J. Exp. Zool. India Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 271-277, 2015 ISSN 0972-0030

OBSERVATIONS ON TROPHIC LEVELS OF DITTERENT GROUPS OF POPULATION VIS A VIS INSECT POLLINATORS IN A PROTECTED FOREST ECOSYSTEM IN THE WESTERN HIMALAYAS

Manoj Kumar Arya Insect Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of Zoology, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital - 263 001, India. e-mail : [email protected] (Accepted 31 December 2014)

ABSTRACT : Investigations were undertaken to know trophic level composition of different groups of insect population in a Protected Area in the Western Himalayas, India. Observations revealed that herbivorous species showed rich population i.e. 67.26% and 65.76% of the total collection of species of insect for first year and second year of study, respectively followed by predators (23.89% and 26.13%), saprophagous (2.65% and 6.31%) and omnivores (2.65% and 1.80%), respectively. Similarly, on the basis of total number of individuals of insect population recorded, herbivores constituted the maximum of all the i.e. 68.94% and 64.71% for first year and second year of study, respectively, followed by predators 23.74% and 26.38%, saprophagous 5.94% and 7.22%) and, omnivores 1.40% and 1.69% during the first year and second year of study, respectively. Across the study period, maximum numbers of herbivorous insects (50.12% individuals) were recorded during the rainy season followed by summer season (34.25% individuals) and winter season (15.63% individuals), respectively. During the entire study period, a total of 57 species of insects were found to facilitate the pollination processes. These species belonged to orders , Hymenoptera and, Diptera and partially Coleoptera. Key words : Insect population, protected forests, Western Himalayas.

INTRODUCTION visiting insects is essential for the conservation of terrestrial The nutritional needs of all insects are surprisingly ecosystem, and lead to different interactions between similar. To grow and reproduce, all insects (whether insect-plants and insect-herbivores (Solar et al, 2009). Saprophytic, Phytophagous or Carnivorous) must obtain Studies on the trophic level composition of different groups carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals and of insect of in the different ecosystems of the world have water. From the functional standpoint, a population can been carried out by Kaushal and Vats (1981), Erwin and be analysed into many terms one of which is the food Scott (1980) and Joshi (1989). Similarly, studies on chain. The study of population fluctuation has also pollinator species of various insects groups in the different generated interest in the flow of energy through various ecosystem of the world have been carried out by various ecological categories or the trophic components. Hence workers (Frankie et al, 1883; Opler, 1983; Haber and the in present study, insect population has been categorized Frankie, 1989; Larson et al, 2001; Hodges et al, 2002; into four groups i.e. Herbivores, Predators, Saprophages Hannan, 2007; Thakur and Mattu, 2010 and Pandey et and Omnivores on the basis of their feeding behaviour. al, 2013). Similarly, however no attempts have so far been Insect herbivores are common in terrestrial ecosystems made to the trophic level composition of different groups (Schowalter, 2000), can have a striking impact on the of insect population vis a vis insect pollinators in the Pindari landscape by reducing plant biomass (Holland et al, 1996), area of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Western by altering the quality of litter inputs (Chapman et al, Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. 2003), and by changing the microclimate beneath the area MATERIALS AND METHODS they infest (Classen et al, 2005). It is well known that Study area herbivores insect population dominate all the habitats Pindari area is located in the northern part of whether in terms of number of individuals or in terms of Bageshwar district of Uttarakhand, India. This area lies species, collected from any ecosystems (Erwin, 1983; at buffer zone of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve in Stork, 1987; Gadagkar et al, 1990; Basset and Kitching, Western Himalaya. The entire area represents a 1991; Moran et al, 1994; Joshi and Sharma, 1997; Carson characteristic high altitude environment and falls within and Root, 2000 and, Joshi and Arya, 2005). The an altitudinal range of 2000-3500m. The glaciers in the relationship between flowering plants and the flower 272 Manoj Kumar Arya area viz. Pindari, Kaphni and Sunderdhunga are main Dermeptera 1.25%. attractions for mountain and eco-tourism. Climatically, the Trophic level composition of insects on the basis of area is unique and has three seasons i.e. winter (November number of individuals collected and their percent to March), summer (April to mid June) and rainy from contribution to the total population during the study period middle of June to mid October. Due to altitudinal and has been presented in table 2. On the basis of number of climatic gradients, the natural vegetation changes from individuals collected, herbivorous (68.94%) constituted the temperate to sub-alpine and alpine type. The Pindari area, maximum of all the insects, followed by predators named after a famous glacier in the area, has witnessed (23.74%), saprophagous (5.94%) and omnivores (1.40%) a tremendous increase in the human population, other during the first year of study. During second year of study, anthropogenic and geological activities over the past few herbivore species constituted (64.71%) of the total decades, which have exploited the natural flora and fauna collected individuals, followed by predators (26.38%), as well as insect fauna. saprophagous (7.22%) and omnivores (1.69%) insects. Methodology Similarly, trophic level composition of different insect order The insects were collected by Hand picking method, in terms of number of species collected and their percent net sweeping method, tree beating method and sweep contribution to total population during the study period are sampling method (Jonathan, 1990; Arora, 1990; Ghosh, presented in table 3. It is evident from Table 3 that the 1990 and Gadakar et al, 1990, respectively) during 2009- herbivorous species were most dominant and constituted 10. 67.26% of all the collected species, followed by predators (23.89%), saprophagous (2.65%) and omnivores (2.65%) Tropic structure of insects collected, was determined during the first year of study period, while during second on the basis of their feeding habits. Insects, once identified year of study, herbivores species constituted 65.76% of were placed in four different tropic levels viz. herbivores, the total species, followed by predators (26.13%), predators, saprophages and omnivores. saprophagous (6.31%) and omnivores (1.80%). Insect species visiting on different plant species were The relative number of species of different insect observed during field visits and also confirmed with orders during the entire study period has been given in available literature on insect pollinators. table 4. Maximum number of species belonged to order RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Lepidoptera was the most dominant order with 46 species Data on total number of species and individuals of belonging to 14 families followed by Hymenoptera with insect belonging to different orders and their percent 20 species belonging to 8 families, Coleoptera with 18 contribution have been presented in table 1. In the first species belongings to 4 families, with 2 species year of study, maximum number of species belonged to belonging to 10 families, Hemiptera with 10 species order Lepidoptera which constituted 35.39%, followed belonging to 6 families, Odonata with 9 species belonging by Hymenoptera (16.82%), Coleoptera (14.16%), to 3 families, Diptera with 5 species belonging to 4 Orthoptera (10.63%), Hemiptera (8.86%), Odonata families and Dermeptera with only 2 species belonging (7.95%), Diptera (4.43%) and Dermeptera (1.76%). In to a single family. the second year of study, maximum number of species A total of 5926 individuals of herbivorous species, again belonged to order Lepidoptera which constituted belonging to different insect order were collected during 36.94% followed by Hymenoptera (18.01%), Coleoptera the entire study period, which included Lepidoptera 46 (12.62%), Orthoptera (10.81%), Hemiptera (8.11%), species and 3566 individuals, followed by Orthoptera 12 Odonata (8.11%), Diptera (4.50%) and Dermeptera species and 1036 individuals, Hymenoptera 10 species (0.90%). On the basis of total number of individuals of (Apidae, Scolidae and Xylocopidae) and 720 individuals, insect collected, during the first year of study, maximum Coleoptera (Chrysomelidae and partially Coccinelidae) 7 numbers of individuals belonged to order Lepidoptera species and 269 individuals and Hemiptera (Coreidae, which constituted 40.18%, followed by Hymenoptera Lygaeidae, Pyrrhocoridae, partialy Pentatomidae and 13.99%, Orthoptera 12.38%, Coleoptera 12.24%, Cicadelidae) 7 species and 335 individuals. Across the Odonata 7.42%, Diptera 6.93%, Hemiptera 5.73% and study, maximum numbers of herbivorous insects (29970 Dermeptera 1.13%. In the second year of study maximum individuals) were recorded during the rainy season number of individuals again belonged to order Lepidoptera followed by summer season (2030 individuals) and winter which constituted 40.17% followed by Hymenoptera season (926 individuals), respectively. The graphical 13.71%, Coleoptera 12.38%, Orthoptera 11.00%, Odonata representation of percent contribution of herbivorous 10.63%, Hemiptera 6.24%, Diptera 4.62% and species belonging to different orders is given in Figure 1. Trophic levels of ditterent groups of insect population 273 Table 1 : Relative number of species and individuals recorded from different insect orders and their percent contribution to total number of species and individuals during study period. First year of study Second year of study Sl. Orders No. of Percent No. of Percent No. of Percent No. of Percent No. species (%) individuals (%) species (%) individuals (%) 1. Lepidoptera 40 35.39 1740 40.18 41 36.94 1826 40.17 2. Hymenoptera 19 16.82 606 13.99 20 18.01 623 13.71 3. Coleoptera 16 14.16 530 12.24 14 12.62 563 12.38 4. Orthoptera 12 10.63 536 12.38 12 10.81 500 11.00 5. Hemiptera 10 8.86 248 5.73 9 8.11 283 6.24 6. Odonata 9 7.95 321 7.42 9 8.11 483 10.63 7. Diptera 5 4.43 300 6.93 5 4.50 210 4.62 8. Dermaptera 2 1.76 49 1.13 1 0.90 57 1.25

Table 2 : Trophic level composition of insects in terms of number individuals), respectively. The graphical representation of of individuals and their percentage contribution to total predator species belonging to different orders is given in population during study period. Figure 2. First year Second year S. of study of study Saprophagous insects constituted a small number and Trophic level included 8 species and 585 individuals of order Coleoptera: No. No. of Percent No. of Percent indivi- (%) indivi- (%) Scarabaeidae during entire study period. Across the study, duals duals maximum numbers of saprophagous insects (290 1. Herbivore 2985 68.94 2941 64.71 individuals) were recorded during the rainy season followed by summer season (210 individuals) and winter 2. Predators 1027 23.74 1199 26.38 season (85 individuals), respectively. Omnivores insects 3. Saprophagous 257 5.94 328 7.22 constituted a very small number and included 3 species 4. Omnivores 61 1.40 77 1.69 and 138 individuals of order Dermeptera and Hymenoptera: Ropalidae during entire study period. Table 3 : Trophic level composition of insects in terms of number of During the entire study period, maximum numbers of species and their percentage contribution to total population omnivore insects (70 individuals) were recorded during during study period. the rainy season followed by summer season (50 First year Second year individuals) and winter season (18 individuals), S. of study of study Trophic level respectively. No. No. of Percent No. of Percent It is well known that herbivores insect population species (%) species (%) dominate all the habitats whether in terms of number of 1. Herbivore 76 67.26 73 65.76 individuals or in terms of species, collected from any 2. Predators 27 23.89 29 26.13 ecosystems. In comparison, Erwin and Scott (1980) 3. Saprophagous 7 6.19 7 6.31 reported 1143 species of Coleoptera from the Canal Zone 4. Omnivores 3 2.65 2 1.80 of Panama. Maximum number of species, 682 belonged to herbivores, followed by predators 296, scavengers 96 A total of 2226 individuals of predator insects were and fungivores 69. Kaushal and Vats (1981) studied the collected during the entire study period, which included trophic components of entomofauna in tropical grassland Odonata 9 species and 804 individuals, followed by of Kurukshetra and reported that herbivore species were Hymenoptera (Vespidae, Pompilidae, Ichneumodiae and most dominant with 71.64% of total collected individuals Sphecidae) 9 species and 477 individuals, Diptera 5 species in stand I, followed by omnivore (23.18%), predators and 510 individuals, Coleoptera (Meloidae, partialy (2.93%), parasites (1.38%), sanguivores (0.50%) and Coccinellidae) 3 species and 239 individuals and Hemiptera saprophages (0.36%). Similarly in stand II, herbivores (Reduviidae, partialy Pentatomidae) 3 species and 194 constituted 63.87% of total insects, followed by predators individuals. During the entire study period, maximum (16.94%) and saprophagous (18.37%). Erwin (1983) numbers of predators insects (1880 individuals) were studied number of host specific species of insects per recorded during the rainy season followed by summer trophic group in four forest types near Manus, Brazil and season (1220 individuals) and winter season (226 reported 74.38% herbivores species of insects, followed 274 Manoj Kumar Arya

Table 4 : Species composition of insects recorded from the study Family: Notodontidae area during the entire study period. Gazalina chrysolopha *Koll. CLASS: INSECTA Family: Syntomidae ORDER: LEPIDOPTERA Ceryx imaon *@Cramer Family: Family: Arctiidae Aglais cashmireinsis *@ (Kollar) Estigmene *sp. Vanessa indica *@Herbest Family: Lithosiidae Junonia iphita *(Cramer) Chrysorabdia buttata *Walk. Cynthia cardui *@ (Linnaeus) Agylla rufifrons *Moore Pseudergolis wedah *@ (Kollar) ORDER: HYMENOPTERA Neptis yerburyi yerburyi *@(Butler) Family: Apidae Neptis mahendra *@Moore Apis (Megapsis) laboriosa *@ Smith Issoria lathonia *@ (Linnaeus) Apis dorsata *@ Fa. Sephisa dichroa *@ (Kollar) Anthophora *@ sp. Kallima inachua*@ (Boisduval) Bombus tunicatus *@ Smith Family: Satyridae Bremus *@ sp. swaha swaha *@(Kollar) Crocisa ramosa *@ Lepel Lasiommata schakra schakra *@ (Kollar) Coelioxy *@ sp. Callerebia scanda scanda *(Kollar) Family: Vespidae Lethe insana insana*(Kollar) Vespa basalis #@ Smith Ypthima nareda nareda * (Kollar) V. velutina auraria #@ Smith Famil: Papilionidae Vespa vivax #@ Smith Papilio polytes romulus *@Cramer Polisties maculipennis #@ Saussure P. polyctor polyctor *@Boisduval Family: Sphecidae P. protenor protenor *@ (Cramer) Ammophila punctata #@ Smith Family: Danaidae Family: Scoliidae Euploea core core *@ (Cramer) Scolia venusta *@ Smith Parantica sita*@ (Kollar) Campsomeris asiatica himalaya *@ Bar. Family: Erycinidae Family: Pompilidae Dodona durga *@ (Kollar) Salius flavus @ #(Fabr.) Family: Acraeidae Auplopus tinctus#@ (Smith) Acraea issoria anomala *@Kollar Family: Ropalidae Family: Sphingidae Ropalidia ferugenea *#$Fa. Macroglossum *@sp. Family: Ichneumonidae Panaera mydon *@Walk. Ichneumon #sp. Family: Pieridae Ophion #sp. Pieris canidia indica *@Evans Family: Xylocopidae Pieris brassicae nepalensis *@Doubleday Xylocopa fenestrata *@ Fabr. Gonepteryx rhamni nepalensis *@ (Doubleday) ORDER: COLEOPTERA Delias belladonna horsfieldi *@(Gray) Family: Scarabidae Metaporia agathan caphusa *@ (Moore) Anomala dimidiata $Hope @ Eurema brigitta rubella* (Wallace) Popilla pilosa $Arrow @ Colias electo fieldi * Menestries Anomala lineatopennis $Bl. Colias erate erate*@ (Esper) Jumnos roylei $Hope Pontia daplidice moorei *@ (Rober) Anomala varicolar S (Gyll.) Family: Lycaenidae Onthophagus $sp. Heliphorous sena *@ (Kollar) $ Lycaena pavana *@ (Kollar) Protaetia neglacta Hope $ Celastrina huegelli huegelli *Moore Brahimina sp. Chilaria kina *@ (Hewiston) Family: Chrysomelidae Lampides bocticus *(Linn.) Altica himensis *Shukla Virachola issocrates *F. Maristata trifasciata *Hope Family: Noctuidae Cryplocephalus triangularis *Hope Calpe ophideroides *Guen. Mimastra *sp. Family: Zygaeinidae Meristata sexmaculatata *Koll. & Redt. Chaleosia pectinicornis albata *Moore Aulacophora *sp. Trophic levels of ditterent groups of insect population 275

Family: Meloidae ORDER: DIPTERA Mylabris cichonni *@Linn. Family: Tabanidae Coccinella septumpunchtata #@L. Philoliche longirostris#@ (Hardw.) Family: Coccinelidae Hybomitra #@ sp. Meloe violaceus # Mars. Family: Syrphidae Hippodamia varietata # (Goeze) Syrphus fulvifacies #@ Branetti ORDER: ORTHOPTERA Family: Asilidae # Family: Stenopogan oldroydi Josephs & Pauri Aulacobothrus leutipus *Walker Family: Tipulidae #@ Euprepocnemis *sp. Tipula himalayansis (Brunetti) Patanga japanica *(Bolivar) ORDER: DERMEPTERA Paratettix curtipennis (Hancock)* Family: Forficulidae Forficula schlagintweii *#$(Burr.) Paraconophyma scabra *(Walker) Allodahlia macropyga*#$ (Westwood) Chorthippus almoranus Uvarov * Anaptygus rectus *Ragge (*Herbivores #Predators $Saprophagous *#$ Omnivores @ Oedipoda *sp. Pollinator). Xenocatantops karnyi *Kirby by predators (13.56%), scavangers (9.35%) and Caryanda paravicia *(Willemse) fungivores (2.71%). Stork (1987) reported that Family: Tettigonidae herbivorous species constituted 44.86% of all the insects Letana linearis *(Walker) collected from the Bornean rain forest, followed by Himertula kinneri *Uvarov predators (27.57%), scavangers (14.79%) and fungivores ORDER: ODONATA (12.78%) respectively. Joshi (1989) reported that Family: Libellullidae herbivorous species constituted 58.9% and 66.7% (during # Orthetrum s. sabina (Drury) first and second year of study) of all the insect species # Palpopleura s. sexmaculatata Selys collected from a grassland ecosystem in Naukuchiatal, # Orthetrum glaucum (Branr) Nainital, followed by predators and parasites (16.2% and # Crocothemis s. servilia (Drury) 17.4%) saprophagous (17.6% and 8.7%) and omnivores # Orthetrum pruinosum negleatrum Rmb. (7.3% and 7.2%). Gadagkar et al (1990) reported 60% # Symptrum commixtum (Selys.) herbivore species of insects from a highly degraded semi Family: Aeschnidae evergreen Teak forest of Uttar Kannada District of # Anax immaculiforns R. Karnataka, followed by predators (30%) and # Cephalaescha orbifrons Selys saprophagous (10%). Basset and Kitching (1991) studied Family: Cordulidae the trophic structure of fauna in the Australian # Macromia moorei Selys rain forest and reported 148 herbivore species, followed ORDER: HEMIPTERA by predators 282, Fungivores 42 and scavengers 162. Family: Pentatomidae Moran et al (1994) reported 12 species of herbivore Erthesina fullo #Thumb insects from small relict forest of South Africa. Joshi and Dolycoris baccarum # (Linnaeus) Sharma (1997) reported that herbivorous insects Dalpada *sp. constituted 97.13% of total insects collected from a Sastragala *sp. cropland ecosystem, Hardwar. Carson and Root (2000) Family: Coreidae reported 95% herbivorous insects from a Old Field Anaplocnemis phasina *Fabr. Whipple farm, New York. Joshi and Arya (2005) studied Ochrochira albiditarsis *Westw. secondary productivity of herbivorous insects in the Nanda Family: Lygaeidae Devi Biosphere Reserve, Kumaon Himalaya and reported Lygaeus equestris *Linn. 74 species of herbivorous insects belonging to 28 families Family: Cicadellidae of 6 orders. Presence of a very good number of Cicadula maculata *Pruthi herbivorous species of insect population in the present Family: Pyrrhocoridae study area with a high number of individuals of insects Physopetata gulta *Brum. than what has been reported by some earlier workers in Family: Reduviidae different ecosystems of the world indicate the availability Rhinocoris reuteri #Dist. of sufficient food plants, adaptability of insects to the 276 Manoj Kumar Arya

Fig. 1 : Variation in number of herbivorous species and their individuals in different insect orders during study period.

Fig. 2 : Variation in number of predator species and their individuals in different insect orders during study period. ecological factors prevailing in the study area and Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Papilionidae and Sphingidae, were necessity of a proper management of the natural habitats, recorded in great numbers indicating efficient pollination as this area is the main centers of diversity of herbivorous in the Askot Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Himalayas, India. insects populations providing them micro habitats with Similary, Lepidopterans pollinate plants (Hodges et al, required food material. 2002). The family Sphingidae constitutes a major class of A total of 57 species of insects were found to facilitate pollinator in dry forests of Coata Rica and many parts of the pollination. These insect species belonged to orders world (Frankie et al, 1983; Oplar, 1983). Haber and Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera. During field visits Frankie (1989) recorded that ten percent tree species are 57 pollinator species of insects were recorded to visit primarily pollinated only by Hawkmoths (Sphingidae). flowers of different herbs, shrubs and trees regularly. The Thakur and Mattu (2010) recorded 87 species of butterflies identified species belonged to orders Lepidoptera, as regular flower visitor on 51 species of flowering plants Hymenoptera, Diptera and partially Coleoptera. In in the Shiwalik hills, India. Hannan (2007) reported that comparison, Panedey et al (2013) reported 61 species of Apis dorsata, A. cerana and Xylocopa species are insect pollinators. These species belonged to orders efficient pollinator and spent longer time in pollination. Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera and and observed Larson et al (2001) reported more than 550 species of that the Lepidopterans insect belonging to the families plants regularly visited by Dipteran insects. 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