species. Larvae gnaws roots of rye, wheat, maize, chufa, beet, sunflower, potato, tobacco, seedlings of apple tree, pear, plum, cherry, mulberry and other. 106 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops

Anomala errans Fabricius, 1775. Body size – 9.5–13.4 mm. The pygidium bears very short hairs, which are longer on the on sides and the apex. The pronotum has small similar punctures, with a fringe on the posterior edge, interrupted in the middle. Yellow with black; sometimes black color dominates or dominates over yellow. Distributed in the south of the European part of Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan (Saypulaeva, 2015). In Ukraine, is found in the south from Kyiv, Poltava, Kharkiv up to Crimea, on sands. Beetle does not eat, the larvae gnaw roots of field, garden and forest crops. Phyllopertha horticola Linnaeus, 1758. Body size – 8.4–11.0 mm. Metal-green, blue or black, the elytra are brown, sometimes black. Distributed in the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan. In Ukraine, can be found in Polesie, the forest-steppe, and in the northern regions of the steppe zone. The beetle gnaws flowers and young leaves of peony, barberry, cabbage, rape, cucumber and other cucurbits (Cucurbitaceae), beet, currant, gooseberry, apple, pear, plum, cherry, raspberry, garden rose, rose, blackberry, lucerne, clover, lupin, pea, vetches, broad bean, hop, cannabis, mulberry, sea buckthorn (Hippophae), vinegrape, Viburrum, Persian walnut, lilac, sunflower, Scorzonera tau-saghyz, iris, maize and other plants (Raw, 1951). Larva gnaws roots of grain grasses, beet, clover, tree seedlings.

Family Geotrupidae

There are 250 species in Ukraine, of which 70 are pests of agriculture and forestry, and 8 are especially harmful: Anisoplia austriaca, Melolontha melolontha and Melolontha hippocastani, Polyphylla fullo, Anoxia pilosa, summer chafer (Amphimallon solstitiale), Mil- totrogus aequinoctialis, Lethrus apterus. Development takes place in the soil, burrows of mammals (in the bedding of nests or food stores), accumulation of plant remains, rotten wood, tree hollows, stumps, anthills, manure, rarely – in corpses of animals. Some species, for example, earth-boring dung beetles, prepare food for their progeny in form of balls, pears, V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 107 sausages, which are placed in the soil; Lethrus apterus drags gnawed parts of plants into its burrow, into special cells. The fertility of females is low (40–50 eggs for summer chafers), and especially low in species which take care of their progeny (Lethrus apterus lays 8–10 eggs, maximum 20 eggs). Adult beetles feed on plant food, plant remains, manure, rarely corpses of animals, some do not eat at all (Anoxia pilosa, Rhizotrogus vermis, Miltotrogus aequinoctialis). Natural enemies of chafers are some parasites – nematodes (Mer- mitidae), Gamasina mites, tachina flies (Dexia and other), scoliid wasps (its larva is an external parasite of the chafer), and also predators – ground beetles, robber flies (Asilidae), spiders, toads (particularly Pelobates fuscus), lizards, very many birds, insectivorous mammals. Some species cause harm during the larval and imago (chafers) stages, others only at the larval stage (A. pilosa, Rhizotrogus and Miltotrogus), and others – only at the imago stage (Oxythyrea funesta) flower chafers (Cetoniinae). The beetles gnaw leaves and immature fruits (summer chafers), flowers (O. funesta, flower chafers), immature seeds of grasses (An- isoplia), gnaw out tunnels in stems (flower chafers) or at their bases (Pentodon idiota), damage mature fruits (flower chafers). Lethrus apterus eats buds, leaves, shoots of plants, out of which it prepares food for its progeny. Larvae of species which live in soil gnaw roots, tubers of herbaceous and tree plants, often causing their death. Lar- vae of older ages of large species (summer chafer, Polyphylla fullo, A. pilosa) are especially harmful, because they gnaw through large roots and need large amounts of food. Some species are carriers and intermediary hosts of helminths – parasites of domestic animals (earth-boring dung beetles, larvae of flower chafers and summer chafers).

Subfamily Lethrinae Lethrus apterus Laxmann, 1770. Body size – 15–24 mm. Black, slightly glossy, sometimes slightly bronze, with a bluish shimmer. The lower processes of the mandibles of males are identical, 108 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops small, identically bent inside, with diagonal longitudinal furrow (Bey-Bienko, 1965). Distributed in Central Europe, the Eastern Medi- terranean, the eastern part of European Russia. Distributed throughout Ukraine, except Zakarpatia Oblast and Crimea (Bunalski et al., 2014). Settles in fields, steppe slopes, railway embankments, gullies, dry ravines, on the sides of roads, in undisturbed areas with consoli- dated soil (Rosa et al., 2017). Absent in sands and swamps. Beetles winter at the depth of up to 50 cm. From mid April to mid June, the beetles make temporary burrows on slopes, which extend at the angle of 25–30 ° down to 15–18 cm, where they live, hide in the night and in cases of threats. Active on warm sunny days. After mating, the male and female organize a mutual burrow with offshoots and together prepare food for the progeny to come. The burrow comprises a slant- ing upper bend of 18–27 cm depth, which leads to a vertical tunnel to depth of 54–63 cm, sometimes down to 72 cm; along this bend, the female makes a 3 cm long and 2 cm wide chamber, in the wall of which, the egg is laid. After the egg is laid, the chamber is filled with fragmented green parts of plants, and then patched up with earth. On average, the female lays 8–11 eggs, maximum 20. The egg stage lasts 10–12 days. After the larva emerges from the egg, it feeds on food which the parents have prepared in the chamber, lives three weeks, moults three times and after the terminal moult, transforms into a pupa, out of which after 12–14 days the beetle hatches, which stays in the chamber over the winter, and exits it only in spring. Larvae of Lethrus apterus can be infested with Oospora destructor (Metschnikoff) Delacroix 1893, bacteriosis and destroyed by larvae of robber flies (Asilidae), Hister beetles (Margarinotus bipus- tulatus Schrank, 1781) and skin beetles (D. lardarius). The beetles are consumed by rooks, European rollers, lesser grey shrikes. The beetles are parasitized by Acari.

Family Silphidae

There are 900 species of large carrion beetles around the world, 30 in Ukraine. V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 109

The beetles are various in shape, color and sizes (up to 6 to 40 mm long). The antennae are usually clavate, the front coxae are protruding. The elytra often do not cover the upper part of the abdomen. The legs have five segments. The most typical form of the body of larvae is woodlouse-like. Most species feed on corpses of animals, some are predators or her- bivores. The latter eat the trama of edible mushrooms, sprouting seeds, young shoots and leaves of grain, technical, garden and forage crops. Subfamily Silphinae Aclypea opaca Linnaeus, 1758. Body size – 9–12 mm. The upper part is covered in dense appressed grey-yellow hairs, the inter- sections of the elytra have no coarse wrinkles. The species is distinguished from its relatives by its thickened head without a joint between the head and the thorax and deeply grooved upper lip. Dis- tributed in North America, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Great Britain, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Macedonia, Moldova, the Near East, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Netherlands, the European part of Russia, Siberia (Aleksandrowicz and Komosiński, 2005). In Ukraine can be found in Polesia and the forest-steppe (Brygadyrenko, 2015). Damages maize and other grain crops, beet, rape, lucerne. The beetles sometimes eat the trama of edible mushrooms (penny bun, Russula) and fruits of strawberry. Aclypea undata Muller, 1776. Body size – 11–15 mm. The dorsal surface is almost bare, the intervals between the longitudinal keels of the elytra are coarsely and irregular wrinkled-punctured. Black, almost mat. Distributed in Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Great Britain, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Macedonia, Moldova, the Near East, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the Neth- erlands, the European part of Russia, Central Asia (Dekeirsschieter 110 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops et al., 2011). Beetles and larvae harm grain (barley, maize, panic grass), technical (beet, sunflower, potato) and forage (clover, lucerne) crops, flesh of strawberry and tomato, fallen fruits in gardens. Phosphuga atrata Linnaeus, 1758. Body size – 10–16 mm. The head is significantly stretched. The elytra have sharply distinct ribs. Black or red-brown, glossy. The elytra between the ribs bear dense punctures. Distributed in Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Great Britain, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Leichten- stein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, the Near East, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Swe- den, Switzerland, the European part of Russia, Siberia, Japan (Suzzo- ni, 1972). Damage to beet has been observed. Has been mentioned as a pest of grain crops, rape, however these data should be checked. Silpha carinata Herbst, 1783. Body size – 12–23 mm. The eighth segment of the antennae is significantly longer than the ninth. The lateral edge of the elytra is very wide, especially in the front, significantly explanate. The elytra have high glossy ribs, with no preapical tubercle (Madge, 1980). Black-brown, more rarely black or brown-red. Distributed in Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Great Britain, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, the Near East, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slove- nia, Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands. Silpha obscura Linnaeus, 1758. Body size – 13–17 mm. The middle coxae are close to one another. The head has a joint between the head and the thorax. The elytra bear longitudinal keels. The punctures on the elytra are simple, with no glossy grains. Has a row of smaller punctures along the ribs of the elytra on each side; the punctures on the sides of the elytra are two times smaller than in the internal intervals. The ribs are weak, but sometimes all (or only internal) are significantly raised and more glossy. The sides of the elytra are uniformly rounded (Heymons and Lengerken, 1926). Black, mat. Distributed in Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Great Brit- ain, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Fin- V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 111 land, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Luxemburg, Macedonia, the Near East, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sardinia, Sic- ily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands, the European part of Russia, Siberia, Central Asia. Is distributed throughout Ukraine. The larvae harm beet (leaves, rarer wheat, rye, barley, maize, sunflower, turnip rape, rape and cabbage plants. The beetles sometimes eat fruits of strawberry and tomatoes.

Family Staphylinidae

The fauna of Staphylinidae or rove beetles comprise 25.000 species around the world, including 900 in Ukraine. The body of the beetles is narrow, the elytra are usually short, covering only the first two abdominal terga. Usually has wings which are folded in longitudal and trasversal orientations and are almost entirely covered by the elytra. The legs are of running type, the antennae are filiform or clavate. The abdomen comprises 6–7 distinct segments, very flexible, and when beetles run, they bend it upward. The larvae have long oligopod body. The beetles and larvae are mostly predatory, live in various decomposing organic matter, under rocks, tree bark, mosses, mushrooms, in coastal sand, nests of different animals, and sometimes flowers.

Subfamily Oxytelinae

Coprophilus (Coprophilus) striatulus Fabricius, 1793. Body size –5.5–6.5 mm. The pronotum has saw-toothed edges, the disk bears longitudinal impressions and middle furrow. Brown-black, glossy. Distributed in Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Norway, Poland, Roma- nia, Slovakia, Sweden, the Netherlands, the European part of Russia (Hoebeke, 1995). In Ukraine, can be found in Polesia. Under decomposing remains, in manure, some species consume fleas in the 112 Chapter 2. Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops burrows and shelters of mammals. Beetles eat trama of different mushrooms. Mentioned as a pest of sprouting seeds of maize and other cultivated plants.

Subfamily Staphylinina Staphylinus caesareus Cederhjelm, 1798. Body size – 17–25 mm. The epimera of the prothorax are absent. Some terga of the abdomen on the sides have large spots of golden-yellowish hairs. Black, the elytra, antennae and legs are brown-red. The scutellum has black hairs. The base of the prontotum has a fringe of yellow hairs. The temples bear yellow hairs (Balog et al., 2008). Distributed in Aus- tria, Belgium, Great Britain, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Near East, North Africa, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Swe- den, Switzerland, the Netherlands. Lives under decomposing veg- etative substances, in manure and under rocks. V. I. Rusynov, V. O. Martynov, T. M. Kolombar 113

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