2762 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 16, 1965 By Mr. BURKE: By Mr. McFALL: H.R. 5002. A bill for the relief of Mrs. H.R. 4987. A b111 for the relief of Jose Ed­ H.R. 4994. A b111 for the relief of Ramiro Dorothy (Wong) Wolff; to the Committee on mundo Bentencourt Machado; to the Com­ Velasquez Huerta; to the Committee on the the Judiciary. mittee on the Judiciary. Judiciary. . By Mr. ROGERS of Colorado: By Mr. DANIELS: By Mr. MACHEN: H.R. 5003. A b111 for the relief of Evangelia. H.R. 4988. A bill for the relief of Theodore H.R. 4995. A bill for the relief of Muham­ G. Latsis; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Panagiotacopoulos; to the Committee on mad Sarwar; to the Committee on the Ju­ By Mr. RYAN: the Judiciary. diciary. H.R. 5004. A bill for the relief of Joseph By Mr. DOWNING: By Mr. MURPHY of Illinois: Benrubi; to the Committee on the Judiciary. H.R. 4989. A b111 to award a Merchant Ma­ H.R. 4996. A b111 for the relief of Hristos H.R. 5005. A b111 for the relief of Mrs. Pris­ rine Distinguished Service Medal to the late Papadopoulos (alSo known as Christos Papa­ cila Padin Kilgour; to the Committee on the Stewart Holland; to the Committee on Mer­ dopoulos); to the Committee of the Judi­ Judiciary. chant Marine and Fisheries. ciary. By Mr. BOB WILSON: By Mr. HAGEN of California: By Mr. MURPHY of New York: H.R. 5006. A b111 for the relief of Diosdado F. Almazan; to the Committee on the Ju­ H.R. 4990. A b1ll for the relief of Francisco H.R. 4997. A b111 for the relief of Antonio diciary. Campos-Gonzales; to the Committee on the Lacertosa; to the Committee on the Judi­ ciary. H.R. 5007. A b111 for the relief of Arley L. Judiciary. Beem, aviation electrician's mate chief, U.S. By Mr. HALPERN: H.R. 4998. A bill for the relief of Frances Navy; to the Committee on the Judiciary. H.R. 4991. A bill for the relief of Rubena von Wedel; to the Committee on the Judi­ . H.R. 5008. A bill for the relief of Roberto Unice Richards; to the Committee on the ciary. Martin Del Campo; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. POWELL: Judiciary. By Mr. KEOGH: H.R. 4999. A bill for the relief of Fran­ ' H.R. 5009. A bill for the relief of Horace H.R. 4992. A b111 for the relief of Vito cesco Di Leo; to the Committee on the Ju­ H. Easterday; to the Committee on the Ju­ Giammona; to the Committee on the Judi­ diciary. diciary. ciary. H.R. 5000. A b111 for the relief of Eriny H.R. 5010. A b111 for the relief of Gabriel · By Mr. KING of New York: Spence; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Jorge Rocha; to the Committee on the Ju- H.R. 4993. A bill for the relief of Lem Buck H.R. 5001. A bHl for the relief of Gold­ diciary. , You, Lem Soo Ying, and Lem Stanley; to the ford Eleaza Walker; to the Committee on the H.R. 5011. A bill for the relief of Mirjana Committee on the Judiciary. Judiciary. Tomas; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS

Lithuanian Independence Day The Lithuanian resistance did not fal­ advocate for liberty and human rights~ ter during the first Soviet Russian oc­ Thaddeus Kosciuszko. EXTENSION OF REMARKS cupation, nor did it falter when the Rus­ Thaddeus Kosciuszko, a stranger to OF sians were replaced by the Nazis in June this country, inspired by a fervent love 1941. The strength of the Lithuanian of freedom and liberty, came here on HON. EUGENE J. KEOGH people, so courageously displayed during borrowed money to offer his services to OF NEW YORK the German occupation, is as evident to­ our new Nation in the American Revolu­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES day when once again they find them­ tion to help gain our freedom and in­ selves the victims of Russian oppression. dependence. His brilliant service in the Tuesday, February 16, 1965 The late President, John Fitzgerald American Revolutionary Army caught Mr. KEOGH. Mr. Speaker, in the flow Kennedy, believed, as I do, that Lithua­ the attention of George Washington. of history, esteem is due less to nations nia's freedom is the concern of all hu­ who placed him in charge of the build­ with abundant military power and rich manity. ing of the West Point fortifications. in material goods, than to those which He expressed this more eloquently than There a monument stands erected to struggle courageously and determinedly I might when he said: his memory by the American youth as a for their own and others' rights to free­ Together we must work to strengthen the tribute to his leadership and heroism. dom and to a better future. And it is spirit of those Europeans who are not free, Upon returning to Poland in 1792, he especially today, when the Soviet-im­ to reestablish their old ties to freedom and led a tiny, but inspired, army in its posed Red regimes are holding millions in the West, so that their desire for liberty .and heroic resistance against the Russian slavery and openly seeking to impose sense of nationhood wm survive for future tyrant. Upon the unsuccessful termi­ their colonial rule on other nations, that expression. We ask those who would be our nation of that insurrection he again adversaries to understand that in our rela­ the freedom struggle of the small Lithu­ tions with them we will not bargain one came to the United States, which he anian nation acquires particular mean­ nation's interest against another's and that called his second country, and for which ing. the commitment to the cause of freedom he declared his love and affection. It was in 1918 that Lithuanian inde­ is common to us all. By a strange and historic coincidence pendence was achieved. Yet freedom All of us • • • must be faithful to our the 12th day of February is also the an­ had but a short day in Lithuania: In conviction that peace ln Europe can never niversary of the birth of another great 1940 the country was again seized by the be complete until everywhere in Europe men citizen of the world, Abraham Lincoln. Russian Bolsheviks, underwent a 3- can choose, in peace and freedom, how their Though they were born nearly a cen­ year occupation by Hitler, and has re­ countries shall be governed • • • tury apart, though one was a Pole and mained in the Soviet colonial prison the othe;.: an American, one a soldier, and camp ever since. On the day Lithuania's the · other a statesman, they had many freedom was throttled, the population characteristics in common which would again girded itself for a long period of Kosciuszko and Lincoln-Fighters for place them in the same category in the resistance. Freedom and Democracy annals of American history. The freedom fight has cost the Lithua­ Both of them had a fervent love for nian people many lives, but at the same freedom and the ideals of democracy. time it has strengthened their determi­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS Kosciuszko fought to give birth to this nation to uphold their national culture OF great Nation of ours and Lincoln made and traditions, and to insist on their every effort during his time to keep it right to choose their own political, eco­ HON. HENRY HELSTOSKI intact. Both contributed richly to make nomic, and social institutions. By its OF NEW JERSEY this Nation great. Both believed in the cultural values, its faith, and its world IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES dignity of man. Both of them dedicated view, Lithuania continues to belong to Tuesday, February 16, 1965 their lives to free men from oppression. the West and exemplifies Western man's This Nation, and the world today, is readiness to defend spritual freedom, the Mr. HELSTOSKI. Mr. Speaker, on sorely in need of the inspiration and principles of democracy, and fundamen­ February 12 we celebrated the 219th an­ leadership of great men like Kosciuszko tal human rights. niversary of a great Polish fighter and and Lincoln. February 16, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 2763 In Lincoln's day half of our Nation gratulations on this their day of national lowed to celebrate their national holiday was enslaved. Today half of the world dedication and express the hope that there, we as their friends and sympa­ is enslaved, and the fate of our entire freedom will one day be theirs. thizers, observe the anniversary of Lith­ civilization is at stake. uanian independence and thus echo their Our great American Nation has never patriotic sentiments. shirked its responsibilities. It has never given in to a tyrant or aggressor, and, Lithuanian Independence Day God grant it, will not do so today. , I hope we bear in mind that while we EXTENSION OF REMARKS Lithuanian Independence Day here enjoy the blessings of freedom, the OF native land of Kosciuszko, who fought EXTENSION OF REMARKS and sacrificed to make our land free, still HON. ABRAHAM J. MULTER OF suffers together with the lands of many OF NEW YORK other peoples under the yoke of tyranny. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES HON. JOSEPH M. McDADE OF PENNSYLVANIA In honor of the memory of Thaddeus Tuesday, February 16, 1965 Kosciuszko, therefore, and in order to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES preserve for our children that freedom Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, at the Tuesday, February 16, 1965 here which we hold so dearly, let us dedi­ end of World War I many oppressed na­ cate ourselves to a firm determination tional groups regained their independ­ Mr. McDADE. Mr. Speaker, in 1918, to make this country and the entire world ence. The Lithuanian people, one of after more than 125 years of virtual safe for democracy, the democracy for the three Baltic nationalities suffering slavery, a nation was reborn on the dis­ which Kosciuszko and Lincoln fought so under czarist Russian rule, declared their tant shores of the Baltic Sea. That na­ bravely. independence on February 16, 1918. tion was Lithuania. Today we celeprate The Lithuanians have a distinct place that memorable day, 47 years ago, when in the history of northeastern Europe. independence came once again to these Lithuanian Independence They are the most numerous of the three people in Lithuania, but even as we cele­ Baltic peoples and they have always been brate her independence, she is no longer sturdy defenders of liberty. Although free. We speak, here today on the floor EXTENSION OF REMARKS of Congress, of the greatness of Lithu­ OF they have borne the heavy yoke of the Russian Government for more than a ania, but her own people in that land HON. J. WILLIAM STANTON century, they have managed always to which is no longer independent, can only OF OHIO keep their love of liberty and their pa­ whisper the message of freedom to their children so that the dream of inde­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES triotism alive. Both in the attainment of their Lithu­ pendence may someday come alive. Tuesday, February 16, 1965 anian independence and in its main­ Two and a half centuries before Co­ Mr. STANTON. Mr. Speaker, on this tenance during more than two decades, I lumbus discovered America, Lithuania day commemorating the 47th anniver­ am happy to say, the United States made was a united kingdom under King Min­ sary of Lithuanian independence we pay important contributions. The Lithua­ daugas. She was a great power, indeed tribute to a nation that has lost the nians received great encouragement from one of the greatest powers, in eastern most. precious possession a nation-state the famous 14 points of our late President Europe until the 16th century, when Po­ can hold; namely, its freedom. Wilson. It was a source of inspiration land and Lithuania were joined by mar­ During the interwar period, Lithuania for them to know that their struggle for riage under a Lithuanian King. Her his­ took its place proudly in the family of independence had the support of the tory from that moment was inevitably nations. It established diplomatic re­ people and Government of this great Re­ tied to the history of Poland. In the lations with the nations of the world. public. 18th century, when Poland lost her in­ It was an active member of the League In 1918 when the Lithuanian people dependence, Lithuania became another of Nations. In every way, Lithuania earned their freedom they and their state that lay under the power of the sought to fulfill its obligations to inter­ friends everywhere thought that their czar. For more than a century Lithu­ national society as an independent servitude and misery under alien rule anians fought desperately to keep their nation-state. had come to an end. This brave people own civilization alive. For more than a The same can be said for internal who had struggled against Teutonic century Lithuanians prepared for the Lithuanian affairs. Lithuania had pros­ Knights in the 13th and 14th centuries, moment when they would be free again. pered economically, culturally, and against their Polish overlords through In 1918 that moment came and on Feb­ socially. Lithuanians could be justly the next four centuries, and finally ruary 16 of that year Lithuania again proud of their national achievements against the regime of the Russian czars joined the roster of the nations of the during this period. for more than 100 years, had at last world. For just over 20 years Lithuania The point I am trying to make is broken the chains of their bondage. A worked and grew as a bastion of free­ simply this: By every objective criterion new day had dawned for them, and a new dom and culture in the north of Europe. Lithuania proved her capacity to play promising life began for them as a Then in 1940 a cynical alliance was a fit and honorable role in international nation. During the 20-odd years of their formed between nazism and communism life; Lithuania had fulfilled all the re­ independence, from 1918 to 1940, Lith­ and the troops of Stalin trampled Lith­ quirements humanity expects of a uanians were quite content with their lot. uanian freedom into the dust as they modern state. The Soviet conquest of Since the outbreak of the last war fate marched across the land. A year later Lithuania was, therefore, as senseless as has been unkind to them. the unholy alliance between Hitier r.nd it was cruel. There was no justification Early in that war they lost their free­ Stalin had dissolved and Lithuania was for this horrendous act of inhumanity dom and independence. Lithuania was , occupied by Nazi troops as they marched and the oppression that has existed in attacked and occupied by the Red Army eastward. Three years later the same the country since that time. The ra­ early in 1940, and then made part of the Nazi troops were driven from the land tionale for the Soviet conquest stems Soviet Union. Then during the war it and Stalin once more occupied this from a deep-rooted Soviet ideological was overrun by the Nazis and held by country. commitment to expand communism. them for some 2 years. Toward the end The late Winston Churchill, in one of For this reason, the fate of Lithuania of the war Communist Russians returned his memorable speeches, spoke of an is a warning to all men of the free world and they have been there for more than Iron Curtain that had fallen in eastern who cherish their liberty. 20 years. They have been treating Europe from the Baltic in the north to On this anniversary of Lithuanian in­ Lithuanians more cruelly, and have im­ the Adriatic in the south. Lithuania is dependence I add my voice with all posed upon them a harsher regime than the Baltic end of that Iron Curtain. The others in praising the fortitude and per­ did the Russian czars, and today the United States has never recognized the serverance, the nobility and resolve of Lithuanians are oppressed under Com­ seizure of Lithuania by the Soviet Union. the long-suffering Lithuanian people. munist totalitarian tyranny in their It seems to me, however, that something And to them I extend my warmest con- homeland. Although they are not al- more than stirring words are right and 2764 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE February 16, 1965 proper at this time. We have a delega­ House Concurrent Resolution 40 the United Nations to request that the Union tion at the United Nations. We have of Soviet Socialist Republics- (!) withdraw all Soviet troops, agents, watched that delegation listen to the So­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS colonists, and controls from Lithuania, Lat­ viet delegates, who have made long and OF via, and Estonia; and pious speeches about the imperialism of (2) return all Baltic exiles from Siberia, the West. It is time, I think, that we HON. JOHN J. RHODES prisons, and slave labor camps in the Soviet start talking about the imperialism of the OF ARIZONA Union. East. If a whole new world of African IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES SEc. 2. The United Nations should conduct nations are shouting a great cry for free­ free elections in Lithuania, Latvia, and Es­ dom, then let them join America in cry­ Tuesday, February 16, 1965 tonia under its supervision and punish So­ ing for freedom for another small coun­ viet Communists who are guilty of crimes Mr. RHODES of Arizona. Mr. Speak­ against the peoples of the Baltic States. try-Lithuania. It is time, Mr. Speaker, er, today, February 16, marks the 47th for Adlai Stevenson to bring the freedom anniversary of Lithuanian independence. of Lithuania as a formal issue before the Unfortunately, there cannot be a true United Nations so that the newly emerg­ celebration of this independence day by Lithuanian Independence Day ing nations of the world may see not only Lithuania since she is still under the who are the true imperialists of the 20th domination of the Soviet Union, which century, but, indeed who are the slave took that brave nation by force of arms EXTENSION OF REMARKS masters. on June 15, 1940. From that date her OF I am proud, today, to join my voice people have been enslaved and her lands . HON. HAROLD R. COLLIER with my colleagues to commemorate the overrun by leaders of a philosophy which independence of Lithuania. I will be seeks to destroy her heritage of freedom OF ILLINOIS even more proud if this administration and peace. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES will take our words from this national We look forward to the day when Tuesday, February 16, 1965 tribunal and will bring them before the Lithuania can again take her place international tribunal of the United Na­ Mr. COLLIER. Mr. Speaker, today, among the free nations of the world. To February 16, marks the 47th anniversary tions so that out of this may come, once help speed that end, it was my pleasure again, a Lithuania that is free to grow of Lithuanian independence. On this to introduce again in this Congress House date in 1918 Lithuanians were finally able in greatness in the future as she has Concurrent Resolution 40, which fol­ grown in greatness in the past. to achieve their longstanding goal of lows in its entirety: independence. Although the history of (89th C'ong., 1st sess.] Lithuania includes a long series of sub­ H. CON. RES. 40 jugations by foreign powers, these for­ Lithuanian Independence Day In the House of Representatives, January 4, eign rulers have never succeeded in 1965; Mr. RHODES of Arizona submitted the breaking the spirit of the Lithuanian EXTENSION OF REMARKS following concurrent resolution; which people. Whether occupied by German, was referred to the Committee on Foreign Polish, Swedish, or Russian forces, Lithu­ OF Affairs. anians have remained faithful to their Whereas the greatness ot the United States culture, their history, and their church. HON. ALPHONZO BELL is in large part attributable to its having been OF CALIFORNIA able, through democratic process. to achieve Today this small but valiant country IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES a harmonious national unity of its people, is once again a victim of the curse of even though they stem from the most diverse foreign domination. In August 1940, Tuesday, February 16, 1965 of racial, religious, and ethnic backgrounds; Lithuania's 22-year-old independence Mr. BELL. Mr. Speaker, at a time and was completely crushed when the coun­ when we are faced by the threat of war Whereas this harmonious unification of the try was taken into the U.S.S.R. as the with the Communists in southeast Asia, diverse elements of our free society has led 14th Soviet Republic. On June 23, 1941, the people of the United States to possess a the day after Nazi Germany attacked it is easy to forget about the silent warm understanding and sympathy for the struggle being waged against the tyranny aspirations of peoples everywhere; and Russia, Lithuanians again manifested of communism in other countries. Feb­ Whereas so many countries under colonial their desire for independence by staging ruary 16 marks Lithuanian Independ­ domination have been or are being given the a revolution and again declaring them­ ence Day. It is a day which should not opportunity to establish their own independ­ selves sovereign. The invading Germans be overlooked, because the people of ent states, on the other hand, the Baltic na­ ignored the claims of independence and Lithuania need our support and we have tions having a great historical past and went on to institute a reign of terror and much to learn from them. having enjoyed the blessings of freedom for repression. Finally, in the summer of For many years the Lithuanian peo­ centuries are now subjugated to the most 1944 Lithuania was once more occupied brutal colonial oppression; and by s ·oviet troops and reestablished as a ple have been forced to submit to the Whereas the Communist regime did not oppressive rule of the Russians. Thou­ come to power in Lithuania, Latvia, and Es­ component republic of the Soviet Union. sands who resisted were quickly rounded tonia by legal or democratic processes; and Soviet repression and subjugation of up and liquidated. Russian soldiers still Whereas the Soviet Union took over Lith­ Lithuanian national independence con­ abound in the country, and the Com­ uania, Latvia, and Estonia by force of arms; tinue to this day. munist political apparatus controls every and Mr. Speaker, this is indeed a tragic facet of Lithuanian life. The moment Whereas Lithuanians, Latvians, and Esto­ history. Lithuania is a small nation there is a flicker of opposition the power nians desire, fight and die for their national whose people wish only to live in peace in of the whole Soviet Union is brought to independence; and their own country according to their own bear to destroy it. Whereas the Government of the United principles and traditions. They have not States of America maintains diplomatic re­ In spite of the tyranny under which lations with the free Republics of Lithuania, been allowed to do so. The Soviet ag­ they live, the brave men and women of Latvia, and Estonia and consistently has re­ gressors have abolished all independent Lithuania have not given up the hope of fused to recognize their seizure and forced Lithuanian agencies and institutions and regaining their freedom. We have free­ "incorporation" into the Soviet Union; and dissolved political, religious, cultural, dom. We know how it enriches our lives Whereas no real peace and security can be social, and economic organizations. and gives purpose to everything we do. achieved in the world while Lithuania, Lat­ This transformation was accomplished On this important day, let us make via, and Estonia remain enslaved by the So­ through the use of force, against the will it clear that we stand by the Lithuanian viet Union: Now, therefore, be it of the citizens of Lithuania. The Lithu­ people and that we are making every Resolved by the House of Representatives anian people have bravely resisted the (the Senate concurring), That it is the sense effort to check the spread of Communist of the Congress that the President of the occupation and sovietization of their na­ imperialism. Together we will actively United States should take such steps as he tion. Stalinist Russia, however, resorted work for the day when people every­ may deem appropriate to bring before the to terror, deportations, mass arrests, and where will be able to choose their own United Nations the question of Soviet action executions. Using these ruthless meth­ way of life. in the Baltic States for the purpose of urging ods, Soviet authorities finally overcame February 16, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 2765 armed Lithuanian resistance. Resist­ was selected for the honor over a large gious life. As a consequence of the cor­ ance to the regime still exists, however, and highly qualified group of candidates. roding processes of Sovietization the soul and will continue to exist until the resto­ These two recent awards recognize of the Lithuanian nation has been ex­ ration of freedom and independence. years of accomplishment by this Ameri­ posed to the gravest peril. The hearts of freedom-loving people can businessman who has done much to Bishop Vincentas Brizgys, the former everywhere go out to the enslaved people demonstrate to Latin Americans the re­ Roman Catholic bishop of Kaunas and of Lithuania.. Long ago our own great wards of enlightened capitalism and resident of Chicago, has given a vivid nation fought to throw off the chains of democratic action. account of the extent to which religion foreign domination and we would be un­ Mr. Speaker, I take gr'eat pleasure in is persecuted within so-called Soviet true to our heritage as Americans if we bringing Mr. McCloud's achievements to Lithuania. On June 25, 1940, 10 days did not express our earnest hope and the attention of our colleagues. after the first Soviet occupation of Lith­ prayer that someday Lithuanians, too, uania, Moscow abrogated the concordat will be privileged to live free lives in an with Rome, and the Papal Nuncio was independent country. Centuries of for­ ordered to leave the country by August eign domination have not destroyed the Lithuanian Independence 25. Thus the Lithuanian link with the Lithuanian people or their desire to be Vaticari was broken and the Catholic free, and Soviet Russia will be no more EXTENSION OF REMARKS Church was isolated. Shortly thereafter, successful. Mr. Speaker, I am happy to OF Bishop Brizgys stated, all private hospi­ join with all Americans on this anniver­ tals, schools, kindergartens, charitable sary of Lithuania's independence in the HON. JOHN W. WYDLER institutions, orphanages, and the like hope that a free and independent Lithu­ OF NEW YORK were seized and the personnel arrested ania ~ay be soon realized. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES by Soviet authorities. Furthermore, the religious press was suppressed within the Tuesday, February 16, 1965 first week of the occupation; and reli­ Mr. WYDLER. Mr. Speaker, on this gious books and other printed matter James F. McCloud Honored 47th anniversary of Lithuanian inde­ were banned or destroyed. All semi­ pendence our hearts go out to the perse­ naries were seized, and monasteries taken EXTENSION OF REMARKS cuted Lithuanian people. On this occa­ over. All bishops and chancery staffs OF sion I would like to focus attention upon were expelled from their residences. A one phase of the persecution which they drive commenced on the observance of HON. JEFFERY COHELAN have endured since the forced annexa­ religious feast days. And then on April OF CALIFOllNIA ti·on of their country by the Soviet Union 25, 1941, the teaching of religion was IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES during the war-and that 'is the perse­ absolutely forbidden throughout the en­ cution of religion. Since the Red army tire nation. Tuesday, February 16, 1965 occupied Lithuania in a ruthless and cal­ Probably the most ruthless measure Mr. COHELAN. Mr. Speaker, recently culating manner the Soviet authorities taken by the Soviet authorities in their a high honor was bestowed on one of my have persistently carried on a campaign antireligious drive was the attempt to constituents, Mr. James F. McCloud of to destroy religion, to wipe out every liquidate the clergy. According to Bishop Oakland, Calif. manifestation of it, and to transplant in Brizgys, 150 Roman Catholic priests were "For his most valuable services for the its stead the atheistic, materialistic phi­ arrested in Lithuania during the first promotion of the work of the church and losophy of communism. Soviet occupation. Within 1 year 16 Catholic Apostleship in Argentina," Mr. Lithuania, a nation rich in religious were killed and 6 have since been missing McCloud was awarded the title of knight traditions, prior to the Soviet annexation without a trace of their whereabouts. commander in the civil division of the was largely Roman Catholic with over The remainder were liberated by the Order of St. Gregory the Great by Pope 80 percent of the population of nearly Lithuanian partisans when the Russo­ Paul VI. 3 million adhering to that faith. The German war began in June 1941. Antonio Cardinal Caggiano, head of remainder was comprised of Lithuanians When in 1944 Lithuania was again the Catholic Church in Argentina, dec­ professing the Lutheran, Jewish, and forcibly brought into the Soviet Union, orated Mr. McCloud at a ceremony in Greek Orthodox religions. Mindful of the Soviet military authorities displayed Buenos Aires on January 7, 1965, which the need for a strong religious founda­ some toleration of religion while the war was witnessed by Mrs. McCloud and their tion to insure the moral and ethical continued. After the war, however, anti­ four children. It is significant to note vitality of the nation, the Lithuanian religious measures were again imposed that this is the first time this award has people had the wisdom to establish con­ with the same thoroughness and brutal­ been made in Argentina since its incep­ stitutional conditions conducive to the ity as they were during the first occu­ tion in 1831 by Pope Gregory XVII. growth of a vigorous religious outlook. pation. Bishop Brizgys declared that Such awards of high distinction, how­ In independent Lithuania freedom of during the first 2 years after the war 4 ever, are not new to this engineering religion was guaranteed by the Consti­ Lithuanian Catholic bishops and 89 Lith­ graduate of the 1941 class of Stanford tution. Religious groups were free to uanian priests were arrested, and sub­ University. Just last month, Mr. Mc­ propagate their faith, conduct religious sequently many additional priests were Cloud was named Argentina's Executive services, maintain places of public wor­ arrested. of the Year. He is the first U.S. busi­ ship, and administer educational insti­ With unrelenting determination the nessman ever to achieve such recogni­ tutions. In 1927, a concordat was con­ Soviets have continued and even accel­ tion. cluded with the Vatican in which Lith­ erated the process of sovietization in The award was bestowed upon Mr. Mc­ uania established diplomatic relations Lithuania. Nor has the Communist at­ Cloud, who is president of Industrias with the Holy See. tack been solely centered upon the larg­ Kaiser Argentina-IKA-by the E1 Eco­ Such was the wholesome religious at­ est religious group, the Roman Catholics. nomista newspaper. Engineer McCloud mosphere in Lithuania in the period fol­ Communism is uniformly hostile in the­ was cited as "a prototype of the modern lowing her declaration of independence. ory and practice to all religions. Only executive: young, resolute, possessing a Such was the religious character of the for tactical reasons does it sometimes dif­ large amount of sensibility, through this Lithuanian nation. By constitutional ferentiate between Protestants, C:ath­ entire attitude a need to act is visible, guarantee, freedom of religion prevailed. olics, Jews, or members of the Orthodox to put into action a creative imagination In every way the practice of religion and church. In Lithuania all religious groups of notable fertility." its development within the nation were have felt the heavy hand of the Soviet Mr. McCloud, a veteran of 23 years encouraged. Thus, the Lithuanian peo­ oppressor. with the Henry J. Kaiser organization, ple were grounded in a strong and virile On this 47th anniversary of the Dec­ was commended for "his relevant activi­ religious and moral ethic. laration of Lithuanian Independence we ties and uncommon effort of achievement The Soviet conquests of Lithuania in of the free world ought to reflect for a closely related to the fact that 1964 has 1940 and again in 1944 have threatened moment upon this time of troubles which been for IKA a truly brilliant year." He the heart and core of Lithuanian reli- has come upon the Lithuanian people. 2766 "CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. HOUSE February 16, 196·5

. The Lithuanians are a people in jeop­ mind that ten~ to regard the events of yes­ a part of the Russian Empire. Nevertheless, ardy; they are a people fighting for their teryear a . concern only for historians. Lithuania bas its own historic past. Lithu­ But this ought not to be the case. anians are a non-Slavic people; their his­ identity as a nation; they are a people History has lessons for CO·ntemporary man, torical experience is rooted in Western struggling to keep alive even a spark of and for us who have taken on such heavy rather than Russian civilization; and their their religious spirit. burdens 1n protecting our interests and those culture is similarly Western oriented. In a To this great people, let us, therefore, of the free world against oommunism, the word, Lithuania is a country totally foreign extend our hand in a symbolic gesture tragedy of Lithuania has a profound and to Russia. The full span of their history of everlasting friendship; let us raise our meaningful lesson. has been marked by an absence of Russian voices with those who like ourselves seek In these next few moments I want to ties, except that of a conquered nation. justice for the oppressed; and let us join analyze f?Ome of the propositions and assump­ Moreover, in 193,9, the critical year for all tions that many Americans have today con­ Europe and the world, Lithuania had pledged with all the free peoples of the world in cerning communism and the Soviet Union, itself to a policy of neutrality in the fast prayerful supplication that the soul of and then drawing froin the experience of developing world crisis. It did not act in Lithuania shall always remain uncon­ Lithuania, I would like to relate these prop­ any manner that could give encouragement quered by its· ruthless oppressors. ositions and assumptions to the reality of to or cause the dissatisfaction of any of the recent Lithuanian history. leading contending European powers. In our day we hear a great deal about the Lithuanian policy was directed toward one Soviet concept of "peaceful coexistence." In· goal: national survival. Lithuanian Independence: Its Meaning a veritable outpouring of statements from Thus, Lithuania. was no threat to the Moscow, SOviet leaders have assured the Soviet Union. It provided no cause for for Us in the Cold War Western World that "peaceful coexistence" alarm in Moscow. is the main line of their policy. In a word, Given these factors, therefore--that is, the EXTENSION OF REMARKS they want to liv:e in peace with us, so they lack of historical affinity and the declared say. national policy of neutrality-how then can OJ' Underlying this concept of peaceful co­ one explain the Soviet conquest of that coun­ existence is the assumption, first of all, that try, Lithuania, and its sister republics? HON. HENRY HELSTOSKI the.Soviets are trustworthy. I frankly do not think that it can be OF NEW JERSEY But can they be trusted to keep their word? explained in any other way than a manifes­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES We have ample evidence from our own tation of the Soviet desire 'to satisfy those relations with the SOviets to test this as­ deep-seated ideological impulses with the Tuesday, February 16, 1965 sumption. They had pledged in the 1933 Soviet system and its leaders to expand the Mr. HELSTOSKI. Mr. Speaker, on agreements on recognition, for example, not domain of communism. Sunday, February 14, 1965, the Lithua­ to conduct espionage or carry on propaganda. The Soviet leaders and the Communist nian-Americans of Greater New York activities in the United States. But, history Party elite are totally committed to the has proven the emptiness of this pledge. ideology of communism, and their ideology gathered at Webster Hall, New York City, But, what about Lithuania? demands of its adherents the continuing ex­ to commemorate the 47th anniversary of Perhaps one of the most significant relia­ pansion of communism's boundaries until at the restoration of independence to the bility tests of the Soviet pledged word came last the ideology itself embraces the whole Lithuanian nation. with the Soviet invasion and absorption of of mankind. It was my great privilege to address Lithuania into the U.S.S.R. From the early We should be reminded of this highly this group of approximately 1,200 of our days of the 1920's through the late 1930's important fact today as we search for world Lithuanian friends and to express my the Soviets had concluded numerous agree­ peace, as indeed we must. World peace de­ hope to them that their fatherland, ments with Lithuania in which they solemn­ pends upon our ability to reach some sort of ly pledged that they would respect the terri­ agreement, written or unwritten, with the Lithuania, will once again be free and torial integrity of the nation and respect Soviet Union on the futility of thermo­ independent. also its national independence. Yet, despite nuclear war. In so doing, we must ever be In accordance with permission granted their pledged word, the Soviets imposed the wary of the ideological dimension of the to me to extend and revise my remarks, I Mutual Assistance Pact upon Lithuania in Soviet commitment in world affairs. We Wish to insert into the CONGRESSIONAL the fall of 1939 and with the passing of only fail to do so at our peril. RECORD the text of my speech made to a few months invaded and finally absorbed Another assumption that seerns to under­ this group and to include a resolution Lithuania into the Soviet Union. This act lay the attitudes of many in their dealings which was adopted by the Lithuanian­ of treachery was done with utter disregard with the Soviet Union is the belief that of the Soviet pledged word, pledges solemnly through the forces of modernity that are at American Council of Greater New York made in negotiated treaties. work in the Soviet Union a type of liberalism at the gathering. Thus, in this tragic instance we have a has taken root and is beginning to assert It is my hope that we can give this classic case study of Soviet disregard of treaty itself in a way that is permitting a better resolution strong support and to obtain obligations when the politics of a situation and more tolerable life for the Soviet people. for the Lithuanian people the freedom or the ideological impulses to expand com­ Let us test this assumption against the and independence they so richly deserve. munism require that those obligations be reality of the Lithuanian experience. The remarks made by me and the reso­ ignored. There is, of course, no political freedom in The idea of Soviet ideology and its impact Lithuania. Today, the people of Lithuania lution adopted follow: on international relations is also relevant do not enjoy the freedom and liberty they LITHUANIAN INDEPENDENCE: ITS MEANING FOR to the Lithuanian experience. In this pres­ once knew. Hopes for an evolving democracy Us IN THE CoLD WAR ent climate of artificially inspired "peaceful in that country were dashed with the Soviet It is indeed a great privilege and a pleasure coexistence" we have been told by some conquest. Today, Lithuania is firmly held to participate in this gathering as we com­ of our most prominent people that ideology within the grip of Soviet totalitarianism. memorate the 47th anniversary of restora­ has no meaning whatever for the Soviets. Politically, Lithuania. has been forced to take tion of independence to Lithuania. I have These persons argue that we Americans on the structure that exists throughout the enjoyed so much the personal contacts with should look at the Soviets in terms of tradi­ entire Soviet Union. The Communist Party so many of you, that I wanted particularly tional behavior of nation-states-that is, we in Lithuania is the real source of power, as to be with you today. should disregard the ideological ingredient indeed it is in the other Soviet Republics. The 47th anniversary of the restoration of of Soviet power. The Government itself is nothing more than Lithuanian independence occurs at a time Well, my friends, what can the case of a convenient administrative facade of con­ when our Nation is embarking on a new era Lithuania tell us on this point? stitutional federalism. Lithuanian Commu­ and under new leadership. Let us hope that Had Communist ideology any relevance to nist leaders hold absolute power over the it will prove to be an era of freedom for all Soviet conquest of this territory nation? nation, and the Soviet Communist leaders, peace-loving nations, including the enslaved Was the conquest of Lithuania a military in turn, hold absolute power over them. But, natiollB suffering under the domination of thrust designed to satisfy deep-rooted the people of Lithuania have demonstrated communism and communistic tyranny. ideological Soviet impulses to expand com­ their devotion to freedom, liberty, and jus­ It is easy for peoples such as ourselves to munism? tice by not recognizing the Communist oc­ forget the tragedies that have befallen this I would argue for the case that ideology cupation of Lithuania. heroic little country. Caught up in the is indeed a substantial factor in estimating I pay my humble tribute to the valiant maelstrom of unfolding history as we are to­ the full dimension of Soviet power. It is a fighters for freedom of Lithuania. day, pressed on an sides by problems in inter­ factor that one can ignore at his peril. The same can be said for the economic national and national atiairs, and indeed Here are the facts. and cultural areas of Lithuanian society. concerned as we must be with the difficult Lithuania was an independent country. The Communist Party, through its monop­ tasks of pursuing life in this very complex Before winning its independence during oly on all sources of power within the state, modern era, all contribute to an attitude of World War I, it had been for over a. century orders the life of Lithuanians to suit its par- February 16, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 2767 ticular purposes and those of Moscow. There pie can. live as God meant them to-free and challenge to the United States and other is no freedom of choice in the cultural realm. independent. Western countries to press for the restora­ Here, Lithuanian writers, poets, and com­ In our daily tasks in trying to find our way tion to Lithuania of a free exercise of the posers must conform to the deadly rubrics of through the intricate maze of foreign affairs right to self-determination and for the re­ .. Socialist realism" that require art not for in search of our national interest we can spect of human rights and fundamental free­ art's sake, but for the propagation of Com­ again look to the case of Lithuania and to doms; munist power. As a result, there can be no her people for an example of courage, perse­ Resolve, flowering of Lithuanian culture as had been verance, and confidence. Even though Lith­ 1. To appeal to the President,' the Secre­ during the years of independence. uania has been a conquered country for the tary of State, and the Congress of the United To repeat, Lithuania is held fast in the grip past 25 years, still the Lithuanian people States, firmly to restate and vigorously to of Soviet totalitarianism. maintain an abiding hope that the future promote in diplomatic dealings with the Where then is there a possib111ty for a will reward them for the oppression they Kremlin, as well as in the United Nations growing spirit of liberalism or democracy? now so nobly bear. The Soviets have not and elsewhere, the restoration of the inde­ been able to stamp out their desire for free­ pendence and freedom of Lithuania; I would argue that such a possib111ty does dom and independence. Condemnation of 2. To ask the President of the United States not exist so long as the Communist monop­ Lithuanians for their so-called bourgeois to instruct the U.S. delegation to the United <>ly of political power remains. There can nationalism, an ever recurring event in Nations dealing with the liquidation of co­ be no evolution of this regime into a more Soviet Lithuania today, testifies to the viril­ lonialism "in all its forms and implications" tolerable system until vital principles can ity of these people and their dedication to to investigate the Soviet colonialism in be taken into account. One of these vital the principles and spirit of national inde­ Lithuania; principles is the necessity of dissent, and pendence. When the Soviets complain vig­ 3. To urge that the Free Europe Radio ex­ it is precisely this principle, so important to orously about the continued resistance, so­ tend its broadcast to include the Lithuanian genuine democracy and liberalism, that is called survivals of the past and call for language; absent in Soviet Lithuania and indeed in the a . more vigorous antireligious campaign in 4. To assure the Lithuanian people under -entire Soviet Union. Lithuania, they expose to the world the Soviet occupation of our unswerving deter­ I seriously question, therefore, this as­ truth of Lithuanian attachment to the faith mination to spare no efforts and sacrifices sumption of an improving Soviet society and national culture of their fathers, not­ for the attainment of the sacred goal of the which wm produce a qualified form of lib­ withstanding the extraordinary attempts by Lithuanian nation-its independence and eralism. And to those who find merit in this Soviet oppressors to destroy these vital freedom; view, I say, "Look to Lithuania." sources of national life. 5. To urge the American Lithuanians to Yet, there is stm another proposition that Lithuanians are a people in adversity; and support the policy of the U.S. Government, we Americans hold in our views on foreign yet far from succumbing to the tyranny aiming at the liberation of the Soviet cap­ policy that has relevance to the Lithuanian of the Soviet Union, they have maintained tive nations, and to renew their dedication experience, and it is based upon our general the integrity of their nation and the in­ to the struggle for Lithuania's freedom and attitude of the nature of man. We as a violab111ty of their national soul. This is a independence. people are optimistic. We have a penchant great tribute to the Lithuanian people; and LrrHUANIAN AMERICAN COUNCIL OF for looking at the brighter side of things. for us in the free world it is an example to GREATER NEW YORK, Let these words of President Franklin D. which we can point and one from which we ANTANAS SKERYS, President. Roosevelt be a constant reminder to all of ourselves can draw insipration for the future. VmA RmoKAs, Secretary. us. "It is stated that Lithuania has lost her On this 47th anniversary of Lithuanian independence. It is a mistake to say so. independence it is fitting that we gather here Lithuania has not lost her independence. and pay tribute to these gallant and heroic Lithuania's independence has only been people. On this day we should rededicate temporarily put aside. Time will come and ourselves to the spirit of freedom which Lithuanian Independence Lithuania w111 be free again." united the Lithuanian people with the peo­ We have great expectations that things ples of the world. We know that the Lith­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS wm work out in the future, that man is ever uanians will continue to resist the despotism progressing toward a new day of freedom and thrust upon them. Their courage, their per­ OF human perfection, and that we as a people severance, and their loyalty to the historic wm provide the motive power for those who tradition of their nation will defeat the guns HON. PAUL B. DAGUE seek freedom. We have, in a word, confidence and tanks of their oppressors. OF PENNSYLVANIA in the future. It is also fitting that we reflect upon the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES virtues and draw from their national expe­ On this occasion, we are reminded that the Tuesday, February 16, 1965 Russian Communi&ts cannot stop or forbid rience what inspiration and example we our­ this program, or similar events that are being selves can use in these trying days. Mr. DAGUE. Mr. Speaker, as we ob­ held in the United States and throughout We should rededicate ourselves to those serve the 47th anniversary of the restora­ the free countries in honor and respect to fundamental principles of freedom and de­ tion of independence to Lithuania we are Lithuania. mocracy that have lain at the roots of our We Americans know that this Nation has American heritage for here, in the last also reminded of the disposition that has a generous heart and has always welcomed analysis, is our supreme glory and the sub­ kept these brave people from the full and assisted exiles and refugees. The goal of lime hope of all men for liberty and justice. realization of their rightful place as a the present administration is to nourish in­ Lithuania must be saved, and her inde­ free and independent nation. dependence, to build self-respect, and to pendence must be restored and the dignity of Lithuania represents a civilization that breed trust among all nations. the Lithuanian nation must be preserved. was old when the United States came Because this Nation fought for its own in­ On the anniversary of their independence day our prayers are with them that their into being and we must shamefacedly dependence, it encourages independence for confess our selfish preoccupation at the others. However, some of the descendants of freedom will not be long in becoming a the peoples of the enslaved countries appear reality. time the Communist colossus moved in to to be worried about the development of a,n stifle their freedom. And all the while American policy toward the liberation of RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE LITHUANIAN we were fighting a war to stem the Nazi these captive nations. RALLY ON FEBRUARY 14, 1965 onrush, we were collaborating with an The Democratic Party, at its national We, Lithuanian Americans of Greater New equally ruthless juggernaut that has convention held in Atlantic City just this York, citizens and permanent residents of overrun her weaker neighbors. Added past year adopted the following language the United States, gathered on February 14 to this is the sad admission that it has with respect to enslaved and captive nations. of this year of grace 1965 at Webster Hall, become officially taboo to criticize these Let me quote the language of that portion New York, N.Y., to commemorate the 47th of the Democratic platform-"We will en­ anniversary of the restoration of the Lithu­ destroyers of freedom since it might up­ courage by all peaceful means the growing anian independent state, set the nice balance of peaceful coexist­ independence of the captive peoples living Voicing once more our indignation and our ence. under communism and hasten the day that protest against the brutal suppression by so·­ What utter absurdity. How can we Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East viet Russia of Lithuania's !ndependence, her preach freedom for all peoples at the Germany, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithu­ forcible incorporation into the Soviet Union, very moment we see communistic colo­ ania, Poland, Rumania, and the other captive and her transformation into a Soviet colonial nialism flourishing around the world? nations will achieve full freedom and self­ possession; Recalling the stand taken by both the And we do have a vital stake in Lithu­ determination." anian independence since our own free­ Let me say to you, that as long as I am a great political parties of our country as ex­ Member of Congress, I shall do whatever I pressed in their electoral platforms of 1964: dom is only strong when it is predicated can to bring this declaration to its fulfill­ Pointing out that the global surge toward on the freedom of all other sovereign ment so that these enslaved and captive peo- national independence poses a particular peoples. Let us, then, make it our firm 2768 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE February 16, 1965 policy to refuse to lend our aid to, or In the early years of the Communist inter­ the Communist camp. But all were united indeed traffic with, any nation that keeps national conspiracy, the strategy was to oper­ on getting rid of the French. its so-called satellites in thralldom. ate from within a country and to promote The Communists were strongest in the revolution. The world Communist foreign area that is now North Vietnam, which is policy has, in the last 15 years, turned to so­ closest to mainland China, from which called wars of liberation, while from Moscow Chiank Kai-shek had been driven in 1949. In have come efforts toward peaceful coexist­ Laos, another Communist force, the Pathet Our Foreign Policies and Our Entangle­ ence. Lao, controlled a large area in the northern ments in Southeast Asia Thus the Soviet Union has been able to part of the country. With outside aid, it take its seat in peaceful international rela­ seemed very possible that the Communists tions while at the same time appealing to the would achieve dominance. EXTENSION OF REMARKS have-not nations of the world, principally At the same time, since the revolt against OF in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The France included not only local Communists posture of peaceful coexistence has served to but other groups who sought democratic in­ HON. WINFIELD K. DENTON allay fears of the neutrals, and to weaken dependence, the United States could not in­ OF INDIANA the Western bloc. The so-called wars of tervene on behalf of France without violating liberation have taken a greater toll because our principles of support of colonial people IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES we have not always known how to cope with seeking freedom. But John Foster Dulles Tuesday, February 16, 1965 them. Sometimes, we have made serious warned Russia and China against trying to mistakes with long-term consequences. pick up the pieces, even before the French Mr. DENTON. Mr. Speaker, I should Sometimes we have vac1llated until we were defeat. like to have entered in the CoNGRESSIONAL misunderstood or misinterpreted. Settlement after the fall of the French RECORD, and to call the attention of my The diftlculty is compounded because came in an international conference at Ge­ colleagues to, a speech by Indiana's sen­ emerging people in newly independent coun­ neva, where on June 21, 1954, agreements were ior Senator, the Honorable R. VANCE tries see us less in the light of our own signed to draw a cease-fire line across Viet­ Revolution for freedom than they do as nam. The northern half became the Demo­ HARTKE. all1es of those they regard as colonial im­ In his address, delivered before the cratic Republic of Vietnam, built around perialists. Ho Chi Minh's Communist forces, with 17 Jacobi Society on February 6, Senator We must expose the Communists-Russian m1llion people to South Vietnam's 14 mil­ HARTKE offers a deep insight and a pro­ and Chinese-as the true imperialists they lion, and with the bulk of the industrial found analysis of our foreign policies are. And we must learn to distinguish be­ areas. The compromise was supposed to and of our entanglements in southeast tween the ferment of people seeking freedom prevent civil war, and provided for a perma­ Asia. and the right to control their own destinies nent settlement after an all-Vietnam election free of despotism on the one hand, and the in July 1956. The situation was very much a The speech follows: revolutions and infiltrations inspired by Mos­ STATEMENT BY SENATOR VANCE HARTKE AT THE parallel to that which created North and cow and Peiping on the other. South Korea. JACOBI SOCIETY DINNER, STATLER HILTON, I see little to distinguish the Soviet brand WASHINGTON, D.C., FEBRUARY 6, 1965 Most observers in 1954 felt that Laos and of communism from the Chinese brand. Any South Vietnam would have a short life, per­ In 1945 President Roosevelt said: "The competition between the two-in Asia or any­ haps no more than 6 months, before the mere conquest of our enemies is not enough. where else on the globe--can be of little en­ Communists took them over. Ngo Dien Diem We must go on to do all in our power to couragement to us now or in the foreseeable had become the Premier of South Vietnam conquer the doubt and fears, the ignorance future because it is a competition of devious­ 2 weeks before the Geneva agreement. Our and the greed which made this horror pos­ ness. problem was to i:iecide whether we should sible." The synthesis of our final goals and those keep hands off, which was the French posi­ It is in this context that I would like to of the Communists-as well as this compe­ tion, based on belief that it was impossible discuss with you tonight the American role tition of deviousness-is in southeast Asia. to save Indochina from the CommuniSts. in a seething world, a world in which we At this moment, we are pouring men, ma­ The other alternative was to give support to have been forced to take the leadership. terial, and money into a place few Americans Diem, a stanch anti-Communist who had Often in recorded history destiny knocks had heard of a few years ago, in order to meet spent many years in the United States. at the door with an iron clang. In our own a commitment to self-determination, to in­ short time as a nation, history has come to dividual freedom, to economic development, U.S. advisers and experts were divided. Those who urged help to Diem included Sen­ our door 3 times-once when we faced and to our own long-term self-interest. On the impossible odds of the British power as the other side are the Communists. ators MIKE MANSFIELD and John F. Kennedy, we sought our own freedom; a 2d time The active fighters are Asians trained and who believed Diem could save his country when President Lincoln sought 75,000 volun­ promoted by the Chinese Reds. Yet, their with our help. In September of 1954 the teers to preserve the Union; and now in the competitors in deviousness and duplicity are southeast Asia treaty organization came into 20th century when destiny has knocked al­ also at work. Russian Premier Alexi Kosygin being, and SEATO was persuaded by Dulles most constantly. Through involvement in has gone to Hanoi to show that the Soviet to give Laos, Cambodia, and South Vietnam world affairs brought on by our own suc­ Union also is alined against us. guarantees against invasion from North Viet­ cess and by the ever-shrinking size of the nam. Once the decision was made, we were While we are not alone in Vietnam, hav­ committed. We could not withdraw. Many globe, we have had to take up the task of ing been joined by other SEATO nations in­ defending the free world and the very con­ cluding Australia, we are the chief supporters say we still cannot without loss of "face." cepts of the Judea-Christian civ111zation. of a South Vietnam that is torn internally. For 3 years things were relatively quiet. The immediate question is not whether we Since 1954 we have poured nearly $4 bil­ Convinced they could not open direct attack, are to become embroiled in a full-scale lion into South Vietnam in military and the Communists reverted to slow infiltration major nuclear war which could be the economic aid. That amounts to more than and buildup, especially in Laos. Diem took Armageddon of the Bible. Rather, it is a $266 for each of the 15 mill1on South Viet­ in nearly 900,000 Vietnamese from the north question of what our policies should be to namese. Our aid figure today amounts to under a treaty provision which allowed ex­ bring lasting peace, freedom, political self­ about $2 m1llion a day. We have some 21,- change, but only a few left the south. In determination, economic development, and 000 U.S. troops in that beleaguered land. October 1955, the playboy king, Bao Dai, personal dignity to the world. Two hundred Americans have died there and was ousted and Diem became President of As always, the long-range idealistic goals additional hundreds have spilled their blood. the Republic of South Vietnam. By 1961 of our Nation are threatened by an enemy. More than 125 ships and airplanes of the South Vietnam had a per capita income o:r: Alined against us now is international com­ 7th Fleet are committed to the waters $110. North Vietnam had only $70 per per­ munism. I agree with President Theodore around this peninsula. son of income. Food production in the Roosevelt when he said: "We Americans have How did all this happen? What are we north was off 10 percent per capita. In the many problems to solve, many threatening doing in Vietnam? south, it was up 20 percent. evils to fight and many deeds to do. If-as For a hundred years before World War ll, Part of the credit for the buildup in South we hope and believe-we have the wisdom, Indochina was a colony of France, ruled by Vietnam was clearly ours as we helped train the strength, the courage, and the virtue to a colonial governor but with representation and equip the armies against an expected do them, we must face facts as they a.re. in the French Assembly. During the war, · invasion from the north. We must not surrender ourselves to a foolish the Japanese moved in, but when France The Chinese, meanwhile, were not to quit. optimism nor succumb to a timid and ignoble tried to return, the colonial peoples of the Nor was Russia to fail to exploit the situation. pessimism. Our Nation is the one among all region-which included the present Laos, Infiltration by guerrillas was stepped up nations of the earth which holds in its hands Cambodia, and both Vietnams-revolted for from North Vietnam by Chinese Reds while the fate of the coming years • • •. I believe independence. Nationalist groups wanted the Soviets fomented trouble in Indonesia firmly that we shall succeed." permanent independence; Communist-or­ and other nearby areas. I am subscribing to the goal of victory ganized groups saw this as the first step Russia sought to paint us as imperialists for us-for the free world. toward delivering the whole peninsula into bent on imposing the white man's rule on February 16, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 2769 Asians and, Just this week, has agreed to to keep our aid if he knew we honor our com­ "The truth is that this Government supply airplanes to North Vietnam. mitments and are steadfastly proceeding to through the greater part of three adminis­ There is, of course, great .and selfish inter­ a goal? trations has been exceedingly kind to Nas­ est, especially by Red China, apart from em­ Let me pause a minute to emphasize my ser's Egypt and, in the process, perforce, far barrassing us. Peiping ·has compelling rea­ own contempt for Mr. Sukarno's attitude from altogether kind to the Israelis, whom sons for coveting all the countries to the and that of Nasser and any others who tell he persistently threatens to destroy • • •. south. Southeast Asia would complement us to Jump in the lake. "The truth also is that, while the Israelis China, which is overpopulated and underfed. I have been a supporter of economic and are essentially on our side, Nasser consistent­ Southeast Asia grows more food than it military aid for our allies as a matter of ly plays the international Communist game." needs. Thailand, for instance, normally is decency, good will, and self-interest. I have We Americans are slow to anger. We do the fourth largest grain exporter in the supported recent cuts in foreign aid. And I not simply enter battles with the Commu­ world. am probably the principal advocate in the nist aggressors for the joy of fighting. Of interest to both China and Russia, are Senate of others sharing in the problem of Never in the history of the world has there these impressive figures on southeast Asia­ helping underdeveloped countries as well as been affi.uence such as we in America enjoy production of 85 percent of the world's natu­ the principal advocate of private enterprise today. Never in the history of the world ral rubber, 55 percent of its tin and much assistance. Thus, I proposed that NATO have the storehouses of grain and treasure of the oil in the Far East. countries get into the aid business. And for been opened so fully so long to so. many. Future industrial and m111tary power rides similar reasons I proposed the new business­ Yet we are resented and suspected. Even on the outcome of the wars on the peninsula men's peace corps and tax credits for com­ our benevolence is resented and rejected. of southeast Asia, the former Indochina, now panies that extend their business into under­ At the same time, courage and determina­ North and South Vietnam, Laos, and Cam­ developed countries. tion have earned us respect and friendship bodia. Control of the area would place Com­ But just as consistent has been my in­ in our hours of trial. When President Ken­ munists astride sea and air lanes between sistence that our a.id should neither go to nedy blew the whistle on Russia and Cuba Indian and Pacific Oceans, between Far East our enemies or to those who bait us and tell during the missile crisis, we won new respect and South Asia. us to jump in the lake. I have opposed throughout the world both for our President Should Vietnam fall to communism, sending food to Yugoslavia and Poland when and our Nation. Every Latin American coun­ Malaysia, Thailand, Burma, and India could they were closely alined with our enemies. try, including those that had flirted pre­ soon become victims of aggression. Even­ Now I oppose sending food to Indonesia viously with Castro, backed us up. In Africa tually, Australia could become the target and Egypt and I am the author of a bill to the Russians were denied use of a landing even as it was of the Japanese during World deny all aid to aggressors. My bill predates strip they had financed. The leader of that War II. the recent action by the House to deny food country told me a few weeks later that land­ Ever since the beginning of the guerrilla shipments to Egypt because Nasser has ing had been denied because we were right warfare the United States has been com­ - seemed to support and-even foment--anti­ in our dispute with Cuba and they respected mitted by its treaty obligations and by the American actions in his country. our determination and would not let the theory of prior administrations that the Nasser told America to jump in a lake Russians interfere with our prosecution of rest of the countries will fall should South because he thinks he has us where he wants ­ our grievance. Vietnam and Laos fall to the Communists. us. -A clear statement by our President, backed The so-called domino theory. The Middle East is a powder keg of pro­ with the necessary force, earned us respect The true beginnings of this struggle are portions as great or greater than southeast and new allies during the Cuban crisis. hard to ferret out. Perhaps, as some say, Asia. Communism, neo-Nazism, age-old ri­ I believe this has again become necessary they go back to our policy in China after valries and poverty seethe and ferment in the in all our foreign affairs, including the Mid­ World War II. Perhaps, as others say, the sands and valleys of the Biblical world. In dle East and Far East. policy laid down in Korea of allowing the the background lie trade routes, chemicals, The President has properly been described enemy to escape beyond a certain line is at cotton, and oil. by both administration spokesmen and fault. Perhaps, we have gone too far. Per­ Nasser is at once a stabilizing force and other responsible people as the sole architect haps we have gone not f,ar enough. disruptive force. He holds the Arabs to­ of our foreign policy. It is, then, clearly his Perhaps our negotiated peace in Korea gether, perhaps preventing all-out war. Yet, responsibility to spell that policy out in all is interpreted as a pattern proving that we he rants and raves against us, against Israel its ramifications. - do not honor our commitments or that we and against our all1es. He aids the enemies Just this week, a man from Indiana was in are a paper tiger. of peace and freedom in the Congo. He my offi.ce asking: "What is our foreign Perhaps the agreement our Government gets arms from the Russians and scientific policy? What are we doing in Vietnam? In gave to the neutralist government of Laos is brains from former German Nazis. He has Egypt and the whole Middle East? What a pattern. received economic aid from us and food for happened to the tremendous mandate won Small wonder, then, that responsible offi.­ peace. He has stood by while our buildings by Lyndon Johnson last November?" were burned and stoned. And then he told cials of our Government are calling for with­ I replied that the President had laid out a drawal while others are calling for extending us to keep our aid. As in Asia, it may be that our long-for­ magnificent program for a better life for all the war into North Vietnam and for the Americans, for ridding our Nation of disease bombing of Hanoi and guerr1lla supply lines. gotten policies have caused this mess. It may be that we were too concerned over a and poverty, for greater dignity of the indi­ Small wonder that the Vietnamese people vidual and for paring other expenses to the on our side of the line wonder where we latent threat to end our oil concessions. It bone. This was use of the mandate. stand. · may be that we were too hasty to stop the British and French from taking the Suez But my constituent asked again, "Why We have, in our zest to see our allies win, Canal and to stop the Israelis from clean­ then does he not lay down an equally imagi­ supported successive governments that do ing out the Sinai Peninsula. native program for winning the cold war? _ not· have any popular base to which we say Nevertheless, America has never taken the For meeting the goals in the world?" we are committed. And we have, at the kind of slap from a head of government that I explained to my constituent--and I now same time, declined to extend the war or Nasser has accorded us. explain to ·you-the President's background. allow it to be extended. Perhaps both can He was probably the greatest majority leader be justified, in the short term goal of The collective frustration of America found expression the other day in the House in the history of our land. He led by weld­ keeping South Vietnam free from commu­ ing divergent elements and interests in the nism without touching off the trigger of an of Representatives when Congressmen wrote Senate into an effective coalition. atomic war. But these facts and our own into an appropriations bill a provision that no more food was to be sent to Nasser. It was natural, then, that as President, he confiicting statements about the extent to would again lead by bringing divergent ele­ which we are committed with manpower Why, Congressmen and other Americans asked, should we force nations to take our ments together. The technique has be­ cause confusion in Vietnam. Remember come known as leading through consen­ that we increased our force to some 21,000 aid when their leaders have told us to keep sus. It has worked effectively with domestic from 12,000 at about the time we said we it? Congress truly was expressing frustra­ programs and it resulted in the overwhelm­ tions of Americans. were going to bring 1,000 home. Remember ing victory of November 3. Leadership by that we have had three Ambassadors in 4 The authoritative William S. White wrote consensus cannot be applied to foreign years. in his column of January 29: policy. So, while four members of the President's "It would be a great mistake to suppose Yet, the President can and mus.t use the Cabinet offered to replace Henry Cabot that partisan malice was a primary or even reservoir of good will obtained through hfs Lodge, indicating the importance our Gov­ major Republican consideration here, just amazing consensus at home to lead us and ernment gives to Vietnam, there is ample as it would be to suppose that the whole direct us abroad. As my constituent cor­ cause for wondering in southeast Asia how thing sprang from a desire to please Amer­ rectly pointed out, President Johnson enjoys we intend to reinforce this feeling of impor­ ican Jews. And other particular friends of unparalleled popularity among the people tance. Israel. of America and a tremendous mandate to We can wonder, then, whether Sukarno of "Any notion that our foreign policy in the lead. Our country has, likewise, a reservoir Indonesia might be less anti-American if he Middle East is run with special tenderness of good will similar to that which we found understood what we are doing and wheTe we for Jewish feelings is one of the special available to us in the Cuban crisis when un- are headed. Indeed, would he be tell1ng us idiocies of our time. known all1es leaped to our side. · 2770 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE February 16, 1965 President Johnson must dip into both and economic welfare. Their efforts won ment to continue the :fight. We must these reservoirs and use them to point the the admiration of the free world and continue to support their cause and do way. He must clearly enunciate his goals served as an example of what freemen what we can to aid in winning back their and how he intends to reach them. In this can do. national identity and independence. We way, and only in this way, will he obtain the support he needs to bring us the eventual With great sorrow we recall that the can let them know that America still victory. independence of this nation did not en­ stands devoted, as they do, to the prin­ The President should and must tell Amer­ dure for long. The invasion of Red army ciples of justice and the right of self­ ica, first, and the rest of the world what our forces in 1940 brought unparalleled op­ determination. posture is; what our aims are; what our in­ pression, persecution, and tyranny and All who cherish freedom in the world terests and commitments ue; how we intend the forceful incorporation of the re­ have a common interest, and likewise we to meet these commitments. We must know public into the U.S.S.R. share a common threat. Lithuanian In­ where we are going and what we are going to do in Vietnam. We need to know how The plight of the Lithuanian people­ dependence Day, therefore, should be for the President plans to handle Nasser and and, indeed, of all people who have been Americans a day of prayerful reflection Suka.rno and others who may tell us off. forcibly enslaved-should be of concern and renewed dedication. In this regard, He must tell Americans how they must serve to all who cherish freedom. In com­ I personally am today introducing a the cause of freedom and peace. memorating this day of Lithuanian in­ House concurrent resolution calling on America has both power and mercy. It dependence, we pay tribute to the cour­ the President of the United States to in­ has, in recent months, demonstrated both. age of these people and their undying struct the U.S. Ambassador to the Unit­ Yet, vacillation and indecision can be con­ faith in eventual release. Their strength ed Nations to take certain action in be­ fused with weakness. Discussion of alter­ half of Lithuania, Estonia, and Latvia. natives in Vietnam can, in the absence of of character and their devotion to the clear policy, from the architect of policy, be high ideals of mankind will certainly pre­ I know the people of my district join mistaken for strife. vail and will again bring them the free­ me in saluting the wonderful people of The time has come for us to be both Amer­ dom they so richly deserve. Lithuania and also in expressing the ican and Churchillian in our approach to hope that soon, February 16 will once these problems and to their eventual solu­ again be truly a day of independence for tion. them and for all captive nations now be­ The President is more than capable of this Lithuanian Independence Day hind the Iron Curtain. It will then be role of leadership with strength and deter­ a happy day for all of us. mination. He must now map out the road ahead, tell us what vehicles to use and then EXTENSION OF REMARKS lead us up the road. OF This is essential to American leadership in a. hostile world. HON. CHARLOTTE T. REID Lithuanian Independence Day We in America have the maturity, the OF ILLINOIS moral fiber, the brains, the courage, the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES EXTENSION OF REMARKS wealth and the power to carry out a policy OF of honesty, integrity, and devoti

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