QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON, CHARTERHOUSE SQUARE, EC1M 6BQ

Borough of Islington

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

February 2016

QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON, CHARTERHOUSE SQUARE, EC1M 6BQ

Borough of Islington

An Archaeological Desk-based Assessment

APPROX. SITE CENTRE NGR: TQ 320 820

COMPASS ARCHAEOLOGY LIMITED 5-7 SOUTHWARK STREET LONDON SE1 1RQ

Tel: 020 7403 9660 Fax: 01932 346784

e-mail: [email protected]

February 2016

©Compass Archaeology Ltd

Abstract

This report provides an archaeological assessment regarding the proposed rebuilding of a Cryostore facility at Queen Mary University of London, Borough of Islington. The assessment has been produced to accompany a forthcoming planning application. The Cryostore refers to a liquid nitrogen storage facility, plus an external tank. The site lies in the vicinity of the medieval London Charterhouse, the Cloisters in particular.

The development site sits within the area of The Charterhouse, which began as a Carthusian priory in 1371 and lasting until its dissolution in 1537. The grounds were then repurposed as a country house, with various additions and alterations being made, and in 1611 became a school and almshouse. It is now occupied by Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry.

The site has potential for occupation evidence associated with the medieval/early post- medieval establishment. This conclusion reflects the general documentary and cartographic evidence for settlement. Previous archaeological investigations conducted by MoLA have uncovered evidence of structural remains, deposits and burials associated with the priory. Finds range in date from the medieval period to the mid-19th century. There is little evidence of widespread prehistoric or Roman activity.

There are, however, several mitigating factors that reduce the archaeological potential. The site was heavily damaged through bombing during the Second World War and many parts of the eastern side have been rebuilt. Moreover, previous work has revealed several 19th century basements truncating earlier features. The presence of an underground access tunnel towards the west end of the development site will also have led to localised truncation of archaeological deposits.

Overall it is concluded that there is a moderate to high potential for archaeological remains that could be affected by the proposed development. It is therefore recommended that some form of archaeological mitigation take place during any groundworks associated with the development. This could be attached as a suitably worded condition to accompany any successful planning application.

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Contents page

1 Introduction 1

2 Acknowledgments 2

3 Objectives of the report 2

4 Methodology 2

5 Archaeology, the historic environment and planning 3

6 Site location, geology, and topography 5

7 Archaeological and historical background 7

8 Cartographic evidence for post-medieval development 30

9 The site today 49

10 The proposed redevelopment 57

11 Summary of archaeological potential in the study area 62

12 Mitigating factors to the archaeological potential 63

13 Conclusions 64

14 Sources consulted 64

iv List of figures page

1 Site location 1

2 The site in relation to the Charterhouse Square Conservation area (CA09) 4

3 Location of development area 5

4 The site in relation to the underlying geology 6

5 Site in relation to the Prehistoric, Roman and unknown GLHER entries 7

6 Site in relation to the medieval GLHER entries 9

7 Location of proposed cryostore in relation to medieval charterhouse features 20

8 Site in relation to post-medieval entries on the GLHER 21

9 Extract from the ‘Agas Map’, 1562 with the site outlined 30

10 Extract from Braun and Hogenberg, 1572 with the approximate site location 31 marked

11 Extract from Morgan’s Map of the Whole of London in 1682 with site outline 32 marked

12 Extract from John Rocque’s 1746 Map, with approximate site outline marked 33

13 Extract from Johannes Kip’s engraving, 1786, with site outlined. 34

14 Extract from Cary’s 1795 map with the site outlined 35

15 Extract from Horwood’s 1799 map with site outlined 36

16 A view of Charterhouse c.1813 from T. Ward 37

17 Extract from the Plan of the Parish of St Sepulchre, 1824 with site outlined 38

18 Extract from C & J Greenwood’s Map of London, 2nd Edition, 1830 39

19 Extract from A Balloon View of London, 1851 with site marked 40

20 Extract from 1868 OS map with site outlined 41

21 Extract from the Goad Insurance Plan 1886 with site outlined 42

22 Extract from the 1895 5 foot-mile OS map with site outlined 43

v 23 Extract from Booth’s Poverty map 1898 with the site outlined 44

24 Extract from the 1916 1: 2500 Edition OS map with the site outlined 45

25 Extract from the LCC bomb damage map, 1945 with the site outlined 46

26 Extract from the 1952 1:1250 OS map with the site outlined 47

27 Extract from the 1972 1:1250 OS map with the site outlined 48

28 Plan showing the location and direction of photographs seen in figures 28-38 49

29 View of the QMUL Charterhouse Square campus entrance, facing S 50

30 View of the approach to site, facing N 51

31 View of the proposed development site and Dawson Hall, facing SW 51

32 View of the current storage facility to be demolished and replaced, facing E 52

33 View of the space between Dawson and Therese Halls, facing N 52

34 View of the original doorway to Cell S, facing E 53

35 View of the north area of the development site, facing S 53

36 Detailed view of the doorway to Cell S and development site, facing S 54

37 The current extent of the facility, facing SW 54

38 Site of the temporary storage facility, facing N 55

39 Site of the temporary storage facility, facing SE 56

40 Location of the proposed cryostore and temporary storage 58

41 Section through proposed footings for new storage facility 59

42 Plan of proposed ground floor plan for new storage facility. 60

43 Site location and impact levels 61

Figs.1, 3 & 5-7 reproduced from the OS digital information with the permission of the Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of HMSO ©Crown Copyright. All rights reserved. (Compass Archaeology Ltd, license no. AL 100031317)

Fig.2 reproduced from Islington Council’s Charterhouse Square conservation area map

Figs.7, and 40-43 adapted from original drawings by TWS

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 This report forms a summary of the findings of an archaeological desk-based assessment, (DBA), conducted on the site of Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square campus, EC1M 6BQ (fig.1).

Fig.1: Site location

1.2 The DBA has been commissioned in support of a full planning application to demolish an existing liquid nitrogen storage facility (known as a cryostore) and replace it with a new structure of the same purpose. This will also include the construction of a temporary storage facility on a separate part of the site. The DBA takes this additional siting into consideration.

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2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

2.1 Compass Archaeology would like to thank Queen Mary University of London for supporting the archaeological research and assessment and for commissioning Compass to conduct the DBA. Thanks also to QMUL Estates and Facilities for arranging a site visit to the campus and Henry Simon of Fraser Brown MacKenna Architects for providing detailed plans and information regarding the development.

Thanks finally to all those who helped source historic material during the research stage of the project, including the staff of Islington Local History Library.

3 OBJECTIVES OF THE REPORT

3.1 The objective of this assessment is to establish the archaeological potential of the site within the context of the proposed redevelopment. This takes into account three principal elements:

 Reference to the archaeological and documentary background.  Consideration of the previous impact of land use and development on potential archaeology.  Potential impact of the proposed development.

4 METHODOLOGY

4.1 The assessment has been carried out in accordance with Historic England guidelines, (Historic England, 2015), and the recommendations of the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, (CIfA 2014).

4.2 A visit was made to the site, and the local studies library and relevant archives were consulted. In addition, entries held by the Greater London Historic Environment Record (GLHER). Material held by Compass Archaeology was also utilised. References to the various sources were noted, and relevant material photocopied/scanned or photographed as appropriate.

4.3 A search of the Greater London Historic Environment Record was made within a 250m radius of the site, using The Green as a centre. The results of the HER search are considered in more detail in Section 7.

4.4 The results of these investigations have been collated to produce this document, which forms a summary of the known archaeological potential of the site, the possible impact of any prior land-use upon the potential and the perceived impact that the current proposal may have on any surviving potential.

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5 ARCHAEOLOGY, THE HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING

5.1 This desktop assessment represents one element in the archaeological planning process whereby early consideration of potential archaeological remains can be achieved, and if necessary appropriate further mitigation measures put in place. The report conforms to the requirements of the National Planning Policy Framework, (NPPF), adopted in March 2012, which replaces PPS 5 ‘Planning for the Historic Environment’ and policies HE6 and HE7.

5.2 The Government adopted the National Planning Policy Framework in March 2012. The NPPF integrates planning strategy on ‘heritage assets’ - bringing together all aspects of the historic environment, below and above ground, including historic buildings and structures, landscapes, archaeological sites, and wrecks. The significance of heritage assets needs to be considered in the planning process, whether designated or not, and the settings of assets taken into account. NPPF requires using an integrated approach to establishing the overall significance of the heritage asset using evidential, historical, aesthetic and communal values, to ensure that planning decisions are based on the nature, extent and level of significance.

5.3 The site lies within the Borough of Islington and as such there are a number of relevant policies regarding archaeological remains. These can be found within the Islington Local Plan: Development Management Policies, (adopted June 2013) pp17-23.

5.4 The area of Charterhouse is a designated Archaeological Priority Area. This is focussed around:  All buildings associated with the Charterhouse  All addresses on Glasshouse Yard The local plan states:

‘Archaeological priority areas and scheduled monuments are identified on the Policies Map and in Appendix 7. All planning applications likely to affect important archaeological remains are required to include an Archaeological Assessment.’

5.5 The site falls within the Charterhouse Square Conservation Area as designated by Islington Council (CA09), focusing on the area occupied by Charterhouse Square and extending west to Charterhouse Street and Cowcross Street, (see Fig.2 below). The area contains medieval buildings and structures relating to Smithfield Market, as well as several listed buildings in the vicinity of the proposed development site. As such the development should take into account the character of its wider setting and potential limitations imposed by such a designation.

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Fig.2: The site in relation to the Charterhouse Square Conservation area (CA09)

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6 SITE LOCATION, GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY

6.1 The site lies to the north of Charterhouse Square and within the former area of the medieval Charterhouse precinct. It fronts onto the eastern side of The Green, a rectangular grassed area which was once the cloister garth of the medieval monastic community. Presently it is bounded by student accommodation; Dawson Hall, to the north and Therese House (29-30 Glasshouse Yard) to the east.

The proposed site of development comprises a passageway between Dawson Hall and the Joseph Rotblat Building, forming an 'L-shape'. The site is open to the west and enclosed at the rear by Therese House and nos. 26-28 Glasshouse Yard. The development area extends further west than the current line of buildings, ending at the eastern side of The Green. The total area for development is approximately 30m long, (N-S), and 30m wide, (E-W), fitting in between existing buildings.

Fig.3: Location of development area

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6.2 The British Geological Survey, (Sheet 256: North London), indicates that the site overlies an extensive area of geologically recent River Terrace Deposits (Hackney Gravel). The gravels give way in the south east and west to pockets of Taplow gravels, Langley silts and the alluvium of the Thames flood plain. The site lies immediately north of a pocket of Langley silt.

Fig.4: Map of the local Geology. Site location outlined in red.

6.3 The site is relatively level with the ground ever so slightly sloping towards the south from. This becomes more pronounced further south of Charterhouse Square towards the embankment, reflecting the natural slope towards the Thames.

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7 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

7.1 The following section is drawn from a survey of the Greater London Historic Environment Record, and should be read in conjunction with Figures 5 to 8 below.

7.2 A search of the GLHER for a radius of 250m from the approximate centre of the site (NGR: TQ 3200 8200) produced a total of 171 relevant Monument records. After removing standing and listed buildings this figure has been reduced to 113. The entries cover a range of material – including archaeological excavations, documentary and antiquarian records, and isolated find spots. These are discussed in chronological order by period below.

Fig.5: Site in relation to the Prehistoric, Roman and unknown GLHER entries

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7.3 Prehistoric

No. on Mon. UID TQ Ref. Description References Fig.5 1 MLO571 3211 8178 A single polished axe recovered Artefact: Polished from Jewin Street, Aldersgate. stone axe. Unregistered Neolithic (4000BC-2201BC). (STURGE COLL).

Article in monograph: Merriman N. A (1987).Prehistory for Central London? PP 318-326

2 MLO74221 3185 8201 Find spot. An archaeological Unpublished excavation was conducted in document: Museum of 1998 by the Museum of London London Archaeology Archaeology Service. Site code Service. 1999. PRR98. The tip of a pointed Preacher's Court, biface of Acheulian type was Charterhouse, London, found residual in a medieval EC1: An dump layer. Archaeological Post Excavation Assessment.

Monograph: Museum of London Archaeology Service. 2002. The London Charterhouse.

7.3.1 Previous archaeological work has uncovered limited evidence of prehistoric activity in the vicinity of Charterhouse, mostly in the form of tools. These finds however have generally been found within later contexts, and therefore do not act as evidence for in situ prehistoric activity or settlement. Instead, they reflect a more generalised picture of prehistoric activity taking place within the local area.

7.3.2 Numerous finds have been excavated from foreshore surveys conducted along the River Thames, in addition to evidence of settlement. It is likely that, although no major settlement has yet been discovered, if one existed at all, that it was concentrated further south towards the river for logistical and sustainability purposes.

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7.4 Roman

No. on Mon. UID TQ Ref. Description References Fig.5 3 MLO247 3205 8192 Site Evaluation by Department of Excavation archive: Greater London Archaeology 1990 DGLA Bowsher D. 2- (Site Code CAR90). Recorded 5 Carthusian St Site shallow cut features with Roman Records. Site Code tile and pottery. CAR90.

GLSMR recording form: DGLA. 2-5

Carthusian St. Site Code CAR90.

4 MLO99504 3229 8163 This is the route of a Roman road Monograph: Museum thought to run slightly west of the of London current [2009] Aldersgate Street Archaeology Service. south into the Roman city and then 2004. Roman and runs west to east roughly parallel to Medieval Cripplegate, the southern wall of Cripplegate City of Fort before turning southeast to London: Poultry. Archaeological excavations 1992 – 8

Excavations at the priory of the Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem, Clerkenwell. (2004) p.51 5 MLO160 3200 8220 The digging of a sewer in 1868, on Article in monograph: the line of Old Street near Goswell King HW. Old Street Road, found five or six road Excavations for Mid- surfaces associated with Roman level Sewer. P 563. coins. Monograph: Royal Commission on the Historic Monuments England. 1928. An inventory of the historical monuments in London. Vol. III: Roman London. p.56 (B) 6 MLO24781 3207 8206 An excavation was undertaken in Excavation archive: 1990 by the Museum of London DGLA Kirby, C. 7-21 Department for Greater London Goswell Rd Site Archaeology (North). Site code Records. Site Code GSW90. A possible road drainage GSW90. ditch containing residual human bone, and pottery and tile dated to GLSMR recording the 1st-3rd century was revealed. form: DGLA. 7-21 Goswell Rd Site Code GSW90.

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7 MLO791 3200 8190 5 urns found. 3 contained burnt Article in monograph: bones. Dated mid-late 2nd century. Bentley D & Pritchard F. (1982). The Roman cemetery at St Bartholomews Hospital. PP 134-172.

Unpublished document: Baily JW. London Antiquities drawn from his collection. PP 15,17,19,22,26.

7.4.1 The present day site lies outside of the known extent of the Roman city of Londinium, further to the north-east. Previous archaeological investigation has suggested that there was Roman activity taking place in what is now the Charterhouse area, although to what extent is unknown – it may be localised extra-mural settlement.

7.4.2 Excavations previously undertaken at 2-5 Carthusian Street and 7-21 Goswell Road (HER entries 3 and 6), uncovered significant evidence for Roman activity, including cut features, ditches and pits, in addition to associated pottery and tile. This suggests the existence of some form of Roman settlement in this area rather than just chance residual finds.

7.4.3 This hypothesis is supported by evidence recovered from Smithfield comprising five burial urns dating from the mid-late 2nd century (HER entry 7). Although references to this findspot may have been confused, or incorrectly recorded at some point, it can be taken as general evidence in favour of extra-mural activity. It is also known that Roman burials only occurred outside of the city walls1, which is consistent with this entry.

7.4.4 Recent Crossrail excavations2 have uncovered evidence for 14th century activity it was anticipated that Roman artefacts should also be uncovered, further supporting the idea of settlement, or at least, residual activity.

1 Toynbee, 1996. Death and Burial in the Roman World p.73. 2 Cf http://www.crossrail.co.uk/news/articles/14th-century-burial-ground-discovered-in-london

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7.5 Medieval

Fig.6: Site in relation to the medieval GLHER entries

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No. on Mon. UID TQ Ref. Description References Fig.6 8 MLO646 3206 8188 10-13 Carthusian Street. Article in monograph: Watching brief undertaken by D Schofield J. DUA Bentley for Department of Urban Archive Guide. P 76. Archaeology, July '86; site code CTN86. A number of chalklined Article in monograph: pits were found and thought to be Richardson B. associated with a medieval Excavation round-up building 1986. P 271.

The earliest activity identified was a deposit of early medieval garden or agricultural soil.

A large building, provisionally dated to the13th century was constructed on a cultivation soil. The building was founded on arches of chalk and flint and was later extended to the west. A well associated with a medieval building was found. This was partially rebuilt at a later date using carved medieval stonework which may have come from the chalk founded building.

9 MLO77038 3206 8195 One test pit was located at the Unpublished document: deep end of the existing Museum of London swimming pool and revealed a Archaeology Service. late medieval/early post-medieval 1999. 120 Aldersgate deposit. This overlay what Street, London EC1, appeared to be a natural gravel. Islington: An No deposits earlier than medieval Archaeological were encountered. Evaluation.

10 MLO67933 3205 8192 2-5 Carthusian Street. Excavation Unpublished document: undertaken by Chris Thomas for Department of Greater the Department of Greater London Archaeology. London Archaeology, July '91; 1991. Excavations at 2-5 site code CIN91. A shallow E-W Carthusian Street. gully was recorded which contained medieval pottery, most Article in monograph: likely used as a drain Barratt M & Thomas C. The London MLO579 An excavation by Chris Thomas Charterhouse. PP 283 - for the Department of Greater 291. London Archaeology in July ’91 (CIN91) found a large medieval

quarry pit which was probably contemporary with the Carthusian Monastery. Numerous other medieval pits were also found, both in the excavation and in the 1990 test pit evaluation undertaken by Julian Bowsher.

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MLO248 Site Evaluation by the Excavation archive: Department of Greater London DGLA Bowsher D. 2-5 Archaeology 1990 recorded Carthusian St Site medieval or Tudor pits with Records. Site Code pottery and a glazed floor tile. CAR90.

MLO67932 Several phases of medieval Unpublished document: dumping were recorded. The first Department of Greater consisted of redeposited London Archaeology. brickearth which was cut by a 1991. Excavations at 2-5 quarry. Later medieval dumping Carthusian Street. appears to have been to level the ground.

MLO99145 CIN91. A large medieval quarry pit, probably contemporary with the Carthusian Monastery, was excavated. 11 MLO302 3176 8194 6-7 St John’s Lane. Excavation by London Archaeologist Department of Greater London Association Vol 6 Archaeology 1990 (SJL90) No.11/1991/304. Recorded fragments of medieval wall footings which had been robbed out, within the outer precinct of St John’s priory. 12 MLO710 3203 8180 D Bentley, 1982; site code: Unpublished document: LOG82. Evidence from sections Schofield J. City of around the edge of the site London Archive Guide - revealed, on the north side, 2.5m Draft LOG82. of successive road metallings and tread of medieval and post medieval Long Lane.

On the south side of the site horizontal deposits of garden soil were revealed, disturbed only by N-S foundations of 16th or 17th brick wall. 13 MLO75 3175 8204 89-97 St John Street. Excavation Unpublished document: and watching brief undertaken by Museum of London Kieron Heard for Museum of Archaeology Service. London Archaeology Service, 89-97 St John St: Post September - December 1999; site excavation assessment. code SAJ98. A medieval ditch Site Code: SAJ98. oriented SW-NE that bisected the site is interpreted as a boundary marker or drainage channel associated with the parva venalla or 'little lane' that is referred to in late medieval documents describing the holdings of St Johns Priory. This lane is known subsequently as Pissing Alley.

A C14th worked soil horizon was also recorded.

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14 MLO97999 3208 8180 A medieval quarry was found Unpublished document: through excavation at the site of MOLAS. 2004. 140 Aldersgate Street by the Aldersgate Street (No Museum of London Archaeology 140) EC1: An Service in 2002. A single CBW Archaeological (Coarse Border Ware) rimsherd Evaluation was recovered from the section Report. through a gravel quarry pit. The quarry pit was backfilled with domestic rubbish, including: nightsoil and oyster, mussel and cockle shells.

15 MLO99173 3202 8166 Area Between Long Lane, Little Monograph: Museum of Britain, Montague Street, London Archaeology Aldersgate Street. This is the Service. 2002. The precinct of the Augustinian priory London Charterhouse. founded in 1123.

16 MLO99170 3166 8203 This is the site of the outer Monograph: Museum of precinct of the former priory of London Archaeology the Hospital of St John of Service. 2006. Jerusalem, Clerkenwell. The area Excavations at the lies to the northwest of the City of priory of the Order of London, just outside the city bars, the Hospital of St John some 480m north of Newgate and of Jerusalem 580 north-west of Aldersgate. It Clerkenwell. was founded in 1144 by Jordan de Bricet and his wife Muriel de Munteni. It was dissolved in 1540. 17 MLO177 3155 8285 Provision for a Charterhouse Article in serial: St John water supply was made in 1430. Hope, W H. 1902. The The spring was situated at London Charterhouse Overmead. From the highway, the and its old water supply. conduit passed (by arrangement) PP 293-312. through land belonging to St John’s priory and St Mary’s. The Article in monograph: plan of the conduit was shown in Stow. Survey of London detail on the Waterworks Roll. (Modern Edition). P 83. After use in the priory, the water travelled out to be used by taverns GLSMR recording form: beyond the gate. Ruislip, Northwood and Eastcote Local History Society. 2001. MLO46151 The Conduit House. A building Charterhouse Square: which stood in the middle of the Observation of Great Cloister and regulated the Cropmarks. water supply to the monastery. In the upper half of the building was a square lead cistern into which the home pipe discharged itself. The building was octagonal with panelling and curved roof. Four pipes issue from the base of the building, supplying the cloister cells, gardens and walkways. A crop mark of the feature can be seen on an aerial photograph taken in 1997.

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Associated pipes and guttering have been uncovered in numerous excavations, in particular, in 1944 during the removal of a bomb damaged floor in the great hall.

18 MLO24796 3203 8191 An archaeological evaluation was Unpublished document: conducted in 1989 by the Department Greater Museum of London Archaeology London Archaeology. Service. Site code CAR89. 1989. Archaeological A number of later medieval or Trial Work at 7- post medieval rubbish pits were 8, Carthusian Street, recorded. Archaeological survival EC1 (CAR 89), Archive was exceptionally good and Report. indicated continuous and intense occupation over several areas.

19 MLO73 3195 8190 Resistivity survey undertaken by Unpublished document: D. Shiel for Geophysical Surveys Geophysical Surveys of of Bradford, May 1997. Bradford. 1997. Report Conducted over the site of known on Geophysical Survey: medieval chapel and cemetery, St. although it was not detected by Bartholomew's Medical the survey due to other anomalies. School & Charterhouse. SURVEY NO. 97/42.

20 MLO445 3185 8190 This was the cemetery chapel at Article in monograph: Charterhouse, possibly on the site Knowles D & Grimes of the original plague chapel. It WF. (1954). was consecrated in 1471. Charterhouse.

MLO151 Originally established as a plague Article in monograph: cemetery by Sir Walter de Victoria County History. Manny, with a chapel. Later a MIDDX. P 162. hermitage, which became the nucleus for Charterhouse.

21 MLO173 3188 8208 After the Dissolution the East, Article in serial: St John North and South walks of the Hope, W H. 1902. The Great Cloister of Charterhouse London Charterhouse Priory were taken over. They and its old water supply. were first given to the care of PP 293- William Dale and then used for 312. the storage of the King’s hunting and fishing equipment. For a short time, a family of Italian entertainers called Bassano lived in some of the rooms. The area then became a town house.

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22 MLO75755 3195 8200 Early activity involving the Unpublished document: extensive quarrying of natural Museum of London gravels occurred across the Archaeology Service. Charterhouse and Spitalcroft 1999. areas. Quarrying appears to have taken place piecemeal with no Preacher's Court, systematic patter of exploitation: Charterhouse, London, pits were intercutting and of EC1: An Archaeological various sizes. The pits were Post Excavation partially backfilled with unwanted Assessment. topsoil, brickearth and sand that had been dug from them, as Monograph: Museum of well as occasionally exploited as London Archaeology rubbish dumps or cess pits. Most Service. 2002. The pottery dated to the 12th to 13th London Charterhouse. century. p8-9

Residual fragment of 5th-century glass vessel decorated with applied trails, of Frankish type. This find could be contemporary with any continued use of the late Roman cemetery, West Smithfield, or of possible settlement in the Fleet alley area during the Early Saxon period

23 MLO53715 3194 8198 This soakaway or stoup was Monograph: Museum of found in the external angle of the London Archaeology Church and St Jerome’s Chapel Service. 2002. The

on the south side of the church. London Charterhouse. This is where the Carthusians returned the holy water to the Unpublished document: ground. It consisted on a hollow Museum of London shaft of yellow bricks built into a Archaeology Service. small, square pit, in total 1998. Charterhouse measuring 18 inches in diameter. Square, Islington, Traces of a hollow freestone cap London EC1: were also found. Archaeological Evaluation. MLO99161 Excavations uncovered the foundations of the chapel of St Michael and St John the Baptist, now part of the present day range incorporating the Masters Lodge. Additionally, the chapel of St Jerome and St Bernard is well recorded, sitting to the east of St Michael, and is the smaller of the two. Associated finds include at least three graves in coffins.

MLO73455 The approximate site of the chapel established by Sir Walter de Manny in his Black Death cemetery of Spitalcroft. See MLO445.

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24 MLO73457 3196 8193 An evaluation carried out by Unpublished document: MoLAS in 1998 (CSQ98) Museum of London revealed a garden soil layer Archaeology Service. containing pottery dating from 1998. Charterhouse 1280-1350. Square, Islington, London EC1: Archaeological Evaluation.

25 MLO70872 3193 8200 A medieval cemetery established Unpublished document: for the burial of plague victims in Museum of London late 1348 or early 1349 by Sir Archaeology Service. Walter de Manny, on land leased 1999. Preacher’s Court, from St Bartholomew’s Hospital. Charterhouse, London, It remained in use until the EC1: An Archaeological majority of the site was occupied Post-Excavation by the Carthusian Chapterhouse Assessment. monastery. See MLO151. 26 MLO23473 3196 8201 This is the site of Charterhouse, a Unpublished document: Carthusian monastery existing Museum of London from 1371 until its dissolution in Archaeology Service. 1537. The buildings consisted of a 1988. A Report on large Great Cloister composed of Archaeological Trial individual cells and little cloister Work Carried out at and court for laymen. 110-115 Aldersgate Street, EC1.

Article in monograph: St John Hope WH. Charterhouse. PP 293- 312. 27 MLO73531 3196 8222 Extensive dumped deposits and Unpublished document: rubbish pits were recorded during Museum of London an evaluation by MoLAS in 1998. Archaeology Service. It is likely these are the fills of 1999. 4-10 Clerkenwell quarry pits dated to the 14th or Road, 29-39 Goswell 15th century. Road and 1-4 Great Sutton Street, London EC1 – An Archaeological Evaluation. 28 MLO103068 3176 8190 A number of medieval buildings Article in serial: London were uncovered during an Archaeologist. 1990. excavation by Museum of London Recent Excavations at St DUA at Cowcross Street, 1989. John’s Priory, in Probably associated with St Cowcross Street, EC1. John’s Priory. Volume 6, no. 7. 29 MLO347 3177 8250 Road, running from Aldersgate to Published map/plan: Islington. Passage grant given in Prockter, A. & Taylor, 1380. R. A-Z of Elizabethan London.

Article in monograph: Stow, J. 1912. The Survey of London.

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30 MLO99169 3192 8209 This is the precinct area of Monograph: Museum of Charterhouse, established in 1371 London Archaeology until its closure in 1537. Service. 2002. The London Charterhouse.

31 MLO74049 3181 8193 Gravel and brickearth quarrying Unpublished document: pits dating to before the 16th Museum of London century. These were backfilled Archaeology Service. and sealed with made ground 1999. 29(1/2) and 30A during the 16th-19th centuries. Great Sutton Street, Brick buildings were constructed Clerkenwell, London in the early 19th century and later EC1: An Archaeological demolished. Evaluation. 32 MLO62852 3189 8223 A gravel surface and number of Unpublished document: pits of probable medieval date Museum of London were recorded during a watching Archaeology Service. brief by MoLAS in 1995 1995. 44-49 Great (GSS95). Sutton Street, London EC1: An Archaeological Watching Brief. 33 MLO57 3201 8176 A watching brief conducted by Monograph: Filer, J. the DUA (HAS90) revealed a Excavation round-up. burial probably associated with P276. the priory, or later, the parish church of St Bartholomew the Great.

MLO231 Additionally, a robbed out wall running NE-SW was uncovered. 34 MOL43978 3187 8217 This is the location of the Pardon Article in serial: London Cemetery, a 14th-17th century and Middlesex cemetery initially established for Archaeological Society. victims of the Black Death. Excavations at the Former Allied Brewery, 148-180 St John Street, London EC1. 35 MOL457 3140 8250 Water pipe running from the white conduit to Conduit House.

36 MOL229 3162 8251 Road running from West Monograph: Tomlins, Smithfield to Islington established TE. Perambulation of in the medieval period. Islington.

37 MOL443 3175 8195 The house of the Bailiff of Eagle 'St John's Gate and St stood in the outer precinct, on the John's Lane ', in Survey west side of St John’s Lane near of London: Volume 46, Eagle Court. South and East Clerkenwell, ed. Philip Temple (London, 2008), pp. 142-163. 38 MOL110 3195 8195 References to a mill that stood in Monograph: Schwab, I. this location from 1374. The Archaeology of Islington.

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7.5.1 It was during the medieval period that Charterhouse developed and the layout that exists to the present day was first created. In 1348 the land was rented by Walter de Manny from St Bartholomew’s Hospital, to be used as a graveyard and plague pit for victims of the Black Death (HER entries 20 and 25) – a continuation of the nearby Pardon Churchyard belonging to St John’s Priory. Further evidence of these plague pits has been uncovered as part of the Crossrail excavations from 2013, with at least 25 skeletons found to date.

7.5.2 A Carthusian monastery was established in 1371 comprising a Great Cloister, completed in 1414, for the brothers and a little cloister and court for laymen. Archaeological works conducted by MoLAS in 1988 and 2002 (HER entries 26 and 30) uncovered in situ walls and floors of the cloister, and precinct walls, which were built approximately 40 years after the initial chapel. Notably, in 1990 (site code MED90) the substantial remains of four monastic cells from the north range of the cloister of Charterhouse Priory were found. The doorway to Cell S still survives in situ to the north of the current storage facility, indicating that the present site falls within the area of the eastern walkway of the cloister range, albeit at a significantly higher level than the historic ground surface, (fig.7).

7.5.3 The monastery was a substantial complex; evident by the Great Conduit water system detailed on the Waterworks Roll which made provision for a source in the centre of the cloister, piped throughout the area into the individual cells before being diverted to the local taverns (HER entries 17, 23 and 35). The pipe has been located on several occasions, most notably in the northern range of the former cloister at a depth of c1.4m3. The projected path of this conduit is several metres north of the development site, so is unlikely to be encountered in the proposed works, (fig.7). The dimensions of the Great Cloister formed a rectangle of 340ft east to west & 300 foot north to south and comprising three sides of individual cells and a fourth of communal rooms. From previous works it can be surmised that the Charterhouse’s sphere of influence extended as far as St John Street to the west, Goswell Road to the east and Carthusian Street to the south, with the main concentration being in the north-west, between the present day junction of St John Road and Clerkenwell Road.

7.5.4 During the later medieval period the Charterhouse continued to be altered and extended. The cloister later known as Washouse Court, to the west of the little cloister, was one of the last buildings to be built, not being completed until shortly before the monastery continued to function as such. Several excavations at 2-5 and 10-13 Carthusian Street (HER entries 8 and 10) have revealed numerous quarry pits and dumping layers believed to be contemporary with the medieval buildings, suggesting a large scale presence in the area. It also confirms that local resources were being utilised to construct the complex.

7.5.5 The west wing of the Great Cloister survives to the present day, now known as the Norfolk Cloister in addition the entrance tower and small church beside it. Walls from the east walk have been recorded and Cell S remains a standing feature. The Charterhouse continued as a monastery until its Dissolution in 1537. Sources indicate

3 Bowlt, C. 2003, ‘The Great Conduit at the London Charterhouse’ in London Archaeologist Vol.10. No.5

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that the brothers resisted the closure, leading to the execution of the Prior, John Houghton, and starvation of many of the brothers4.

Fig.7: Location of proposed cryostore, (orange), and access tunnel, (dark green), in relation to medieval charterhouse features, (cloister / light green; and conduit / blue)

4 Unpublished document: Museum of London Archaeology Service. 2003. St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, Charterhouse Buildings, Clerkenwell Road and Goswell Road: Archaeological Impact Assessment.

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7.6 Post-medieval

Fig.8: Site in relation to post-medieval entries on the GLHER

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No. on Mon. UID TQ Ref. Description References Fig.8 38 MLO646 3206 8188 10-13 Carthusian Street. Pits Monograph: associated with a post-medieval Schofield, J. DUA building were observed during a Archive Guide p76. watching brief conducted by the Department of Urban Monograph: Archaeology (CTN86). Large Richardson, B. quantities of domestic vessels Excavation round-up were recorded indicating this was 1986. P271. the site of the 17th century Red Lion Inn.

A brick building was observed, presumably as a replacement for the earlier medieval structure.

39 MLO75756 3206 8195 Test pitting revealed concrete Unpublished foundations from a modern document: Museum of building, destroying earlier London Archaeology evidence. Service. 1999. 120 Aldersgate Street, London EC1, Islington: An Archaeological Evaluation.

40 MLO733 3221 8200 A large post-medieval quarry was Unpublished observed during a watching brief document: Museum of undertaken by MoLAS in 1998 London Archaeology (FNN98). Service. 1998. 23-45 Fann Street London EC2: An Archaeological Evaluation. Site Code FNN98.

41 MLO579 3205 8192 2-5 Carthusian Street. Unpublished Excavations by the DUA in 1991 document: Department (CIN91) uncovered a series of of Greater London features including 17th and 18th Archaeology. 1991. century cesspits and brick walls. Excavations at 2-5 Carthusian Street.

42 MLO74 3205 8202 Part of a 16th/17th century brick Unpublished cellar of a property fronting east document: Museum of onto Glasshouse Yard was London Archaeology recorded during a watching brief Service. 2000. 26-28 by MoLAS in 2000 (GLH00). Glasshouse Yard, Clerkenwell, London EC1: An Archaeological Watching Brief report.

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43 MLO656 3191 8179 Surviving elements of a 17th Monograph: century house observed during Heathcote, J. refurbishment of a property on Excavation round-up Cloth Fair, by the DUA ’86 1987, part 1: City of (CFA86). London. P 383.

44 MLO710 3203 8177 A number of post medieval cut Unpublished features observed in the natural document: Schofield, brickearth. J. City of London Archive Guide – A N-S running wall foundation Draft. MDE88. dating to the 16th or 17th century was uncovered. 45 MLO75 3175 8204 SAJ98. Chalk cess pit associated Unpublished with early post-medieval high document: Museum of status tenements. London Archaeology Service. 2000. 87-97 A number of buildings with St John Street, London masonry foundations were EC1: An constructed in the east part of the Archaeological Post- site, understood to be a cellared Excavation tenement, demolished in the 19th Assessment. century

46 MLO107361 3207 8191 Workhouse. The St Botolph Website: Hitchcock. Aldersgate workhouse (also T,Shoemaker. R, known as St Botolph without Howard. S, et al.. Aldersgate workhouse) was April 2012. London located in 129 Aldersgate Street. Lives, 1690-1800. It was first mentioned in 1676, http://www.londonlive when Thomas Firmin re-used the s.org/. established Clarkenwell scheme to used the workhouse as a training Website: home. It continued to be used to Higginbotham, P.. house the local parish poor in the 2000. The Workhouse: 1820’s and could accommodate The Story of an up to 240 inmates. Institution. http://www.workhouse s.org.uk

47 MLO663 3208 8180 Watching brief undertaken by Unpublished MoLAS in Oct '95 (ADG95). A document: Museum of post-medieval pit was the only London Archaeology archaeological feature recorded. Service. 1995. 140 Much of the stratigraphy on the Aldersgate Street, site was truncated by cellars for London the late 19th century Manchester EC1: An Hotel which used to occupy the Archaeological site. Evaluation. Site Code: ADG95. 48 MLO662 3187 8193 Watching brief undertaken by Unclassified: Inner ILAU, Nov '86. Chalk rubble and London brick footings of what was Archaeological Unit: thought to be the original Tudor Whytehead, R. boundary wall to the Charterhouse Charterhoue Mews were found. (ILAU Correspondence Files).

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A brick arched drain cutting through a pit fill and running E-W into Charterhouse was found.

The area appeared to have been largely pitted in the post-medieval period for sand and gravel extraction. Some 17th century or 18th century pottery was found. 49 MLO612 3193 8206 Site of the Charterhouse School Article in monograph: from. Later, the site of the Great Seaborne M. The Cloister became a playground for English School 1370- the Merchant Taylors’ School. 1870. P 241. 50 MLO573 3195 8192 Road surface of Charterhouse Square. 51 MLO73458 3196 8193 Archaeological Evaluation Unpublished MoLAS (CSQ98). A series of document: Museum of levelling layers containing large London Archaeology amounts of chalk fragments, Service. 1998. pebbles, some tile and cockle Charterhouse Square, shell and pottery dating to 1600- Islington, 1650. It also contained a fragment London EC1: of Delftware wall tile dating to the Archaeological first half of the17th century. Evaluation. The levelling and dumping in Charterhouse Square seems to have taken place after 1630 and before 1700.

52 MLO74228 3194 8202 This is the site of an Elizbaethan Unpublished townhouse created from 1545 document: Museum of from the remains of the London Archaeology Charterhouse Carthusian Service. 1999. monastery. It was purchased in Preacher's Court, 1611 by Thomas Sutton, who Charterhouse, London, created a secular hospital and EC1: An school on the estate. Archaeological Post Excavation Assessment.

Article in monograph: Greenwood P & Maloney C. Excavation round-up 1992. P 81. 53 MLO99142 3201 8212 After the Dissolution this site was Unpublished primarily used as a garden and a document: Museum of rubbish disposal area. Numerous London Archaeology pit deposits were recorded, many Service. 2007. St containing industrial waste such Bartholomew's as metal working debris, glass Hospital Medical laboratory equipment, crucibles, College, Charterhouse ivory working debris, perfume Buildings, making ceramics and 19th century Clerkenwell Road and pigments and dye pots. Goswell Road: Post- Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design.

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54 MLO22773 3205 8210 Extensive rubbish pits containing Unpublished 17th century pottery were document: Barratt, M. recorded during an evaluation in Trial Excs on the Site 1990 by the Department of of St Bartholomew’s Greater London Archaeology. Med. College. Site Code MED89. 55 MLO70874 3186 8211 Formerly the New Charterhouse Monograph: Holmes, Graveyard, this was set aside to Arabella (Mrs Basil replace the Old Charterhouse Holmes). 1896. The Graveyard in 1830. It is now the London Burial Master’s Garden. d Grounds: Notes on their history from the earliest times to the present day…Illustrated. Historical collection from the British Library. p287, no.62 56 MLO70873 3185 8207 This was the original graveyard Monograph: Holmes, used for burials for residents of Arabella (Mrs Basil the almshouse, founded in 1614. Holmes). 1896. The The ground was partially London Burial covered by the 1828-1830 Grounds: Notes on construction of the present their history from the Pensioners' Court and other earliest times to the buildings. It was replaced with the present New Charterhouse Burial Ground day…Illustrated. (HER 55) to the north. Historical collection from the British Library. p287, no.62 57 MLO97901 3201 8210 Sections of walls, probably Tudor Unpublished in date, were identified during an document: Museum of evaluation in 2005 by MoLAS. London Archaeology The wall may be associated with Service. 2005. St the period following the Bartholomew's dissolution of the Charterhouse Hospital monastery. Medical College, Charterhouse Buildings, Clerkenwell Road and Goswell Road: An archaeological watching brief report. 58 MLO99135 31790 82128 Post medieval levelling or Unpublished dumping layers and a possible pit document: Museum of were recorded during a watching London Archaeology brief in 2008 by MoLAS. Service. 2008. 76-78 Clerkenwell Road, EC1: Archaeological Watching-Brief Report. MLO77010

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58 MLO77010 3188 8216 19th century wall foundations Unpublished were noted during a watching document: Museum of brief in 2000 by MoLAS. London Archaeology Service. 2000. 36-42 Clerkenwell Road, London EC1: An Archaeological Watching Brief. 59 MLO73534 3196 8222 A sequence of 18th century Unpublished buildings and a possible yard document: Museum of surface were recorded during an London Archaeology evaluation in 1998, as well as a Service. 1999. 4-10 number of late 17th century Clerkenwell Road, 29- rubbish pits. May relate to a 39 Goswell Road & 1- building fronting on to Great 4 Great Sutton Street, Sutton Yard. London EC1 - An Archaeological Evaluation. 60 MLO103076 3172 8188 A cellar, cess pits and a well Article in serial: dating to the Tudor period were London Archaeologist. found during an excavation by 1990. Recent Museum of London DUA at Excavations at St. Cowcross Street between June John's Priory, in and September 1989. Cowcross Street, EC1. Volume 6 Number 7. 61 MLO408 3180 8210 Odd house with secret hiding Unpublished places, trap-doors, escape routes document: Inner etc that was a rendezvous for London highwaymen. Extensive ranges of Archaeological Unit. stables at the back. 62 MLO99150 3204 8204 This is the site of a 17th century Unpublished General Baptist Chapel and non- document: Museum of conformist cemetery. The site is London Archaeology known to have been in use by Service. 2006. Therese 1684, and probably stopped House, 29-30 operating in the late 18th or early Glasshouse Yard, 19th century. London, EC1: An Archaeological Post- Excavation Assessment. 63 MLO24782 3207 8206 A series of post-medieval dumped Excavation archive: layers with a related ditch, group DGLA Kirby C. 7-21 of pits, two brick-lined cesspits, a Goswell Rd Site wall and a very large pit were Records. Site Code located during an excavation in GSW90. 1990 by Museum of London DUA. 64 MLO99152 3180 8215 Evaluation and a watching brief Unpublished on this site recorded 17th and 18th document: Museum of century rubbish pits, as well as London Archaeology early post medieval garden soils. Service. 2007. 29 1/2 Associated with the Carthusian and 39 A Great Sutton monastery or later manor house. Street, Clerkenwell: An Archaeological This is the site of a Zion chapel Evaluation and

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marked on late 19th century maps. Watching Brief Excavation showed that footings Report. for this building truncated earlier deposits 65 MLO77736 3206 8199 Glass house owned by Duke of Monograph: 1984. Buckingham and John de la Cam English Glass and the (1660), Martin Clifford and Glass Used in Thomas Paulden (1661) and made England, circa 400- crystal glass (1660s) and green 1940. glass (1696). Monograph: Buckley, F. 1915. Old London Glasshouses. 66 MLO24788 3183 8197 Medieval and later gravel Excavation archive: quarrying pits and rubbish pits DGLA. 52-53 St John were recorded during a watching St Site Records. Site brief in 1988. Pottery dating Code JOH88. largely to the Tudor period and a post-Dissolution wall was also recorded. 67 MLO24789 3180 8208 A 16th century wall dating to the Unpublished Tudor period was recorded during document: Department an evaluation in 1988 and 1989. of Greater London This was thought to be part of a Archaeology. 1988. post-Dissolution rebuilding of the Archaeological Survey Charterhouse boundary wall. at 94100 St. John Street, London EC1. 68 MLO257 3180 8190 Site of Hicks Hall, the first Article in monograph: Session House in Clerkenwell. Weinreb, B. & Hibbert, C. (Eds). The London Encyclopaedia. PP 182 & 560.

7.6.1 After the Dissolution the east, north and south walks of the Great Cloister were taken over and used for a variety of functions. They were variously used as storage for King Henry VIII’s hunting / fishing equipment and as a residence of the Bassano family, instrument makers and entertainers. In 1545 the site was sold to Edward North, Clerk of the Parliaments, who transformed the complex into a large manor house.

7.6.2 Evidence of occupation during this period includes pits and a substantial wall constructed from robbed materials, traversing the site for a distance of more than 50m uncovered during a trial excavation by the Department of Greater London Archaeology in 1989 (HER entries 52 and 53). In 1998 MoLAS (site code PRR98) recorded two alterations dating from the mid-16th century, taken to be the reusing of earlier structures. In addition a new range of service buildings was built in brick against the precinct wall to the north and the ground being raised by successive dump layers. Several walls dating to the Tudor period have been identified, many thought to be boundary walls for the new manor house complex (see HER entries 48, 57, 66 and 67).

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7.6.3 In 1611 the estate was purchased by Thomas Sutton and an Act of Mortmain and Letters Patent was obtained allowing him to found a secular hospital and school. The Charterhouse School (HER entry 49) occupied the site until 1872, reusing the monastic buildings. The hospital occupied the main wing aligned east-west seen on the maps below. The hospital, or almshouse, still stand and is maintained by the Brothers of Charterhouse who reside in the precinct around the Norfolk Cloister.

7.6.4 Following the departure of the Charterhouse School the buildings were taken over by the Merchant Taylors School (HER entry 49). Many of the buildings were demolished and the site of the Great Cloister became the playground. The present day red brick porter’s lodge was constructed as an entrance to the school during this period. The school departed in 1933 when it moved to Godalming.

7.6.5 Elsewhere, to the east of the Charterhouse, the surrounding area saw a period of industrial expansion. In 1660 the 2nd Duke of Buckingham established a short-lived glassworks in what is now Glasshouse Yard (HER entry 65), and formerly the garden of Rutland House – an amalgamation of properties adjoining the Charterhouse. During the late 1600s the area, and Rutland House, was extensively subdivided. By 1716 the area had been designated the Liberty of Glasshouse Yard and became a concentration of workshops and manufactories acting under its own jurisdiction. During the 19th century it became a railway carriage works, expanding quickly, leading to an improvement in housing and amenities. Glasshouse Yard was almost completely destroyed during the Second World War, with only number 10 Glasshouse Yard surviving.

7.6.6 From 1933 the site has been occupied by St Bartholomew’s Medical College and saw very little developmental change until the Second World War. During the war the eastern site of Charterhouse was irreparably damaged resulting in extensive rebuilding during the 1950s.

7.6.7 A more detailed discussion of the post-medieval development of Charterhouse and the site itself is included in Section 8 below.

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7.7 Unknown

No. on Mon. UID TQ Ref. Description References Fig. 5 69 MLO710 3203 8180 D Bentley, 1982; site code: Unpublished LOG82. A small watching brief document: Schofield J. took place towards the north east City of London corner of the precinct of St Archive Guide – Bartholomew's Priory. Victorian Draft. LOG82. basements had truncated the site but two rectilinear chalk and ragstone structures, a cesspit and two burials survived. The stone structures were aligned with Long Lane.

70 MLO73 3195 8190 A resistivity survey undertaken Unpublished by D. Shiel for the Geophysical document: Surveys of Bradford, May 1997 Geophysical Surveys revealed evidence of a chapel, of Bradford. 1997. two walls and associated Report on Geophysical structure of unknown date. Survey: St. Bartholomew's Several further structures Medical School & including floors, a foundation and Charterhouse. a robber trench were revealed on SURVEY NO. 97/42. The Green. 71 MLO62855 3189 8223 An archaeological watching brief Unpublished was conducted in 1995 by the document: Museum of Museum of London Archaeology London Archaeology Service. Site code GSS95. Service. 1995. 44-49 Engineers' test pits into basement Great Sutton Street, floors within the precinct area of London EC1: An the London Charterhouse Archaeological revealed lenses of peat, Watching Brief. suggesting that the area was, at times, quite marshy.

7.7.1 The features of unknown date were recorded during a series of archaeological investigation. It is probable that entries 69 and 70 produced features associated with the medieval phase of Charterhouse although due to the level of survival this cannot accurately be concluded.

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8 CARTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE FOR POST-MEDIEVAL DEVELOPMENT

The post-medieval development of the study site can best be illustrated with reference to cartographic and documentary sources. The following section discusses several of these in chronological order.

8.1 The ‘Agas’ Map c.1562

Fig.9: Extract from the ‘Agas Map’, 1562

This map is one of the earlier drawings of London and shows the area of Charterhouse and Aldersgate Street to the east. The area to the north of the Charterhouse has not yet been developed, with little evidence of the medieval establishment visible, but the layout of the square and precincts to the west can clearly be seen. The layout of the Charterhouse is shown, with its range of buildings surrounding a roughly diamond shaped green. This plan is still reflected in the modern day road layout, with the streets comprising Charterhouse Square retaining this formation.

Before 1869, the one connection between Smithfield, St John Street and the Charterhouse was called Charterhouse Lane. In the 17th century this street consisted of a narrow alley which ran northwards to the gate that protected Charterhouse Yard. The opening-out of the western section when the new Smithfield Market was built in the 1860s destroyed the old lane's integrity. Less than half its former length remained, renamed as part of the newly established Charterhouse Street.

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8.2 Braun and Hogenberg’s Map of London, 1572

Fig.10: Extract from Braun and Hogenberg, 1572

The map above is useful in detailing the development of the Charterhouse, providing a more stylistic depiction than the previous figure. Charterhouse Lane and the protected gate can still be seen, linking to the wider environs of Smithfield. More development has taken place to the north, a likely result of manor house expansion undertaken by its various owners between 1537 and 1611, when it became a hospital, established by Thomas Sutton.

The complex ceased to function as a Carthusian priory in 1537, being repurposed as a manor house following the dissolution. The central ‘square’ is believed to be the site of burial pit from the Black Death and as such has remained an open area of land ever since.

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8.3 Morgan’s Map of the Whole of London in 1682

Fig.11: Extract from Morgan, 1682

On this map the transition from monastic complex to country house is clearly evident. The emphasis is on the range of buildings to the north west of Charterhouse Yard, which was, as of 1611, the Charterhouse hospital and school. The focal point of the area has shifter further north, away from the original Charterhouse Square.

The bowling green is likely to be associated with the almshouses also built in 1611, and became a symbol of community and leisure – complete with terraced walkways and a kitchen garden. Additional landscaping has taken place within the open area in the Courthouse Yard.

Immediately east of the Bowling Green is a small lane running N-S. Known as Glasshouse Yard this street was established as the premises of a short lived glassworks set up in 1660 by the 2nd Duke of Buckingham, when this area was part of the garden to Rutland House, which adjoined Charterhouse.

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8.4 John Rocque’s Survey of the Cities of London, Westminster and Southwark, 1746

Fig.12: Extract from Rocque, 1746

By the middle of the 18th century little has changed in the immediate locality. Charterhouse Yard has now become an independent, landscaped square, connected to Aldersgate, (here labelled Pickax Street), by Carthusian Street. It is not clear why the street was renamed. Pickax possibly derives from Pickt Hatch, an Elizabethan name for an area of brothels said to be in this part of London. This was later changed back to Aldersgate Street.

The Glasshouse Yard area to the east of the bowling green has become more industrial, and extensively subdivided. Subsidiary courts included the Ship Yard, Peel House, Pump House and Rutland Court, each housing their own workshop.

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8.5 The Charterhouse c1720, reproduction of Johannes Kip’s engraving for John Stow’s ‘A survey of the Cities of London and Westminster’, by Alexander Hogg 1786 for the ‘Historical Descriptions of New and Elegant Picturesque Views of the Antiquities of England and Wales’

Fig.13: The Charter House c1720

Kip’s engraving provides a detailed and insightful view into the buildings which were in existence during the early 18th century. Many of the buildings were occupied by the Charterhouse School at this time, and others in use as homes – evident by the kitchen gardens.

The Norfolk Walk, just visible to the left of the Bowling Green, (labelled ‘The Terrace Walk’), is the surviving part of the Norfolk Cloister, from the original monastic cloister walk. It was rebuilt it c.1571 by the Duke of Norfolk with a substantial brick vault that had a terrace walk above. During the 19th century this walk was left unglazed as it lay next to the school’s football pitches.

The development site remains an open area incorporated into the Bowling Green. The main range of buildings running through the centre of the engraving was used as Sutton’s Hospital, and the clock tower is visible in more detail in the 1813 depiction below.

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8.6 John Cary’s New Accurate Plan of London and Westminster, 1795

Fig.14: Extract from Cary, 1795

Very little has changed from John Rocque’s survey in 1746. The landscaping in the Charterhouse Square and formal woodland to the north can still be seen. The street plan is becoming more similar to the present day layout.

This map was first published in 1795 and pays particular attention to public buildings, churches and principal streets in London. The diamond shape of Charterhouse Square is very distinct, with the area, and its boundaries remaining relatively unchanged.

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8.7 William Horwood’s Map of the Cities of London, Westminster and Southwark, 1799

Fig.15: Extract from Horwood’s Map of the Cities of London, Westminster and Southwark, 1799

Horwood is the first map to go into any real detail as to individual properties, (but The Charterhouse is shown as a mass, rather than in fine detail). The study area is much as depicted on earlier maps; on the east side of the ‘bowling green’, here shown as grassed. Glass House Yard remains the same and the wilderness to the north is still undeveloped.

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8.8 A View of Charterhouse taken from the Green, 1813, T.Ward

Fig.16: ‘The Green’ c1813

This depiction of the Charterhouse shows the Bowling Green, looking from the Wilderness at the north end of the complex. The Charterhouse School occupied the site at this time.

The walkways and rows of trees visible on earlier, and later maps can be seen around the edges, with the Norfolk Walk on the far right. These walkways are raised from the central bowling space suggesting that either the terraces have been built up or the bowling green sunk into the former cloister green area, but the former is more likely. The difference in building phases is also clearly evident, with earlier phases on the left and later, Georgian additions to the right of the tower.

Although altered, the clock tower and Norfolk Walk, (now the Norfolk Cloister and part of the Charterhouse almshouse), is still standing to the present day.

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8.9 Plan of the Parish of St Sepulchre, Middlesex, 1824

Fig.17: Extract from 1824 Parish plan

This early 19th plan illustrates the position of the Charterhouse within its wider setting, albeit shown here on a slightly different alignment. At this time Charterhouse Lane, (later Street), does not connect to Carthusian Street, providing the Charterhouse with a sense of isolation and impenetrability.

The parish of St Sepulchre begins to the east of Cowcross Street, extending to, but not including all of, the western side of Charterhouse Square. Presently, Charterhouse is a distinct extra-parochial area, being granted this status in 1858 under the Extra-Parochial Places Act 1857. The study area sits in the middle of three separate parishes, with St Sepulchre to the west, and the Liberty of Glasshouse Yard to the east.

The Liberty of Glasshouse Yard, established in 1716, was bounded to the south by the City, to the east by the parish of St Sepulchre to the northeast by the Liberty of Charterhouse and to the north and north west by the parish of St Luke's. It had an area of 5.6 acres and by the 19th century was covered by parts of Goswell Street and Pickaxe Street.

The proposed development site sits within the Charterhouse area, its western edge along the border of Glasshouse Yard.

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8.10 C & J Greenwood’s Map of London, 2nd Edition, 1830

Fig.18: Extract from C and J Greenwood, 1830

The area to the north-west of Charterhouse Square has shown considerable expansion, providing extra ranges for the Charterhouse School. It would appear that some of the individual subsidiaries located in Glasshouse Yard have been amalgamated, possibly as a result of a larger enterprise. In 1825 the north end of the yard was bought and repurposed as a coach works and tyre manufactory.

The formal woodland to the north of the school has gained a row of domestic buildings, expanded upon from the 1795 map in which a small row is visible. The row takes its’ name from the woodland, known as the Wilderness.

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8.11 Extract from A Balloon View of London as seen from Hampstead by Banks and Co. 1851

Fig.19: Extract from Banks and Co. print, 1851

This fanciful map is interesting in that it shows in detail some of the buildings surrounding the study area, including St Thomas’ Church, which was established in 1839, to serve the poor of St Luke’s Parish to the east, (the parish being heavily oversubscribed). The church is not depicted before this time on other maps, and was closed in 1906 and demolished in 1909 so was relatively short-lived.

The study area is depicted as more of a large open yard, rather than a grasses space, with little detail given of its layout. A long range of buildings fronting onto Glass House Yard lies to the east, (left as this map is orientated with north to the bottom).

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8.12 OS map, Surrey Sheet III, surveyed 1868-73, published 1880-82

Fig.20: Extract from first edition OS map

The area surrounding the site saw extensive development during the latter half of the 19th century, most notably, the addition of Aldersgate Street Station (now Barbican) opened in 1865 just south of Charterhouse Square.

The eastern extent of the development site by Goswell Road has seen some expansion, and further north, building has commenced on the southern side of Wilderness Row. To the west, the range of buildings associated with the Charterhouse has expanded, forming three distinct precincts which is reflected in the present day layout. To the north of the proposed development site the church of St Thomas has been established which remained in use from 1839 until its demolition in 1909.

To the south, the addition of the station has opened up the area which has now become Charterhouse Street (1869) making the site more accessible from the south and west.

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8.13 Goad Insurance Plan, London: Vol.VI, Sheet 134

Fig.21: Extract from London Vol.VI, Sheet 134, of the Goad fire insurance plans

The Goad plans were one of the most prolific and detailed attempts at urban mapping, providing information on the use, construction methods and hazards of individual buildings. Produced in 1886 they aimed to assist insurance companies in assessing fire risks.

Each building, now belonging to the Merchant Taylor’s School is labelled and they occupy most of the complex, with the exception of a hotel fronting on to Charterhouse Square.

The development site remains in open land, but backing on to the manufactories of Glasshouse Yard. Rutland Place is named after Rutland House, an amalgamation of houses which existed in the 17th century. The Porters Lodge to the left of Rutland Place forms the current entrance to the Barts and The London campus.

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8.14 Ordnance Survey 5 Foot- mile, 1894-6 (Sheets VII.44 and VII.55)

Fig.22: Extract from the 1895 revision of the OS map

By the end of the 19th century the Charterhouse and its environs largely resemble the present day layout. The area formerly known as the Wilderness, and Wilderness Row to the north of the site have been extensively developed and now form part of the Clerkenwell Road.

Great attention has been paid to detailing the complex to the west of The Green with the current frontage of buildings being on the same alignment as the Cloisters. Traces of the earlier manor house gardens and parkland have now disappeared and the land is now occupied by the Merchant Taylors’ School after the departure of the Charterhouse School in 1872.

Interestingly the eastern edge of the proposals site, including the whole of the northern arm, appears to lie at a higher level than the rest of the site suggesting it falls within the area of the former bowling green’s eastern terrace. This would suggest that the western part of the site may have been subject to some landscaping in recent years to make the site more level, either involving raising the ground in the west or lowering it in the east, or a mixture of both.

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8.15 Charles Booth’s Maps Descriptive of London Poverty, 1898

Fig.23: Extract form Charles Booths map, 1898

Booth’s maps are an early example of social cartography, with each street being coloured to indicate the social class and income of its inhabitants. The classification went as follows: black- lowest class; dark blue- very poor; light blue- poor; purple – mixed; pink- fairly comfortable; red- middle class; yellow- upper-middle/upper classes.

The areas of St Sepulchre, Aldersgate and Liberty of Glasshouse Yard were predominantly comfortable to middle class during this period, with pockets of poorer areas in the surrounding districts.

From the 1840s onwards Glasshouse Yard had become associated with railway works and was a developing area. This move towards industrialisation helped attempts to improve housing and facilities, and newer, bigger, properties were established. These remained in use until damaged during the Second World War.

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8.16 Ordnance Survey, 1: 2500 Edition of 1916 (London Sheets V.6 and V.10)

Fig.24: Extract from the 1916 edition of the Ordnance Survey map with the site outlined

By 1916 the site has seen relatively little change from the previous Ordnance Survey in 1896, with the terracing still clearly marked in the eastern side of the site.

Charterhouse Square and The Green remain areas of open land and the precincts to the west are clearly identifiable. The most notable change which has occurred over the last century is the increase in development which has encroached on the once relatively isolated site, resulting in the Charterhouse grounds being completely enclosed on all sides.

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8.17 The London County Council Bomb Damage Map, Sheet 62, published 1945

Fig.25: Extract from the LCC Bomb damage map

The bomb damage map shows the extent of wartime destruction. Charterhouse Square and its environs appear to be on the western periphery of an area of complete destruction to the east, with a relatively large portion of the site surviving.

To the west of The Green, the buildings of Glasshouse Yard were irreparably damaged (shown in purple), with a few being doubtful to be repairable (red) by an incendiary bomb in 1941. The black circle to the right of the map indicates the location of a V-1 flying bomb.

This destruction led to the area being rebuilt and many of the buildings in Glasshouse Yard date from the 1950s onwards, altering the layout of the square which can be seen in subsequent cartographic documents.

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8.18 Ordnance Survey 1:1250 Map surveyed 1952 (Plans TQ3182SE, 3282SW, 3181NE and3282NW)

Fig.26: Extract from the 1952 OS map

This map produced after the Second World War shows the extent of the damage in the Charterhouse area. The area surrounding the Master’s Court (formerly part of the hospital) is in ruins, as is the majority of the eastern side of the site in Glasshouse Yard. The eastern side of Glasshouse Yard has also been heavily damaged extending to the Goswell Road. Many plots to the north of the Charterhouse complex have been cleared as they were deemed irreparable as a result of bomb damage.

The Green has been reduced in size by the construction of St Bartholomew’s Medical College at the northern end, and a range of new buildings to the east. St Bartholomew’s residential college was established at Charterhouse Square in the 1930s, utilising buildings left by the Merchant Taylor’s School after its departure in 1933. From this point onwards very few changes occur in the plan. As is evident, the space between the two buildings in which the present, and new facility, sits has been established by 1952, and the terracing previously indicated on 19th and early 20th century plans has been rectified.

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8.19 Ordnance Survey 1:1250 map, 1972, (Plans TQ 3181 NE and TQ 3282 SW)

Fig.27: Extract from the 1972 OS Map with site outlined in red

This map shows the site as it stands today. Many of the ruined buildings have been rebuilt and the range to the NE of Charterhouse extended. The college site has intruded on The Green from the east and a path through the area has been added.

The Charterhouse complex to the west has survived relatively unchanged as this is the only building which continued in use as an almshouse. It presently a private space. Elements of the original site can be seen in the general layout, the chapel to the south and Norfolk Cloister to the west of The Green.

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9 THE SITE TODAY

9.1 A site visit was made on the 26th November 2015, and a photographic record made of the site as is. What follows is a written description of the site accompanied by illustrative photographs. The following section should be read in conjunction with Fig.27, for location and orientation of photographs, and figs.28-38 for views of the present site.

Fig.28: The location and orientation of present site photographs. The location of the temporary storage facility is outlined in blue. (Figs.28-38 below)

9.2 The development site lies to the east of The Green, an open area of green space. The current structure sits between Dawson Hall to the north and the Joseph Rotblat Building to the south. It is aligned east-west and sits at the end of a driveway, with room for pedestrian and vehicular access.

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Fig.29: Porters Lodge and approach to the site. The gate is the current campus entrance. Facing south.

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Fig.30: Approach to the site. On the right, Dawson Hall can be seen. This building comprises teaching facilities and accommodation. Facing north.

Fig.31: Site of the current Cryostore. Dawson Hall can be seen on the left, in front of Therese House accommodation. The brick wall to the right of the photograph was the edge of the Charterhouse School playground. Facing north-east

The red roof of the current single storey structure can just be see behind the van on the right.

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Fig.32: The current Cryostore. The current building comprises a single storey brick structure with an external storage shed, seen to the immediate left of the building. The second shed to the rear with windows belongs to the Estates team. The curved building to the left of the photograph is a teaching room. Facing east.

Fig.33: Space between Dawson Hall and Therese Hall, currently used for storage. Looking north from the Cryostore.

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Fig.34: Detailed view of doorway. This doorway was the entrance to Cell S, part of the original wall of the East Walk in the Great Cloister of the Carthusian Monastery. Each cell was a two storey house which stood in a walled enclosure with a central garden. The original floor level and current garden can be through the doorway behind the staircase. Facing east.

Fig.35: The north end of the development site showing the doorway to Cell S, school boundary wall and current Cryostore with storage shed. Painted on the boundary wall is the word ‘Crown’ - the traditional finishing line of hoop-racing played by the Charterhouse schoolboys. Facing south.

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Fig.36: A more detailed view of the current facilities and area to be developed. Facing south.

Fig.37: The current limit of the Cryostore. The new development will extend further west. Facing south-west.

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9.3 An underground access tunnel runs north-south between Dawson Hall and the Joseph Rotblat building, towards the western end of the development site, (see figs.40-43). The floor of the tunnel rests approximately 2.7m below present ground level and will have truncated any archaeological deposits within its immediate footprint and construction cut.

9.4 Whilst the new Cryostore is being constructed provisions have been made for a temporary storage facility. This will be situated on a purpose built platform over an existing lightwell to the north-east of Dawson Hall.

Fig.38: Proposed location of the temporary storage facility. A platform will be constructed to support the structure. The area is currently used for storage. Facing north 55

Fig.39: Location of the temporary storage facility. The space sits between a small footbridge and existing storage unit. Facing south-east.

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10 THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT

10.1 The proposal is for the present storage facility to be demolished and replaced with a new structure which will be situated between the two existing college buildings. The block will consist of a freestanding single storey structure, with provision for liquid nitrogen storage vessels, reception and an external liquid nitrogen storage tank, (see Figs.40 and 42 below).

10.2 During the construction of the new facility a temporary storage unit will be erected over an existing lightwell to the north of development area. This will be supported by a structural deck and concrete plinths already in existence. This element is not anticipated to interfere with any potential archaeology.

10.3 The new facility is expected to sit on a c0.40m thick layer of compact hardcore and blinding, (yellow shading in figs.42 and 43), with continuous concrete strip footings round the perimeter 0.7m wide and reaching a depth of 1.0m, (orange shading in figs.42 and 43).

10.4 In the area of the extant underground access tunnel an expanding polystyrene foam frame will be constructed in order to safely bridge the tunnel5. This will entail stepping the footings either side of the tunnel to install the frame, by up to a further 1.4m, to bring it in line with the c2.4m deep tunnel, (see inset in fig.41). The exact details are to be confirmed once the exterior of the tunnel has been exposed.

10.5 These two elements of the design are therefore most likely to impact on any buried archaeological deposits and have a direct effect on the site’s heritage assets. Excavations in the region of 1.0m or more have the potential to encounter archaeological deposits of significance.

5 Pers.comm. Henry Simon to Compass Archaeology 20.01.16

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Fig.40: Location plan of proposed cryostore, (orange), and temporary storage facility, (blue). The existing access tunnel is in green

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Fig.41: Section through proposed footings for new storage facility. Adapted from drawing no. 02 ‘proposed sections’ by AK, TWS.

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Fig.42: Plan of proposed ground floor plan for new storage facility. Adapted from drawing no. 01 ‘proposed ground floor and roof plan’ by AK, TWS. (The strip footings are orange, the floor slab is yellow)

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Fig.43: Site location and impact levels, with service access tunnel in green and new cryostore footings in yellow / orange

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11 SUMMARY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL IN THE STUDY AREA

11.1 Prehistoric

Previous archaeological work in the area has produced very limited evidence of prehistoric remains, consisting of two individual finds. One of these finds was recovered from the Charterhouse area. However, it is unlikely that these finds represent a settlement or activity in the area and are most likely chance findings.

The potential for prehistoric finds is therefore considered to be low.

11.2 Roman

Although there is a lack of documentary / other evidence for Roman activity in this area recent excavations have uncovered a range of evidence for a Roman presence in the area, although the extent of this is unclear.

The potential for Roman remains and finds is therefore considered to be low – medium.

11.3 Medieval

Both documentary and archaeological evidence exists for the medieval layout of the Charterhouse. The archaeological excavations by the Museum of London Department of Greater London Archaeology in 1990 recorded substantial remains of the Great Cloister and cells situated on the location of the development site, specifically monastic Cell S, and eastern path / arcade of the cloister. Furthermore, during the excavations by MoLAS in 2005 and 2006 to record the cells, three burials believed to relate to this phase were uncovered and an additional single burial found to the east of the cells in Glasshouse Yard. The medieval complex of Charterhouse was extensive, with parts underlying the edge of the current site.

The potential for medieval finds or features is considered to be moderately high, increasing towards the western end of the site where more remains are likely to survive. The presence of standing buildings (the doorway of Cell S) would suggest there is potential for more masonry remains to survive in the area.

11.4 Post-medieval

The site saw a lot of repurposing and alterations during the post-medieval period; reaching its peak shortly after the Dissolution of the monastery when the area was subdivided into a series of manor houses and lasting until the 17th century when the hospital was established. As shown from the cartographic evidence above, however, the eastern side of Charterhouse where the development site is located remained relatively clear, being used as a bowling green and playground for the schools. Whilst it is possible there may be artefacts and features associated with

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these phases itself it should be taken into account the area was heavily damaged during the war and the standing buildings are relatively new. Recent excavations by MoLAS at 26-28 Glasshouse Yard have uncovered evidence of a 16th or 17th century cellar of a property fronting on to the yard. This evidence of such activity in close proximity to the site should be taken into consideration.

The potential for post-medieval find or features is therefore considered to be medium, with particular emphasis ‘backyard’ activity associated with the buildings in Glasshouse Yard, for example well as cut features such as rubbish and cess pits, and artefacts associated with the schools.

12 MITIGATING FACTORS TO THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL

12.1 Although the site is located within the medieval monastic complex of Charterhouse, nearby modern disturbances may have affected the survival of any archaeological remains. The eastern side of the square, and the area of Glasshouse Yard suffered irreparable damage during the Second World War and as such many of the buildings were cleared, probably involving some truncation of localised underlying deposits.

12.2 The relatively recent construction of Dawson Hall and Therese Hall will have had a significant impact on the survival of archaeological remains within the footprints of these developments, although the archaeology exposed will have been preserved in record during previous excavations. It is likely that the foundations of these adjacent buildings have removed any archaeology.

12.3 The access tunnel linking Dawson Hall and the Joseph Rotblat buildings will also have truncated / removed any archaeological deposits at the western end of the development site, but this is only a small section of the overall development footprint. The fact that foundations in this area may have to be deeper means that the surrounding area may be exposed to a greater depth than originally planned increasing the likelihood of encountering archaeology.

12.4 It should be noted that the majority of the development footprint has been open ground since the dissolution of the monastic community in the 16th century. The site became part of a grassed bowling green with surrounding terraces, with the remains of former monastic buildings potentially being buried below imported ground. This is further indicated by the contouring shown on the late-19th and early-20th century OS maps, (figs.22 and 24). The site must have been levelled / evened out in more recent years.

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13 CONCLUSIONS

13.1 It is likely that some form of archaeological evidence will remain on the present site. This conclusion is reached because of the general wealth of documentary and cartographic evidence for settlement of the Charterhouse area, (from at least the medieval period), and the archaeological excavations in the area which have produced finds from the prehistoric period onwards. This specifically relates to elements of the eastern arcade and cells of the Carthusian cloister. The site has mostly avoided any large scale significant disturbance from past and modern development associated with the University buildings apart from an isolated area around the access tunnel. The main development on the site is the existing cryostore which is a relatively unobtrusive building with quite shallow foundations. As such, any buried features within the immediate vicinity of the current storage facility will not have been greatly affected, and therefore could survive to a relatively high degree.

13.2 Overall it is concluded that there is a moderate to high potential for archaeological finds on the site that could be affected by the proposed development, particularly as this includes digging footings to a significant depth.

13.3 It is therefore recommended that some form of archaeological mitigation take place during any groundworks associated with the development. This could be attached as a suitably worded condition to accompany any successful planning application.

14 SOURCES CONSULTED

14.1 General

Greater London Historic Environment Record ([email protected])

London Archaeological Archive & Research Centre (LAARC) database (http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/laaarc/catalogue)

Islington Local History Centre

14.2 Publications, etc.

Barber, B. & Thomas, C. 2002, The London Charterhouse. MOLA Monograph 10

Bowlt, C. 2003, ‘The Great Conduit at the London Charterhouse’ in London Archaeologist Summer 2003, Vol.10 No.5

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, 2014, Standard and Guidance for archaeological desk-based assessment.

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Communities & Local Government, 2010, Planning Policy Statement 5: Planning for the Historic Environment.

Historic England, 2015, Greater London Archaeology Advisory Service: Standards for Archaeological Work.

Islington Council, 2012, Development Management Policies.

Museum of London , 2002, The London Charterhouse, Excavation Report.

Nelson, J. 1811, The History, Topography and Antiquities of the Parish of St Mary Islington, in the county of Middlesex.

Porter, S. 2009, The London Charterhouse.

Temple, P. (Ed), 2008, Charterhouse Square area: Charterhouse Street and other streets, in Survey of London vol.46, South and East Clerkenwell.

Thornbury, W. 1878, The Charterhouse, in Old and New London, vol. 2, pp. 380-404.

Weinreb, B. & Hibbert, C. 1993, The London Encyclopaedia.

14.3 Websites

Charterhouse Online http://www.thecharterhouse.org/.

Charterhouse Square, Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charterhouse_Square.

Islington Council, 2015, Charterhouse Square Conservation Area http://www.islington.gov.uk/services/planning/plan_conserve/documents_and_guidance/c onservation_area_guidance/Pages/ca09_charterhouse_square.aspx.

London Charterhouse, Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Charterhouse.

QMUL, 2015, Charterhouse Square http://www.qmul.ac.uk/about/howtofindus/charterhouse/.

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