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How Do Modern Transportation Projects Impact on Development Of UC Santa Barbara UC Santa Barbara Previously Published Works Title How do modern transportation projects impact on development of impervious surfaces via new urban area and urban intensification? Evidence from Hangzhou Bay Bridge, China Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6726v2g8 Authors Shahtahmassebi, AR Wu, C Blackburn, GA et al. Publication Date 2018-09-01 DOI 10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.059 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Land Use Policy 77 (2018) 479–497 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Land Use Policy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/landusepol How do modern transportation projects impact on development of T impervious surfaces via new urban area and urban intensification? Evidence from Hangzhou Bay Bridge, China ⁎ Amir Reza Shahtahmassebia, , Chun Wua, George Alan Blackburnb, Qing Zhenga, Lingyan Huanga, Ashton Shortridgec, Golnaz Shahtahmassebid, Ruowei Jianga, Shan Hea, ⁎ Ke Wanga, , Yue Lina, Keith C Clarkee, Yue Sua, Lin Lina, Jiexia Wuf, Qiming Zhenga, Hongwei Xua, Xingyu Xuea, Jinsong Denga, Zhangquan Shena a Institute of Agriculture Remote Sensing and Information Technology, College of Environment and Natural Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China b Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK c Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, MI, 48824, USA d Department of Physics and Mathematics, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University e Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA f Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Earth Sciences, Geroge Mason University, 22030, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Many countries have been constructing modern ground transportation projects. This raises questions about the Ground transportation infrastructure impacts of such projects on development of impervious surfaces, yet there have been few attempts to system- Development of impervious surfaces atically analyze these impacts. This paper attempts to narrow this information gap using the Hangzhou Bay Hangzhou Bay Bridge Bridge project, China, as an exploratory case study. Using remotely sensed data, we developed a framework Wavelet multi-resolution analysis based on statistical techniques, wavelet multi-resolution analysis and Theil-Sen slope analysis to measure the Theil-Sen slope changes in impervious surfaces. The derived changes were then linked to the bridge project with respect to socio- New urban area fi Urban intensification economic factors and land use development activities. The ndings highlight that the analytical framework Consecutive events could reliably quantify the area, pattern and form of new urban area and urban intensification. Change detection analysis showed that urban area, GDP and the length of highways increased moderately in the pre-Hangzhou Bay Bridge period (1995–2002) while all of these variables increased more substantially during (2002–2009) and after (2009–2013) the bridge construction. The results indicate that the development of impervious surfaces due to new urban area came at the expense of permeable surfaces in the urban fringe and within rural regions, while urban intensification occurred mainly in the form of the redevelopment of older structures to modern high-rise buildings within existing urban regions. In the context of improved transportation infrastructure, our findings suggest that new urban area and urban intensification can be attributed to consecutive events which act like a chain reaction: construction of improved transportation projects, their impacts on land use development policies, effects of both systems on socio-economic variables, and finally all these changes influence new urban area and urban intensification. However, more research is needed to better understand this sequential process and to examine the broader applicability of the concept in other developing regions. 1. Introduction and industrialization (Cai et al., 2013). Such infrastructure provides access to markets people, and ideas, thereby spurring economic de- Throughout the history of civilization, ground transportation in- velopment (Banerjee et al., 2012). Countries that have powerful frastructure has played a crucial role in the processes of urbanization transportation infrastructure at national and regional scales attract not ⁎ Corresponding authors. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (A.R. Shahtahmassebi), [email protected] (C. Wu), [email protected] (G.A. Blackburn), [email protected] (Q. Zheng), [email protected] (L. Huang), [email protected] (A. Shortridge), [email protected] (G. Shahtahmassebi), [email protected] (R. Jiang), [email protected] (S. He), [email protected] (K. Wang), [email protected] (Y. Lin), [email protected] (K.C. Clarke), [email protected] (Y. Su), [email protected] (L. Lin), [email protected] (J. Wu), [email protected] (Q. Zheng), [email protected] (H. Xu), [email protected] (X. Xue), [email protected] (J. Deng), [email protected] (Z. Shen). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.059 Received 5 June 2016; Received in revised form 30 May 2018; Accepted 30 May 2018 0264-8377/ © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. A.R. Shahtahmassebi et al. Land Use Policy 77 (2018) 479–497 only local investment but global capital as well (Aksoy and Gultekin, (Weng, 2012). Urban intensification causes modification of the neigh- 2006). For example, ground transportation infrastructure plays an im- borhood morphology within urbanized areas, thereby having possible portant role in many regional development programs, such as those of impacts on surface and ground water, urban ecology, urban demo- the United States of America (Lein and Day, 2008), Europe (Thomas graphics and urban structure (Shahtahmassebi et al., 2016). To address and O’Donoghue, 2013) and China (Zheng et al., 2016). In recent years, these issues, there is currently increasing interest and debate in un- accelerating urbanization has led to further demand for updated and derstanding the forces that influence changes in impervious surfaces sustainable ground transportation infrastructure (Jha et al., 2014; Li, (Weng, 2012; Ma et al., 2016; Song et al., 2016b). 2016). Such systems are characterized by shorter travel times, greater A number of case studies have identified two major drivers: land use safety, energy efficiency and reduced environmental impacts (Kim and regulations (Stone, 2004; Sung et al., 2013) and socioeconomic factors Han, 2016). Improved transportation systems play a major role in (Michishita et al., 2012; Ma et al., 2016). Although these studies fo- hastening urban, rural, industrial and economic development, and lead cused on either single factors (e.g. highways) or multiple factors (e.g. to the expansion of jobs, education and personal opportunities highways and Gross Domestic Product (GDP)) at different scales (e.g. (Gunasekera et al., 2008; Tsou et al., 2015; Locatelli et al., 2017). provinces and counties), there are few analyses which look at the Although improved ground transportation infrastructure develop- growth of impervious surfaces as a result of consecutive events or chain ment usually takes into account environment protection issues (Li, reactions. For example, it is interesting to understand systematically the 2016), these systems can lead to anthropogenic land use and land cover degree to which improved or advanced transportation systems have (LULC) change. In the main, the introduction of new or much improved contributed to changes in impervious surfaces (through new urban area transportation systems that lower commuting times and short-haul and urban intensification) (Fig. 1). Given that many countries have costs may attract new workers and/or industries which generally con- concentrated on constructing improved ground transportation systems verts land from a less-intensive use to more intensive (Lein and Day, such as high speed rail, super highways and mega sea bridges, there is 2008). There has been a wealth of literature documenting the impacts an urgent need to systematically examine the impacts of such projects of ground transportation on LULC change using the combination of on new urban area and urban intensification. remotely sensed data, Geographic Information Systems and landscape In this respect, China is an example of a present-day state that has metrics (Badoe and Miller, 2000; Serrano et al., 2002; Lein and Day, experienced significant modernization of ground transportation infra- 2008; Aljoufie et al., 2013a,b; Bruschi et al., 2015; Tsou et al., 2015). structure (Zheng et al., 2016). Before economic reform in 1978, the However, these studies have focused mainly on the decline of agri- transportation system was inefficient even though it was partially cultural land and loss of biodiversity caused by ground transportation modernized, but since the early 1990 s, China has invested in the de- projects. While this is important in many regions, few studies have velopment of efficient and updated ground transportation infra- sought to evaluate how improved ground transportation infrastructure structure in response to its rapid growth in population and economy influences the extent and spatial distribution of urban impervious sur- (Loo, 1999; Wilkins and Zurawski, 2014). Components of the modern faces. Chinese transportation system include expressways, high speed rail- Understanding the impacts of improved transportation
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