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Observations on Trophic Levels of Ditterent Groups of Insect Population Vis a Vis Insect Pollinators in a Protected Forest Ecosystem in the Western Himalayas

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Observations on Trophic Levels of Ditterent Groups of Insect Population Vis a Vis Insect Pollinators in a Protected Forest Ecosystem in the Western Himalayas J. Exp. Zool. India Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 271-277, 2015 ISSN 0972-0030 OBSERVATIONS ON TROPHIC LEVELS OF DITTERENT GROUPS OF INSECT POPULATION VIS A VIS INSECT POLLINATORS IN A PROTECTED FOREST ECOSYSTEM IN THE WESTERN HIMALAYAS Manoj Kumar Arya Insect Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of Zoology, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital - 263 001, India. e-mail : [email protected] (Accepted 31 December 2014) ABSTRACT : Investigations were undertaken to know trophic level composition of different groups of insect population in a Protected Area in the Western Himalayas, India. Observations revealed that herbivorous species showed rich population i.e. 67.26% and 65.76% of the total collection of species of insect for first year and second year of study, respectively followed by predators (23.89% and 26.13%), saprophagous (2.65% and 6.31%) and omnivores (2.65% and 1.80%), respectively. Similarly, on the basis of total number of individuals of insect population recorded, herbivores constituted the maximum of all the insects i.e. 68.94% and 64.71% for first year and second year of study, respectively, followed by predators 23.74% and 26.38%, saprophagous 5.94% and 7.22%) and, omnivores 1.40% and 1.69% during the first year and second year of study, respectively. Across the study period, maximum numbers of herbivorous insects (50.12% individuals) were recorded during the rainy season followed by summer season (34.25% individuals) and winter season (15.63% individuals), respectively. During the entire study period, a total of 57 species of insects were found to facilitate the pollination processes. These species belonged to orders Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and, Diptera and partially Coleoptera. Key words : Insect population, protected forests, Western Himalayas. INTRODUCTION visiting insects is essential for the conservation of terrestrial The nutritional needs of all insects are surprisingly ecosystem, and lead to different interactions between similar. To grow and reproduce, all insects (whether insect-plants and insect-herbivores (Solar et al, 2009). Saprophytic, Phytophagous or Carnivorous) must obtain Studies on the trophic level composition of different groups carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals and of insect of in the different ecosystems of the world have water. From the functional standpoint, a population can been carried out by Kaushal and Vats (1981), Erwin and be analysed into many terms one of which is the food Scott (1980) and Joshi (1989). Similarly, studies on chain. The study of population fluctuation has also pollinator species of various insects groups in the different generated interest in the flow of energy through various ecosystem of the world have been carried out by various ecological categories or the trophic components. Hence workers (Frankie et al, 1883; Opler, 1983; Haber and the in present study, insect population has been categorized Frankie, 1989; Larson et al, 2001; Hodges et al, 2002; into four groups i.e. Herbivores, Predators, Saprophages Hannan, 2007; Thakur and Mattu, 2010 and Pandey et and Omnivores on the basis of their feeding behaviour. al, 2013). Similarly, however no attempts have so far been Insect herbivores are common in terrestrial ecosystems made to the trophic level composition of different groups (Schowalter, 2000), can have a striking impact on the of insect population vis a vis insect pollinators in the Pindari landscape by reducing plant biomass (Holland et al, 1996), area of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Western by altering the quality of litter inputs (Chapman et al, Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. 2003), and by changing the microclimate beneath the area MATERIALS AND METHODS they infest (Classen et al, 2005). It is well known that Study area herbivores insect population dominate all the habitats Pindari area is located in the northern part of whether in terms of number of individuals or in terms of Bageshwar district of Uttarakhand, India. This area lies species, collected from any ecosystems (Erwin, 1983; at buffer zone of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve in Stork, 1987; Gadagkar et al, 1990; Basset and Kitching, Western Himalaya. The entire area represents a 1991; Moran et al, 1994; Joshi and Sharma, 1997; Carson characteristic high altitude environment and falls within and Root, 2000 and, Joshi and Arya, 2005). The an altitudinal range of 2000-3500m. The glaciers in the relationship between flowering plants and the flower 272 Manoj Kumar Arya area viz. Pindari, Kaphni and Sunderdhunga are main Dermeptera 1.25%. attractions for mountain and eco-tourism. Climatically, the Trophic level composition of insects on the basis of area is unique and has three seasons i.e. winter (November number of individuals collected and their percent to March), summer (April to mid June) and rainy from contribution to the total population during the study period middle of June to mid October. Due to altitudinal and has been presented in table 2. On the basis of number of climatic gradients, the natural vegetation changes from individuals collected, herbivorous (68.94%) constituted the temperate to sub-alpine and alpine type. The Pindari area, maximum of all the insects, followed by predators named after a famous glacier in the area, has witnessed (23.74%), saprophagous (5.94%) and omnivores (1.40%) a tremendous increase in the human population, other during the first year of study. During second year of study, anthropogenic and geological activities over the past few herbivore species constituted (64.71%) of the total decades, which have exploited the natural flora and fauna collected individuals, followed by predators (26.38%), as well as insect fauna. saprophagous (7.22%) and omnivores (1.69%) insects. Methodology Similarly, trophic level composition of different insect order The insects were collected by Hand picking method, in terms of number of species collected and their percent net sweeping method, tree beating method and sweep contribution to total population during the study period are sampling method (Jonathan, 1990; Arora, 1990; Ghosh, presented in table 3. It is evident from Table 3 that the 1990 and Gadakar et al, 1990, respectively) during 2009- herbivorous species were most dominant and constituted 10. 67.26% of all the collected species, followed by predators (23.89%), saprophagous (2.65%) and omnivores (2.65%) Tropic structure of insects collected, was determined during the first year of study period, while during second on the basis of their feeding habits. Insects, once identified year of study, herbivores species constituted 65.76% of were placed in four different tropic levels viz. herbivores, the total species, followed by predators (26.13%), predators, saprophages and omnivores. saprophagous (6.31%) and omnivores (1.80%). Insect species visiting on different plant species were The relative number of species of different insect observed during field visits and also confirmed with orders during the entire study period has been given in available literature on insect pollinators. table 4. Maximum number of species belonged to order RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Lepidoptera was the most dominant order with 46 species Data on total number of species and individuals of belonging to 14 families followed by Hymenoptera with insect belonging to different orders and their percent 20 species belonging to 8 families, Coleoptera with 18 contribution have been presented in table 1. In the first species belongings to 4 families, Orthoptera with 2 species year of study, maximum number of species belonged to belonging to 10 families, Hemiptera with 10 species order Lepidoptera which constituted 35.39%, followed belonging to 6 families, Odonata with 9 species belonging by Hymenoptera (16.82%), Coleoptera (14.16%), to 3 families, Diptera with 5 species belonging to 4 Orthoptera (10.63%), Hemiptera (8.86%), Odonata families and Dermeptera with only 2 species belonging (7.95%), Diptera (4.43%) and Dermeptera (1.76%). In to a single family. the second year of study, maximum number of species A total of 5926 individuals of herbivorous species, again belonged to order Lepidoptera which constituted belonging to different insect order were collected during 36.94% followed by Hymenoptera (18.01%), Coleoptera the entire study period, which included Lepidoptera 46 (12.62%), Orthoptera (10.81%), Hemiptera (8.11%), species and 3566 individuals, followed by Orthoptera 12 Odonata (8.11%), Diptera (4.50%) and Dermeptera species and 1036 individuals, Hymenoptera 10 species (0.90%). On the basis of total number of individuals of (Apidae, Scolidae and Xylocopidae) and 720 individuals, insect collected, during the first year of study, maximum Coleoptera (Chrysomelidae and partially Coccinelidae) 7 numbers of individuals belonged to order Lepidoptera species and 269 individuals and Hemiptera (Coreidae, which constituted 40.18%, followed by Hymenoptera Lygaeidae, Pyrrhocoridae, partialy Pentatomidae and 13.99%, Orthoptera 12.38%, Coleoptera 12.24%, Cicadelidae) 7 species and 335 individuals. Across the Odonata 7.42%, Diptera 6.93%, Hemiptera 5.73% and study, maximum numbers of herbivorous insects (29970 Dermeptera 1.13%. In the second year of study maximum individuals) were recorded during the rainy season number of individuals again belonged to order Lepidoptera followed by summer season (2030 individuals) and winter which constituted 40.17% followed by Hymenoptera season (926 individuals), respectively. The graphical 13.71%, Coleoptera 12.38%, Orthoptera 11.00%, Odonata representation of percent contribution of herbivorous 10.63%, Hemiptera 6.24%, Diptera 4.62% and species belonging to different orders is given in Figure 1. Trophic levels of ditterent groups of insect population 273 Table 1 : Relative number of species and individuals recorded from different insect orders and their percent contribution to total number of species and individuals during study period. First year of study Second year of study Sl. Orders No. of Percent No. of Percent No. of Percent No. of Percent No. species (%) individuals (%) species (%) individuals (%) 1. Lepidoptera 40 35.39 1740 40.18 41 36.94 1826 40.17 2. Hymenoptera 19 16.82 606 13.99 20 18.01 623 13.71 3.
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