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Paper 03: Aviation Industry, Ticketing and Frontier Formalities

Module 02: History of Aviation

THE DEVELOPMENT TEAM

Principal Investigator Prof. S. P. Bansal, Vice Chancellor, Indira Gandhi University, Rewari

Co-Principal Investigator Dr. Prashant K. Gautam, Director, UIHTM, Panjab University, Chandigarh

Paper Coordinator Dr. Sandeep Walia, Head of Department, UITHM, Chandigarh University

Paper Co-Coordinator Dr. Jaswinder Sharma, Assistant Professor UIHTM, Panjab University Chandigarh

Content Writer Dr. Sandeep Walia, Head of Department, UITHM, Chandigarh University

Content Reviewer Prof. C. M. Parsheera, Director, IVS, MTA, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla

ITEMS DESCRIPTION OF MODULE Subject Name Tourism and Hospitality Paper Name Aviation Industry, Ticketing and Frontier Formalities Module Title History of Aviation Module Id Module No-2 Pre- Requisites Brief History of Aviation, Concept of Aviation History in , Origin and Development of Aviation Sector and Modern Aviation Industry Objectives Knowledge of Aviation History in India and world, Development of Aviation Sector, Tata’s Contribution in Aviation Sector, Origin of Wright Company, Globalization of Aviation Industry and Modern Aviation Industry Keywords Aviation Industry, Development of Aviation Sector, , Wright Company

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Learning Outcome 2. Introduction 3. Early aviation 4. History of Aviation Sector- The 19th Century: 4.1 Origin of Wright Company 4.2 Globalization of Aviation Industry: 4.3 Development of Fighter Jets during World Wars: 4.4. First Commercial Plane: 5. History of Aviation in India: 5.1 TATA’s Contribution to Indian Aviation Industry 5.2 Rise of Air India: 5.3 Era of Big Planes with Multiple Jet Engines 5.4 Records set by Indians in Aviation Industry 6. Modern Aviation Industry 6.1 Introduction of Wide Body Aircrafts and supersonics: 6.2 Private Jet or Business Jets: 6.3 Economic Acceptance and Demand 6.4 Safety and Security Measures: 7. Summary

HISTORY OF AVIATION INDUSTRY

1. Learning outcomes

After completing this module, students will be able to:

. Understand about the Origin and History of Aviation Industry . Understands about History of Aviation Industry in India . Understand about Modern Aviation Concept . Know about Challenges conquered and improvements made by Aviation Industry

2. Introduction:

Since, the beginning of the mankind everyone wished to fly like birds. Until 100 years ago nobody could have imagined that traveling by air would be a common phenomenon some day. It was November 27th 1783, when Montgolfier Brothers for the first time successfully commuted manned ascent inside Hot air Balloon at Annonay, France. Some of the drawings portrayed by Leonardo Da Vinci in the 14th century are still there, which tells stories about the history of aviation. The Wright Brothers invented the first successful airplane in 17thDecember 1903, which took a small flight that time but a great leap for future. As a result a number of planes were used during the World War I and got better day by day over the course of time for the decades. Airships were also known for air travel but airplanes completely took over, as they got huge popularity among other modes of air travel. When people started to realize that they could travel quickly to far off cities or countries or across the globe, they started preferring to travel frequently by air mode.

3. Early aviation Designed in 5th Century BC Kites were perhaps the first forms of aircrafts. Roger Bacon an English monk later in the 13th century performed numerous studies and came to know that air could also support a craft just like water support boats. In the 16th century, another great contribution in the history of aviation by given by Leonardo Da Vinci who have produced airscrew and parachute. He studied the bird’s flight and that

gave him idea to develop airscrew and parachute, which later proved to be the tremendously important contributions in the history of aviation. Although the aircraft designs prepared by Leonardo were impractical however they were envisioned and proved vital for the growth of aviation as he was the only first one to make scientific suggestion for the design of aircrafts.

4. History of Aviation Sector-The 19th Century:

As the air travel gained popularity and people started undertaking travel through air, a large number of aircraft manufacturing units came in to existence and started manufacturing of airplanes. Airplanes got much attention which gliders and balloons were unable to gather prior. Aviation Industry made its mark as soon as it started to transport not only the travelers but also used to transfer cargo, airmails and weapons etc. One such invention during this period was the birth of Wright Company, which they formed after their four years of research and design efforts, which proved to be a successful effort on 17th December 1903 when they undertook the first powered flight with a 120-foot, 12 second long flight.

4.1 Origin of Wright Company: Right after the first successful test run of airplane (heavier-than-air) made by the Wright Brothers near Kitty Hawk, in North Carolina which flew up to the height of 120 feet in 12 seconds the commercialization of airplanes get started. The Wright brothers then established their own commercial aviation company named The Wright Company on 22nd November 1909. The first official cargo flight took place on 7th November 1910 in USA, which carried 200 pounds of silk. They used Wright Model B plane, which was manufactured by Wright Company owned by Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright (Wright Brothers). After the death of Wilbur Wright in 1912 the business gets destabilized however Orville Wright managed to produce 120 planes before the year 1915. At present Curtiss-Wright- Corporation is consolidated to Wright Company, Curtiss Wright also produced a large number of aircraft during World War II and still facing some controversies due to defective engines.

4.2 Globalization of Aviation Industry: After 1915 the aviation sector started expanding at a very fast pace. In other words we can say that the aviation has started to become a common affair as most of the countries have started to focus on aviation sector and started showing interest in aviation related affairs. An amazing development was witnessed in this sector between the years 1919 and 1926. This era is known for its record-breaking development in the aviation. The first round the world flight was made in the year 1924 from 6th April to 28th September 1924.Another historic development in this sector took place in 1925 when Kelly Air Mail act was passed by US congress, which enabled the post office department to contract with air transport operators.

4.3 Development of Fighter Jets during World Wars: Aviation industry was not emerged well before World War I but with a significant increase in production of propulsion engine and powerful motors the speed of the aircraft doubled up to 130 miles per hour. Bigger Engines resulted into bigger power, which made it possible to build larger aircrafts. Now soldiers were able to carry heavy weapons with essential items.

World War II totally changed the face of aviation industry. During World War II USA only had 300 aircrafts but after Hitler marched his army into Poland the US aircraft manufacturers manufactured 50,000 planes in a year. Before World War II aircrafts were used to carry ammunitions and bombs etc. Now they could lift troops and keep supply running back and forth, since then every country is rushing for fighter jets. Even most of the ex-military planes used during World Wars were later used by private to transport cargo as well as passengers.

For e.g. Large Planes like B-29and Avro Lancaster was converted from bomber plane to commercial plane in 1960’s. Avro Lancaster was built by Avro which is a UK based company merged into Hawker Siddeley and later acquired by British Aerospace. B-29 manufactured by Boeing, which is an US based company, produced 17,964 planes till December 31st 2016. Douglas DC-3 is another revolutionary US Air Force Plane, which was later, converted in to commercial plane. It came into existence in the

year1935. These planes are still popular in the present days because of their speed, long-range travel and short runway takeoff.

4.4. First Commercial Plane: St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line was the first passenger commercial service, which started its operations on 1st January 1914 between St. Petersburg to Tampa. Right after that people started to access air travel services, even today majority of foreign travelers or elite class members prefer to travel through air to save their time and money. Commercialization of aviation industry not only supported tourism sector but also helping to boost other sectors too. It has also shown a prompt growth in nation’s economy thereby providing quickest transport services now days for people and for cargo as well.

5. History of Aviation in India:

The history of aviation in India traces its history back from 1910 when Bupinder Singh, the then Maharaja of Patiala ordered his Chief Engineer to buy three planes from Europe because of his keen interest in flying. In order to fulfill his interest in flying he ordered Farman Biplanes and Bleriot Monoplane from Europe, which got delivered within a year to Punjab, India. The domestic commercial aviation also took birth in India during 1911, when a French Pilot Henri Piquet flew Humber Biplane during Maha Kumbh from Allahabad to Naini junction to carry mail. To raise money for the charity during this great exhibition Henri Pequet flew with approximately 6,500 letters from Allahabad to Naini at a distance of 6 miles for 13 minutes in front of the crowed.

Britain’s Imperial Airways, which is World’s first officially christened national airline expanded its operations to India in 1927 as a result of which India got connected to the world through airways.

5.1 TATA’s Contribution to Indian Aviation Industry: On February 10th 1929Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata also known as the father of became the first Indian to get pilot’s license whereas Urmila K Parikh was first female to get a pilot’s license in 1932 issued by Aero Club of India and Burma. JRD TATA participated for Aga

Khan Trophy consisting a reward for 500 GBP by Royal Aero Club along with two other contestants, they were set out for flying light aircrafts consisting single engine with some instruments but with no radio support. JRD TATA flew in the reverse direction and was unable to retrieve the trophy. On October 15 1932 JRD TATA, successfully launched India’s first scheduled Airline Service and name it Tata Airlines. He himself piloted the Puss Moth which is a 3 Seater Single Engine British Aero Plane as Tata airlines first flight from to Bombay/ via . Nevill Vintcent, who was a former royal Air Force pilot and JRD Tata’s friend flies the plane to Chennai via Bellary and completed the flight. During the span of next one year i.e. till the end of year 1933,Tata Airlines flies 155 passengers across 160,000 miles along with more than 10 tons of mails. Over next few years Tata Airlines generate its revenue largely from mails, Government carriage, including overseas mails brought by British Imperial Airways to Karachi. Tata Airlines also launched India’s longest domestic flight in a six seater Miles Merlin from Mumbai to Trivandrum. JRD also received Bharat Ratna in the year 1992 for his glorious contribution for the expansion and development of aviation sector in India.

5.2 Rise of Air India: In the year 1945India’s second domestic airline carrier Deccan Airways was founded and came into existence. Year after the foundation of Deccan Airways, Tata Airlines changed its name to Air India in 1946. Year later in 1947 Air India (previously known as Tata Airlines) signed an agreement with Government of India with a new name Air India International Ltd. to operate international services. Air India was finally nationalized in the year 1953. Prem Mathur became the first Indian woman commercial pilot in 1953 when she flies the planes owned by Deccan Airways whereas Durba Banerjee became first woman pilot of in 1956.

 With the enforcement of Air Corporation Act in 1953 the entire airline industry was nationalized. Indian Airlines, Air India International Ltd. and all eight former airlines got merged. These airlines include Bharat Airways, Airways India, Deccan Airways, Himalayan Aviation, Indian National Airways, , Air India, and Kalinga Air Lines to form a new domestic national carrier named Indian Airlines Corporation. At that time this new venture was having a inherited fleet of 99 aircrafts which includes 12 Vickers Vikings, 74 Douglas DC-3 Dakotas, 3 DC-4s and other small aircrafts where added to Indian Airlines. Air India International being started to

took over international routes, whereas Indian Airlines Corporation took over on domestic and national routes.

5.3 Era of Big Planes with Multiple Jet Engines: The Era of jet engines begin in India in 1960, When Air India started operating its first Boeing 707-437. This was also the year when any Indian Airliner connected India to USA through air route. On 11th June 1962 Air India became world’s first all-jet airline service. In the next two decades Air India also added Airbus A-310 and Boeing’s 747-400 improved version named as Konark, to its fleet and started to operate non-stop flights from to New York. This has opened new ways for Aviation Industry and since then there is constant growth in long distance air travel.

5.4 Records set by Indians in Aviation Industry:

Some of the Records set by Indian Nationals in Aviation are as follows:

 In 1984 Rakesh Sharma became the first Indian cosmonaut to spend eight days in space. He has also served as Air force Pilot in India.  In 1985 Captain Saudamini Deshmukh becomes the first woman to command all women flight crew on Indian Airlines Fokker F-27 aircraft, which flew from Calcutta to Silchar, She also holds the tag of being the first woman to command Airbus A-320 in 1995. She was also the first lady pilot who has flown the First Boeing 737 from Mumbai to Goa in 1989.

 Air India also set a Guinness Book of World Record for largest evacuation operation performed by any Civil Airlines during war. Air India boarded near about 111,000 people from Amman to Mumbai in 59 days and operated around 488 flights before Gulf War.  At the age of 26 Captain Nivedita Bhasin became the youngest pilot in World’s Civil Aviation history to command IC-492 from Bombay- - sector on 1st January 1990. She has also flown bigger planes like Airbus A300 and Boeing 787.

 On 1997 a group of army aviation professionals decided to start a new venture as Deccan Aviation Company, which later becomes the India’s biggest privately owned Helicopter Company.  On 19th November 1997 Dr. Kalpana Chawla along with her team filed in STS-87 space shuttle of NASA and thus became first Indian woman to reach space.

6. Modern Aviation Industry:

Aviation industry is growing rapidly over the past few decades. Innovation and Technology played a vital role in the progress of modern Aviation Industry like Turbo-propeller aircraft in 1950, transatlantic jets in 1958, wide-bodied aircraft and high by-pass engines in 1970. Research and development in the aviation industry was the key aspect behind all these innovations. Some examples of bigger planes, which are used now days by key airline companies, are: Boeing 707, Boeing 437, Airbus A380, Lockheed L-1011 TriStar and Boeing 777.

6.1 Introduction of Wide Body Aircrafts and supersonics: Pan Am (Pan American World Airways) become the first airline company to purchase and fly the Boeing 747 in the commercial airline service in the year 1969 which was one of the revolutionary aircraft of that time. It was the first wide-body jet, with two aisles and four engines. This aircraft had a seating of more than 450 passengers and was twice as big as another Boeing jet. It also holds the record of 80% bigger than the largest jet up until that time which was the DC-8.

Recognizing the economies of scale to be gained from larger jets, other aircraft manufacturer companies quickly followed the precedent and started manufacturing the wide body aircrafts. Douglas built its first wide-body, the DC-10, in 1970, and only a month later, Lockheed flew its contender in the wide-body market, the L-1011. Both of these jets had three engines (one under each wing and one on the tail) and were smaller than the 747 with a seating of about 250 passengers.

6.2 Private Jet or Business Jets: With the advancement of technology and innovations in aviation sector the concept of private planes and jets started getting familiarity. At that time only very few people can afford private jet or private plane. In 1930 Francis Whittle get patent but his partner Hans von Ohain was the one who successfully able to takeoff the first private jet. Private jets costs too much and it was just a dream for the people to own a private jet that time. In 1950 Lockheed manufactured Jet Star was which can take 12 passengers that time who include two crewmembers and ten passengers. As of now People around the globe own more than 20,000 private jets where USA alone owned more than half of this number.

6.3 Economic Acceptance and Demand: Government of India announced on 30thOctober 2015 announced that it seeks suggestions for National Civil Aviation Policy. On 15thJune 2016 MOA Govt. of India released its National Aviation Policy with the main goal to develop air infrastructure in 400 tier 2 cities. Main policy areas of the policy were focused on regional connectivity, safety and security and manufacturing under Make in India Campaign. These are some trends from last 10 years:

According to AAI (Airport Authority of India) Compound Annual Growth Rate in India is 11.8% in last 10 years that is from 2006-2016.Whereas 17.62% of growth was witnessed during 2015-2016 as223.6 million passengers traffic was noticed in 2016 which was 33.5 Million (17.62%) more than 2015.

In 2016 1658.35tones of cargo domestic freight traffic grew at 8% whereas international freight also grew at 6.1% in last 10 years. It is expected that in next 7 years i.e. from 2016-2023 freight traffic will significantly rise up to 4.14 Million tons.

Nearly 3.8 Billion passengers travelled by Air in 2016 and in next 20 years it is expected to double its rate i.e. 7.2 Billion. IATA (International Air Transport Association) has officially announced this forecast on the assumption of 3.7% annual growth.

6.4 Safety and Security Measures: Since the inception of aircrafts one most important aspect is ATC (Air Traffic Control) which it is built to control air traffic,

prevent collisions and provide valuable Intelligence regarding weather as well as for air routes throughout the journey to the pilots. Crash and High jacking was not a new thing to the world other than 9/11 nightmare was unimaginable. Within a period of 2 month from this attack US authority signed Aviation and Transportation Security act on 19thNovember 2001. It was an improved version of Act of 1990, which introduced new security procedures and gave power to TSA (Transportation Security Administration). Since then no major terrorist attack happened in USA.

7. Summary: Aviation industry has shown immense growth since its inception. Billions of people are now enjoying air travel because of its valued services and enhanced facilities. Earlier it was not easy to travel across multiple locations in short span of time. During 18th century traveling abroad was only possible by covering long distances via land or water; even faster ships took weeks to travel from one continent to another, which was reduced to 1 day, or half day after aviation industry flap its wings. Since first successful ascent of Wright Brother’s flight aviation sector never took a step back. World Wars were the major reason for industrialization and development but it sets new heights for aviation sector. Earlier travel was limited to specific areas only few people were able to travel due to the small number of seats and less power of aircrafts engine. Passengers now have the option to choose between multiple flights, they can travel into any corner around the world. Aviation Industry is also became backbone of tourism industry, as people love to fly in different places even in India and abroad. From Maharajas to Entrepreneurs like JRD TATA, everyone showed their interest in this magnificent industry. Technology replaced lengthy old-fashioned ways. Now people can book tickets, check flight schedules and plan their complete trip in just one click. Aviation industry is expected to double its growth in next 2 decades.