THE CHARTERHOUSE London EC1

London Borough of

Historic environment assessment

September 2014

© Archaeology 2014 Museum of London Archaeology Mortimer Wheeler House 46 Eagle Wharf Road, London N1 7ED tel 020 7410 2200 | fax 020 410 2201 www.museumoflondonarchaeology.org.uk general enquiries: [email protected]

THE Charterhouse Square London EC1

An historic environment assessment

NGR 531945181975

Sign-off history: Issue Date: Prepared by: Checked by Approved by: Reason for Issue: No. 1 16.12.2013 Pat Miller Jon Chandler Laura O’Gorman First issue (Archaeology) Lead Consultant Assistant Project Juan Fuldain Manager (Graphics) 2 15.01.2014 Coralie Acheson - Laura O’Gorman Updated following (Archaeology) client comment 3 12.09.2014 Laura O’Gorman - Laura O’Gorman Separating out planning policy chapter into separate document

Finance code:P0072

 Museum of London Archaeology Mortimer Wheeler House, 46 Eagle Wharf Road, London N1 7ED tel 0207 410 2200 fax 0207 410 2201 email:[email protected]

Museum of London Archaeology is a company limited by guarantee registered in and Wales with company registration number 07751831 and charity registration number 1143574. Registered office: Mortimer Wheeler House, 46 Eagle Wharf Road, London N1 7ED

Historic environment assessment MOLA 2013

Contents

Executive summary 1

1 Introduction 2 1.1 Origin and scope of the report 2 1.2 Designated heritage assets 2 1.3 Aims and objectives 3

2 Methodology and sources consulted 4

3 Site location, topography and geology 6 3.1 Site location 6 3.2 Topography 6 3.3 Geology 6

4 Archaeological and historical background 7 4.1 Overview of past investigations 7 4.2 Chronological summary 7

5 Statement of significance 13 5.1 Introduction 13 5.2 Factors affecting archaeological survival 13 5.3 Archaeological potential and significance 14

6 Impact of proposals 18 6.1 Proposals 18 6.2 Implications 18

7 Conclusion and recommendations 20

8 Gazetteer of known historic environment assets 22

9 Determining significance 27

10 Non-archaeological constraints 28

11 Glossary 29

12 Bibliography 31 12.1 Published and documentary sources 31 12.2 Other Sources 31 12.3 Cartographic sources 32 12.4 Available site survey information checklist 32

13 Appendix 1- watching brief results 33 13.1 COS13 - Charterhouse, London, EC1M 6AN 33

14 Appendix 2 – Listed Building entries 34

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Figures

Cover: View of Charterhouse Hospital, engraved by William Henry Tom’s c1739

Fig 1 Site location Fig 2 Historic environment features map Fig 3 Site in relation to plan of 1532 Charterhouse buildings and modern mapping Fig 4 Agas map of c 1562 Fig 5 Braun and Hogenberg's map of 1572 Fig 6 Faithorne and Newcourt's map of 1658 Fig 7 Ogilby and Morgan's map of 1676 Fig 8 Rocque's map of 1746 Fig 9 Horwood's map of 1799 Fig 10 Ordnance Survey 1st edition 5':mile map of 1873 Fig 11 Ordnance Survey 3rdedition 5':mile map of 1916 Fig 12 London County Council bomb damage map of the area (1939-45) Fig 13 Ordnance Survey map 1:10,000 scale of 1954 Fig 14 Ordnance Survey map 1:2500 scale map of 1983 Fig 15 Wall at south side of Chapel Court looking south (MOLA 02.12.2013) Fig 16 Chapel Court looking north-east (MOLA 14.08.2013) Fig 17 Grave slabs on interior Wesley Room facing west (MOLA 02.12.2013) Fig 18 Norfolk Cloister looking north (MOLA 02.12.2013) Fig 19 Area planned for cell layout from Norfolk Cloister looking west(MOLA 02.12.2013) Fig 20 Development proposals, Chapel Court and surrounds from Eric Parry Architects drawingEPA TCH 01_100_P10 dated September 210-3 Fig 21 Development proposals,Eric Parry Architects Norfolk Cloister areaEPA TCH 01_101_P2 dated September 2013 Fig 22 Location of ground and structural investigations recently undertaken on the site fromAlan Baxter drawing 1769/03/S101 Rev A dated July 13 Fig 23 TP1 showing topsoil and rubble, facing south(MOLA 14.08.2013)

Note: site outlines may appear differently on some figures owing to distortions in historic maps. North is approximate on early maps.

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Executive summary

Sutton’s Hospital in Charterhouse has commissioned Museum of London Archaeology to carry out a historic environment assessment in advance of proposed development at The London Charterhouse, in the London Borough of Islington. The scheme comprises a new public entrance connecting Charterhouse Square to the Chapel Court and reconfiguration of the Chapel Court garden including hard and soft landscaping. The grave of Sir Walter De Manny within the garden would be enhanced and the foundations of the monastic chapel accentuated. Within the area for the Charterhouse Museum, partitions would be removed and new rooms created. An area would be landscaped in the Brother’s Garden to reveal the imprint of a monk’s cell in its walled enclosure. Landscape improvements to Charterhouse Square are also proposed. The site is located within the London Charterhouse, a Grade I listed (nationally significant) Carthusian monastery founded in AD 1371, and the earlier Black Death cemetery to the south. The site contains a number of listed buildings and lies within a local authority Conservation Area and archaeological priority zone. This desk-based study assesses the impact on buried heritage assets (archaeological remains). Although above ground heritage assets (historic structures) are not discussed in detail, they have been noted where they assist in the archaeological interpretation of the site. Buried heritage assets that may be affected by the proposals comprise:  Buried later medieval remains associated with the Charterhouse, including buried remains of a mid-14th century chapel founded by Sir Walter De Manny within Chapel Court and the medieval monastic buildings. Such remains would potentially of high, possibly very high, heritage significance in light of its association with the designated Charterhouse buildings. There is also potential for remains of a 15th century chapel and hermitage within Charterhouse Square, of medium or high significance.  Post-medieval remains associated with the post-Dissolution use of the Charterhouse as a large mansion house, of medium or high significance.  Human remains associated with the known mid-14th century Black Death cemetery of ‘Spital Croft’ in the area of Charterhouse Square, of high significance. The potential for earlier archaeological remains is low. Whilst the area would have been attractive for prehistoric people there is little surviving evidence and it is likely that any remains formerly present have been removed by later development. The site was located outside of the main centres of settlement in the Roman and early medieval periods so there is a low potential for buried features of these dates. The impact of the proposals would depend on the nature and depth of proposed ground disturbance. Recent archaeological monitoring geotechnical works within Chapel Court revealed later post-medieval/Victorian made ground (dumping or backfill), of negligible heritage significance. It is likely that only shallow excavation would be required, in which case only low or negligibly significant remains may be affected. Despite the sensitivity of the site the proposed impacts will be localised and would mostly affect assets of low or negligible significance. For this reason an archaeological watching brief is recommended during any ground excavation, particularly for the services for the new proposed toilet facilities. Where historic fabric is affected this is likely to require archaeological standing building recording to an appropriate English Heritage survey level.

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1 Introduction

1.1 Origin and scope of the report 1.1.1 Sutton’s Hospital in Charterhouse has commissioned Museum of London Archaeology (MOLA) to carry out a historic environment assessment in advance of proposed development at The Charterhouse in the London Borough of Islington (National Grid Reference 531945 181975:Fig 1). The scheme comprises a new public entrance connecting Charterhouse Square to the Chapel Court garden and reconfiguration of the Chapel Court including hard and soft landscaping. The grave of Sir Walter De Manny will be enhanced and the foundations of the monastic chapel would be accentuated. Within the area for the Charterhouse Museum partitions would be removed and new rooms created. An area would be landscaped in the Brother’s Garden to reveal the imprint of a monk’s cell in its walled enclosure. A landscape scheme to improve the currently municipal quality of Charterhouse Square is also planned. 1.1.2 This desk-based study assesses the impact of the scheme on buried heritage assets (archaeological remains). It forms an initial stage of investigation of the area of proposed development (hereafter referred to as the ‘site’) and may be required in relation to the planning process in order that the local planning authority (LPA) can formulate an appropriate response in the light of the impact upon any known or possible heritage assets. These are parts of the historic environment which are considered to be significant because of their historic, evidential, aesthetic and/or communal interest. 1.1.3 This report deals solely with the archaeological implications of the development and does not cover possible built heritage issues, except where buried parts of historic fabric are likely to be affected. Above ground assets (ie, designated and undesignated historic structures and conservation areas) on the site or in the vicinity that are relevant to the archaeological interpretation of the site are discussed. Whilst the significance of above ground assets is not assessed in this archaeological report, direct physical impacts upon such arising from the development proposals are noted. The report does not assess issues in relation to the setting of above ground assets (eg visible changes to historic character and views). 1.1.4 The assessment has been carried out in accordance with the requirements of the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) (DCLG 2012; see section 10 of this report) and to standards specified by the Institute for Archaeologists (IfA Oct 2012/Nov 2012), English Heritage (2008), and the Greater London Archaeological Advisory Service (GLAAS2009). Under the ‘Copyright, Designs and Patents Act’ 1988 MOLA retains the copyright to this document. 1.1.5 Note: within the limitations imposed by dealing with historical material and maps, the information in this document is, to the best knowledge of the author and MOLA, correct at the time of writing. Further archaeological investigation, more information about the nature of the present buildings, and/or more detailed proposals for redevelopment may require changes to all or parts of the document.

1.2 Designated heritage assets 1.2.1 The site contains nationally designated (protected) heritage assets in the form of Grade I and Grade II Listed Buildings and structures. These are shown on Fig 2 and comprise the Grade I Charterhouse itself (HEA 1a; full entry reproduced in section 14), Grade II gates at north-west corner Charterhouse Square leading into (HEA 1e), Grade II railings round New Church Hawe and gates on south side of Charterhouse Square (HEA 1g), Grade II setted street surface Charterhouse Square (HEA 1b), Four Grade II lamp posts (HEA 1c), Charterhouse Square, six Grade II bollards on the north and north-west of Charterhouse Square (HEA 1d) and Grade II K2 telephone Kiosk at the south side of Charterhouse 2 P:\ISLI\1240\na\Assessments\HEA_19-09-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2013

Square (HEA 1f). 1.2.1 The site falls within the Charterhouse Square Conservation Area as designated by the London Borough of Islington and within the Archaeological Priority Area. The latter reflects the archaeological potential of medieval St John Street and the precincts of two later-medieval religious houses; the Priory of the Hospital of St John on the opposite side of St John Street and the Carthusian monastery known as The Charterhouse in which the site is located. 1.2.2 The site lies within of the former Charterhouse, built over a mid-14th century burial ground. The extent of the burial ground as shown on Fig 2 is taken from the Holmes survey of 1896 (Holmes 1896), from the original annotated survey drawings held at the London Metropolitan Archive. According the to Holmes survey, the burial ground of 13 acres (c 5 hectares) was established in 1349 for victims of the plague (the “Black Death”). It is possible that the burials extended beyond the area indicated in the survey, as burials are recorded as being found when foundations were dug for houses around the square in the 18th century. The GLHER includes a point marking its location (HEA 19) within the site, but this is an approximate marker only. 1.2.3 Additionally burials have been previously encountered within the Charterhouse buildings, within the church/chapels, Great Cloister walk and garth so it is possible that further human remains would be present else within the site, beyond the Black Death cemetery. No evidence of burials was found during the watching brief within the site (HEA 1h) however where works are planned there is the possibility that burials are present. 1.2.4 Exhumation of any human remains should be notified to the Ministry of Justice who may also need to issue an Exhumation Licence prior to re-interment.

1.3 Aims and objectives 1.3.1 The aim of the assessment is to:  identify the presence of any known or potential buried heritage assets that may be affected by the proposals;  describe the significance of such assets, as required by national planning policy (see section Error! Reference source not found. for planning framework and section 9for methodology used to determine significance);  assess the likely impacts upon the significance of the assets arising from the proposals; and  provide recommendations to further assessment where necessary of the historic assets affected, and/or mitigation aimed at reducing or removing completely any adverse impacts upon buried heritage assets and/or their setting.

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2 Methodology and sources consulted

2.1.1 For the purposes of this report the documentary and cartographic sources, including results from any archaeological investigations in the site and a study area around it were examined in order to determine the likely nature, extent, preservation and significance of any buried heritage assets that may be present within the site or its immediate vicinity and has been used to determine the potential for previously unrecorded heritage assets of any specific chronological period to be present within the site. 2.1.2 In order to set the site into its full archaeological and historical context, information was collected on the known historic environment features within a 150m-radius study area around the area of proposed development, as held by the primary repositories of such information within Greater London. These comprise the Greater London Historic Environment Record (HER) and the London Archaeological Archive and Resource Centre (LAARC). The HER is managed by English Heritage and includes information from past investigations, local knowledge, find spots, and documentary and cartographic sources. LAARC includes a public archive of past investigations and is managed by the Museum of London. The study area was considered through professional judgement to be appropriate to characterise the historic environment of the site. Occasionally there may be reference to assets beyond this study area, where appropriate, e.g., where such assets are particularly significant and/or where they contribute to current understanding of the historic environment. 2.1.3 In addition, the following sources were consulted:  MOLA – Geographical Information System, the deposit survival archive, published historic maps and archaeological publications, including the MOLA monograph on The London Charterhouse (Barber and Thomas 2002) and archaeological reports on the work previously carried out by MOLA within the site (MoLAS 1998, MOLA 2012, MOLA 2013)  English Heritage – information on statutory designations including scheduled monuments and listed buildings  London Metropolitan Archive – original survey drawings of the Basil Holmes survey The London Burial Grounds (1896)  Historic Ordnance Survey maps from the first edition (1860–70s) to the present day  British Geological Survey (BGS) – solid and drift geology digital map  Architectural drawings (Eric Parry ArchitectsOctober 2012) and opening up works (Alan Baxter 2013 and Ground Engineering 2013)  Internet - web-published material including LPA local plan, and information on conservation areas and locally listed buildings. 2.1.4 The assessment included a site visit carried out on the 2nd of December 2013 in order to observe of the existing buildings on the site, and to provide further information on areas of possible past ground disturbance and general historic environment potential. Observations made on the site visit have been incorporated into this report. 2.1.5 Fig 2 shows the location of known historic environment features within the study area. These have been allocated a unique historic environment assessment reference number (HEA 1, 2, etc), which is listed in a gazetteer at the back of this report and is referred to in the text. Where there are a considerable number of listed buildings in the study area, only those within the vicinity of the site (i.e. within 100m) are included, unless their inclusion is considered relevant to the study. Conservation areas are not shown. Archaeological Priority Zones are shown where appropriate. All distances quoted in the text are approximate (within 5m). 4 P:\ISLI\1240\na\Assessments\HEA_19-09-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2013

2.1.6 Section 9 sets out the criteria used to determine the significance of heritage assets. This is based on four values set out in English Heritage’sConservation principles, policies and guidance (2008), and comprise evidential, historical, aesthetic and communal value. The report assesses the likely presence of such assets within (and beyond) the site, factors which may have compromised buriedasset survival (i.e. present and previous land use), as well as possible significance. 2.1.7 Section 10 contains a glossary of technical terms. A full bibliography and list of sources consulted may be found in section12. This section includes non- archaeological constraints and a list of existing site survey data obtained as part of the assessment.

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3 Site location, topography and geology

3.1 Site location 3.1.1 The site is located within The Charterhouse, London EC1 and also includes New Church Hawe/Charterhouse Square to the south (National Grid Reference 531945181975). Areas within the Charterhouse covered by the site are shown on Fig 1 and comprise, Chapel Court, Wesley Room, Chapel Cloister, Brothers chambers and corridor, and New Church Hawe/Charterhouse Square. A small detached part of the site to the north includes the Norfolk Cloister. 3.1.2 The site is bounded by buildings within the Charterhouse and The Green and properties surrounding Charterhouse Square. Smithfield Market lies 35m to the south-west, St John Street, 75m to the west. The Medical College of St Bartholomew’s Hospital lies across The Green to the north. The site falls within the historic parish of , and lay within the county of Middlesex prior to being absorbed into the administration of the Greater London Borough of Islington. 3.1.3 The site lies c 1m to the north of the modern bank of the River Thames. The Fleet river, which runs south into the Thames formerly ran along Farringdon Street, c 360m west of the site, and is now culverted underground. A tributary of the Fleet ran from east to west, c 90m south of the site. While today the ground level is relatively flat the natural gravel slopes noticeably towards St John Street from both the eastern and western side leading to discussion that there may have been an ancient watercourse, perhaps feeding into a tributary of the Fleet, running from north to south along St John Street, 75m to the west of the site (Sloane and Malcolm, 2004, 18).

3.2 Topography 3.2.1 Topography can provide an indication of suitability for settlement, and ground levels can indicate whether the ground has been built up or truncated, which can have implications for archaeological survival (see section 5.2). 3.2.2 Ground level in the area of the site slopes gradually down towards the west (where the formerly ran) and down to the south towards the Thames. 3.2.3 Within the site the ground is mostly flat, with ground level varying between 17.6m above Ordnance Datum (OD) at the south of Charterhouse Square and rising gently to the north. To north of the site in Clerkenwell Road ground level lies at 18.8m OD.

3.3 Geology 3.3.1 Geology can provide an indication of suitability for early settlement, and potential depth of remains. The geology in the vicinity of Charterhouse consists of Thames river terrace deposits known as the Hackney Gravels, locally overlain by brickearth deposits, the Langley Silt. This is a fine-grained silt believed to have accumulated by a mixture of processes (eg wind, slope and freeze-thaw) mostly since the Last Glacial Maximum around 17,000 Before Present (BP). 3.3.2 An archaeologically monitored geotechnical window sample (HEA 1h) recently conducted in Chapel Court revealed 0.3m of topsoil overlying 2.2m of post-medieval brick rubble and a small layer of clinker. This overlay natural sands and gravels, observed at 15.2m OD (c 2.5m below ground level/mbgl). The window sample ceased at 4.0m and percussion drilling was used to a depth of 9.0mbgl. Natural Clay was observed at c 7mbgl at 10.6m OD (Ground Engineering 2013, WS1). Archaeological investigations by MoLAS (now MOLA) on the north side of Charterhouse Square in 1998 (HEA 1j) recorded that the base of the archaeological sequence lay over brickearth at a maximum level of 16.6m OD (c 1.0mbgl) suggesting that the sand and gravel encountered in the recent window sample may be truncated. 6 P:\ISLI\1240\na\Assessments\HEA_19-09-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2013

4 Archaeological and historical background

4.1 Overview of past investigations 4.1.1 There have been three archaeological investigations within the site within the medieval Charterhouse and the Black Death burial ground. 4.1.2 An archaeological watching brief (HEA 1h) of a single geotechnical trial pit (TP.01) and a window sample (WS.01) recently took place in Chapel Court. The trial pit was located adjacent to the Chapel Court wall in the central part of the site (dug to the base of the wall’s foundation c 0.7mbgl) revealed 0.3m of topsoil and garden soil overlying 0.4m of later post-medieval brick rubble. The window sample revealed 0.3m of topsoil above 2.16m of post-medieval brick rubble and a small layer of clinker. The full results of the test pit and window sample monitoring for this site is detailed in the Appendix (Section 13). 4.1.3 Two further investigations have taken place within the site, both in New ChurchHawe/Charterhouse Square at the south of the site. In 2012, investigations undertaken by MOLA in a shaft excavated in the road around Charterhouse Square for revealed 13 medieval burials lying in two carefully laid out rows (HEA 1i). A previous evaluation by MoLAS in 1998 in Charterhouse Square also recorded a single burial of a child (HEA 1j). These burials are thought to date to the period of a Black Death cemetery (1348–9), and confirm the presence and survival of this known burial ground. 4.1.4 Additionally initial ground and structural investigations were recently undertaken at the Charterhouse (Ground Engineering 2013). Two small pits (FG.01 and FG.02) were opened, FG.01 in the Brothers Chambers corridor and FG.02 in the Wesley Room. These shallow investigations generally revealed rubble below the floor, although FG.01 also contained evidence of a slab identified as a possible grave slab (Alan Baxter Associates, drg 1769/03/S102, Sept 2013). 4.1.5 The archaeology of the study area is generally well understood as a considerable number of investigations have been carried out in the past (Fig 2). Within the study area earlier remains include a single Palaeolithic flint tool found in a medieval dumped deposit at Preachers Court to the west of the site (HEA 2). Roman material was found in deposits and pits at , 90m to the east of the site (HEA 3). Later medieval remains in the vicinity of the site are predominantly related to activity of the medieval Charterhouse (HEA 2–6) or contemporary activity around the Charterhouse site in the form of quarry and rubbish pits or dumps (HEA 7–10) or occasionally structural evidence in the form of building remains such as at 10–13 Carthusian Street where evidence of a 13th-century building was recorded (HEA 9). Post-medieval remains, including those of early Tudor date and later, were found on most sites in the study area (HEA 11–14). 4.1.6 The results of these investigations, along with other known sites and finds within the study area, are discussed by period, below. The date ranges below are approximate.

4.2 Chronological summary

Prehistoric period (800,000 BC–AD43) 4.2.1 The Lower (800,000–250,000 BC) and Middle (250,000–40,000 BC) Palaeolithic saw alternating warm and cold phases and intermittent perhaps seasonal occupation. During the Upper Palaeolithic (40,000–10,000 BC), after the last glacial maximum, and in particular after around 13,000 BC, further climate warming took place and the environment changed from steppe-tundra to birch and pine woodland. It is probably at this time that England saw continuous occupation. Erosion has removed much of the Palaeolithic land surfaces and finds are typically residual. A

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Palaeolithic flint tool was found in a medieval dump c 85m to the north of the site (HEA 2). Other than that there are no known finds dated to this period within the study area. 4.2.2 The Mesolithic hunter-gather communities of the postglacial period (10,000–4000 BC) inhabited a still largely wooded environment. River valleys such as that of the Thames and the Fleet to the west would have been favoured in providing a predictable source of food (from hunting and fishing) and water, as well as a means of transport and communication. Evidence of activity is characterised by flint tools rather than structural remains. There are no known finds dated to this period within the study area. 4.2.3 The Neolithic (4000–2000 BC), Bronze Age (2000–600 BC) and Iron Age (600 BC– AD 43) are traditionally seen as the time of technological change, settled communities and the construction of communal monuments. Farming was established and forest cleared for cultivation. An expanding population put pressure on available resources and necessitated the utilisation of previously marginal land. There are no known finds of Neolithic, Bronze Age or Iron Age date within the study area, although it has been suggested that the possible east-west Roman road 150m to the north of the site (along the line of Clerkenwell Road/Old Street) had pre- Roman origins (Margary 1967, 57).

Roman period (AD43–410) 4.2.4 In the Roman period, the site lay 400m to the north-west of the north-western corner of the Roman city of Londinium and the Cripplegate Fort, 100m west of the road heading north which exited Aldersgate (modern Goswell Road). Clerkenwell Road/Old Street may have been an east-west road, 150m to the north. There has also been speculation that St John Street, 75m to the west, originated as a Roman road (Grimes 1968, 46), but this has not been confirmed archaeologically. The site was probably in open farmland on the settlement outskirts, and was perhaps just beyond the north-eastern fringes of a Roman cemetery which lay north of Newgate Street and west of the road out of Aldersgate, in the area known today as West Smithfield. The northern and eastern boundaries of this cemetery are poorly understood, and the nearest documented burials are an inhumation from the Ram and the Rose Public House, Smithfield Market, and a cremation burial from Clothfair (Bentley and Pritchard 1982, 160, fig 32). 4.2.5 The nearest Roman activity to the site was recorded in Glasshouse Street, c 90m to the east of the site where natural deposits were cut by three pits which contained Roman pottery (HEA 3).

Early medieval (Saxon) period (AD410–1066) 4.2.6 Londinium was finally abandoned following the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the early 5th century with the main focus of early medieval settlement concentrated in Lundenwic, an area now occupied by Aldwych, the Strand and Covent Garden. There is no evidence that the area within the Roman town walls continued to be inhabited and nor does it appear to have been occupied by the early Saxon settlers. 4.2.7 Archaeological investigations have revealed evidence for early Saxon activity in the Clerkenwell area on the eastern side of the River Fleet (this followed the route of modern Farringdon Road, 360m to the west of the site). This has taken the form of dispersed settlement and small-scale industry or craft working. Excavations around St John’s Square, c 220m to the north-west of the site (site code JON89) revealed pits containing pottery dated to AD 450–550 (Cowie and Blackmore 2008, 21). 4.2.8 In the late 9th century, the old Roman city c 400m to the south of the site was reoccupied in response to devastating Viking raids. The site lay on the edge of an area later known as Clerkenwell. The nature of the landholding in this period is unclear, and there was apparently no settlement centre until the later medieval period (Sloane and Malcolm 2004, 24). 8 P:\ISLI\1240\na\Assessments\HEA_19-09-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2013

4.2.9 Throughout this period the site was located outside of the areas of known early medieval settlement and was probably open fields or woodland.

Later medieval period (AD1066–1485) 4.2.10 In the early part of this period the site would have been located in open fields to the north of the medieval city, and was probably open farmland with scattered farmsteads. The earliest datable activity of this period consists of extensive gravel and possibly brickearth quarrying between the late 12th to the mid-14th century, such as those found during archaeological investigations at Preachers Court 70m west of the site (HEA 2) and 29–30 Glasshouse Yard 110m east of the site (HEA 3), probably carried out on behalf of the landowners.

Spitalcroft cemetery and chapel (mid 14th century) 4.2.11 In 1348–9, Sir Walter De Manny and Ralph de Stratford bought or leased lands from St Bartholomew’s Hospital for two cemeteries to bury victims of the Black Death in response to the overcrowding of city churchyards. These were the ‘Pardon Churchyard’ which probably lay to the north of modern day Clerkenwell Rd (outside the site), and the ‘Spital Croft’ which occupied the west half of the precinct from Carthusian St to Clerkenwell Rd (Knowles and Grimes 1954, 5–6; 17–20; HEA 19). 4.2.12 The location and extent of the ‘Spitalcroft’ cemetery is defined by Holmes’ survey of 1896 and is shown on Fig 2. However, as noted in Section 1.2 it is possible that there were burials beyond the area indicated in the survey. The presence of burials within Charterhouse Square was confirmed by recent archaeological investigations for Crossrail (HEA 1i), when 13 medieval burials lying in two carefully laid out rows were recorded. A previous evaluation here in 1998 recorded a single child burial (HEA 1j). 4.2.13 Sir Walter De Manny founded a chapel on the northern side of the burial ground in the currently open area of Chapel Court. The foundations of which were laid in 1349. According to the Charterhouse Register, Manny intended to found a college of secular priests, but changed his mind (St John Hope 1925, 8). Instead, a hermitage was erected beside the chapel at some time before 1354, and its two inmates were to offer up prayers for those who died in the Black Death (Knowles and Grimes 1954, 6).

The Carthusian Monastery (late 14th century) 4.2.14 The London Charterhouse (HEA 1a, HEA 21–34and HEA37) was founded as a Carthusian monastery in 1371 by Sir Walter De Manny at the behest of the Bishop of London, Michael de Northburgh. The Carthusian Order was a Catholic religious order of enclosed monastics founded by Saint Bruno of Cologne in 1084. The London Charterhouse, one of only nine monastic houses of this order in the country, was founded beside the site of the Black Death cemetery. Fig 3 shows the complex in 1532 and shows that the site lay in the south-western corner at the entrance, with monastic cells were arranged around a ‘Great Cloister’ which lay under the present Green (HEA 23), to the north of (outside) the site. The cemetery chapel in the area of Chapel Court (HEA 22) was said to have become the conventual (ie relating to the monastry) church (St John Hope 1925, 8). Much of the land surrounding the Charterhouse was probably developed and built upon by 1350 and tenements were already in existence as ribbon development along the street frontage of St John Street, 75m to the west of the site. 4.2.15 The monastery, dedicated to the Salutation of the Mother of God, was a double foundation for 24 monks and a Prior but may have had as many as 30 monks by Dissolution in the mid 16th century. The monks, in contrast to other orders, occupied individual cells arranged around a ‘Great Cloister’ under the present Green (HEA 23). The monks were under a strict order which included silence except for certain occasions. The monks were served by lay brothers (conversi) and servants (donati). 9 P:\ISLI\1240\na\Assessments\HEA_19-09-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2013

Construction appears to have proceeded slowly; the cells were probably not completed before 1419 or even 1436 (Knowles and Grimes 1954, 25), and other parts of the conventual buildings such as the ‘little cloister’ were not built until 1436. A note in the Charterhouse register records that at the time of the death of the second prior John Okendon in 1412, six cells remained to be built, along with the chapterhouse, ‘farmery’ (?infirmary), parlour and the precinct wall. 4.2.16 The plan of the core buildings of the Charterhouse is reasonably well known thanks to the remarkable survival of the medieval Water Supply Plan showing both the layout of the water pipes, the ground plan of the buildings and elements of their elevation (Barber and Thomas 2002, Fig 37). Investigations following wartime fire damage and excavations by Professor Grimes in 1948/9 revealed considerable evidence relating to the main conventual complex, although only the broad outline is published (Knowles and Grimes 1954, 41–67; Grimes 1968). Excavations at St Bartholomew’s Medical College 50m to the north-east of the site (HEA 5) have revealed details of the monk’s cells on the north side of the Great Cloister and a number of sites excavated within and adjacent to the precinct were synthesised with Grimes work to present an account of the development of the monastery and published in a MoLAS monograph (Barber and Thomas 2002). 4.2.17 The southern range of buildings around the Great Cloister included the Church (HEA 22; within the site) and the Chapter House (HEA 28; to the north-east of the site). To the west of the church, just west of the site, lay the Little Cloister (HEA 24) and further west the standing buildings of Wash-house Court (HEA 29) were added in the early 16th century, perhaps to accommodate the lay brothers’ quarters, kitchens and the Laundry (Knowles and Grimes 1954, 31). 4.2.18 Around this core lay numerous outbuildings, wasteland, orchards and vegetable gardens all contained within the inner and outer precincts of the monastery. 4.2.19 A further chapel was built in the Charterhouse Square, in the cemetery outside the enclosure wall, and was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin and All Saints and was consecrated in 1471 (Knowles and Grimes1954, 30).

Post-medieval period (AD1485–present) 4.2.20 In 1537 the monastery was dissolved by King Henry VIII. The site was in the hands of the Crown Commissioners until 1542, and they may have let out certain buildings. After this, the Charterhouse was used as a storehouse for the King’s tents, hunting nets and tackle (Knowles and Grimes 1954, 37). In 1545, the property was sold to Edward North, Chancellor of the Court of Augmentations, who extensively remodelled the monastery into a fine townhouse and removed the monastic cells around the Great Cloister. 4.2.21 The walls surrounding the cell buildings and the cell gardens were all demolished, excluding the cloister wall, and their stone foundations were robbed for reuse. Excavation at St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College (HEA 5), 50m to the north of the site, revealed that many foundations were robbed out altogether, although fragments remained in some cells. The dividing walls within the cell buildings appear to merely have been demolished down to contemporary ground level. None were robbed out below that level. Presumably the dressed stone was removed from the top, but it was felt that the smaller walls did not warrant large-scale digging to rob the foundations. All the cells had quantities of demolition material within them, particularly within the areas of the cell building itself. The demolition material was up to 0.5m thick in places, consisting of stone, tile, brick, mortar and plaster. Archaeological dating for the robber cuts was imprecise, but all those producing dating evidence suggested the period 1500–1600. 4.2.22 New construction for the town house included a new wall built across the line of the former cell gardens. It is thought that this was a boundary wall between the immediate holdings of the Charterhouse mansion to the south, and other gardens to the north (Barber and Thomas 2002, 76). The 14th century church in Chapel Court 10 P:\ISLI\1240\na\Assessments\HEA_19-09-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2013

was demolished and the southern area built over as part of Lord North’s remodelling of the site (Survey of London 2010, Fig 25). 4.2.23 After the death of Edward North, his son Roger sold the site to Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, in 1565. Howard continued the alterations. Woodwork in the Great Hall bears the initials TH and the date 1571. Howard was executed in 1572 for his support for the cause of Mary Queen of Scots, and the confiscated property became an ambassador’s residence before being returned to Howard’s eldest son Philip, Earl of Arundel, in 1581. 4.2.24 In the standing buildings of Charterhouse, it is difficult to differentiate between works carried out by North or Howard (Schofield 1984, 141). Excavations have shown evidence for destruction of part of the monastery during the 1540s and 1550s and the construction of new buildings including a new northern boundary wall from old stone robbed from the monastery. Aspects of the rebuilding can still be seen in the standing buildings on the site, many of which are statutorily listed, and the conversion of monastic sites for secular uses after the Dissolution can be paralleled at numerous sites in England. 4.2.25 The chapel in the Square was used by Thomas Cotton as a school in 1561 but may have reverted to exclusive use as a chapel in 1565 when the property was bought by the Duke of Norfolk. It was probably demolished in the early 17th century. 4.2.26 The Agas map of c 1562 (Fig 4) shows the Charterhouse as located on the less populated area on edge of the urban area of the city, a chapel building is shown within the Square to the south of the main Charterhouse complex. 4.2.27 Braun and Hogenberg’s slightly later pictorial map of 1572 (Fig 5) shows tenements lining the eastern side of St John Street with the former Charterhouse precinct ringed by a wall. Part of this wall is thought to have been found during excavations in Charterhouse Mews, c 15m to the east of the site (HEA 2). Extensive post- medieval quarrying was also noted, and it is possible that the open areas to the rear of the street frontages were quarried for building material. The map shows the 15th- century chapel in the middle of Charterhouse Square. 4.2.28 bought the Charterhouse property in 1611 and created the hospital for poor brothers and in his will of 1614. A series of maps and engravings from the 17th century onwards show a range of Tudor buildings adjoining the western precinct wall in the vicinity of (outside) the site, to the west of Wash-house Court. Davies (Davies 1921) records the tradition that these buildings were the old monastic barns which were converted to house the brothers of Sutton’s Hospital. The school boys occupied buildings on the west side of the former Great Cloister. 4.2.29 Faithorne and Newcourt’s map of 1658 (Fig 6) shows a relatively schematic plan of the Charterhouse but does indicate the encroaching suburban development around the hospital. The 15th-century chapel within Charterhouse Square is no longer shown and there is an avenue of trees across the open ground. 4.2.30 Ogilby and Morgan’s map of 1676 (Fig 7) shows more detail of the buildings within the site in plan with the area at the south of Chapel Court shown to be built over with a range of buildings. Charterhouse Yard (Charterhouse Square) to the south is shown as an open pentagonal garden crossed by a tree-lined avenue (lime trees). The Green (the former Great Cloister) to the north of (outside) the site is a bowling green. The front cover of this report, Tom’s engraving of 1739, shows the range of buildings in the 18th century. 4.2.31 Rocque’s map of 1746 (Fig 8) and Horwood’s map of 1799 (Fig 9) show only minor changes within the site. Charterhouse Square, now at the centre of residential development, has a second tree-lined avenue across it to from a cross. 4.2.32 The Ordnance Survey 1st edition 5’:mile map of 1873 (Fig 10) and 3rd edition 5’:mile map of 1916 (Fig 11) are detailed maps that show that the buildings on the site as little changed and the Square as laid out as that in the previous century.

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4.2.33 The Charterhouse area was bombed in May 1941 and London County Council bomb map (London Topographic Society 2005, map 62) shows damage across the buildings, particularly those around and at the west of Chapel Court (Fig 12). These areas which were gutted by the WWII incendiary and reconfigured in the 1950s. The buildings were damaged but were carefully restored during the 1950s so that medieval and much 16th and 17th century fabric remains. The collaboration between historian David Knowles and archaeologist W F Grimes following extensive war-time fire-bomb damage to the standing buildings resulted in excavation and recording within the Charterhouse and with descriptions and selected plans of the medieval buildings in the Knowles and Grimes publication of1954. 4.2.34 The Ordnance survey 1:10,000 scale map of 1954 (Fig 13) and the1:2500 scale map of 1983 (Fig 14) shows the absence of buildings at the south of Chapel Court and although buildings in the Charterhouse were restored the buildings at the south of Chapel Court were not replaced. This area is currently open space enclosed by a wall at the south. 4.2.35 The historic core of the Charterhouse still exists today, centred on Charterhouse Square. Chapel Court is an enclosed grassed area with a low brick wall and railings at the south (Fig 15) and areas within the original 14th-century church, such as the high altar defined and the founders tomb marked by a slab (Fig 16).

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5 Statement of significance

5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 The following section discusses past impacts on the site: generally from late 19th and 20th-century developments which may have compromised archaeological survival, eg, building foundations or quarrying, identified primarily from historic maps, the site walkover survey, and information on the likely depth of deposits. It goes on to consider factors which are likely to have compromised asset survival. 5.1.2 In accordance with the NPPF, this is followed by a statement on the likely potential and significance of buried heritage assets within the site, derived from current understanding of the baseline conditions, past impacts, and professional judgement.

5.2 Factors affecting archaeological survival

Natural geology 5.2.1 Based on current knowledge, the predicted level of natural geology within the site is as follows:  Current ground level is generally flat at c 17.6m OD.  Brickearth deposits have previously been recorded at 16.6m OD within the site at the north of Charterhouse Square.  The top of sand and gravel/clay was recorded at c 15.2m or c 2.5mbgl during recent geotechnical investigations on the site at the south of Chapel Court; however this deposit may be truncated. 5.2.2 Between the top of the natural and the current ground level made ground c 2.5m deep was recorded (Ground Investigation 2013, WS1). A MOLA archaeologist monitored TP.01 and WS.01. TP.01 was excavated to 0.7mbgl and only recorded 0.3m of garden soil above post-medieval brick rubble including yellow stock bricks. WS1 recorded 0.3m of top soil above 2.16m of post-medieval brick rubble with a small layer of clinker (see Appendix).

Past impacts 5.2.3 The site was subject to bomb damage during WWII and areas within the Charterhouse rebuilt and restored. Areas of the site were subject to archaeological investigations by Grimes following extensive war-time fire-bomb damage to the standing buildings in the 1940s. It would appear that areas of the Charterhouse were excavated whilst other areas were not including burials within the medieval church which was situated in Chapel Court and extends into the Brothers chambers to the west. 5.2.4 Areas of the site such as the southern area of Chapel Court were built over from the post-medieval period and buildings are still shown on the site in the early 20th century. It is uncertain what date the latest structures and any services associated with them in this area of site date to. If relatively recent ie 20th century these may have truncated earlier post-medieval activity. 5.2.5 Laying of the concrete floor within areas of the Charterhouse in the 1950s has resulted in a concrete slab in the areas of the buildings around Chapel Court. This is known to be at least c 0.2m deep.

Likely depth/thickness of archaeological remains 5.2.6 Recent investigation of the existing floor in the corridor of the Brother’s chambers recorded limestone blocks at 0.4m below floor level (Ground Engineering 2013, FG1). These were subsequently interpreted as a possible grave slab (Alan Baxter Associates drawing 1769/03/S101 Rev A dated July 13) or possibly previous slab 13 P:\ISLI\1240\na\Assessments\HEA_19-09-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2013

level suggesting that previous floor levels might be encountered within c 0.3m to 0.4m of existing floor levels in this area of the site. 5.2.7 Within the Wesley Room the presence of the grave slabs and tiling would suggest that localised archaeological deposits could be encountered either directly below the existing floor level where earlier tiles are laid or within c 0.2m depth of the floor level (below the modern slab). 5.2.8 At the south of Chapel Court what were interpreted as made ground was recorded up to 2.5m deep. It is probable that post WWII demolition and removal of the building at the south of Chapel Court would have disturbed localised areas of Chapel Court. However it is uncertain if all these deposits/demolition material are of a recent date. The watching brief suggest the upper deposits in TP.01 date to the later post-medieval/Victorian period however deeper made ground recorded in WS.01 maybe of an earlier post-medieval origin. 5.2.9 At the south of the Charterhouse Square burials have been encountered at a depth of c 2.5m below the road level (HEA 1i).Within the Square further north a single burial was recorded with an uppermost level of the grave cut (as excavated) at 16.6m OD but it was probably cut from a higher level such as 16.8m OD or c 1.0mbgl (HEA 1j). Investigations in the Square have been localised and it is possible that other features, such as remains of the chapel thought to be located at the north of the Square or other features may survive at higher levels.

5.3 Archaeological potential and significance 5.3.1 The nature of possible archaeological survival in the area of the proposed development is summarised here, taking into account the levels of natural geology and the level and nature of later disturbance and truncation discussed above. The potential for pre- later medieval remains is discussed for the site as a whole. For the later medieval and post-medieval periods, potential is discussed by each area of the proposed development.

The site: prehistoric to early medieval (Saxon) potential 5.3.2 The site has a low potential for prehistoric remains. Other than a fragment of a Palaeolithic tool found in a medieval dumped deposit no remains of prehistoric date have been found within the study area, despite a number of archaeological investigations in the past. Although the area of the site would have been attractive to prehistoric people, located on the free draining gravel terrace close to the Fleet river, it is likely that later activity has removed any evidence of prehistoric landsurfaces. 5.3.3 The site has a low potential for Roman remains. The site lies to the north of the Roman city of Londinium in an area which was probably open fields used for agriculture or quarrying. Isolated Roman material has been recorded within site within the study area but other than that Roman remains are scarce. The site is located south of where Roman features were discovered, further away from the Roman road, and was probably beyond the extramural Roman cemetery. Remains of agricultural or quarrying features would be heritage assets of low significance, based on their potential evidential value. 5.3.4 The site has a low potential for early medieval remains. In the latter half of this period it was some distance to the north of the later Saxon settlement, which was within the Roman city walls. No evidence of early medieval settlement or activity has been found within the study area. The site is likely to have lain within open fields or woodland.

New Church Hawe/Charterhouse Square 5.3.5 The area has high potential for later medieval and post-medieval remains. Historic maps indicate that the area has always remained open and free of the impact of 14 P:\ISLI\1240\na\Assessments\HEA_19-09-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2013

modern building development, and other than localised disturbance from tree root action along tree-lined avenues, any remains are likely to survive intact. 5.3.6 This area in the southern part of the site has high potential for human remains associated with a mid-14th-century Black Death cemetery known as the ‘Spital Croft’, along with the footings of a 15th-century chapel. 5.3.7 The cemetery seems to have remained in use throughout the medieval period as a public burial ground. Remains of 13 individuals, recently found in Charterhouse Square (HEA 1i), confirm the presence and survival of burials here. The northern extent of the burial ground is uncertain but it is thought likely that the later Charterhouse respected the boundaries of the former burial ground, indicating that the more recent mapped area of Charterhouse Square possibly largely reflects its original boundaries. Human remains and graves would be of high heritage significance, derived from their evidential and historical value. 5.3.8 Charterhouse Square is also the location of a chapel built in 1471 and dedicated to the Blessed Virgin and All Saints. It is thought to have been removed by the early 17th-century. The exact location of this structure has not been determined although a conjectured position in the northern part of the square is shown on Fig 3 (from Barber and Thomas 2002, Fig 39). Buried remains (eg footings) of the 15th-century chapel would potentially be of high significance in light of the lack of past disturbance in this area and anticipated high survival. The significance would be derived from the evidential and historical value. 5.3.9 This part of the site has potential for remains of landscaped garden features of the post-medieval period, eg formal planting beds, of low heritage significance.

Chapel Court 5.3.10 The area has high potential for later medieval and post-medieval remains. Chapel Court is a currently open area at the south-west corner of the Charterhouse, just north of Charterhouse Square. This was the site of the mid 14th century church of Sir Walter De Manny, and there is a high potential for remains of the church and medieval Charterhouse buildings (see Fig 3), along with remains associated with the Sacrist’s cell and garden, which the water supply plan shows here at the beginning of the 15th century. 5.3.11 A burial in an anthropomorphic lead coffin was in found within the site in the eastern part of Chapel Court, immediately before the High Altar of the church. This was identified as the probable grave of Sir Walter De Manny (d. 1372), because of its location and as it contained a lead Bulla of Pope Clement VI obtained in 1351 (Knowles and Grimes 1954, 87–92). This tomb position is marked by a later grave slab as is the location of the High Altar to the east. 5.3.12 Grimes conjectured the position of a pulpit originally in this area of the site to the south of the church, locating this structure on the basis of a post-Dissolution survey (Knowles and Grimes 1954, 78–9, 84). His suggestion that it marked the approximate position of a pulpit from which sermons could be addressed to crowds in the ‘outer cemetery’. However, an external pulpit would be extremely atypical of the Carthusian Order (Barber and Thomas 2002, 19). 5.3.13 Following the demolition of the church in the second half of the 16th century the southern area of Chapel Court was built over as part of Lord North’s remodelling of the site. Remains of these buildings, shown on historic maps, potentially survive close to the current ground surface. 5.3.14 The London Charterhouse is one of only nine such monastic houses of the Carthusian Order founded in the United Kingdom during the medieval period. It is for these reasons that the site of the London Charterhouse is considered to be of national, possibly international, importance in the study of monasticism and remains associated with it would be of high, possibly very high significance, depending on their nature and extent, based on their potential evidential and historical value. Post- medieval remains associated with the post-Dissolution remodelling would potentially 15 P:\ISLI\1240\na\Assessments\HEA_19-09-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2013

be of medium or high significance.

Brother’s chambers 5.3.15 The area has high potential for later medieval and post-medieval remains. The site of the 14th century church and later medieval chapels also extends into the area of the Brothers chambers located to the west of Chapel Court (see Fig 3). An uncertain number of other grave cuts were noted by Grimes towards the west end of the church which would be in the location of the brothers chambers and its corridor, these are marked as ‘not excavated’ on the Knowles and Grimes fold out plan of the monastic church at the end of their 1954 publication. Later chapels built off the church were also present in this area. 5.3.16 A small floor excavation (FG.01) measuring c 0.6m by 0.4m by 0.5m deep recently excavated in the corridor revealed a 0.2m concrete slab overlay c 0.3m of brick rubble or 80mm of rubble overlay a possible grave stone or paving slab which in turn overlay 0.2m rubble.(Alan Baxter drawing 1679/03/S102, Opening up works, floor information dated Sept 2013). The location of the investigation is shown on Fig 22. 5.3.17 As discussed in para 5.3.14, remains associated with the medieval Charterhouse are potentially of high, possibly very high significance, depending on the nature and survival of the remains. Post-medieval remains associated with the post- Dissolution remodelling would potentially be of medium or high significance.

Wesley Room 5.3.18 The area has high potential for later medieval and post-medieval remains. The Wesley Room is located to the north of Chapel Court in the area originally thought to have been in use as the medieval Charterhouse cloister walk and later as the Sacrist cell and a chapel to the north of the church (see Fig 3). Grimes plans of this area note floor markers for graves surrounded by areas of tiling; these remain within the Wesley room today (Fig 17) and appear to be in situ. This area was later used as part of a bowling alley and gallery in the second half of the 16th century and early 17th century as part of the post-Dissolution refurbishment of the building. 5.3.19 A small floor excavation (FG.02) measuring c 0.5m square by 0.75m deep recently excavated in the south-west corner of the Wesley Room revealed a 0.2m concrete slab overlay c 0.6m of brick rubble (Alan Baxter drawing 1679/03/S102, Opening up works, floor information dated Sept 2013). The location of the investigation is shown on Fig 22. 5.3.20 As discussed in para 5.3.14, remains associated with the medieval Charterhouse are potentially of high, possibly very high significance, depending on the nature and survival of the remains. Post-medieval remains associated with the post- Dissolution remodelling would potentially be of medium or high significance.

Norfolk Cloister 5.3.21 The area has high potential for later medieval and post-medieval remains. In the later medieval period this area formed the Charterhouse west cloister walk and would have been occupied by the brothers’ cells, each with a small living area and garden (see Fig 3). 5.3.22 The conversion of the conventual buildings to a suburban mansion resulted in embellishments and this area in the 1570s, with the creation of a long passage and garden out of the former west cloister walk (Fig 18 and Fig 19). Evidence of the former use is marked in the 16th century passage by a plaque. The former cell can be seen as a blocked door, serving hatch and blocked waste hatch in the standing wall. 5.3.23 The proposed works to mark out the imprint of a monks cell off the Norfolk Cloister

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6 Impact of proposals

6.1 Proposals 6.1.1 The scheme includes several elements which will have possible below ground impacts. The proposals are shown on Fig 20 and Fig 21 (Eric Parry Architects drawing EPA TCH 01_100_P10 and EPA TCH 01_101_P2, Sept 2013), and are as follows:  Reconfiguration of Chapel Court garden: This would entail the removal of some trees and bushes and the addition of an entrance portal, railings and hard and soft landscaping. A level stone path would lead directly from the pavement to new museum entrance. The grave of Sir Walter De Manny would be enhanced; the foundations of the monastic chapel, marked out with pre-cast concrete strips in the1950s, would be accentuated. A new entrance portal (in the location of the archaeologically monitored TP.01) would connect Charterhouse Square to Chapel Court (this would be separate to the Brothers’ entrance via the 14th-century gatehouse). The existing wall at the south of Chapel Court would be removed and strip foundations used for the new build.  Charterhouse Museum improvements: the reception area, shop and the interpretation and learning areas in what is currently the Brother’s corridor west of Chapel Court would be relocated in areas which were gutted by WWII incendiary and reconfigured in the 1950s. To create larger spaces, internal partitions would be removed and new rooms created. The existing toilets would be removed and replaced in the location of the Brother’s Chamber.  Wesley Room improvements: furnishings on the graves slabs would be restored (tbc) and there would be the addition of secondary glazing and timber panelling to the display cabinets constructed on the south wall.  Norfolk Cloister modifications: Landscaping in the Brother’s Garden would be used to reveal the imprint a monk’s cell in its walled enclosure at the west of the northern end of the Norfolk Cloister. 6.1.2 Landscaping improvements to Charterhouse Square are planned although the nature and detail of the proposals are not currently available.

6.2 Implications

Reconfiguration of Chapel Court garden 6.2.1 The main impact of the proposed development on below ground deposits in this area of the site would be the removal of the existing wall at the south of Chapel Court and excavations for new strip foundations for the new portal. Recent archaeological monitoring geotechnical works within Chapel Court revealed later post-medieval/Victorian made ground (dumping or backfill), of negligible heritage significance. It is likely that these ground works would only affect similar deposits. Should deeper excavations be required earlier and more significant remains could be affected. 6.2.2 This area of the site was built over in the post-medieval period. The recent test pit dug on the site against the chapel court wall recorded topsoil overlaying post- medieval rubble to a depth of c 0.7mbgl suggesting that the localised area of the test pit had been disturbed however the area to the east and west of the test pit may retain less disturbed archaeological material. The depth of the existing wall foundations were c 0.5m to 0.6m deep. 6.2.3 It is currently thought that the other works to be undertaken, such as the garden reconfiguration, landscaping, monastic church foundation accentuation and the 18 P:\ISLI\1240\na\Assessments\HEA_19-09-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2013

enhancement Sir Walter De Manny’s grave, would not have a major impact on below ground deposits.

Charterhouse Museum improvements 6.2.4 New WCs are planned between the new reception and learning areas in what is now the Brother’s chamber and its corridor. It is not currently known how the associated services required for the new facilities would be installed. This area of the site lies within the west end of the church and associated chapels in an area where burials may be present. Recent investigation of the floor in this area (Ground Engineering 2013, FG1) indicated the concrete slab is 0.2m deep. This investigation also recorded a limestone slab (possibly a grave slab) at 0.37m below floor level (Ground Engineering 2013, FG1).Any works, such as the installation of new services below c 0.3m, could potentially disturb earlier floor levels and grave markers and possibly burials at deeper levels.

Wesley Room improvements 6.2.5 Works planned for this area of the site such as restoring furnishings on graves slabs (tbc) and constructing display cabinets on the south wall are currently not envisioned to disturb areas below the existing floor level.

Norfolk Cloister modifications 6.2.6 Works planned for this area of the site, which is currently in use as a garden at the west of the northern end of the Norfolk Cloister, are marking out the layout of the brother’s house and garden at or just below ground level. It is not thought that these works would significantly disturb areas below ground level.

Landscaping in Charterhouse Square 6.2.7 The current plans for the proposals within Charterhouse Square are not available. It is presently understood that the works would entail replanting and relaying of paths and would not have a major impact on below ground deposits. However if more intrusive works are subsequently planned their impact would require reassessment.

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7 Conclusion and recommendations

7.1.1 The site is located within the London Charterhouse with the Black Death cemetery to the south. The London Charterhouse, a Carthusian monastery founded in 1371 is one of only nine such monastic houses of the Carthusian Order founded in the United Kingdom during the medieval period and more importantly one of only three examples founded in a sub-urban setting, the others being St Anne’s in Coventry and Kingston-upon-Hull (Aston 1993, 148). It is for these reasons that the site of the London Charterhouse is considered to be of regional, national and international importance in the study of monasticism. 7.1.2 Within the Charterhouse buildings survival potential is high, however currently the only potential impact to the interior is the possible installation of services associated with new WCs in the brother’s chambers. Proposed new services proposals would result in localised disturbance to below ground levels in the standing buildings. 7.1.3 At the south of Chapel Court removal of the existing wall and excavations for new foundations for the proposed new portal would have a localised impact. The watching brief of the geotechnical works suggest that only later post- medieval/Victorian dumping or backfill would be removed. 7.1.4 Table 1 summarises the known or likely buried assets within the site, their significance, and the impact of the proposed scheme on asset significance.

Table 1: Impact upon heritage assets (prior to mitigation) Asset Asset Impact of proposed scheme Significance Grade I Charterhouse building High or Very Possible installation of services – specifically earlier floor High associated with new toilets between the surfaces, grave markers, planned reception and learning areas. burials or unknown features of Overall significance of asset reduced medieval data if partially disturbed (high potential) Burials associated with Black High Possible impact from landscaping Death cemetery and remains of works. Details of proposals not known – 15th century chapel in currently not thought likely to have Charterhouse Square significant impact (high potential) Fragmentary survival of post- Medium or Localised removal of existing wall and dissolution/post-medieval High excavation for strip foundations in buildings at south of Chapel Chapel Court, if deeper foundations Court required (high potential) Significance of asset reduced to low

Possible prehistoric, Roman Uncertain Removal of existing wall and excavation and early medieval remains (low for for strip foundations in Chapel Court if (low potential) isolated deeper foundations required finds) Significance of asset reduced to negligible

7.1.5 Despite the sensitivity of the site the proposed impacts will be localised and would mostly affect assets of low or negligible significance. For this reason an archaeological watching brief is recommended during any ground excavation, particularly for the services for the new proposed toilet facilities. 7.1.6 Changes to the fabric of the listed building or walls within the site has not been assessed as part of this report, but it should be noted that any changes should be preceded by the appropriate consultation and if required archaeological standing 20 P:\ISLI\1240\na\Assessments\HEA_19-09-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2013 building recording at the appropriate English Heritage survey level.

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8 Gazetteer of known historic environment assets

8.1.1 The table below represents a gazetteer of known historic environment sites and finds within the 150m-radius study area around the site and listed buildings within the site, associated with the Charterhouse or within a 50m corridor of the site boundaries. The gazetteer should be read in conjunction with Fig 2. 8.1.2 The GLHER data contained within this gazetteer was obtained on 29/11/2013 and is the copyright of English Heritage 2013. 8.1.3 English Heritage statutory designations data © English Heritage 2013. Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2013. The English Heritage GIS Data contained in this material was obtained September 2013. The most publicly available up to date English Heritage GIS Data can be obtained from http://www.english-heritage.org.uk.

Abbreviations DGLA – Department of Greater London Archaeology DUA – Department of Urban Archaeology MoLAS – Museum of London Archaeology Service (now named MOLA) HER – Historic Environment Record

HEA Description Site code/ No. HER No./Listed building ref. 1a Grade I listed building The Charterhouse Listed Building ref 1298101 1b Grade II setted street surface Charterhouse Square Listed Building ref 12066791393770 1c Four Grade II lampposts, Charterhouse Square Listed Building ref 1206679 1d Six Grade II bollards on the north and north-west of Charterhouse Listed Building Square ref 1025025 1e Grade II gates at north-west corner Charterhouse Square leading into Listed Building Charterhouse Street ref1280090 1f Grade II K2 telephone Kiosk at the south side of Charterhouse Square Listed Building ref1206694 1g Grade II railings round New Church Hawe and gates on south side of Listed Building Charterhouse Square ref1195529 1h Charterhouse, London, EC1M 6AN - A window sample and test pit COS13 were monitored by MOLA in August 2013 within the small enclosed garden on the north side of Charterhouse Square. The test pit was located against the south boundary wall of the garden, and was opened to determine the depth of the boundary wall’s foundation. In the test pit 0.30m of topsoil/garden soil overlay 0.40m of post- medieval brick rubble. The window sample revealed 0.30m of topsoil overlying 2.16m of post-medieval brick rubble and a small layer of clinker which overlay natural deposits. 1i Charterhouse Square - MOLA investigations for the Crossrail XTE12 programme undertaken in a 5.5m diameter shaft being excavated in the road around Charterhouse Square revealed thirteen medieval burials lying in two carefully laid out rows. The skeletons were found 2.5m below the road. 1j Charterhouse Square - Archaeological evaluation by MoLAS in 1998. CSQ98 Although the location of a 15th-century chapel of the London Charterhouse was indicated by a geophysical survey no physical evidence of it was located, but a single burial of a child, probably dating to the period of a Black Death cemetery (1348–9) was found. 2 Preachers Court, Charterhouse Mews, EC1 – Excavation by MOLAS PRR98

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HEA Description Site code/ No. HER No./Listed building ref. in 1998 retrieved the residual tip of a Palaeolithic tool. Gravel extraction pits, backfilled in the late C12th and 13th, were cut into the natural gravels. A large ditch may have formed one of the boundaries of 'Spital Croft', acquired in 1349 for a chapel and burial ground for Black Death victims, It silted up in the C13th and was backfilled in the late C14th. Remains of two buildings probably from the initial foundation of the Charterhouse were recorded, possibly service buildings, or temporary accommodation for the community during construction of the Great Cloister and conventual buildings. With disuse, the ground level was raised and a building with at least two rooms was built, perhaps a barn, storehouse or stables. Against the precinct wall to the north a new range of brick service buildings was constructed after the Dissolution. 3 29-30 Glasshouse Yard, EC1- Watching Brief by MOLAS in 2001 GLY01 revealed natural gravel overlaid by a deposit of reworked brickearth containing abraded Roman material. It was cut by a grave for a W-E, supine human inhumation, probably medieval, either part of the West Smithfield Black Death cemetery or a burial within the garden of a cell in the London Charterhouse. A cellar floor of red brick was located in one test pit, sealed by material indicating that the building had gone out of use by the late C17th or early C18th.

Watching Brief by MOLAS in 2005 - The remains of a chalk and ragstone foundation was revealed: probably the remains of a monastic cell in Charterhouse. Seven burials were located; these were N-S aligned in wooden coffins and were probably associated with a non- conformist chapel which is marked on C18th- maps. Another, E-W, burial was recorded which may pre-date the others. The edge of a large rubbish pit, probably of C19th date, was also located.

Evaluation by MOLAS in 2006 - Natural brickearth and/or gravels were recorded, cut by three pits which contained solely Roman pottery. In the west of the site some medieval footings, thought to form part of cells R and S of the Charterhouse monastery, were found, as well as a number of C11th-13th quarry pits. Dumped deposits were recorded across most of the site, dated to the C16th-19th. In the south of the site more burials were located of a cemetery associated with the General Baptist Chapel. 4 Preachers Court, Charterhouse Mews, EC1 - Watching Brief by PCC92 MOLAS in 2005 recorded C12th-14th quarry pit fills. Built into these were two medieval walls aligned parallel to the nearby precinct wall of Charterhouse, presumably belonging to previously unknown monastic buildings located against the precinct wall, possibly outbuildings. To the east seems to have been open ground and a C16th ragstone and timber-lined ?drain was found, possibly contemporary with Wash House Court added in the late C15th/early C16th. Post-Dissolution deposits - transition from monastery to mansion house and subsequent building phases were also recorded. Evaluation in 1992 recorded natural gravels overlaid by early medieval dump layers or gravel extraction pit fills succeeded by features and deposits relating to the Charterhouse. 5 St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College - Excavation in 1989 by MED90 the DGLA exposed refuse pits containing 17th-century pottery. A layer cut by a substantial ragstone/Reigate stone wall produced 1350 to1550 pottery. The wall and pits relate to occupation after the Dissolution of Charterhouse. Excavation in the cloister garth in 1990 revealed walls and floors and a large quantity of plain yellow- and black-glazed 14th-15th century Flemish floor tiles recovered from Dissolution robber trenches. A substantial wall of this period, 23 P:\ISLI\1240\na\Assessments\HEA_19-09-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2013

HEA Description Site code/ No. HER No./Listed building ref. constructed from robbed materials, was found to traverse the site for a distance of more than 50m. 6 110-115 Aldersgate Street, Glasshouse Yard, EC1 - A trial excavation TEZ88 in 1988 by the DGLA revealed chalk walls probably belonging to the medieval Charterhouse, as well as chalk, rubble and mortar deposits. 7 7-8 Carthusian Street, EC1 - A trial excavation in 1989 by DGLA CAR89 revealed a number of rubbish pits of later medieval or post-medieval date. Archaeological survival was exceptionally good and indicated continuous and intense occupation over several centuries. The deposits represent dumping of material from yards and gardens at the rear of the properties that abutted the Charterhouse wall. 8 2-5 Carthusian Street, EC1 - Excavation in July 1991 by DGLA CIN 91 revealed a large medieval quarry pit, probably contemporary with the Carthusian monastery. Post-medieval features were found including cess pits and brick walls from the C17th and two brick cess pits from the C18th. 9 10-13 Carthusian Street, EC1 - A watching brief by the DUA in 1986 CTN86 produced evidence of C13th-occupation. The earliest activity was a deposit of early medieval agricultural or garden soil over which a large C13th- building was found. This building was extended and an associated chalk-lined pits and a well were found. During the C16th century a replacement brick building was built on earlier foundations. The rubbish pits produced large quantities of wine jars, bottles, cups and plates and reinforces the C17th-documentary evidence that showed IT to be the site of the Red Lion Inn. 10 52-54 St John Street, EC1 - A watching brief in 1988 by DGLA JOH88 revealed the site (within the precincts of the priory of St John Clerkenwell) to be truncated by modern basements, and deposits which did survive suggested medieval and later rubbish pitting and gravel-quarrying. 11 26-28 Glasshouse Yard, EC1 – Watching Brief by MOLAS in GLH00 2000revealed truncated natural brickearth was observed in one area of the site. In a second area, part of the C16th or C17th-brick cellar of a property that fronted east onto Glasshouse Yard was recorded. 12 4 Charterhouse Square, EC1 - Standing structure recording in 2005 by CQR05 CGMS of building originally dates to the 18th century and forms the south half of a structure comprising numbers 4 and 5, the two houses broadly mirroring each other. 13 2 Charterhouse Square (opposite), junction with Carthusian Street, CQC07 EC1 - Watching brief by MOLAS in 2007 of a sewer drop shaft. Truncated natural gravel was overlaid by ground consolidation and dumped deposits for the construction of a brick building of C18th date. One corner of this building, with an internal brick floor, was located in the middle of the drop shaft. In the south-west corner of the trench was a brick structure of C19th/20th date. 14 120 Aldersgate Street, EC1 – Evaluation by MOLAS in 1999 revealed ARL99 that in one test pit natural or redeposited gravel was overlaid by a late medieval or early post-medieval deposit. In other test pits modern concrete foundations were recorded. 15 28–36 St John Street London - A watching brief in 2013 by MOLA on STF13 17 geotechnical test pits recorded Archaeological deposits were recorded in 3 of the external test pits, deposits may have been part of larger layers or fills of cut features..One deposit contained a sherd of post medieval pottery dating to between 1660 and 1730. 16 18-21A Charterhouse Square, EC1 – Evaluation by MOLAS in 2000 CAA00 revealed natural gravel was found to have been truncated by construction of the basements of the standing building. 17 2-9 Charterhouse Square, EC1 - Watching brief in 2004 by Compass CQE04

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HEA Description Site code/ No. HER No./Listed building ref. Archaeology on telecommunications trench utilised the route of existing services and revealed only C20th backfill. 18 131 Aldersgate Street, 14 Carthusian Street, EC1 – Investigation by ADT85 the DUA in 1985 did not reveal any archaeological information. 19 Charterhouse Square Burial Ground HER 084012 20 Site of Chapel of Salutation of The Virgin Mary HER 08039501 21 Medieval building-Priors Chapel, Charterhouse HER 08048206015 22 Medieval church and High Altar, Charterhouse HER 08048206002 23 Medieval Charterhouse Great Cloister HER 08048201 24 Medieval building - Little Cloister, Charterhouse, Great Masters Court, HER 08048205 Guesthouse 25 Medieval Charterhouse Great Cloister Alley HER 08048202 26 Medieval building Chapel Cloister - Charterhouse HER 21245808 27 Medieval building Masters Court - Charterhouse HER 21245805 28 Medieval building Charterhouse Chapter House HER 08048208 29 Medieval building - Washhouse Court, Charterhouse HER 08048204 31 Medieval building - Conduit House- Charterhouse HER 21245804 32 Medieval building Inner Gateway - Charterhouse HER 21245803 33 Medieval Charterhouse Precinct Wall Adjoining Outer Gatehouse HER 21245802 34 Medieval Outer Gateway - Charterhouse HER 21245801 35 16th century storehouse Charterhouse HER 080538 36 16th century wall on former tennis courts site HER 216056 37 Medieval Charterhouse cell - 110-115 Aldersgate Street HER 08048201013 38 Post-medieval building - Brothers Library - Charterhouse HER 21245809 39 Post-medieval drain Charterhouse Mews HER 083402 40 Site of medieval Chapel Of Blessed Virgin & All Saints HER 08048210 41 Medieval orchard HER 08048211 42 Post-medieval wall, 52-53 St John St, Charterhouse HER 082308 43 No. 14 Charterhouse Square and attached railings Listed Building ref 1206649 44 No. 12 and 13Charterhouse Square and attached railings Listed Building ref1280141 45 No. 12A Charterhouse Square and wallsand attached railings Listed Building ref 1195525 46 The Master's Lodge, and attached railings Listed Building ref1280100 Grade I listed early-18th-century terraced house, incorporating parts of the 15th-century gatehouse to the Charterhouse. 47 Lamp south of Master’s Court Listed Building ref1298100 Grade II listed 19th century lamp in the space bounded by Master's Court, the gatehouse and the Conduit House. 48 Grade II Pump in Preachers Court, The Charterhouse Listed Building ref1025127 49 Grade II listed building Nos 22 and attached railings Listed Building ref1195526 50 Grade II listed building Pensioners Court and Stable Court, The Listed Building Charterhouse ref1195528 51 Grade II listed building Wardens House and Gatehouse, Listed Building StBartholomews College and railings ref1208578 52 Grade II listed building Nos 4 and 5 and railings Listed Building ref1298098

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HEA Description Site code/ No. HER No./Listed building ref. 53 Grade II Four lamps in Preachers Court, Charterhouse Listed Building ref1298099 54 Grade II listed building 119, Charterhouse Street Listed Building ref1298102 55 Grade II listed building Listed Building ref1390634 56 Grade II listed building Caretakers Lodge and Gatehouse, St Listed Building Bartholomews Medical College ref1208566 57 Grade II lamp in Masters Court Listed Building ref1195527

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9 Determining significance

9.1.1 ‘Significance’ lies in the value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest, which may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic. Archaeological interest includes an interest in carrying out an expert investigation at some point in the future into the evidence a heritage asset may hold of past human activity, and may apply to standing buildings or structures as well as buried remains. Known and potential heritage assets within the site and its vicinity have been identified from national and local designations, HER data and expert opinion. The determination of the significance of these assets is based on statutory designation and/or professional judgement against four values (English Heritage 2008):  Evidential value: the potential of the physical remains to yield evidence of past human activity. This might take into account date; rarity; state of preservation; diversity/complexity; contribution to published priorities; supporting documentation; collective value and comparative potential.  Aesthetic value: this derives from the ways in which people draw sensory and intellectual stimulation from the heritage asset, taking into account what other people have said or written;  Historical value: the ways in which past people, events and aspects of life can be connected through heritage asset to the present, such a connection often being illustrative or associative;  Communal value: this derives from the meanings of a heritage asset for the people who know about it, or for whom it figures in their collective experience or memory; communal values are closely bound up with historical, particularly associative, and aesthetic values, along with and educational, social or economic values. 9.1.2 Table 2 gives examples of the significance of designated and non-designated heritage assets.

Table 2: Significance of heritage assets Heritage asset description Significance World heritage sites Very high Scheduled monuments (International Grade I and II* listed buildings / English Heritage Grade I and II* registered parks and gardens national) Protected Wrecks Heritage assets of national importance English Heritage Grade II registered parks and gardens High Conservation areas (national/ Designated historic battlefields regional/ Grade II listed buildings county) Burial grounds Protected heritage landscapes (e.g. ancient woodland or historic hedgerows) Heritage assets of regional or county importance Heritage assets with a district value or interest for education or cultural Medium appreciation Locally listed buildings (District) Heritage assets with a local (ie parish) value or interest for education or Low cultural appreciation (Local) Historic environment resource with no significant value or interest Negligible Heritage assets that have a clear potential, but for which current Uncertain knowledge is insufficient to allow significance to be determined 9.1.3 Unless the nature and exact extent of buried archaeological remains within any given area has been determined through prior investigation, significance of is often uncertain. 27 P:\ISLI\1240\na\Assessments\HEA_19-09-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2013

10 Non-archaeological constraints

10.1.1 It is anticipated that live services will be present on the site, the locations of which have not been identified by this archaeological report. Other than this, no other non- archaeological constraints to any archaeological fieldwork have been identified within the site. 10.1.2 Where likely survival of human burialsin ground consecrated under the rites of the Church of England has beenidentified inaHistoric EnvironmentAssessment it ispossible that a 'Faculty' may need to be soughtby the developerin addition to Planning Consent. Faculty is issued by the office of the Chancellor of the Diocesan authorities in accordance with the provision of the Faculty Jurisdiction Measure 1964 (as amended by the Care of Churches and Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1991). 10.1.3 Note: the purpose of this section is to highlight to decision makers any relevant non- archaeological constraints identified during the study, that might affect future archaeological field investigation on the site (should this be recommended). The information has been assembled using only those sources as identified in section 2 and section 14.4, in order to assist forward planning for the project designs, working schemes of investigation and risk assessments that would be needed prior to any such field work. MOLA has used its best endeavours to ensure that the sources used are appropriate for this task but has not independently verified any details. Under the Health & Safety at Work Act 1974 and subsequent regulations, all organisations are required to protect their employees as far as is reasonably practicable by addressing health and safety risks. The contents of this section are intended only to support organisations operating on this site in fulfilling this obligation and do not comprise a comprehensive risk assessment.

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11 Glossary

Alluvium Sediment laid down by a river. Can range from sands and gravels deposited by fast flowing water and clays that settle out of suspension during overbank flooding. Other deposits found on a valley floor are usually included in the term alluvium (eg peat). Archaeological Areas of archaeological priority, significance, potential or other title, often designated by Priority Area/Zone the local authority. Brickearth A fine-grained silt believed to have accumulated by a mixture of processes (eg wind, slope and freeze-thaw) mostly since the Last Glacial Maximum around 17,000BP. B.P. Before Present, conventionally taken to be 1950 Bronze Age 2,000–600 BC Building recording Recording of historic buildings (by a competent archaeological organisation) is undertaken ‘to document buildings, or parts of buildings, which may be lost as a result of demolition, alteration or neglect’, amongst other reasons.Four levels of recording are defined by Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England (RCHME) and English Heritage. Level 1 (basic visual record);Level 2 (descriptive record), Level 3 (analytical record), and Level 4 (comprehensive analytical record) Built heritage Upstanding structure of historic interest. Colluvium A natural deposit accumulated through the action of rainwash or gravity at the base of a slope. Conservation area An area of special architectural or historic interest the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance. Designation by the local authority often includes controls over the demolition of buildings; strengthened controls over minor development; and special provision for the protection of trees. Cropmarks Marks visible from the air in growing crops, caused by moisture variation due to subsurface features of possible archaeological origin (i.e. ditches or buried walls). Cut-and-cover Method of construction in which a trench is excavated down from existing ground level [trench] and which is subsequently covered over and/or backfilled. Cut feature Archaeological feature such as a pit, ditch or well, which has been cut into the then- existing ground surface. Devensian The most recent cold stage (glacial) of the Pleistocene. Spanning the period from c 70,000 years ago until the start of the Holocene (10,000 years ago). Climate fluctuated within the Devensian, as it did in other glacials and interglacials. It is associated with the demise of the Neanderthals and the expansion of modern humans. Early medieval AD 410 – 1066. Also referred to as the Saxon period. Evaluation A limited programme of non–intrusive and/or intrusive fieldwork which determines the (archaeological) presence or absence of archaeological features, structures, deposits, artefacts or ecofacts within a specified area. Excavation A programme of controlled, intrusive fieldwork with defined research objectives which (archaeological) examines, records and interprets archaeological remains, retrieves artefacts, ecofacts and other remains within a specified area. The records made and objects gathered are studied and the results published in detail appropriate to the project design. Findspot Chance find/antiquarian discovery of artefact. The artefact has no known context, is either residual or indicates an area of archaeological activity. Geotechnical Ground investigation, typically in the form of boreholes and/or trial/test pits, carried out for engineering purposes to determine the nature of the subsurface deposits. Head Weathered/solifluctedperiglacial deposit (ie moved downslope through natural processes). Heritage asset A building, monument, site, place, area or landscape positively identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions. Heritage assets are the valued components of the historic environment. They include designated heritage assets and assets identified by the local planning authority (including local listing). Historic environment A written document whose purpose is to determine, as far as is reasonably possible from assessment existing records, the nature of the historic environment resource/heritage assets within a specified area. Historic Environment Archaeological and built heritage database held and maintained by the County authority. Record (HER) Previously known as the Sites and Monuments Record Holocene The most recent epoch (part) of the Quaternary, covering the past 10,000 years during which time a warm interglacial climate has existed. Also referred to as the ‘Postglacial’ and (in Britain) as the ‘Flandrian’. Iron Age 600 BC – AD 43 29 P:\ISLI\1240\na\Assessments\HEA_19-09-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2013

Later medieval AD 1066 – 1500 Last Glacial Characterised by the expansion of the last ice sheet to affect the British Isles (around Maximum 18,000 years ago), which at its maximum extent covered over two-thirds of the present land area of the country. Locally listed A structure of local architectural and/or historical interest. These are structures that are not building included in the Secretary of State’s Listing but are considered by the local authority to have architectural and/or historical merit Listed building A structure of architectural and/or historical interest. These are included on the Secretary of State's list, which affords statutory protection. These are subdivided into Grades I, II* and II (in descending importance). Made Ground Artificial deposit. An archaeologist would differentiate between modern made ground, containing identifiably modern inclusion such as concrete (but not brick or tile), and undated made ground, which may potentially contain deposits of archaeological interest. Mesolithic 12,000 – 4,000 BC National Monuments National database of archaeological sites, finds and events as maintained by English Record (NMR) Heritage in Swindon. Generally not as comprehensive as the country SMR/HER. Neolithic 4,000 – 2,000 BC Ordnance Datum A vertical datum used by Ordnance Survey as the basis for deriving altitudes on maps. (OD) Palaeo- Related to past environments, i.e. during the prehistoric and later periods. Such remains environmental can be of archaeological interest, and often consist of organic remains such as pollen and plant macro fossils which can be used to reconstruct the past environment. Palaeolithic 700,000–12,000 BC Palaeochannel A former/ancient watercourse Peat A build up of organic material in waterlogged areas, producing marshes, fens, mires, blanket and raised bogs. Accumulation is due to inhibited decay in anaerobic conditions. Pleistocene Geological period pre-dating the Holocene. Post-medieval AD 1500 – present Preservation by Archaeological mitigation strategy where archaeological remains are fully excavated and record recorded archaeologically and the results published. For remains of lesser significance, preservation by record might comprise an archaeological watching brief. Preservation in situ Archaeological mitigation strategy where nationally important (whether Scheduled or not) archaeological remains are preserved in situ for future generations, typically through modifications to design proposals to avoid damage or destruction of such remains. Registered Historic A site may lie within or contain a registered historic park or garden. The register of these Parks and Gardens in England is compiled and maintained by English Heritage. Residual When used to describe archaeological artefacts, this means not in situ, ie Found outside the context in which it was originally deposited. Roman AD 43 – 410 Scheduled An ancient monument or archaeological deposits designated by the Secretary of State as Monument a ‘Scheduled Ancient Monument’ and protected under the Ancient Monuments Act. Site The area of proposed development Site codes Unique identifying codes allocated to archaeological fieldwork sites, eg evaluation, excavation, or watching brief sites. Study area Defined area surrounding the proposed development in which archaeological data is collected and analysed in order to set the site into its archaeological and historical context. Solifluction, Creeping of soil down a slope during periods of freeze and thaw in periglacial Soliflucted environments. Such material can seal and protect earlier landsurfaces and archaeological deposits which might otherwise not survive later erosion. Stratigraphy A term used to define a sequence of visually distinct horizontal layers (strata), one above another, which form the material remains of past cultures. Truncate Partially or wholly remove. In archaeological terms remains may have been truncated by previous construction activity. Watching brief An archaeological watching brief is ‘a formal programme of observation and investigation (archaeological) conducted during any operation carried out for non–archaeological reasons.’

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12 Bibliography

12.1 Published and documentary sources Aston, M 1993, ‘The development of the Carthusian order in Europe and Britain: a preliminary survey’ in In search of cult: archaeological investigations in honour of Philip Rahtz (ed M. Carver), 139–151 Barber, B and Thomas, C 2002. The London CharterhouseMoLAS Monograph Series 10: London. Basil Holmes, 1899The London Burial Grounds. Bentley, D, and Pritchard, F, 1982, The Roman cemetery at St Bartholomew’s Hospital,Trans London Middlesex ArchaeolSoc 33, 134–172 Cowie R and Blackmore L, 2008 Early and Middle Saxon rural settlement in the London region. Museum of London Archaeology Service Davies, G, 1921 Charterhouse in London DCLG [Department of Communities and Local Government], March 2012National Planning Policy Framework. DCLG [Department of Communities and Local Government],English Heritage&DCMS [Department for Culture, Media and Sport],March 2010 PPS5 Planning for the Historic Environment:Historic Environment Planning Practice Guide. English Heritage, 2008 Conservation principles, policies and guidance (Swindon: English Heritage) Eric Parry Architects, 2012 Revealing The Charterhouse GLA [Greater London Authority], July 2011The London Plan.Spatial Development Strategy for Greater London. Grimes, W F, 1968, The Charterhouse, in W F Grimes 1968, The excavation of Roman andmedieval London, 175–180 Ground Engineering 2013, Factual Report, The Charterhouse, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1, Report Reference No. C13056 IfA [Institute for Archaeologists] Nov 2012, By-laws, standards and policy statements of the Institute for Archaeologists, standard and guidance: historic environment desk- basedassessments, rev, Reading IfA [Institute for Archaeologists] Oct 2012, Standards and guidance for archaeological advice, Reading. Islington Council, 2002 Islington UDP02, Unitary Development Plan 2002. Islington Council, 2011 Core Strategy Islington Council, 2013 Finsbury Local Plan: Area Action Plan for Bunhill and Clerkenwell Knowles, D, and Grimes, W F, 1954 Charterhouse: the medieval foundation in the light of recent discoveries London Topographic Society,2005 The London County Council Bomb Damage Maps 1939- 45, LTS publication 164 Margary, I.D. 1967 Roman Roads in Britain, London Sloane, B and Malcolm, G 2004 Excavations at the Priory of the Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem, Clerkenwell, London. MoLAS monograph 20, London St John Hope, W H, 1925 History of the London Charterhouse Survey of London, Monograph 18, 2010 The Charterhouse

12.2 Other Sources Greater London Historic Environment Record Internet – web-published sources London Archaeological Archive and Research Centre MOLA Deposit Survival Archive National Monuments Record, Swindon

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12.3 Cartographic sources Agasc 1562 ‘CivitasLondinum’, reproduced in Margary, H, 1981 A collection of early maps of London, Margary in assoc Guildhall Library, Kent Braun and Hogenberg, 1572 ‘A map of London, Westminster and Southwark’, reproduced in Margary, 1981 A collection of early maps of London, Margary in assoc Guildhall Library, Kent Faithorne and Newcourt 1658 ‘An Exact Delineation of the Cities of London and Westminster and the suburbs thereof together with the Borough of Southwark’, reproduced in Margary, H, 1981 A collection of early maps of London,Margary in assoc Guildhall Library, Kent Margary H, 1985 The A–Z of Regency London, Margary in assoc Guildhall Library, Kent Ogilbyand Morgan, 1676 ‘Large and Accurate Map of the ’, reproduced in Margary, H, 1976, ‘Large and Accurate Map of the City of London’ by John Ogilby and William Morgan, 1676, Margary in assoc Guildhall Library, Kent Rocque, 1746 ‘A Plan of the Cities of London Westminster and Southwark with contiguous buildings from an actual survey’ by John Rocque, reproduced in Margary, H, 1971 ‘A Plan of the Cities of London Westminster and Southwark’ by John Rocque, 1746, Margary in assoc Guildhall Library, Kent

Ordnance Survey maps Ordnance Survey 1st edition 25” map (1873). Ordnance Survey 3rd edition 25” map (1916). Ordnance Survey 1:10,000 scale map (1954) Ordnance Survey 1:2500 scale map (1968) (1970) (1983)

Geology map British Geological Survey map sheet 256

Engineering/Architects drawings Alan Baxter Associates drawing 1769/03/S101 Rev A dated July 13 Alan Baxter Associates drawing 1769/03/S102, dated September 13 Eric Parry Architects drawingEPA TCH 01_100_P10 dated September 210-3 Eric Parry Architects drawing EPA TCH 01_101_P2 dated September 2013

12.4 Available site survey information checklist Information from client Available Format Obtained Plan of existing site services (overhead/buried) N Na N Levelled site survey as existing (ground and buildings) N Na N Contamination survey data ground and buildings (inc. Not known NA N asbestos) Geotechnical report Y pdf Y Envirocheck report N NA N Information obtained from non-client source Carried out Internal inspection of buildings Site inspection Y Y

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13 Appendix 1- watching brief results

13.1 COS13 - Charterhouse, London, EC1M 6AN 13.1.1 A window sample and a test pit were opened within the small enclosed garden on the north side of Charterhouse Square in the Chapel Court of Charterhouse on the 14th August 2013. These were monitored by a MOLA Senior Archaeologist. 13.1.2 The test pit (TP1) was located against the south boundary wall of the garden (Fig 22), and was opened in order to determine the depth of the boundary wall’s foundation. A Temporary Benchmark (TBM) of 17.61m OD was established. TP1 measured 1m x 1m x 0.70m, and consisted of 0.30m of topsoil and garden soil overlying 0.40m of post-medieval brick rubble, including yellow stock bricks. The base of the wall foundation was located at 17.11m OD and was built on a skim of cement 0.05m thick overlying the brick rubble. The excavated test pit is shown on Fig 23. 13.1.3 A window sample was sunk to the north-east of TP1and revealed 0.30m of topsoil overlying 2.16m of post-medieval brick rubble and a small layer of clinker. This overlay natural sands and gravels, observed at 15.15m OD. The window sample ceased at 4m and percussion drilling was used to a depth of 9m below ground level. Natural clay was observed at c 7m below ground level (10.61m OD).

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14 Appendix 2 – Listed Building entries

14.1.1 The statutory description for the Grade I listed Charterhouse building (LB ID ref 1298101; HEA 1a): The Charterhouse buildings reflect five principal building periods. The first is the building of the Carthusian Priory of the Salutation of the Virgin Mary, founded by Sir Walter Manny in 1371; the early buildings of the Priory are attributed to Henry Yevele.

The second is the transformation of the monastic buildings into a Tudor mansion, following the suppression of the Priory in 1537; this happened in two stages, first and principally under the hand of Sir Edward North, from 1545, and secondly under that of Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of Norfolk, from 1565.

The third is the adaptation of the mansion to the purposes of the Hospital of King James in Charterhouse, generally known as Sutton's Hospital, founded in 1611 by Thomas Sutton, partly as a free school for forty boys and partly as almshouses for eighty male pensioners; these works were carried out in 1613-14 and were to the design of Francis Carter; the almshouses continue to this day.

The fourth stage consists of alterations to the existing buildings and the addition of Preachers' Court and Pensioners' Court by Edward Blore in 1826-40; Preachers' Court was largely demolished after the Second World War; Pensioners' Court is separately listed.

The fifth stage was the reconstruction of the buildings following bomb damage of 1941 when all four sides of Master's Court were burned out, the great staircase was destroyed and the Great Hall and Great Chamber were badly damaged. The reconstruction was carried out by Seely and Paget, architects, and ended in 1959; it also involved the removal of work by Blore to bring the buildings nearer to their original condition.

Inner gateway An early C16 four-centred arch of stone with hollow chamfer, set in a wall of stretcher bond brickwork with a Lombard frieze to the tiled coping.

Conduit House The south-western conduit house of the Priory, abutting the inner gateway. Much restored. Red brick in Flemish and English bond, with stone dressings, roof of copper. Square in plan. Steps up on the north-east side to Tudor-arched stone doorway; Lombard frieze; steep hipped roof with inswept profile, by Seely and Paget, similar to one in existence in 1755.

Master's Court The principal part of the Tudor mansion, built over the site of the monastic Little Cloister and incorporating stonework from the monastic church, particularly in the east range. c.1550. Kentish ragstone with freestone dressings, stair tower in the inner north-west corner of red brick in English bond, porch to north range and bay to south face of south range faced with ashlar, some red brick dressings also to north range; roof of tiles. Two storeys with dormers except for the Great Hall in the north range; windows generally of two, three and four lights, and Tudor-arched with hoodmoulds. The south face of the south range is all but symmetrical: central entrance gateway with basket arch and Thomas Sutton's arms and the date 1611 over, flanked by two-light windows and then by external stacks; then a two-window range to the right and one-and-a-half to the left, then outer, gabled, bays with carved emblematic figures to kneelers and apex, dating from the restoration of the 1950s and carved by Michael Groser; the centre bay also gabled with similar figures; the outer bays have, on the right, a two-storey bay with two- light flat-arched window to the ground floor and a five-light, one transom, flat-arched window above, and parapet; and, to the left, a two-storey bay with round-arched window to first floor and lean-to roof. Hipped dormers; offset stacks with diagonal linked shafts. Within the Court, there are five-window ranges to east, south and west; four- centred-arched doorway leading to Washhouse Court to the west; staircase tower built by Thomas Howard in north- west corner with a flat-arched three-light window with two transoms and ovolo mouldings. In the middle of the north range is the Great Hall of four bays: single-storey porch to west end of late C17 date, elliptical-arched with keystone and chamfered quoins, cornice, brick parapet with Royal Coat of Arms upstanding to centre, Tudor-arched doorway to hall; two four-centred, five-light and one-transom windows to the right with ogee tracery, hoodmoulds and gauged brick heads above, and a panelled buttress with offsets between them; then an oriel window with five Tudor-arched lights and two transoms to the south, cornice and blocking course; a band of blank quatrefoils, presumably reused from the monastic buildings, runs below the windows on this range; the upper windows are of three lights, that to the left with one transom; cornice, brick parapet, and pedimented sundial to the centre. Lead rainwater butts to the south range, one with the initials SIM and the date 1738, another with the date 1806. The north side of the north range is of five bays, the end bays projecting under hipped roofs; five flat-arched windows to ground floor, chiefly of three lights with one transom; the first floor has similar windows with panelled king mullions of, from right to left, eight, four, four and six lights, and then in the last bay, the window is four-centred with a wooden casement inserted; two brick buttresses with offsets between the centre windows, the right-hand bay with clasping buttresses with offsets; west return has ashlar porch, and five-light, two-transom, window above dating from Blore's work.

INTERIOR: The Great Hall has fielded panelling; the oriel window is framed by a four-centred arch with cusped panels to the soffit and jambs; at the west end, a five-bay screen dated 1571 in the frieze with the initials of Thomas Howard: three round-arched openings to the centre with elaborately detailed archivolts flanked by Corinthian columns; the columns and lion-head consoles support a frieze of interlaced work and bosses; panelled gallery divided by term figures with cornice breaking back and forth. On the north side of the hall, breaking into the north bay of the screen, is a coved gallery of early C17 date with tapering pilasters, term figures and tapering Ionic columns projecting above the balustrade; stone chimneypiece of 1614 by Francis Carter to the north wall with tapering pilasters, lintel on bracket with lionhead straps, the overmantel, flanked by stone canons, bearing Sutton's

34 P:\ISLI\1240\na\Assessments\HEA_19-09-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2013 arms flanked by pilasters with strapwork. Roof of four bays with hammerbeam trusses, arched principals and elaborate pendants.

North of the Great Hall is the former Priory frater, now the Brothers' Library, a room of five bays with beams carried on wooden Doric columns, and an early C17 chimneypiece with strapwork, consoles and pedimented central panel by Francis Carter. Part of the footings of the Priory cloister are exposed at the east end of the room, and part are below the existing floor; the C14 pointed-arched doorway at the north-east corner would originally have given onto the cloister. The building above the frater was reconstructed in the late C16 to form the Great Chamber with a decorative plaster ceiling of interlacing ribs, the panels decorated with the arms and motto of the Howard family; chimneypiece with painted decoration of late C16 with additional painting of 1626 by Rowland Buckett: the fireplace flanked by pairs of Tuscan engaged columns, the superstructure with projecting outer bays carrying a pair of Ionic columns each and entablature, the inner spaces and Ionic columns painted with the arms of Charles I to the central oval panel and of Thomas Sutton in the panel below.

The Cloister Walk Otherwise known as the Norfolk gallery. Built in 1571 by Thomas Howard as a covered way and terrace leading to a tennis court, incorporating part of the western alley of the Great Cloister. Red brick in English bond, with Flemish bond to the upper parts of the east side and yellow brick dressings. One storey; eleven- window range to east side. Entrance in southernmost bay, segmental-arched with simple brick pilasters and pediment; windows segmental- arched with brick architraves and yellow brick heads, wooden casements, rectangular and lozenge-shaped panels of brick below and rectangular panels between; the seventh window from the south in a canted bay; brick storey band; parapet. The west side has five Tudor-arched entrances, all blocked except the northernmost, and metal lettering inserted in the wall reading 'ANNO 1571'. Inside, the Walk has a brick barrel vault, and the stone pointed- arched doorway to the Priory's cell 'B' is preserved at the south end.

Wash-house Court Formerly the Priory lay-brothers' quarters. Early C16, and presumably of at least two builds. Kentish ragstone in random rubble with freestone dressings principally to east and south ranges and part of the north range; most of the west range and half of the north of red brick set in English bond. Two storeys with dormers, the east range higher than the rest; to the interior of the court there is a five-bay range to east, and four bays to the rest. Pointed-arched entrances dressed in stone to each range and a four-centred arch of brick in the west range. Windows generally of one, two and three lights, Tudor-arched; but there are two flat-arched three-light windows in the east range, one with a transom; and in the south range there is a pair of wooden casement windows to each floor, segmental-arched to ground floor and flat-arched to first floor; a third wooden casement to ground floor is inset under what appears to be a former four-centred arch; corbelled brick external stack to each range truncated at the eaves; hipped dormers to east, south and west, flat-arched lead-covered dormers to north. The west side of the west range is of nine bays; one four-centred arch to passage; scattered fenestration of one, two and four lights, some flat-arched, some Tudor- arched, some casements, the mullions generally double-chamfered; four-centred relieving arch near ground level to centre; pattern of IH and a cross in blue bricks also near centre; two external stacks corbelled out from first floor, one now truncated, and one additional panelled stack to centre; the south corner is chamfered, two bays of snecked stone. The north side of the north range has scatttered fenestration of one, two and three lights, chiefly Tudor- arched; three corbelled external stacks, with offsets and diagonal shafts; diaper brickwork to the west end, one hipped dormer.

Chapel Court On the west side is the east range of Master's Court: Kentish ragstone in random rubble with Bath stone dressings, red brick set in English bond, roof of tiles. Three storeys, three bays. All windows flat-arched with hollow-chamfered mullions and of one, two and three lights; flat-arched entrance to right; two external stacks of stone with some brick infill, the shafts of brick and, in one case, breaking through a run of flat-arched dormers, brick external stack near centre corbelled out from first floor. Five-sided staircase tower with hipped roof to south end.

Chapel cloister of 1612-13 by Francis Carter. Ashlar and render to the south, red brick in English bond with stone dressings to the north, roof of tiles. Two storeys, three bays. On the south side, the ground floor is an arcade of ashlar with round arches, enclosed and glazed, with simple pilasters, keystones and projecting courses of stone giving the effect of rustication, ovolo cornice; the first floor has three flat-arched windows with wood casements, the intervening space panelled in render; frieze of lozenge pattern; three gables, their faces decorated with Sutton's crest, restored by Seely and Paget following a C18 view of the Charterhouse. The north side, much restored, is of two storeys and four-window range. Flat-arched windows of two and four lights with ovolo mullions; five-sided embattled tower at west end. Within the cloister the entrance to the chapel matches the south ground-floor arcade with the addition of straps, rings and pendants, the entablature interrupted by a mid-C19 memorial tablet.

The Treasury Tower, that is, the former vestibule to the Priory chapterhouse with treasury at first-floor level. C14 with additions of c.1512, including the vaulting of the former treasury, and the upper stages of the tower, including bell turret and cupola, of 1613. Snecked stone and random rubble, with dressings of brick and stone. Square in plan. The south front has a three-light Tudor-arched window to ground floor, two-light flat-arched window above and a flat-arched wood casement above that; the west front has a two-light pointed-arched window above cloister level, and a five-sided stair turret with flat-arched window under a hipped roof; the north front has a Tudor- arched entrance with a flat-arched window above, three lights, one transom; corbel table to eaves and balustraded parapet; stair tower in the angle; brick angle buttress to south-west corner with three offsets, of 1613, stepped parapet coped with stone; arcaded wooden bell turret, square in plan, surmounted by an octagonal cupola with keyed oculi, cyma recta cornice and lead-covered dome with weather vane. On the ground floor, in the vestibule to the present chapel, the tower has a quadripartite vault with tiercerons, the bosses carved with emblems of the Passion; the former treasury on the first floor has a similar vault, with foliage carving to the bosses, a squint to the south, and a two-light window with ogee tracery to the north, now blocked. A border of stone paving marks the former sanctuary of the Priory church; east wall of random rubble with pointed-arched opening at north end, and a tablet commemorating the Carthusian monks and lay brothers murdered in 1535-37.

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The Chapel Of c.1613-14 and 1824. Brown brick set in English bond, random rubble with stone dressings and some flint work, stucco, roof of Welsh slate. Nave, north aisle of almost the same dimensions as the nave, and a further bay added to the north in 1824. East end has two windows with four-centred arches and Y-tracery, five lights to the nave, four to the aisle; parapet. South side has two similar windows of three lights, three buttresses of random rubble with offsets, and a pointed arch surrounded by earlier stonework towards the west end. On the north side the 1824 bay is stuccoed with angle buttresses, a lower tier of flat-arched windows with three lights and one transom under a hoodmould, and an upper tier of four-centred-arched windows of three lights under a hoodmould; parapet.

INTERIOR: of the chapel. The nave panelled to east, south and west walls, the north side a three-bay round-arched arcade of Tuscan columns decorated with strapwork of 1613-14; panelled plasterwork to ceilings. Communion table of c.1613; communion rail with turned balusters; wooden polygonal pulpit on pedestal of 1613 by F.Blunt, Thomas Herring and Edward Mayes; stalls to the south wall integral with the panelling; panelled pews with Sutton's emblems, 1613 by J.Ryder. Five-bay screen to northern bay of 1841, the three-bay screen to west end presumably of a similar date; three-bay screen at west end of north aisle of C17 date with pilasters decorated with musical instruments and a bowed and angled gallery decorated with perspective panels and arabesques; cartouche over central arch flanked by consoles with putti and bearing Sutton's crest. Gallery to the 1824 bay of 1841. Tomb of Thomas Sutton at east end of north aisle, 1615 by Nicholas Johnson and Nicholas Stone. Of four stages: an alabaster chest tomb with recumbent effigy; an aedicule of black marble Corinthian columns and entablature, framing an inscription tablet flanked by figures of gentlemen and surmounted by emblems of old age and vanity; a bas-relief panel showing a preacher and congregation; and Sutton's arms in a setting of scrolled feathers; the third and fourth stages surmounted by emblematic figures. The tomb is surrounded by iron railings with spearhead finials by William Shawe. Memorial tablet to Francis Beaumont, c.1624, at east end of north aisle: kneeling figure surrounded by armorial bearings. Memorial tablet in the south wall, to Lord Ellenborough, c.1818 by Chantrey and to Matthew Raine, c.1811, by Flaxman. Memorial tablet over the west end to John Law. c.1614, by Johnson and Stone, a bas-relief bust flanked by angels. East window of 1844 by Charles Clutterbuck. (Arthur Oswald: The London Charterhouse Restored: London: 1959-).

14.1.2 The statutory description of the Grade II setted street surface, Charterhouse Square (LB ID ref: 1393770; HEA 1b): Setted road structure, comprising courses of granite setts of the 1860s and York flagstone pavements with granite kerbstones on the early C19. Later concrete apron around garden not of special interest.

LAYOUT: Charterhouse Square is an irregular pentagon-shaped open space with a central garden and roads on all five sides. All but Carthusian Street, the road running west-east along the south of the square, are laid with a setted road structure which also extends down Rutland Place, down part of Charterhouse Lane and into the carriage arches of the Charterhouse gatehouse and Florin Court. The garden is bounded by cast iron railings and there are three pairs of cast-iron gates leading into the square (two from Carthusian Street on the south side and one from Charterhouse Lane to the north-west). All this ironwork, along with four lampposts and the bollards outside the Charterhouse lodge, is listed at Grade II as are many of the buildings in Charterhouse Square.

SETTED ROAD STRUCTURE: The structure comprises pavements on both sides of the roads (i.e. around the garden and outside the buildings of the square) with rectangular granite kerbstones and courses of granite setts on the roads themselves. The pavements are paved with large York flagstones except along the stretch outside the buildings on Charterhouse Street where the flags have been replaced with asphalt. They probably date from the early C19, although those around the garden have been narrowed when concrete parking bays were laid. The setts are in a variety of sizes, colours and granite types laid in courses, some of large setts, others smaller, some closely laid, others wide. They are mainly blue or grey, but some are rose-coloured Mount Sorrel granite from Leicestershire. The coursing runs across the road surface changing direction abruptly at the corners. Bands of narrower, closely-set setts run across the two northern corners of the square; these would have been swept and kept cleaner than the larger setts of the road surface and served as road crossings. The granite setts have endured much wear and are pleasingly irregular in surface finish; they contrast in character with the more regular setts of other Victorian streets and may reflect re-use of earlier material. Small areas of end-set paving, possibly of Purbeck stone, survive in front of the western pair of gate piers on Carthusian Street. There have been two major alterations to the setts, both negative changes: the creation of concrete parking bays around the garden which has necessitated the removal of original sets; and the insertion of three speed bumps on the north side of the square. Various repairs have also taken place over the years, of varying degrees of sensitivity to the original fabric, although few have used cement mortar as is commonly found in repaired street surfaces.

HISTORY: Charterhouse Square lies to the south of the monastic foundation from which it takes its name. This C14 Carthusian priory was rebuilt in the C16 as almshouses and a school and is one of the most important surviving buildings of late medieval London. Charterhouse Square itself was laid out in the late C17 and by the Georgian period was a smart address, its central garden criss-crossed with two avenues of trees planted in 1727 and overlooked by terraced houses. Iron railings were installed in 1792, but at this point the roads around the square were laid with broad cobbles, covered with gravel and dirt, and there were no pavements. The earliest surviving photograph of the Charterhouse Square, taken by Valentine Blanchard c1860, show a pavement around the inner side of the square but the road surface is hard to determine. By the time Yorke & Sons photographed the square c1870, the road had been paved with the granite setts that survive today. The setted road structure is thus largely 1860s in date, with a pavement of a few decades earlier. It dates from the major period of resurfacing of London streets in the mid-C19.

Street coverings before the mid Victorian period, where they existed at all, were usually round boulders or large, irregular pebbles. These provided some surface stability but offered little comfort for carriage passengers due to the wide joints in which filth usually collected. In 1824 the engineer Thomas Telford in a 'Report respecting the Street Pavements, &c., of the Parish of St George's, Hanover Square' had recommended laying roads with a foundation of broken stones or concrete upon which should be placed rectangular paving stones of granite, worked flat on the 36 P:\ISLI\1240\na\Assessments\HEA_19-09-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2013

face and straight and square on the sides so as to joint close, grouted with lime and sand. Telford suggested different sized stones for different classes of streets, ranging from 4 to 7 inches wide and 7 to 13 inches long. Transportation of granite was facilitated by the development of the railways and by the mid-century great numbers of London streets were being repaved with stone from Aberdeen, the Channel Islands and the West Country. The Metropolitan Board of Works used Telford's system in many of the new streets they laid out in the 1860s, and their example was followed by parish vestries with whom responsibility for the condition of roads lay. Under the Metropolis Management Act of 1855, responsibility for paving the footpaths and carriageways in Charterhouse Square passed to Holborn District Board of Works, from a trust established by the local Paving Act of 1742. The Board of Works are likely to have instigated the repaving in the 1860s, which was done to a modified version of Telford's specifications. It was common practice to reuse older setts when constructing road surface structure, with worn down setts from busy roads often relayed on quieter thoroughfares; this appears to have happened at Charterhouse Square where the setts differ in surface finish.

REASONS FOR DESIGNATION: The setted road structure in Charterhouse Square is designated at Grade II for the following principal reasons: * an extremely rare survival of a mid-Victorian road surface in a London square; * design interest of the different types, colours and sizes of the setts and the irregularity of surface finishes are particularly attractive; * quality of workmanship required to create an even surface from setts of different size, in particularly where the courses change direction at the corners and the two pathways; * the early-C19 York stone flags and granite kerbstones of the pavements are more typical, but an integral part of the structure and so included in the designation; * group value of this strong ensemble which includes Victorian street furniture and listed buildings ranging from the entrance to the Charterhouse and earliest terraced house in the square of c1700 (at Nos. 4-5, behind later facades) to a 1930s Moderne block of flats (Florin Court).

14.1.3 The statutory description of the four Grade II lampposts, Charterhouse Square (LB ID ref: 1206679; HEA 1c): Lamp posts. Early and mid-C19. Cast iron. Two flanking the entrance to Charterhouse, mid-C19 with fluted standards and scrolled necks; that to the right with Windsor lantern, that to the left with ladder bar, but lacking a lantern. One on the south-west side, of early C19 date, octagonal standard with ladder bar and circular lantern with palmette corona. One on the north side, of mid C19 date, octagonal standard with no ladder bar and circular lantern with palmette corona.

14.1.4 The statutory description of the six Grade II bollards on the north and north-west of Charterhouse Square (LB ID ref: 1025025; HEA 1d): Six bollards. C19. Cast iron. Two, of cannon type, flanking the entrance to Rutland Place from Charterhouse Square. Two, of cannon type, flanking the entrance to the Charterhouse, that to the left inscribed 'ST. JAMES/ CLERKEN/ WELL'. Two octagonal bollards flanking the entrance to Charterhouse Street from Charterhouse Square.

14.1.5 The statutory description of the Grade II gates at north-west corner Charterhouse Square leading into Charterhouse Street (LB ID ref: 1280090; HEA 1e): Gates. C18 and later. Cast iron. Carriage gates flanked by pedestrian gates. Gate standards with urn finials surmounted by globe lanterns

14.1.6 The statutory description of the Grade II K2 telephone kiosk at the south side of Charterhouse Square (LB ID ref: 1206694; HEA 1f): Telephone kiosk. 1927. Designed by Giles Gilbert Scott. Cast iron. Square kiosk of K2 type with domed roof, perforated crowns to top panel and glazing bars to windows and door

14.1.7 The statutory description of the Grade II railings round New Church Hawe and gates on the south side of Charterhouse Square (LB ID ref: 1195529; HEA 1g): Railings. C19. Cast iron with spearhead finials and octagonal standards to gates to New Church Hawe. Two sets of gates to the Square, one at either end of the south side: C19. Cast-iron carriage gates, the piers of clustered columns surmounted by quatrefoiled panels with coat of arms and scrolled finials carrying globe lanterns.

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42 18 40 (LT) 107 Barbican Station

105 38 58 to 64 Barbican Station Posts SB Smithfield 56 99 CHARTERHOUSE STREET

HAYNE STREET 1

3 93 10 6 to 8 9 91 LINDSEY STREET LONG LANE 89 4 1 to 8 9 to 12 87 8 86 1 KEY 85 3 13 to 17 84 CLOTH STREET 18 PC 19 80 to 83 15 to 17 79 # 78 * Listed Building within the site or adjacent 20 2 East Passage 3 22 76 8 18 to 21 140 9 23 22 73 6 )" past archaeological investigation 1 72 23 MIDDLE STREET 1 to 23 71 15 70 5 GRAND AVENUE East Passage 4 14 East Market 69 25 3 24 to 26 (! archaeological feature/findspot 24 1 27 10 to 13 28 9 62 to 68 29 8 7 KINGHORN 30 NEWBURY STREET 29 27 Bartholomew 6Passage to 9 Charterhouse Monastic Precint 61 31 1 to 6 60 1 Rising Sun Court59 5 4 58 6 3 35 12 LONG LANE 6 to 9 STREET study area 56 7

39a 53 3 AIR 39 Place to 38 1 8 to 10 site outline Cloth Court 40 11 50 to 52 CLOTH F 38 12 Court 50 39 40 15 note: Archaeological Priority and Conservation8 Areas not shown 41 42 44b Based upon the Ordnance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead Scale1:2,000 @ A4 0 100m to prosecution or civil proceedings. City of London 100023243 201 .4 Fig 2 Historic environment features map

ISLI1240HEA1 #024 Historic environment assessment © MOLA 2014

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Based upon the Ordnance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead Scale 1:1,250 @ A4 050m to prosecution or civil proceedings. City of London 100023243 2014. Fig 3 Site in relation to plan of 1532 Charterhouse buildings and modern mapping

ISLI1240HEA14#03 Historic environment assessment © MOLA 2014

the site

Fig 4 Agas map ofc 1562

the site

Fig 5 Braun and Hogenberg’s map of 1572

ISLI1240HEA14#04&05 Historic environment assessment © MOLA 2014

the site

Fig 6 Faithorne and Newcourt’s map of 1658

the site

Fig 7 Ogilby and Morgan’s map of 1676

ISLI1240HEA14#06&07 Historic environment assessment © MOLA 2014

the site

Fig 8 Rocque’s map of 1746

the site

Fig 9 Horwood’s map of 1799

ISLI1240HEA14#08&09 Historic environment assessment © MOLA 2014

the site

Fig 10 Ordnance Survey 1st edition 5':mile map of 1873

the site

Fig 11 Ordnance Survey 3rd edition 5':mile map of 1916

ISLI1240HEA14#10&11 Historic environment assessment © MOLA 2014

the site

Fig 12 London County Council bomb damage map of the area (1939-45)

the site

Fig 13 Ordnance Survey map 1:10,000 scale of 1954 (not to scale)

ISLI1240HEA14#12&13

Historic environment assessment © MOLA 2014 edge of map of edge

the site edge of map of edge

Based upon the Ordnance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. City of London 100023243 2014. Fig 14 Ordnance Survey map 1:2500 scale map of 1983 (not to scale)

Fig 15 Wall at south side of Chapel Court looking south (MOLA 02.12.2013)

ISLI1240HEA14#14&15 Historic environment assessment © MOLA 2014

Fig 18 Norfolk Cloister looking north (MOLA 02.12.2013)

Fig 19 Area planned for cell layout from Norfolk Cloister looking west (MOLA 02.12.2013)

ISLI1240HEA14#18&19 Historic environment assessment © MOLA 2014

Fig 18 Norfolk Cloister looking north (MOLA 02.12.2013)

Fig 19 Area planned for cell layout from Norfolk Cloister looking west (MOLA 02.12.2013)

ISLI1240HEA14#18&19 landscaping

New ChurchHawe/ Charterhouse Square

new entrance portal and Chapel Wesley Chapel removal of existing wall Court

Room Cloister

site outline outline site site reconfiguration of garden refurbishment works

(not thought to afaffectfect 2014 Historic environment assessment MOLA below ground remains)

Brothers Chambers and corridor

ISLI1240HEA14#20

Charterhouse Museum improvements, including removal of partition walls 0 1:400 25m

Fig 20 Development proposals, Chapel Court and surrounds from Eric Parry Architects drawing EPA TCH 01_100_P10 dated September 2013 site outline

marking out layout of the brother’s house

itrcevrnetassmn OA2014 Historic environment assessment MOLA

ISLI1240HEA14#21

0 1:400 25m

Fig 21 Development proposals, Norfolk Cloister area EPA TCH 01_101_P2 dated September 2013 10m ISLI1240HEA14#22 0 1:250 Historic environment assessment MOLA 2014

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i04 LEARNING\ LOBB LEARNING\ Fig 22 Location of ground and structural investigations recently undertaken on the site from Alan Baxter drawing 1769/03/S101 Rev A dated July 13 Historic environment assessment © MOLA 2014

Fig 23 TP1 showing topsoil and rubble, facing south (MOLA 14.08.2013)

ISLI1240HEA14#23