Ronald Reagan Presidential Library Digital Library Collections
This is a PDF of a folder from our textual collections.
Collection: Speechwriting, White House Office of: Research Office, 1981-1989 Folder Title: 06/02/198 Remarks: Departure Ceremony, St. George's Hall, The Kremlin, Moscow, USSR (Tony/Barbara) Box: 384
To see more digitized collections visit: https://reaganlibrary.gov/archives/digital-library
To see all Ronald Reagan Presidential Library inventories visit: https://reaganlibrary.gov/document-collection
Contact a reference archivist at: [email protected]
Citation Guidelines: https://reaganlibrary.gov/citing
National Archives Catalogue: https://catalog.archives.gov/
000 MOCKBA CCCP VALUTEC 423 '88 6- 1 15:04 PAGE 01
• t ~~Crft~iLf.JEl)
e1~I OHi ICLOW lfOOI . .: .. -....• .. SICUIII l'Al I _.,_,_ OTC:
A0 ..N ,u. I _~_r_ ~ELIASI~------IIOUTtNI IIIICO~•--
'1IOM/LOCA no-. ,. _...;::3--.,.;:;¼...) ... ·\ t- _____T...... ,., o~~~:;.; ..nr-1,"""-+-j -r1R-Jim.aa..\~co~\-'),.______
TO/I.~ TION/T1MI o, ,_CPT . ,. Sac'm<""- S]Ap"' JC.. I ~sb t nei-s .... ,. ~u Jow.c: +: '":j - e4 1 o 7: :=: '":2=9:a:~::::::-=.:::-=.-=_-=--=.-=--=_-=.-:.F~~-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- .. ------~------:::r&.', \)\_ \ \ ~L/ ~ .. ------ ,. ------
1. ------
2. ------
- ----
WM<:.\ 'O"M I. 11 OC:TOHII M 000 MOCKBA CCCP VALUTEC 423 '88 6- 1 15:05 PAGE 01
(Dolan edit) Jun• 1, 1988 2:30 p.m. (Moscow)
PRESIDENTIAL REMARXS: DEPARTURE CEREMONY ST. GEORGE'S HALL, THE KR.EMLIN MOSCOW, USSR THURSDAY, JUNE 2, 1988
Mr. General secretary, Mra. Gorbachev, this is an emotional
moment !or Mrs. Reagan and me. We have been truly moved by the warmth and the generous hospitality we have received trom allot our Soviet hosts during this brief visit -- but most especially, from the two ot you. During this meeting, as in all of our previous meetings, I appreciated and valued our exchanges and the long hours of hard work we and our experts put in to make progress on the ditticult issue• we face. But this meeting haa added something el•• tor Mrs. Reagan and me. Our time here has allowed us. to know -- it only briefly -- your art treasures and your people: artists, writers, individual• trom all walks ot life. People who were willing to share with us their experiences, their tears, their hopes. Mr. General secretary, it is titting that we are ending our visit, as we began it, in this hall -- named for the order ot St. George. I would like to think that our ettorts during these past few day• hav• alayed a tew dragons and advanced the struggle again•t the evil• that threaten humankind -- threat• to peace and to liberty. And I would like to hope that, like St. George, with God'• help, peace and freedom can pr•vail. And, Mr. General Secretary, if you will permit me just one more proverb. I think a very old and popular saying you have 000 r MOCKBA CCCP VALUTEC 423 '88 6- 1 15:06 PAGE 01 ,.
- 2 -
here about last Sunday, the day ot our arrival, spoke to the promi•• we have seen fulfilled at this summit in this Moscow spring. Truly then: Troitsa, vea' les raskroetsia. [TROY•eat-sah v-YES lea rah-SKROY .. yet-suh]. ("It's Trinity Sunday, and all the forest is in bloom."] And now, if I might ju• t conclude on a perso al note. Ea~ghis wet at Moaco sta~ univ r•ity,J me":~n•d to the young people th~ that they appex-•d to my eyes exactly as w uld any gr up of students in my own country or anywhe e else in the wo;ld. so too did Nancy and I find th• faces, young and old, here on the street• of Moscow. At first, more than anything else, they were curious faces. But, as time went on, the smiles began. And then the waves. And I don't have to tell you: Nancy and I smiled back and waved just as hard. Mr. General Secretary, I think you understand we are not ju•t grateful to both you and Mr•• Gorbachev but want you to know we think of you as friends. And in that spirit, we would ask one further favor of you: Tell the people ot th• soviet Union of the
deep feelings ot friendship felt by us and by the people of our country toward them. Tell them too: Nancy and I are grateful tor their coming out to••• u•• Grateful for the waves and smil••· And tell them
we will remember, all ·of our days 1 their faces; the races ot hope -- hope for a new era in human history, an era ot peace between our nations and our peoples. Thank you and God bless you. (Dolan edit) May 23, 1988//J/1 ~0:00 a.m. ~~
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: DEPARTURE CEREMONY ST. GEORGE'S HALL, THE KREMLIN MOSCOW, USSR THURSDAY, JUNE 2, 1988
Mr. General Secretary, Mrs. Gorbachev, this is an emotional moment for Mrs. Reagan and me. We have been truly moved by the warmth and the generous hospitality we have received from all of our Soviet hosts during this brief visit but most especially, from the two of you. During this meeting, as in all of our previous meetings, I appreciated and valued our exchanges and the long hours of hard work we and our experts put in to make progress on the difficult issues we face. But this meeting has added something else for Mrs. Reagan and me. Our time here has allowed us to know -- if only briefly -- your art treasures, your people: artists, writers, people from all walks of life. People who were willing to share with us their experiences, their hopes, their fears. Mr. General Secretary, it is fitting that we are ending our visit, as we began it, in this hall -- named for the Order of st. George. I would like to think that our efforts during ;these past few days have slayed a few dragons and advanced the st~uggle against the evils that threaten humankind -- threats to peace and to liberty. And I would like to hope that, like St. George, I~ 1th• God's help, peace and freedom can prevail. Thank you and God bless you. (Dolan edit) May 19, 1988 J:OO p.m~
PRESIDENTIAL RE~_ : DEPARTURE CEREMONY ST. GEORGE'S HALL, THE KREMLIN MOSCOW, USSR THURSDAY, JUNE 2, 1988 ~ ~ General Secretary, Mrs. Gorbachev, this is an emotional
Mrs. Reagan and me. We have been truly moved by the
the generous hospitality we have received from all of
our Soviet hosts during this brief visit -- but most especially,
f ~ two of you.
During this meeting as in all of our previous meetings I J appreciated and valued our exchanges, and the long hours of hard work we and our experts put in to make progress op difficult issues we face. r,..,,.~ But this meeting has added something else for Mrs. Reagan ~ nd me. our time here has allowed us to know -- if only w,;(j._w4 A -~briefly -- your art treasures, your ~ ople: art~ ts, wr£rers, ~ people from all walks of life. People who were willing to share ~
with us their experiences, their hopes, their fears. f , 3/ -~
have slayed a few dragons and advanced the struggle against the
evils that threaten humankind -- threats to peace and to liberty. And I would like to hope that, like St. George ~ with J help, peace and freedom can prevail. Thank you and God bless you. (Dolan edit) May 20, 1988 3:00 p.m.
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: DEPARTURE CEREMONY ST. GEORGE'S HALL, THE KREMLIN MOSCOW, USSR THURSDAY, JUNE 2, 1988
Mr. General Secretary, Mrs. Gorbachev, this is an emotional moment for Mrs. Reagan and me. We have been truly moved by the warmth and the generous hospitality we have received from all of our Soviet hosts during this brief visit -- but most especially, from the two of you. During this meeting as in all of our previous meetings I appreciated and valued our exchanges, and the long hours of hard work we and our experts put in to make progress on the difficult issues we face. But this meeting has added something else for Mrs. Reagan and me. Our time here has allowed us to know -- if only briefly -- your art treasures, your people: artists, writers, people from all walks of life. People who were willing to share with us their experiences, their hopes, their fears. Mr. General Secretary, it is fitting that we are ending our visit, as we began it, in this hall -- named for the Order of st. George. I would like to think that our efforts during these past few days have slayed a few dragons and advanced the struggle against the evils that threaten humankind -- threats to peace and to liberty. And I would like to hope that, like St. George / with God's help, peace and freedom can prevail. Thank you and God bless you. Services of Mead Data Central PAGE 4 3RD STORY of Level 2 printed in FULL format. Copyright cc) 1985 The New York Times Company; The New York Times March 14, 1985, Thursday, Late City Final Edition SECTION: Section A; Page 10, Column 1; Foreign Desk LENGTH: 1124 wards HEADLINE: FUNERAL IN MOSCOW: A DAY RICH IN CEREMONY; AGAINST AN ORNATE SETTING, AN AUSTERE FAREWELL BYLlNE: By WARREN HOGE
DATELINE: MOSCOW, March 1l BODY: Hours before today•s funeral for Konstantin u. Chernenko, Government security men took up positions in the front rooms of a historic hotel on a Gorky Street corner overlooking the path the cortege would follow to Red Square. The agents found themselves in frescoed suites with grand pianos, cut- glass chandeliers and mirrors in gilded filigree frames. As they moved to their surveillance posts by the windows, they passed century-old inlaid furniture pieces and china lampstands of lords and ladies dancing the minuet. Looking down from the lofty ceilings were cupids bearing garlands and birds of paradise painted by turn-of-the- century Impressionists. This brief encounter of the grim apparatus of the Soviet state with the bent for flourish in Russia's past was emblematic of toctay•s rite of transition. It was a ceremony that began with the body of the late Soviet leader lying in state in an 18th-century palace built for the Club of the Nobility, and ended with the new leader, Mikhail s. Gorbachev, greeting heads of state and other vis~ting dignitaries in a grand Kremlin hall·dedicated to the victories of Czarist stmifl.i.. -The Old Core City It all took place at a distance from the mammoth Gothic structures of the Stalin era that gave full dimension to the spirit of gigantism in Soviet architecture and even farther from the graceless prefabricated buildings that encircle the city 1n ever increasing ranks. The Moscow of these pageants is the old core c1 ty wt th its bu1lctings of pastel hues and white trim that, with the season's continual dustings Of snow, appear to be the work of confectioners. The day dawned an unmistakabl~ Russian gray with no suggestion of sun in the eastern sky. Dump trucks carrying leads of piled snow down to the Moscow River vied for passage in the early morning streets with snow plows clearing the night's fall from major avenues and troop transports bringing soldiers in from their barracks. LEXIS NEXIS LEXIS NEXIS Services of Mead Data Central PAGE 5 (c) 1985 The New York Times, March 14, 1985 . -- .. There were thousands of soldiers taking part today, and they were unmistakably Russian with their high boots, weighty greatcoats and gray karakul astrakhan hats with the Soviet Army star pinned on the front. In the midst of the spectacle, Mr. Gorbachev cut a simple figure. He delivered his funeral speech with no effort to match oratorically the sweeping display before him, and during the rest of the service he appeared rather startlingly informal, looking around frequently and whispering with the Politburo members flanking him by the graveside. Distinctly More Comfortable The afternoon's reception gave him his first contact with world leaders since becoming one himself Monday. He appeared distinctly more comfortable and concentrated now that attention was trained solely on him. He stood at the head of a receiving line that also included Prime Minister Nikolai A. Tikhonov, Foreign Minister Andrei A. Gromyko and the acting head of state, Vasily V. ~utnetsov. He was dressed in a dark blue suit and dark blue tie with broad stripes of lighter blue across it. Like many of those who had just come in from the outdoor funeral, he wore crepe-soled boots. Mr. Gorbachev, a baldish man, bears a prominent purple birthmark beginning at the top of his forehead and extending midway back acros$ the top of his head. Seeing it has come as something of a surprise for many people, since it is not present in the official portrait of Mr. Gorbachev that circulates here and appears in Soviet publications. For an hour he shook hands and chatted with the guests as they filed by. He st1owed a command of the moment and a sense of energy that many onlookers remarked had been noticeably missing at the same event 13 months ago, when Mr. Chernenko was the host. 'Lot of Changes' Predicted ''He's very alert, he's keen, he's eager,'' said Armand Hammer, the chairman of the Occidental Petroleum Corporation, whose close associations with soviet officials over the years have made him something of an institution here. The 86-year-old industrialist, the only guest available for comment at the end of the reception, said Mr. Gorbachev was the seventh soviet chief he had known in a sequence that began with Lenin.
He predicted that under Mr. Gorbachev there would be • 'a lot of changes' 1 and that East-west relations would benefit from them. Mr. Gorbachev talked with particular animation ta Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and the members of the British delegation. They included Sir Geoffrey Hawe, the Foreign Minister, Neil Kinnock, the leader of the Labor Party, David Steel, the leader of the Liberal Party, and Dr. David Owen, the leader of the Social Democratic Party.
LEXIS NEXIS LEXIS NEXIS Services of Mead Data Central PAGE 6 • Cc) 1985 The New York Times, March 14, 1985 .. -. Mr. Gorbachev met all of them during an official visit to Britain in December during which his outgoing manner gained him a reputation abroad and with television viewers at home as a new, youthful type of Soviet official. Table Covered With Flowers Others who chose to extend the handshake into a brief conversation were Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi of India, Imelda Marcos, the first lady of the Philippines, Yasir Arafat, the Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization, Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone of Japan, Fran,cois Mitterrand of France, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney of Canada and Vice President Bush, who spoke with Secretary of State George P. Shultz at his side, Before leaving, each g~est paused for a moment to pay respects before a black and red bordered portrait of Mr~ Chernenko on a table covered with flowers. once the reception had ended, Mr. Gorbachev strolled slowly to a door at the end of the hall. He smiled broadly and appeared to be swapping light- hearted comments with Mr. Tikhonov and Mr. Gromyko. The moment provided another of the day's contrasts. The hall where the peasant's son from Stavropal had just received the heads of state and other lea.ders from around the world is perhaps the most ornate of all those left from the prerevolutionary period. Crest~ and Crosses Called St. George's Hall, gilded chandeliers of various walls c 1 e
The.s..e symbols, preserve and polished, remain inside, showpieces for selected moments. Outside, on the tops of five Kremlin towers, there are separate red stars, each illuminated from within and visible from far beyond the old fortress's crenellated brick walls~ And on top of the most dominant cupola flies the red flag with the yellow hammer and sickle, bathed in floodligtlt and once again at full staff. GRAPHIC: photo of widow of Konstantin u. Chernenko SUBJECT: DEATHS; POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT (1983) NAME: HOGE, WARREN; CHERNENKO, KONSTANTIN U; GORBACHEV, MIKHAIL S GEOGRAPHIC: UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS; MOSCOW {USSR>
LEXIS NEXIS LEXIS NEXIS 140 SOVIET UNION Another throne, covered with thin plates of gold and studded with Thd 2,200 precious stones and pearls, was presented to Czar Boris Godunov Kremlit by Shah Abbas of Persia; the throne of Czar Alexei (also of Persian existing make) is decorated with 876 diamonds and 1223 oth~r stones. Among modern the crowns, the oldest is the "Cap of Monomakh," dating from the 13th Near century, refashioned in the 16th. Russian and foreign orders are also family . . - displayed here. statuary Hall XI holds court carriages, the oldest being an English one, walls of reputed to have been presented by Queen Elizabeth I to Boris Godu lachite nov. The most attractive one is a French carriage painted by Boucher. After visiting the Armory you'll see a courtyard on the left, closed The I off by a wrought-iron railing. The building on the left, adjoining the Armory, was once the home of the Czars. Today it is used for the visits After of foreign heads of state. On the right is the complex -of the Grand the road Kremlin Palace (Bolshoi Kremlyovsky Dvorets) that flanks the road. hollow f to the le of the i Grand Kremlin Palace by thr and the This is a group of several buildings. The main section is the newest, sumpti built between 1838 and 1849 by the architects Chichagov, Gerasimov, Kre~ Ton and others. Its 375-foot-long front faces south, overlooking the church, Moskva River. This was for centuries the site of the palaces of the built in Grand Dukes and Czars, but the immediate predecessor of the present spent m building, dating from the 18th century, was badly damaged in the 1812 by five conflagration. This is the seat of the Supreme Soviets of the U.S.S.R. interior, and of the Russian Republic and is only open to visitors on special ancient occasions. work of The main entrance leads into a spacious marble hall with several (12th et marble chambers on the left. These used to be the imperial reception Ivan the rooms; today they are used for ceremonial signing sessions. services A sweeping staircase leads to the first floor. Here is the great St. Toe s George's Hall, named after the highest military decoration of Czaris tion oft Ru_ss· the Order of St. Geoe, hose-metti rs are commemorated next to Gn marble 1al51e . ey include Suvorov and Kutuzov, two famous Muare. generals. Eighteen spiral zinc columns tol'ped by sculpted figures sup- port the roof, the work of Ivan Vitali. Six unmense gilt chandeliers and ce~ 3,000 lamps provide illumination. The parquet flooring is made up of museuij 20 different kinds of wood. The hall is used for government and diplo century matic receptions, youth balls and children's New Year celebrations. Mirrored doors lead into the octagonal Vladimir Hall, the so-called "sacred ante-room." Its foundations were laid in 1487. A beautifully ::chensk~:i carved, gilt door opens from here into one of the most ancient cham bers, the Palace of Facets (Granovitaya Palata), so called because of the mon shape of the stone facings on the side nearest Cathedral Square. Built religio in 1473-91 by the Italian architects Marco Ruffo and Pietro Antonio brick c Solario, it is a large low-vaulted chamber, the roof supported in the centu middle by a rectangular pier. The iron ribs of the vaulting are gilded six ne with inscriptions. centUJ) From the Vladimir Hall there is access to the so-called Terem, or beautifi Golden Czarina Palace, also among the oldest parts of the Kremlin. It These v was in the gilt rooms of this palace that the Czarina received her official andbrc visitors. Another passage wtth wooden stairs and a gilt iron door leads sis wer, to the Terem Palace, the residence of the early Czars; its furnishings horof( have been preserved in the richly decorated vaulted chambers. FODOR+s® 1 SOVIET
'I UNION
R, •I 'I I 1988 \ i
s(IOO ng per• atcd in cling, Fodor's Travel Publications, Inc. New York & London Services of Mead Data Central PAGE 2 6TH STORY of Level 2 printed in FULL format. - Copyright (c) 1984 Reuters, Ltd.; Reuters North European Service FEBRUARY 14, 1984, TUESDAY
LENGTH: 621 words HEADLINE: CHERNENKO GREETS FOREIGN LEADERS IN GLITTERING KREMLIN HALL (SCHEDULED> BYLINE: BY CHARLES BREMNER
DATELINE: MOSCOW, FEB 14 KEYWORD: AM-CHERNENKO-MEETING BODY: NEW SOVIET PARTY CHIEF KONSTANTIN CHERNENKO TODAY GREETED DOZENS OF FOREIGN LEADERS, INCLUDING ALL HIS COUNTRY'S FRIENDS AND MANY OF ITS IDEOLOGICAL OPPONENTS, AS THEY FILED THROUGH THE MOST GLITTERING HALL IN THE KREMLIN. PRESIDENTS, PRIME MINISTERS, PARTY CHIEFS AND OTHER REPRESENTATIVES OF SOME 60 COUNTRIES WAITED IN LINE TO BE RECEIVED BY THE STOCKY, WHITE HAIRED POLITICAL VETERAN AFTER THE FUNERAL OF PRESIDENT YURI ANDROPOV. STANDING WITH THREE OTHER TOP FIGURES IN THE TSARIST SPLENDOUR OF ST GEORGE 1 S HALL, CHERNENKO, 72, WHO WAS NAMED PARTY GENERAL SECRETARY YESTERDAY, SHOOK HANDS AND OCCASIONALLY CHATTED WITH THE WORLD FIGURES WHO TOOK 35 MINUTES TO WALK PAST. THE DIGNITARIES INCLUDED U.S. VICE-PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH, PRIME MINISTERS HELMUT KOHL OF WEST GERMANY, MARGARET THATCHER OF BRITAIN AND PIERRE MAUROY OF FRANCE, CUBAN PRESIDENT FIDEL CASTRO, AFGHAN LEADER BABRAK KARMAL, PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANISATION LEXIS NEXIS LEXIS NEXIS enowned violinist and a Moscow's Kremlin, on the Moskva River, is crowded with magnificent palaces, churches, and government buildings. concert music. KREMLIN, krem'lin. the walled central section of Communist Partv Congress. The largest build · o rk Ci tv traffic acci manv old Russian cities. The word is derived ing is the Great .Kremlin Palace, built in 18.18- j and continued to from· kreml. the Russian for "citadel." The lan~ 1849 as the czar's ~loscow residence. and now ,ear i ... ··on certs and est and best known is the Kremlin of \toscow. a used for sessions of the Supreme Soviet of the :ml' 1950. He triangular citadel rising on the north hank of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the S11- lll. . 62. Moskva River. The hill on which the \foscow preme Soviet of the Hussian Soviet Federated .- knu-. 11 as a com Kremlin stands was first fortified in the 12th cen :l's ,uch as Caprice Socialist Republic. for the si~ning of intem.1- tury. The present turreted Kremlin wall. i .200 tional treaties. for diplomatic receptwns ..111d for 1eslied. Schon Ros feet (2. rn.5 meters) long, dates essential Iv from other ,tate occasions. Nearbv is the Onizhe1- is achieved the pop 1485-1-l!:l.5. lts towers \·arv in size and design. mposed two operet nava Palace (the Annorv), built. in 184\-1- l~.'51 ,1s .1 The largest were crowned· with czarist eal!les. nd Sissy (1932). m1iseum for ancient \v'eapons. czarist trea~ure, . . unused controversy replaced with huge illuminated five-pointed and art objects . stars in the Soviet period. that pieces that had The Kremlin was the residence of the czar, as arrangements of Within the Kremlin several cathedrals sur until Peter the Great transferred the capital fr o m 1i. Stam1tz, Vivaldi, round a central S(luare. The largest of these is ~loscow to St. Petersburg in lil:2. The Bolshe own compositions. the Uspenski (Assumption) Cathedral, built in viks restored the ~eat of government to \lo~cow 14i5- l-li9 bv the Italian architect Aristotele Fio .;e bodv of music for in 1918. Under Joseph Stalin and his s11ccessor~. ravanti and t;sed for czarist state occasions. The the Kremlin became the symbol of Soviet powe r others are the Blagoveshchenski (Annunciation ) h :HHERT \VEl'.\STOC~ In Jul\· 19.5.5 it was opened to the public. ,· ".\111si c: as an .-\rt Cathedral. dating from 1-18-l-l-18!-J. which served TIIEOOOHE SH.\B \U as the prt\·ate chapel of the czar·s familv, and the Editor. "Sot:iet Ceographu ·· .\laiw:ine it>k a citv in the Ab· rkhangelski (Archangel \lichael) Cathedral. SSR. It is situated uilt 1505-1509 on the ~ite of an older chapel. KRENEK, br-she'nek.Ernstr WOO- l ..-\.ustn.1n Dnieper River. 160f which contains the tombs of Russian czars from Amencan composer. He was horn in \ "ie nn,1 tn iev. In the heart 0 the 1-lth cenhtrv to Peter the Great. who is hur- Czech parents on Aug. 23. 1900. While ,tud\ 1ng ied in St. Petersburg (now Leningrad!. .-\.lso on with Franz Schreker in \ 'ienna ( 1916-1\:l:201 .md ~.xtens i ve forests on th )er to the northwe5t e central square are the 15th centurv Granovi Berlin ( W20-l!:l23l. he began to compose distinc :> the so uth. it is an laya Palace ( Hal I of Face ts. so called for the fac tive works of his own. Following a soJo um 1n eted stone used on its facade ). which served as Switzerland and France. he was emploved I)\ the ! r for the grain and Ille! ude the milling n audience chamber for the earlv czars: and the opera houses in Kassel and Wiesbaden from l LJ :2.'5 knitwear, woolens. 8elfrv ot Ivan the Great. built in the 16th cen to W2i. His third opera. Orpheus uncl Eim1d1ke f tobacco, and the tury .· Adjoining the bell tower is the Czar Bell. ( U:l:23 ). fir st was produced at the Kasse l O pera In ,d road machinerY• the world's largest bell. :20 feet (6 meters ! hii.:h . l\:l:26 . During this period he wrote the ldirt> rt o Wei~hing over :200 tons. :rnd cast in li35: nearby and music for the opera }01111y spie lt 1111( 1j ulrr11111 .1 lari.:e railroad:ca; 1 1 s th e Czar Cannon. weighini.: -10 tons. and cast in Strikes L"p ). produced in Leipzig in l lJ 27. " h1ch plant. There ~e 1586. 1c ,. 11 on bro11i.:ht him his greate st popular success. It w .c. I Along the Kremlin walls ;ire a numbe r ,if translated into l8 lani.:uai.:es . . w,, n 1765 to arge palaces. Thev include the ~o -called Ars e In llJ28. Ki-enek returned to \"ienna. whe re. fo l .· . . h lan ds nal \built li0:2-1736) and the domed Sm·iet lowing ,1 1irief interest in romanticism. he 10 111 t·d 1,s 1a . .1~ t e re 1 B111! rivers \Ve Council of \linisters lrnildini.:s. whic h was built the small circle around .-\.mold Schoenlil' ~!! .111 d in the 18th centurv and ,e rY ed :1s .1 Senate build bei.:an using the 12 -tone technique. Hi s hr, t "\)) 210.000. -\JJ ing and court of justice in c zarist times. The Pal work in that medium. J..:.11rl V ( U:l3:3 ). was re fu,t'd T 11UJIH)Rt Sf-1.>.~:ri , l!, TIIJ)iilj .. _1,fa i!, U~I ~ce of Congresses. with ,111 auditorium , eating production by the \'ienna Opera for politicJ.I rt>:1- ,Ooo , was completed in l \161 for the 22d Soviet sons hut the opera was staged in Prague in I\J.3-'i . ------... ...... • ol .' ' :; : _:~ · '>_-: ~: ~; ' ,AIUILL GIIIHAN , ,woro HSU The exotic St. Basil's Cothedral (left), built by Ivan the Terrible, stands at one end of Red Square. OnJ~. are the walls of_the Kremlin and the Kremlin's Spasskaya Tower, which looms over the Lenin Mausoleum. ;;,,'. . MOSCOW, mos'kou, situated on the European toric core, as well as the principal adminis Russian Plain, is the capital of the USSR and cultural. and commercial activities of the the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic The Middle Zone, once \-foscow's industri and the administrative ·center of the Moscow iphery, contains much of the city's man ufa oblast. Moscow ( Russian, \-fosha ) is also the and its railway terminals. The Outer Zone USSR's cultural an The Kremlin's triangular enclosure covers some Chinese, or Middle, City; the origin of the name z acres ( 5 hectares) , studded with magnificent is in dispute). The area was the main commer ~urches, palaces, government buildings, and cial and crafts center of the city from the 14th useums. Many of its structures were erected century. Most of these functions were banished der the supervision of Italian architects and from the Kitai in the Soviet period, and the zone _unfiect a blend of Italian and Russia~ traditions. has lost the bustling character it had in the 19th fbe brick walls . and towers were built m 1485- century. 1495, in the reign of Ivan III. The decorative On the western edge of the Kitai, facing Red superstructures ot the towers date mostly from Square and the Kremlin, is the large GUM, or the 17th century. The Spasskaya (Saviour's) Tow State Department Store. The present building er fronting on Red Square, is, with its great was erected in 1890-1893. The area also cvntains d~ck, the handsomest of the Kremlin's towers. a number of historic buildings, including the first · The interior of the Kremlin forms a complex Russian printing works ( founded in 1563 ), sev of sacred and secular buildings. Of the former, eral churches, and the Romanov Boyar's house the most important are grouped around Cathedral ( 1565), home of the first Romanov czar. Along Square. The Cathedral of the Assumption the quarter's riverfront stands the enormous Ho ( Uspenski Cathedral ) was built in 1475-1479 tel Rossiya. On its site was the old Zaryadie 'from plans drawn by the Italian architect Aris quarter, a slum district of petty crafts enterprises . totele Fioravanti. A masterpiece of northeastern and for a time the Jewish ghetto. Russian architecture, with gable arches and five Th• Ar•a Adjacent to th• Kr•mlin and the Kitoi · golden domes, the cathedral serv~d for four ce~ Gorod. On the west side of the Kremlin lies the •turies as the place of coronation of Russia s Aleksandrovsky Garden, a welcome green space cws. The Cathedral of the Archangel ( 1505- in the city center. Across from the garden is the 1509) , designed by Alevisio Novi of· Milan, was old Moscow University building ( late 18th cen 'the burial place of the czars through the 17th tury). The university, the first in Russia, was century. Built by Pskov masters, the beautiful Cathedral of the Annunciation, or Blagoveshchen "ski Cathedral ( 1484-1-189), which is topped by The GUM deportment star•, the largest in the USSR, was nine golden domes, was the site of royal christen built as a seri•s of arcades in the late 19th century. ings and weddings. The Cathedral Square com IITMlR GlllLIHS . plex, around which these churches cluster, is set off by the imposing Belfry of Ivan the Great ' . 1505-1508), 267 feet ( 81 meters) high. The Kremlin's palaces include the Palace of ed . On the right' ' _ ~ Facets, or Granovitaya Palace ( 1487-1491 ), con taming a sumptuously decorated reception hall; Mou,~ _um. f£~\i the Terem Palace ( 1635-1636); and the huge ,' .., block of the Great Kremlin Palace ( 1838-1849), rincipal administrative~ which houses the Supreme Soviet. activities of the city. Government buildings, in addition to the oscow's industrial per Great Palace, include the former Senate ( l 7i6- he citv's manufacturing ;1788 ), designed by the Russian architett \fatvei The ·outer Zone is an Kazakov . It now houses the Council of Ministers on, with tall housing of the USSR. Near the western entrance to the ~ts . The Outer Zone is Kremlin stand the 19th century Armory, which elt about 6 miles ( 10 . preserves the treasure of the czars, and the ipment is controlled. _; modern marble and !!:lass structure of the Palace _of Con!l:resses, built in 1960-1961. NTEREST ,ff :'.' Red Squar• and Kitai Gorod. Red Square ( Kras ts of the Kremlin; ·the· naya Ploshchad), 2,300 feet ( 700 meters) long ed the first extension and 430 feet ( 130 meters) -wide, is used for cere ,t of the Kremlin; and m~nial occasions, parades, and strolling. It re ,voye or Garden Ring iliIVed its present name in the lith century, when e Russian word krasnaya had the meaning 1w Kremlin mav be the Deautiful." It is fronted on one long side by spot in Russia. sym· e Kremlin wall and on the other by a complex ;iast both the temporal : buildings. The square was the original focus ·s and the sacred au· the many roads that led to \foscow and in 1urch. The fonnal s~at llledieval times was the city's major marketplace. The architectural keynote of the square is ies within the Kremhn, th converted to museuill5· e fantasticallv domed Cathedral of St. Basil :a for visitors drawn by te Blessed, or Pokrovski Solior ( Cathedral of the chitecture, and art . ..~ : of tercession ). Built in 15.55-1560 to the desi1.tn tr Postnik Yakovlev, it represents a masterly tuans lat1on of traditional Russian wooden architec HIGHLIGHTS ra 1 forms into stone. Bv the Kremlin wall , us~ •n the Moskva nds the Lenin \fausoleum. built in 1930 of ~lish_ed red and black stone from the plans of 31·J .re miles (8 79 •1asexe1 Shchusev. Behind the mausoleum are the . t resting places of other figures from Soviet :183 meters) above sea tory, including Stalin. ,. 13.5° F (-10.3° C) i~ ~ The section of thl• city that lies to the north in July. Mean annua i and east of the Kremlin and the Red Square 610 mm). nown as Kitai Gorod ( often translated as I: : : I : I I ! I : 1' , ' ' I . !I . , I ii . I . 489 Across the Moskva River from the Kremlin is the Zamoskvorechie, a mixed zone of former mer chant housing and manufacturing. Its winding streets provide a glimpse of the old \foscow. Here also is the famous Tretyakov Gallery, donated to the city by the Tretyakov brothe rs in 1892 and housing a superb collection of Russian art. Middle Zane. The Middle Zone extends from the Sadovoye to approximately the line of the Cir cular Railway. This was the area of industrialized suburbs in the 19th century. Today it has a mixed character. Both transportation and indus try are prominent features of the zone. The city's nine main railway terminals are positioned on squares surrounding the city center. The area has undergone considerable redevelopment, and new housing districts have risen to replace the substandard workers' quarters of the past. Sev eral monasteries, which once formed part of the defensive outer-works of Moscow, are in the \lid die Zone. Also located here is the popular Gork y Park. To the northeast lies Sokolniki Park, a recreational area since the 18th century, and the Exhibition of Economic Achievements, featuring Soviet progress in science, industry, agriculture, transport, and culture. Nearby, and dominating the skyline, is the Ostankino television tower. OomodedOYO Completed in 1967, it is more than 1,750 feet ~ Airport ( 533 meters ) high and has a revolving restaurant and observation deck. founded in 17 55 by \fikhail Lomonosov. The Outer Zone. This area between the Circular University Library is still located here, but most Railway and Circular Highway comprises more of the academic departments have moved to the than half the total area of the city. For the most new complex on Lenin Hills across the \loskva part, this is a zone of urbanization engulfing River to the southwest. North of the old univer pre\·iously existing settlements and villages. Huge .sity building is the modernistic Soviet Council apartment blocks, separated by parks or undevel of Ministers building, dating from the 193o·s. A oped open land and woodland, pushed stea THE OBLAST \foscow oblast contains some 18,147 s u I miles ( 47,000 sq km ). It straddles that Pin are · the Russian alluvial plain that lies between ;! -. I': upper Volga and Oka rivers. In many ways, the economy of the obi~t complements that of the capital. Hydroelectn · and themrnelectric plants feed po":er to the ca c. ital. The oblast's industries provide raw mat . rials: semifinished . goods, or comp?nents for MO::"' cows manufacturmg. The oblast s agriculture is ·, also strongly affected by the large urban marke ., supplymg dairy products, vegetables. poultry an~ .} eggs, and fruits and flowers, as well as fattened . cattle and hogs. '"JI :_ Transport is highly developed. Moscow's four· · airports are all in the ob last, and there are ex- · .. cellent rail connections and adequate roads • The \foscow Canal, 81 miles ( 130 km ) long' built between 1933 and 1937, connects the Vol~ and \foskva rivers and also guarantees the city's ' water supply. ,~ HISTORY Although a settlement of some sort exist·•' on the site in much earlier times, the first re- ·: · corded mention of Moscow in ancient chronicles.,. dates from 1147, when Yuri Dolgoruky, prince of ' Vladimir-Suzdal, of whose territories Moscow · _ was a part, invited an ally to be his guest at i ' . conference and banquet in "Moscov." Moscow was but one settlement of many in the Vladimir-..,. Suzdal lands and enjoyed no great distinction~ HANS K•••• •U until after the Mongol invasion of 1237-1240 had •. One of the many pavilions displaying Soviet technalagy shattered the existing political structure of Rus- t in the permanent Exhibition of Economic Achievements. sia and created opportunities for the formation ~ of new principalities. ti(,~ -· During the period of the Mongol-Tatar yoke • ECONOMY (l23i-1480), \foscow achieved leadership among I I Russian principalities for several reasons. The I Moscow owes its extremely strong position in resources of the surrounding region were ade 1 :! the Soviet economy to such factors as its central quate for \loscow's development, the town wa5 position in the nation's transport system, which centrallv located in the river and road transport ,.,:, 1· enables it to gather the necessary raw materials network of the period, and its position was more for its industry from distant sources; its supply sheltered from raids than that of Vladimir. In ~ I of skilled labor; and its rank as the capital city of addition. it was ruled hy a dynasty that did ~ot ~ i the country, with its attendant concentration of tear itself apart in struggles over the succ:5s1~ p I administrative, scientific, and cultural institu to the princely title. The dynasty also culti\·at ... tions. the favor of the \fongol khans until \foscow could The city's industrial structure is based on unite the other principalities under its leadership. the conversion of raw materials into technically This was finally accomplished in 1480 when ~os advanced, high-value products. Although it re cow renounced allegiance to the \fongol powJt mains one of the country's most important tex \foscow·s supremacy was underscored ~y J j tile centers, Moscow has focused its industry shift of the seat of the Orthodox metropolitan 1 since the Revolution primarily on engineering all Rus to the city ( about 1326-l328 ). f i :: ! and metal processing. Other important industrial In 1156, Yuri Dolgoruky had set up a 0 activities include food processing, the manufac Red estate. located among farming and crafts ture of construction materials and· chemicals. settlements on a hillock on the north side of the Iti, woodworking, pulp and paper production, and \fosha River. The first log stockade. was 3t 't printing. The technological leaders among the larged and improved with new walls in 13 the :! more than 1,000 industrial enterprises include 1340, 1367-1368, and 1485-l495. when od l the manufacture of machine tools, precision in present Kremlin walls were erected. By the eod struments. automobiles and trucks, and electrical of the 15th century, settlement extended beyo and electronic products. the Kremlin, particularly to the north . ~ The city's transport network includes rail The territorv of Kitai Gorod. lying ac ways, highways, canals and rivers, air routes . and 1 l. Reel Square to th e northeast, was enclose?~itt pipelines. Railways carry the greatest share of wall in 1534-1538, while the Bely Gorod l e(t .·. O freight and passengers. The rail and hi ghway City l ~:all was built in l586-l593. The ~ · systems radiate to all parts of the USSR, while phys ica1 extension took place allllost s1multa art ~ the canal and river svstem connects the citv to ously, in 1591-1592. when an earthen .racJrod the Baltic, White, Caspian, Black, and Azov was thrown Ut? around the Zemlyano~ ded seas. With its four airports, \foscow is also the ( Earthen City ), which for the first time mc~vd· nation's principal air terminal. territory on the south side of the \foskva .1. 490 MOSCOW 491 '[he last of Moscow's walls, the customs barrier with engineering and metal processing assuming of the Kamer-Collegium, was constructed in 17 41. the leading roles. Moscow's long-standing preeminence in the In 1935 an ambitious master plan for the e 18,147 square ids of trade and crafts assumed a truly national city's future development was promulgated, de :lies that part of 6ha,racter beginning in the 16th _century . . Trade signed to make \1oscow a model Soviet citv. The lies between the 1r c onections were established with Bntam and plan envisaged limitation of the population to "°ther western European nations and with the 5 million, modernization of the existing street 1y of the obl~t,. ~ · ·· ~fediterranean, the Transcaucasus, Central Asia. plan, a major housing construction program, and li. Hydroelectric •.. 1.ndia, and Persia. Special settlements of artisai:is the provision of an effective mass-transit system. ,o~er to the cap- -·· ' were established in and near the city, and m The city's area was increased and ringed with miide raw mate<:i. the 17th century a separate settlement for for a green belt. Unfortunately, the implementa ponents for Mos~ ·"' . eigners was created. tion of the plan was interrupted by World War st's agriculture is ~ A temporary check to :\loscow's development II. Moscow came close to capture by German ge urban market, ··I toak place during the Time of Troubles ( 1598- forces late in 1941, but was heroically defended 1ules. poultry and · 1613 ). During this period of national strife, by Soviet armies led by Marshal G. K. Zhukov well as fattened : : Moscow was twice invaded by Polish armies. and aided by Moscow's citizens, who labored on -i ~ 1be invaders were ultim.ately expelled_ by a popu: the fortifications. The enemy was thrown back d. Moscow's four > tar national army led Jomtly by Pnnce Dnutn in its first severe defeat of the war. ind there are ex- Jf . PO'lharsk y and a remarkable commoner, Kuzma After World War II, in spite of efforts to adequate roads. ·~ Minin, a butcher by trade. limit the population, Moscow grew prodigiously ( 130 km ) long; · Moscow's population increased from an esti and became the home of nearly 8 million people. onnects the Volga ·, ··: ~ated 20,000-30.000 at the end of the 14th cen A dramatic effort to rehouse the inhabitants con ,_rantees the ci~' tury to 200,000 in the 17th. and remained at tinued, with massive apartment complexes rising approximately this level until the shift of the on the city's outskirts. Nearly two thirds of the capital to St. Petersburg ( now Leningrad ) by city's housing was built between 1960 and 1975. -Peter the Great in li 12-l713. With this move, The subway system also underwent great ex some sort -~: the population declined to about 140,000 people. pansion. In 1960 the city's limits were extended imes, the first re- '" It then grew slowly through the rest of the cen to the Circular Highway, more than tripling its ancient chronicles ·-:·, tury. In the 18th and Hlth centuries, Moscow, area. In 1971 a new general plan for Moscow's il~oruky, prince of . i bereft of most of its administrative functions, further development was announced, the general erritories Moscow · eveloped primarily as a commercial, manufac targets of the 1935 plan having been fulfilled by be his .~uest at a . turin g, and transport center. the 1960's. \foscov. Moscow ... Napoleon's invasion of Russia in the summer ROBERT GOHST Am) iv i· Vladimir• , · 1812 was costly to Moscow. Moscow was Califorrna State University, Northrid1Ze i· ia .istinction ·): bandoned to the French; and almost immedi Further Readin~: Frolic Michael, "Moscow: The Socinlist Alternative,' in World CapitaL,: Toward Guided 1 of • -1240 had J. tely after their entry, fire destroyed a large part Urbani%ation, ed. by H. W. Eldredl(e ( Anchor Bks. I structure of Rus- ·;:' · f the city, forcing them to begin their disastrous 1975 ) ; Hamilton, F. E. Ian, The Moscow City Re1Z1on for the fonnation ; . treat westward on October 18-19, 1812. The ( Oxford 1976 l,i, Lappa, G., Chikishev, A., and Bekker . 1-'1t·\;. A., Mo.,cow. 1..,apital of the Soviee Union ( Proiuess · ponsibility for the burning of Moscow has Puhs. 1976 ); Saushkin, Y. G., Moscow ( Progress Pubs. \fongol-Tatar yoke ·. n much \ WHITE HOUSE STAFFING MEMORANDUM 05/19/88 2:00 p.m. Friday 05/20 DATE: ______ACTION/CONCURRENCE/COMMENT DUE BY: PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: DEPARTURE CEREMONY -- THE KREMLIN, MOSCOW SUBJECT: (05/19 3:00 p.m. draft) ACTION FYI ACTION FYI VICE PRESIDENT • ~ HOBBS • • BAKER • ~ HOOLEY • ~ DUBERSTEIN • ~ KRANOWITZ ~ • MILLER- 0MB • • POWELL ~ • BAUER • • RANGE - • • CRIBB • • RISQUE • • CRIPPEN • • RYAN • • CULVAHOUSE liV • SPRINKEL • • DAWSON OP sd" TUTTLE • • DOLAN DONATELLI • • • ~ FITZWATER • Jill' COURTEMANCHE • GRISCOM V • • • REMARKS: Please provide any comments/recommendations directly to Tony Dolan by 2:00 p.m. on Friday, 05/20, with an info copy to my office. Thanks. RESPONSE: May 20, 1988 TO: TONY DOLAN NSC clears the attached as is, correctit'5)only the typographical error in paragraph 2. w~ If VJ /{t Paul Schott Stevens Rhett Dawson Executive Secretary Ext.2702 cc: Rhett Dawson (Dolan edit) May 19, 1988 •I 3:00 p.m . PRESIDENTIAL REMARXS: DEPARTURE CEREMONY IQR~ H~ y 1 0 ST. GEORGE'S HALL, THE' 'KREH'£1/lM6 : 27 MOSCOW, USSR THURSDAY, JUNE 2, 1988 Mr. General Secretary, Mrs. Gorbachev, this is an emotional moment for Mrs. Reagan and me. We have been truly moved by the warmth and the generous hospitality we have received from all of our Soviet hosts during this brief visit -- but most especially, for the two of you. During this meeting as in all of our previous meetings I appreciated and valued our exchanges, and the long hours of hard work we and our experts put in to make progress o+: he difficult ~ issues we face. But this meeting has added something else for Mrs. Re~gan and me. our time here has allowed us to know -- if only briefly -- your art treasures, your people: artists, writers, people from all walks of life. People who were willing to share with us their experiences, their hopes, their fears. Mr. General Secretary, it is f i tting that we are ending our meeting, as we began it, in this hall -- named for St. George. I would like to think that our efforts during these past few days have slayed a few dragons and advanced the struggle against the evils that threaten humankind -- threats to peace and to liberty. And I would like to hope that, like St. George and with God's help, peace and freedom can prevail. Thank you and God bless you.