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Download Download PLATINUM The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles OPEN ACCESS online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton. Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Communication Butterfly diversity in Gidakom Forest Management Unit, Thimphu, Bhutan Thal Prasad Koirala, Bal Krishna Koirala & Jaganath Koirala 26 May 2020 | Vol. 12 | No. 8 | Pages: 15794–15803 DOI: 10.11609/jot.5117.12.8.15794-15803 For Focus, Scope, Aims, Policies, and Guidelines visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-0 For Artcle Submission Guidelines, visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/submissions#onlineSubmissions For Policies against Scientfc Misconduct, visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-2 For reprints, contact <[email protected]> The opinions expressed by the authors do not refect the views of the Journal of Threatened Taxa, Wildlife Informaton Liaison Development Society, Zoo Outreach Organizaton, or any of the partners. The journal, the publisher, the host, and the part- Publisher & Host ners are not responsible for the accuracy of the politcal boundaries shown in the maps by the authors. Member Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2020 | 12(8): 15794–15803 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) PLATINUM OPEN ACCESS DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.5117.12.8.15794-15803 #5117 | Received 05 May 2019 | Final received 18 April 2020 | Finally accepted 27 April 2020 C o m m Buterfy diversity in Gidakom Forest Management Unit, Thimphu, Bhutan u n i 1 2 3 c Thal Prasad Koirala , Bal Krishna Koirala & Jaganath Koirala a t 1 Thimphu Forest Division, Department of Forests and Park Services, P.O. box 11001, Thimphu, Bhutan. i 2 Tashigang Forest Division, Department of Forests and Park Services, P.O. box 42002, Tashigang, Bhutan. o 3 n Sherubtse College, School of Life Science, Royal University of Bhutan, P.O. box 42002, Kanglung, Tashigang, Bhutan. 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected] Abstract: This study was carried out to establish the diversity and distributon of buterfies in Gidakom Forest Management Unit (GFMU), Thimphu, Bhutan. A survey was conducted from June 2016 to July 2017 in three locatons within GFMU: Jamdo, Chimithanka, and Jedekha. A total of 90 species belonging to 52 genera and fve families of buterfies were recorded. Nymphalidae was dominant with 38 species, followed by Lycaenidae with 19, Pieridae with 15, Papilionidae with 11, and Hesperiidae with seven species. Diversity of buterfy species was highest in farmland associated with pockets of forest cover in the lower valley, and a decreasing trend was observed towards higher elevatons. The maximum species richness (83 species) was recorded from Chimithanka between 2500m & 2900m, where agriculture is associated with patches of forest, streams, forest edges, and open scrub land. Buterfy diversity was lowest at Jedekha above 2,900m (37 species), an area dominated by mixed conifer forest with litle agriculture. Keywords: Buterfies, Hesperiidae, Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, sweep net. Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of publicaton: 26 May 2020 (online & print) Citaton: Koirala, T.P., B.K. Koirala & J. Koirala (2020). Buterfy diversity in Gidakom Forest Management Unit, Thimphu, Bhutan. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(8): 15794–15803. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.5117.12.8.15794-15803 Copyright: © Koirala et al. 2020. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton. Funding: Nagao Natural Environment Foundaton (NEF). Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests. Author details: Mr. Thal Prasad Koirala is professional forester working under department of forest and park services for last 23 years. Working with local community for sustainable management and utlizaton of natural resources is subject of great interest as natural resources management is fundamental for long term sustainability. He is equally interested on the wild life with more focus on anurans and on buterfies of the high alttude. He is currently working as Senior Forest Range Ofcer of Gidakom Forest Management Unit under Thimphu Forest Division. Mr. Bal Krishna Koirala is forester by profession and currently working as Forestry Ofcer in Trashigang Forest Division under Department of Forest and Park Services. He has deep interest in wildlife ecology, natural history and various wildlife conservaton works. Herpetofauna are his latest passion, and currently working on conservaton of King Cobra and other venomous snakes in eastern Bhutan. Mr. Jaganath Koirala is former student of Sherubtse College, Department of Live Science, and Royal University of Bhutan. He is working as research assistant in the feld of biodiversity conservaton work in Bhutan. He has deep interest in entomology, partcularly in wild bees and buterfies of Bhutan. Author contributon: TPK—feld surveys, and data collecton, and manuscript writng; BKK— data analysis & editng; JK—data collecton. Acknowledgements: Authors would like to extend immense grattude to Nagao Natural Environmental Foundaton (NEF) Japan for the fnancial support to carry out this research work. We are very grateful to Ugyen Wangchuck Insttute for Conservaton and Environment (UWICER) under Department of Forest and Park Services (DoFPS) for providing research clearance to conduct this research work in the study area. The authors would like to extend grattude to Jatshwor Singh Irungbam, Faculty of Science, The University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic and Karma Wangdi from Ugyen Wangchuck Insttute for Conservaton and Environment (UWICER) for their immense help with species identfcaton. The authors are also very grateful to J.B. Rai, Sukuna Subba, and Sonam Lhaki Dema (Forest Rangers) of Gidakom forest management unit for their immense support in the feld for data collecton. We extend our grattude to Gyeltshen Dukpa, Divisional Forest Ofcer (DFO) Thimphu Forest Division for his encouraging words to take up this research. Our sincere thanks go to Mr Norbu Wangchuk (Forester) for his contributon as a photographer in the inital stage of survey. Last but not the least, we owe special thanks to Abiskhar Koirala (student) for his actve partcipaton during the weekend for reportng the presence of buterfies with great interest. 15794 J TT Buterfy diversity in Gidakom Forest Koirala et al. INTRODUCTION Site-II: Chimithanka 2500–2900 m. More than 60% of the total study area is under good forest cover of young Buterfies are quite sensitve to environmental Blue pine forest as a dominant species in the lower valley factors such as temperature, humidity, rainfall, solar up to 2800m followed by mixed conifer species like radiaton, wind, and availability of larval host plants Spruce Picea spinulosa and Hemlock Tsuga dumosa and (Hill et al. 2002; Ribeiro & Freitas 2012). This sensitvity broad-leaved species like Oak Quercus semecarpifolia. makes buterfies ideal indicators of habitat disturbance The lower region is characterized by scrub land, streams, (Kocher & Williams 2000; Bonebrake et al. 2010; Castro and farmlands. Agricultural farming is confned to & Espinosa 2015). vegetable cultvaton, orchards and livestock rearing. The frst study of buterfies in Bhutan was reported The annual average maximum temperature of the area in 1905 by (Binghan 1905). Since then estmates of total recorded is 24.7°C and minimum is 7.6°C. species in the country have ranged from 800–900 (ven Site-III: Jedekha, 2900–3400 m. The vegetaton der Poel & Wangchuk 2007), to 670 (Singh & Chib 2015). here is characterized by mixed conifer forest, largely It should be noted, however, that buterfy data is lacking dominated by Fir Abies densa; diferent species of from many parts of Bhutan. Of the several checklists Rhododendron also occur above 3000m. Agriculture available (Harada 1987 a,b; van der Poel & Wangchuck farming is very limited in this area, but tmber logging is 2007; Wangdi & Sherub 2012 a,b; Singh & Chib 2015; done for rural and commercial purposes. Precipitaton Sbordoni et al. 2015; Wangdi & Sherub 2015; Singh is 90mm annually and the temperature ofen falls below 2016), none cover Gidakom Forest Management Unit freezing point during winter months. (GFMU), situated in Thimphu District, western Bhutan. This study aims to address that gap. Methods A sweep net buterfy survey was conducted in the study areas described above from June 2016 to July 2017. MATERIAL AND METHODS The three alttude zones: 2100–2500 m, 2500–2900 m, and 2900–3400 m were further divided into eight habitat Study area types. A 500m transect was established at each site, The overall study area under Gidakom Forest and atempts were made to catch every buterfy seen Management Unit is situated in northwestern Bhutan following Pollard’s transect walking technique (Pollard between (27.571–27.382 0N and 89.481–89.592 0E). The et al.1975; Pollard & Yates 1993). Each study site was overall study area consists of farmland between 2,100m visited three tmes a month, and four man hours were & 2,900m with pockets of forest cover, and a mountain spent in each survey event for a total of 432. ridge with complete forest cover above 2,900m. Most observatons were recorded in the morning Traditonal wood extracton has long been practced by (08.00–12.00 h), with surveys also conducted 16.30– the local community, and scientfc commercial tmber 17.00 h for shade-loving buterfies. Considering logging in the area began in 1990.
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