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MiM 1 Morgan E. Goodwtn, Press Officer W. p. Leber, Governor-President Publications Editors ^=^ fifd^^ LoLis R. Grangeh, Tomas A. Cupas R. S. Hartline, Lieutenant-Governor News Writers Eunice Richard, Fannie P. Hernandez, Official Panama Canal Publication A. Baldwin Jose T. Tunon, WiLLtE K. Friar, and Frank Published quarterly at Balboa Heights, C.Z. Panama Canal Information Officer Luis C. Noli

Printed at the Printing Plant, La Boca, C.Z. Review articles may be reprinted in full or part without further clearance. Credit to the Review will be appreciated. Distributed free of charge to all Panama Canal Employees. Subscriptions, $1 a year; airmail $2 a year; mail and back copies (regular mail), 25 cents each. Postal monev orders made pavable to the Panama Canal Company should be mailed to Box M, Balboa Heights, C.Z. Editorial Offices are located in the Administration Building. Balboa Heights, C.Z.

sJndex Our CoverJ

Chaquiras 3 OUT OF THE high tropical forests and from the lowland From the wilds of western Panama comes the coast of northwestern Panama comes the chaquira—one Chaquira. Once an Indian warriors' ornament, of tlie most colorful pieces of jewelry worn by modern it has become a part of modern-datj jewelry. women. Made by the Guaymi Indians, the chaquiras of - - 5 Panama Independence historic times were made of bone, shells, stone, and seeds independence The Republic of Panama has two and were not as colorful as they are today. is intrigue the days in November. Here all the of With the invaluable assistance of Dr. Reina Torres de historic events leading to those important days. Arauz, director of the National Museum of Panama, we Section I__ 8 were able to invite a Guaymi family to display some of It's market the Canal Zone and has the flea for the handmade chaquiras. Tlie setting is in a wing of the jeeps to bowling pins. everything from junked museum. In the background are ancient stone statues Mosquito Pest 12 discovered on the slopes of Bani volcano at Barriles. Research by Canal Zone mosquito fighters may The Indians are Mr. and Mrs. Dionisio Santos and their some day lead to control. infant daughter who travel to Panama City from their Anniversaries 15 highland home in Veraguas Province to sell the neck-

Radar Imagery 16 laces. He is wearing a ceremonial hat and a chaquira Mapmakers have discovered a new tool which which the Guaymi men wear during festive occasions. literally cuts through the fog. The back page shows a layout of the chaquiras on top

Shipping Statistics 18 of a large Guaymi ritual stone table. The photographs Canal photographers Melvin D. Food - - 20 were taken by Panama

Thanksgiving Panama style is what we feature Kennedy, Jr. and Alberto Acevedo. on our food pages this month. Historically, November is the most important month which COPA -- 22 for Panamanians. On November 3, 1903, the area its independence The skyways to Panama's progress opened on is now the Republic of Panama gained March 11, 1947, when COPA's flight number 1 from Colombia. November 10, 1821, was the first time departed from Albrook Air Force Base for To- any community (Los Santos) in Panama had declared cumcn International Airport. freedom from Spain. And on November 28, 1821, Pan- The Olympics 24 amanian independence from Spain was proclaimed. For The XI Central American and Caribbean Games the November Review, we chose the chaquira to s%'Tnbol- and tlie Guaymies who will bring up to 20,000 sports fans to Panama. ize the historic past of Panama, never having been About 3,000 athletes will participate. typify the spirit of freedom by subdued by either the conquistadors or modem man. Florida State University 26

It has no football team, fraternities or snack bar,

but it provides the civil servant, the soldier, and the citizen of Panama an opportunity for a college degree. Shipping 29 Historic Events 31

November 1969 fto«. Panama',

PnmWivc R»>i

corner il fAsmonABie chaquira

TOP: Dressed up for a festive occasion, a Guaymi

shows off his chaquira, ceremonial hat and

"Sunday" lie.

BOTTOM: A mirror adds double beauty as pretty

Mayra I. Calderon of Panama City adjusts her colorful chaquira.

(See p. 4) .

THE CHAQUIRA

By Jose T. Tunon

AN INDIAN warriors' ornament has made its way from the primitive envi- ronment of the mountains of western Panama into the world of feminine

fashion, and it is winning women's fancv.

The ornament is the chaquira, a shoulder-wide collar of brightlv colored beads arranged in geometric designs now used by women for both da\-time FASHIONABLE—Three Panama Canal employees pause to talk about the chaquiras they and evening wear. It is also still worn have bought in various parts of Panama. Left to right are: Judith H. de Vasquez, Edna A. today by the Guaymi Indian men, Kovel, and Carolyn L. Twohy. whose ancesters were the formidable fighters the conquistadors rated among forced a captain of the Spanish Empire, Her ambition: to studv medicine and the most skilled of all the warriors in Diego de Albitez, to sign a peace treat\ to return to the mountains to work the ^V'estem Hemisphere. This was approximatelv 1522. among her people. No longer the fierce warriors of vore, His Feats Other young Guaymies are leaving the present-day Guaymies, some 35,000 their mountain homes in increasing A measure of Urraca's temper is in all, live under the laws of Panama in provided by the numbers to work in the banana plan- the provinces of account of his feats Veraguas, Chiriqui, and tations after Albitez's in Chiriqui and Bocas del Toro. Bocas del Toro. successor betra\ed and Their children attend They bring imprisoned the Indian chief. back new things and new Panama schools, but they still keep Sent ideas which thev share with their elders aloof from in chains to Nombre de Dios people not of their own cul- —transistor on the Atlantic coast, radios among them. ture and retain probablv for many of their aboriginal While the chaquira transfer to Spain— according to historian remains a s\'mbol customs and practices. of the Gua\mi culture, Bartolonie de las Casas—Urraca escaped it is no longer The chaquira was first mentioned a treasured warrior's ornament fash- by European and made his way back to the moun- historians in documents ioned painstakingly tains, vowing to fight the Spaniards b\- female hands dating back from the earh- part of the within the closeness unto death. And he fulfilled of the familv circle, 17th Centur)-. his vow. It was quite different but vastly In his last years, a sophisticated commodity from today's ornament. Urraca's name was The colors were to which mass so feared by the Spaniards that the^ production techniques dull and it was not so tightl\- beaded as are being applied. avoided combat with his men. When Its production is an modern-day ones. It was fashioned of Urraca established source of income for the pebbles, died in 1531, surrounded by pieces of bone, seeds, and sea Guaymies. friends and relati\es, he was still a free shells which the Indians colored with man. He probabh' was laid in his homemade d\es. grave Small Shops with a chaquira covering his shoulders. In olden times, it took perhaps as Sold In Shops After Urraca's death, the other Indian much as 4 months to fashion a single The brightly colored beads and varied chiefs carried on the fight against the chaquira. Today, in much less time, designs of the chaquiras now being sold white invaders, taking refuge in the dozens of the collars are produced in in the shops reflect the Indian's present- steep mountains of Veraguas and the small shops to fill orders from the cities. day ability to buy beads of whate\'er Tabasara Range where the Spaniards' And men now work side b\- side with shape, size, or ca\alry could not maneuver. color needed. women turning out the ornaments. By the 18th Centurv', the Guaymies Fray Adrian de Santo Tomas, who Along were the Inter-American Highwav ran a mission divided into two large groups: in 1622 in what is now near Tole, the town closest to the Taba- those of the tropical forest (in the high- the towTi of Remedios, Chiriqui Pro- sara Range, Guaymies and bovs from lands of vince, Veraguas and Chiriqui) and described the chaquira as the Tole peddle chaquiras of all sizes and those of the lowlands (along the Atlan- ornament worn by Guavmi men during colors, starting from about $6. In fash- tic coast, from Rio Belen to Bocas del their major festivals—a sort of emblem ionable Panama Citv shops, the collars Toro). They never surrendered, fight- of Guaymi nationalitv. sell for $15 and up. ing until the collapse of the Spanish The Spanish conquistadors Perhaps the very masculinitv that the found domination in the Americas. three distinct Guaymi tribes in western chaquira symbolized centuries ago is the In Oblivion intangible lure that has Panama; each named after its chief; made it an orna- When Panama broke awav from Spain ment prized by in each spoke a different language. The women modem times. and joined Colombia in the earlv 19th The noted U.S. historian and arche- three big chiefs were Urraca, who ruled Century, the Guaymies remained in ologist Samuel K. Lothrop, in his "Ar- in what is now Veraguas Province; oblivion in their mountain villages. cheology of Southern Veraguas, Pan- Nata, in the territory of the Province Slowly they are now being incorjxj- ama," rated the Guavmi warriors thusly: of Code; and Parita, in the Azuero rated into the national fold. Guavmi "In the opinion of manv, Peninsula. the natives teachers and law-enforcement officers of Veraguas should be ranked with the Of the three, Urraca is the most help the effort. At the last graduation famous Araucanians of Chile as the out- famous. He not only defeated the Span- of the Felix Olivares High School in standing fighters of the New World, a iards several times, but was the only David, Chiriqui, an honor graduate was judgement shared b\' Spanish veterans one among the rebel Indian chiefs who a Guaymi student. Miss Matilde Salinas. who had served in both regions."

November 1969 Stirred by. the tVindd o/ Jllberty

Sdtnntiand CaUea fot 3naepenaence

By Luis C. Noli THE PLAN for Panama's secession IFfrom Colombia in 1903 had been car- ried out as originally designed, Pan- amanians would hax'e one instead of From the early Nineteenth Century, Isthmians felt the stirrings two independence celebrations in the

of independence—first from Spanish domination and tlien month of November. For the leaders fi.xed of from a Colombian Government which teas draining the Isthmus had November 28 that year—the anniversarv of independence from Spain of its resources. In the early years, the valuable geographical 82 years earlier— as the date on which position the Isthmus became the yoke that tied it to gold of the new Republic would be proclaimed. hungry conquistadors. Later, that position became one of the Though 82 \ears apart, the two Isthmus' most valuable assets for independence. independence movements show inter- esting similarities. Both were carried out without discontent over the lack of benefits to Isthmians from their coun- try's privileged geographical position; both were helped bv fortunate breaks that assured swift success when every- one despaired; both were affirmed bv municipal councils. ->^^,. The Nineteenth Century was still \ oung when the winds of liberty reached the Isthmus from the south. "This important Isthmus of Panama debased, be- A-;*' was a degraded colonx', reaved of representative government, of civil libertv, of political rights," the late Mariano Arosemena, a signer of the 1821 Declaration of Independence, once related. Sealed To Trade

"Despite its immense importance for

communication between the oceans, it was hermetically sealed to trade and to foreign contact. As vassals of the King

i)f Spain, we Isthmians lived miserably," he said. "Other Spanish colonies in the Amer- icas had revolted, but the Isthmus, though longing to become independent, could not possibly do so. His Catholic Majesty kept this post of military strat- eg\' bristling with bavonets and besides

had made it the obligatory route for the war expeditions to Ecuador, Chile and Peru and for replacements of naval casualties, as well as of naval supplies, armaments, munitions, equipment and all that was required to suppl\- his armies in the armed conflict between the government of the metropolis and the countries under its domination in the new world, which had rebelled against it." FREEDOM FROM SPAIN and voluntary union with the Gran Colombia Federation was The first step for independence, declared in this colonial town hall in Panama City on November 28, 1821. The town (See p. 6) meeting, called by the Citv Council, brought to an end 300 years of Spanish rule.

The Panama Canal Review DURING the War of the Thousand Days which was draining the Isthmus of men and resources, a detachment of Colombian Govern- ment troops prepares to enter Colon. It was led by Commandant Esteban Huertas, immediately behind the handle of the machine gun to the left. According to Panamanian historians, Dr. Ricardo J. Alfaro and Ruben D. Carles, the photo was taken late in 1901. The U.S. flags at the top of the buildings indicate that the establishments were neutral in the conflict. The civil war was a leading contributor to ^ Panamanian independence in 1903.

(Continued from p. 5) There was an important difference, Liberals and Conservatives, the War according to Arosemena, was the found- however, between the Los Santos and of the Thousand Davs, had spread to ing in Panama Citv of a weekly newspa- Panama City declarations. The former the Isthmus, draining it of blood and per—Isthmian Miscellany—"through called for a republican regime; the resources. which we openly fought absolute rule, latter provided for voluntarv union with —Worse vet from the Isthmians* stand- lack of civil and political liberties, bad the Gran Colombia Federation that the point, the Colombian Government was and depressive colonial laws, and the "Liberator," Simon Bolivar, had forged preparing to reject a treatv with the ." from the South American colonies he abominable slave traffic. . . United States for the construction of an had freed. interoceanic waterwav across Panama. Spanish Force The Panama Citv declaration pre- The break in 1821 came when a vailed and the Isthmus thus joined The Coup Spanish expeditionars' force set out neighboring Colombia, bringing to an The actual plans for independence from Panama for Ecuador. With the end 3 centuries of Spanish rule. in 1903 began around the month of Spanish garrison depleted, the planners Within a decade, however, the Gran June. A telegram signed by more than in Panama Citv moved quicklv. A Colombia Federation had broken up, 2,000 residents of the Isthmus was dis- fund was raised to bribe the remaining but Panama remained as a department patched to the Colombian Government troops. Spanish (state) of Colombia which had now be- in Bogota, warning of "anti-patriotic The independence fever had spread come New Granada. Isthmians, alread\ sentiments" if the treaty was rejected. to the interior of the colonv and on regretting their union with Colombia, B\ October, the revolutionists had set November 10, 1821, the Municipal chafed at the bit. Independence at- November 28 for the coup in order to Council of Los Santos adopted a Decla- tempts actually were carried out, though have it coincide with the anniversary ration of Independence from Spain. The with little permanent success, in 1830, of independence from Spain. anniversary of this first cr\' for inde- 1831, 1840, and 1861. But at daybreak on November 3, word pendence on the Isthmus is observed Fed Up reached Panama Citv that a Colombian as a national holiday in the Republic cruiser had anchored off Colon and 500 and is the first, chronologicallv speak- By the turn of the centur\-, Isthmians ing, of the independence holida\s falling were thoroughh- fed up with conditions troops had disembarked to take over in November. and genuinely concerned about their the Isthmian garrison. The Los Santos' declaration embold- future. Construction of an interoceanic That was what precipitated the ened the leaders in Panama Citv and on canal across the Isthmus had become a events. For the men in Panama had November 28— the dav after the last of definite possibilitv, but: learned that the Colombian Govern- the remaining Spanish soldiers had quit —The millions collected from the ment, aware of the move for independ- the garrison— the Citv Council called a Panama Railroad had vanished to Co- ence, had decided to send a large armed town meeting at which independence lombia without benefit to the Isthmus force to the Isthmus to replace the Co- was proclaimed. —A Colombian civil war between lombian battalion that had been on

6 November 1969 dut\- on the Isthmus for many years. In January, 1903, he married a Pan- While the alarmed schemers in Pan- amanian girl in Panama City and his • ama Citv rushed about to consolidate onl\' son from this marriage was born in their plans, Panama Railroad officials October—both of which circumstances denied passage by train to the Colom- were to weigh heavilv on his decision bian troops which were forced to remain of November 3. in Colon. For weeks prior to the coup, the Pan- amanian patriots—his bovhood friends- Gen. Esteban Huertas Break The had been sounding out Huertas for sup- It was around 5;45 p.m., November The commanders, however, decided port, but he had not committed himself. 3, when Huertas made his move. The to travel to Panama City immediately, When the Colombian generals ar- populace, already gathered in Santa with or without their troops. That was rived in Panama Citv and Huertas' Ana Plaza—the traditional ralh ing point to pro\e the break in 190.3. removal from command—and probabh' of Panamanians—began advancing on The Colombian expeditionary force his imprisonment for not having moved Las Bovedas. Huertas ordered his men was commanded by Generalissimo Juan against the plotters sooner—appeared to to rest arms and the civilians entered B. To\ar and a staff of six general of- be a matter of hours, Huertas knew his the garrison to arm themselves. ficers. At 11 o'clock that morning, they , moment of truth had come. were received with military honors at He himself related in his memoirs Chinese Shopkeeper Citv train station. the Panama that decisive moment: The Colombian warship Bogota, an- With the populace sensing that the chored in the ba\', fired three shells into hour to do or die was approaching, the Ample Reason the citv in a parting gesture of defiance. dav's kev man made his decision and I the walls of "Alone, walked to Las The sole casualtv was a Chinese shop- his move. Bovedas (the colonial seawall fortress keeper. He was General Esteban Huertas, that served as his headquarters) and As in 1821, the Citv Council made commander of the Colombian garrison with only my conscience as witness, I the formal proclamation of independ- in Panama. He was a self-made man began to reflect. I realized that the ence, which was ratified the following Born in Colombia in 1876, he had been Panamanian people were right and had da\' at a town meeting. placed by his parents in a seminary at ample reason for wanting freedom and There remained the threat of resist- the age of 8 to studN' for the priesthood. independence. ance by the 500 troops who had landed But at 14 he ran awav and joined the "I remembered that here 1 had my in Colon. All day on the 4th, Col. Eliseo armv as a drummer. He was first as- home, my son, my best friends, and Torres, in command of the troops in signed to Panama in 1890 as a sergeant Colon, had been demanding the return that I had come to this land while still drummer. of the imprisoned generals. He had de- verv \'oung. I remembered also that Here he befriended bo\s of his age ploved his forces in the Atlantic side without social or who as men were to be among the lead- all the Panamanians, cit\- and had threatened to open fire on of the independence plot in 1903. partv distinction, had shown me sincere ers the civilian population. affection from the moment I stepped Gallantry on Isthmian soil. And I arrived at the U.S. Warship Huertas' first tour of dutv in Panama conclusion that neither my sword nor But the arrival of the U.S.S. Nashville \ears. transferred to lasted 4 He was m\ men could stain themselves with the off Colon with orders to keep the Isth- reassigned Colombia and when he was blood of a generous people who had mus open to traffic proved the final break to the Isthmus in 1896 already had given me their friendship and who no\\' the patriots needed, even as prepara- won a lieutenant's commission. The asked mv help to achieve their free- tions were being made in the capital outbreak of the blood\' civil war in 1899 to send an armed force to Colon. dom. . . . When I walked down from found him an artillery captain. His gal- presence of the warship is be- Las Bovedas, I had already- planned all The lantr\' in action in some of the 35 com- lieved to have influenced the decision that 1 would do about an hour later." bats in which he fought— 15 of them bv the commanding officer of the Co- Huertas assembled his officers, told at sea— won him quick promotions and lombian vessel that had brought the them of his decision and, having re- b\- 1902-at age 26-he held the rank troops to Colon to weigh anchor and ceived assurances of their loyalty to of general and was in command of the head back for Colombia, leaving the him, ordered the arrest of the restless Batallon Colombia, garrisoned in Pan- troops ashore. Colombian generals who already had ama Cit\'. He had lost his right hand in Realizing his now desperate position. come into Las Bovedas to remove combat, had been wounded four other Col. Torres finallv vielded to the propo- Huertas from command and order the times, and had been decorated five times sal bv leaders of the conspiracy to take for valor and heroism, troops out. his men back to Colombia aboard the steamship Orinoco upon receipt of 8,000 U.S.S. Nashville pesos in gold with which to pay the troops, the generals to follow in a short time. The steamship Orinoco, with the Colombian battalion on board, sailed from Colon at 7;25 p.m., November 5. "Only now, at 6:30 p.m.," read a telegram from the leaders of the inde- pendence movement in Colon to the newlv established Government Junta in Panama City, "can it be said that Panama's independence is assured." "Section I"

Flea Market and

Metals Mine

By Willie K. Friar stantly changing stock of surplus or "HANDS OFF, please. These are our junked items collected from Canal and files. They are not for sale." military sources. Such signs as this are a necessit\ in Section I is actually the Storehouse the Excess Disposal Unit of the Panama Unit for supplying paints, acids, limes, Canal's Storehouse Division as enthu- fiberboard and other new building ma- siastic customers bent on the search for terials. The Excess Disposal Unit and ABOVE: Margit L. Csighy, acting bargains try to buv ever\ thing in the the Scrap and Salvage Unit are sep- disposal manager, shows now surplus building, e\en to the chairs arate, but customers have labeled bowling pins can be glued together and benches the and reiinished to make a room divider. used b\ the office employees. whole operation Section I because that Miss Margit L. Csigh\-, acting dis- appears in large letters on the building. posal manager, is no longer suiprised BELOW: Mrs. Joseph Casey of An- Bargains to look up from her desk and find con, a regular customer, searches an avid Prices are low and there are through a pile of insulators for the bargain seeker opening and closing bargains right one to adapt for use in her home. the door to the office refrigerator and to be had whether one is looking for asking, "How much?" a marine clock or a weather balloon, Located on Diablo Road, in a large bowling pins or junked jeeps. BELOW RIGHT: Michael N. Ste- warehouse to phenson, left, of Gatun, and Dr. Mel- known e\er\one as Sec- Hundreds of used library books sell vin Ottis, of Ancon, look for parts for tion I, the E.xcess Disposal Unit is the steadih' at 10 cents each, and brand- the Army jeeps they are rebuilding. Canal Zone's "flea market" with a con- (See p. 10)

November 1969 ABOVE: The base for this table lamp is Mrs. William Tope is a familiar shopper around "Section I." She and her husband. a filter from a diesel engine which has been Brig. Gen. William A. Tope, director of J-5, U.S. Southern Command, have used covered with a layer of tan straw matting. the surplus items she bought there to make interesting decorative lamps, tables, and other useful articles for their quarters at Quarry Heights. Above, Mrs. Tope displays portable bar made from a mop cart. Below, she explains how she turned diesel filters, which sell for 50 cents, into Danish style hanging lamps by using hooks made from coat hangers and inexpensive chain, and then spraying all with gold paint. Other attractive and practical items which she and General Tope made in their spare time, to add a more homelike atmosphere to their military quarters, are shown at left.

BELOW: This filing cabinet support, was transformed into an oriental type table by simply adding heavy wire mesh to the top.

The Panama Canal Review SECTION I is actually the Storehouse unit for supplying paints, acids, limes, fiberboard, and other new building materials. Here workmen unload lum- ber at the warehouse on Diablo Road.

(Continued from p. 8) home and when he started outside to floors. In the scrap and salvage business new filing drawers, the 6 inches wide play with it, discovered to his disma\ nothing is wasted. Once a year these variety, are available for onh' 50 cents. that there was no way to get it down the barrels of nonferrous metals are put up Bowling pins go for 25 cents each. stairs without letting out the air. for worldwide bids. What do people do with all these A group of Girl Scouts used one to At another site in the things? yard, an elec- Miss Csighv often wonders mark the site of their summer camp. trical cable stripper rips open the lead about some of the items, but customers With new, strange, and unusual sur- covering of discarded have cable and out reported that bowling pins make plus and damaged merchandise coming pops long ribbons of shiny copper wire. excellent lamps and with a little sand- in all the time, there are regular cus- Here, also, a baling machine is hard ing, glue, and paint can be made into at tomers who come by often just to see work room dividers. pressing mounds of metal drums, what is new. These include men and doors, and an assortment of bulk\- items boys who have bought the bodies of Transformation into small square bales. junked jeeps, which sell for Large, heavy coil springs $40 each, have been High above the work area in the seat and are constanth- looking for the turned into candle holders, parts the filing of a giant crane equipped with a the\' need to reconstruct the vehicles SK-ton drawers into receptacles for dress pat- magnet, Leavell Kelly, leader, and put them back in working condition. operat- terns, color slides, music tapes, and ing engineer, pushes levers and lifts plants. Discarded light fixture covers Dashes In different sizes of scrap pieces and places have been bought for bird baths and One jeep rebuilder, Dr. Melvin Ottis, them in the right bins. A scale built feeders, and glass window louvres for of the Gorgas Hospital Opthalmologv into the crane weighs the loads. shelves. Service, dashes in frequentlv, straight Military ammunition boxes are always Pigs and Ingots from work at the hospital. He's often in demand to be used as tool or shoe Salvaged bolts and nuts seen, still in his white uniform, are separated polishing search- kits, and not even the most according to size and are sold ing in the scrap for that particular part by the ancient and delapidated chair sta\s long ton. Stacked he needs at the moment. in a shelter are neat rows on the floor before it is claimed and of "pigs," silver colored bars Outside the building is the yard of formed restored with tender care. b\- melting the Scrap and Salvage Unit with down various items made •Carts masses designed for carrving mops, of lead. Articles made of of scrap metal which to the untrained aluminum are buckets of water, disinfectant, and de- melted into ingots, eye appear to be "junk piles." which are about tergent for cleaning hospital floors, give one third Those piles of the size of a lead pig. no "junk" are veritable hint of their past use when, with The most valuable metal metal mines providing a valuable stock processed only slight alterations and refinishing, here is monel, a combination of of reclaimed iron and steel, and on copper the\ turn up in as homes portable bars. and nickel selling currently for 61 centi^ closer inspection it is easy to under- Filters for diesel engines have been a stand why John McConaghy, pound. About 1,000 pounds of this transformed J. foreman into Danish st\ le hanging highly prized metal are salvaged, of the Scrap and Salvage Unit, refers pro- lights and bases for small tables. Elec- cessed, and sold to the yard as a metals supermarket. annualh'. trical insulators ha\e been made into Both the Scrap ' "Here the metals are separated, and Salvage Unit water fountauis classi- for gardens. and the Excess Disposal Unit provide fied, priced, and placed in bins for sale a \\orthwhile and remunerative service Popular Item in much the same way as products aie put for the Canal organization, the Naw, Surplus weather balloons, which are on the shelves in the retail stores," Mr. Army, and Air Force through the pro- turned in by the military from time to McConaghy explains. cessing, reclaiming, salvaging, and sell- time, are a surprisingly popular item. Ferrous Metals ing of items and materials that, other- SixtN sold recently in less than a week. wise, would be not onlv a total The customers, for the most Each bin contains a different size loss part, were but ahd type of would litter the landscape. children, and one little bo\' spent an scrap metal classified for And it is only incidental that in the entire week blowing up the' 6-foot customers' convenience. Most of these bal- process loon they provide a happv hunting and then hung it from the chande- ferrous metals are sold to Panama. ground for the lier treasure hunter or an- in his room where it ser\'ed as a In another building are barrels filled tique rather collector and stimulate the imagi- bulk)' partition to separate his with small bits of nonferrous metals nation of those who just v\ant bed from that of to make his younger brother. Lifting the top on one reveals bright something unusual out of something Another youngster, with much effort, brass scrapings salvaged from the ordinary or inflated something ordinary out of his on the second floor of his sweepings of Canal Zone machine shop something unusual.

10 November 1969 cabl^sirlf^il^

40 » * 4» • « «

The Surplus and Salvage Yard

ABOVE LEFT: John J. McConaghy, left, foreman, Scrap and Salvage Yard, looks on as Esau Young, center, foreman non- ferrous metals, and Telmo Gonzalez, right, burner, operate the cable stripping machine in the yard. ABOVE RIGHT: The baling machine presses a large pile of bulky scrap into a compact cube in one quick operation. LOWER LEFT: Clarence Markland, scrap sorter, looking like a space traveler in his protective helmet, melts down aluminum and molds it into ingots. The aluminum ingots, some still in the molds, are seen behind him. LOWER RIGHT: Leavell F. Kellv, leader, operating engineer, sorts scrap using a crane equipped with a 3V2-ton magnet.

The Panama Canal Review 11 A SUBTLE WAR AGAINST THE ELUSIVE MASONIA

xMOSQUlTO COUNTRY-The Chagres River near Gamboa.

"Mosquitoes: Flying insects with Canal Zone and lives in close associa- came to the forefront as the result of an a damnably poisonous bite, which tion with various aquatic plants around epidemic in 1967 of Venezuela Equine every one except hotel managers the shores of Gatun Lake, especially in Encephalitis in the vicinity of Cali, Co- has seen, heard, or suffered from." the Chagres River near Gamboa. lombia. Many horses died and some Successful at controlling Wanderings and Diversions: \ellow fever humans became ill. In Panama, most and The Continental Dictionary. malaria species in the Canal Zone horses are immune to the disease. and in many places in Panama, mos- Investigations led to the Mansonia WITHOUT THE for even quito NEED a fighters are being met with new mosquitoes as the responsible carriers smidgen of proof, it can be said for problems in the battle against Mansonia. during this outbreak, giving even greater certain that everybod\- on the Isthmus The best type of mosquito control is emphasis to the present studies being of Panama has seen, heard, or suffered that which attacks the immature forms made by the Division of Sanitation. from the mosquitoes—including hotel before they reach adulthood. This has managers. Voracious Pest been accomplished in the past h\ apply- But what to do about them? Give up ing a to.xic dust or suffocation oil to the Mansonia became the target of Canal and give the spindly legged devils their surface of the water where most mos- Zone mosquito fighters in the earlv bucket of blood? Fight them with I960's. slaps quito larvae and pupae must go for air. The mission was to devise a and spray? Or follow in the footsteps But immature Mansonia do not go naturalistic method of controlling the of one of the most famous mosquito to the surface to breathe. Instead, the\ voracious pest insects which breed bv battlers of all time-Col. William C. remain several inches to more than a the millions in the Chagres River. Gorgas-and fight the mosquito on his foot below the water's surface attached Natural control got off to a disappoint- home ground? to the aerated roots of floating aquatic ing start when an experiment using ten During the early Panama Canal con- plants. manatees or "sea cows" to gobble up struction da\s, Colonel Gorgas and his plants supporting Mansonia mosquitoes Special staff won the war over Aedes aeg^pti. Tubes failed. the yellow fever mosquito, with his These creatures have special breath- The manatees could not eat the pro- ing army of sanitation workers. And he all tubes which they can insert into liferous aquatic vegetation fast enough. but conquered the Anopheles malaria the oxygen-rich centers of the hollow It was estimated that up to 2,000 of the mosquitoes. plant roots. Here they remain attached curious looking sea cows would have But there lurked in the dark, damp for a month or more feeding on micro- been required to do the job— an unreal- of the jungle another clan-one of organisms and decayed plant tissue istic number. the most voracious yet discovered—the until their development to the adult Not willing to declare the mosquitoes Mansonia. stage. the winners, in June 1968, Melvin M. Mansonia mosquitoes had been con Boreham, the Canal Zone Most Common medical en- sidered primarily- of pest importance tomologist, submitted a proposal to the This group comprises the most com until recently. Health Bureau to carry out a research mon of the mosquito species in the The importance of these mosquitoes project to find out the basic biological

12 November 1969 LEFT: Mass of about 200 eggs on float of a water primrose plant. CENTER: Mansonia larva attached to water lettuce root to obtain air from hollow interior. RIGHT: Arrow points to scar on the ovarian follicle tube of a Mansonia mosquito.

T -«' information necessar)' for the develop- ment of an effective Mansonia control program. The same month, Health Di- rector Col. H. Haskel Ziperman gave his full support to the project.

Little Know At the outset of the investigations, ver\' little of a biological nature was known about the Mansonia in the Canal Zone region. Some of the questions which needed to be answered were: Which plants were utilized b\' each of the seven dif- ferent species of Mansonia? How long do the immature forms take to develop into adults? How long does the adult female live and how many times does she lav eggs? How far below the surface do the larvae attach to the plant roots? A bit of intrigue has entered the mosquito investigations. A new species of Mansonia never before known to MANSONIA TEAM— .4fter setting up Mosquito collection tent in the damp jungle near of the Mansonia research team pose for the photographer. From science was discovered in Julv 1968 Gamboa, three members left are: Pastor Ghave/,, MeK in \f. Btircliam. aiul Inocencio Leguia. living in the Chagres River. While collecting larvae near Gamboa, immature mosquitoes were obtained which could not be identified. More of them were collected and raised to maturits". Boreham took the samples to the Universitv of California where Dr John N. Belkin, a world famous mos- COLLECTORS- quito expert, confirmed that the species Inocencio Leguia holds was indeed new. a cage over the head Mosquito Leber of Pastor Chavez who A technical description is now being written b\ Boreham and a scientific collects mosquitoes

illustrator is finishing drawings. The with a battery- description will be published in an en- tomological journal in the near future. powered vacuum The new species will be named in honor device. of Canal Zone Governor W. P. Leber The front line in this war agains'

mosquitoes is the Chagres River, fron^ Gamboa to the Chilibre River. Without the Chagres and its inex- haustible water supply the Panama Ca-

(See p. 14)

The Panama Canal RE\aEW 13 LEFT: Mel Boreham points to a photo enlargement of Mansonia larva.

BELOW: Luis Palma examines insects at Gamboa laboratory, and Miss Rhoda Gordon carefully dissects a female Mansonia mosquito. (Continued from p. 13) days before the adult is read\- to emerge. nal would not have been possible. But Most other mosquitoes need onlv a week it has always been a giant insect incu- or so for this development.

bator, and human habitation along its Another phase of the stud\- is to find shores is, to say the least, uncomfortable. out how long the female mosquito li\es

Research activities are carried out at in nature and how man\ times she is the main Medical Entomologv Labo- capable of la\ ing eggs. ratory at Coco Solo Hospital and at a Dr. Lewis T. Nielsen, a mosquito small field laboratory located in the expert from the University of Utah, Gamboa Health Center. came to the Canal Zone in Decembei 1968 as a consultant to the Mansonia Three Aides project. He and Boreham developed a Boreham has three biological aides technique involving the dissection of to assist him plus a student assistant the female mosquito to examine the during the summer. Pastor Chavez and ovary tissue for scars left bv previous Inocencio Leguia are stationed at the egg Ia\ings. main laboratory while Luis Palma works Each time eggs are developed, a at the Gamboa facilitv. Michael King scar forms on the small tubes through worked as a student assistant during the which the eggs must pass. B\- examin- summer of 1968 and Rhoda Gordon ing these tubes under a powerful micro- worked last summer. scope these scars can be counted making Twice a week Boreham and some of it possible to estimate the approximate his aides make field trips along the Cha- age of the mosquito. gres collecting live adult mosquitoes and lar\'ae. On arrival at one of the 1,400 Mosquitoes several collection sites, temperature and Miss Gordon dissected approximatelv humidity readings are made and a re- 1,400 mosquitoes last summer and cording thermograph is checked. found that Mansonia mosquitoes were Xewly emerged adult mosquitoes are capable of laying eggs at least two collected from cage-like traps which and possibly three times during their had been placed over the aquatic plants lifetime. on the previous trip. A batterv-powered The female mosquito feeds on blood vacuum device is used to suck the mos- only to provide food for her eggs. Af- quitoes into a small screened container ter her blood meal, she rests in the at its tip. vegetation and develops the eggs. She At one point the men walk into the then lays them on the leaves of aquatic together with the Dredging Divison's jungle and allow hungry Mansonia fe- plants in masses of up to 200 or more. Water Hyacinth Control people who males to attack. The vacuum device is These hatch in about a week to start are interested in controlling manv of the used to capture the mosquitoes-hope- the cycle again. same plants which support Mansonia fuIK- before they have a chance to bite The basic Mansonia project breeding." the collectors. is ex- pected to be completed Mel Boreham and his team of mos- All of the b\- the end of specimens are taken to quito 1970. But then what? Will Mansonia fighters may never attain the the main laboratory for identification ever romantic aura that historv gave to and rearing. be controlled? Gorgas and his men, but thousands of Boreham thinks control is possible. Technique aiea residents— U.S. and Panamanian;, "New insecticides continue to be alike-will owe a debt of gratitude to A laboratory technique has been developed along with more effective them if a successful control method can developed b\- the entomologist so that methods of application, most of which found. larvae be hatched from eggs collected in haven't been tried on Mansonia mos- Manufacturers the wild can of insect repellent, and be reared to adults. It has quitoes," he said. the been found insects, mav be the onl\ losers. that it takes from 2.5 to 40 "It's also possible that we can work -L.R.G.

14 November 1969 =ANNIVERSARIES= (On the basis of total Federal Service)

ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES Ralph G. Small Frank J. Brennan DIVISION Carpenter Leader, Flame Cutter, Scrap Alfred C. Blackman George L. Smith Donald P. Peart Truck Driver (Heavy) Launch Dispatcher Bindery and Finish Worker Seymour A. Price Marcell Aldegon MARINE BUREAU Painter Teletypist Ronald A. Archbold Lloyd A. Gilkes Ruben A. Padmore Leader Seaman Line Handler (Deckhand) Marine Traffic Clerk William B. Davis M. de J. Chiquilani TRANSPORTATION AND TERMINALS Helper Lock Operator Painter BUREAU F. Meehan SUPPLY AND COMMUNITY John Percival A. Shan Pilot SERm;E BUREAU Truck Driver George J. Booth Clifton O. Bailey Alexander A^JIoller Safety Officer Chauffeur Lead FQ||m|n, trouiJSs #lain%n%ice Herbert A. Greene, Jr. Rupert L. Bovell Egj^pal^ Cfceral Admeasurer Maintenanceman (Dock) ENGI ION Cleveland A. Dennis Carl E. Jordan Toolroom Attendant Messenger (Motor Vehicle Operator) Joseph E. Jones Donald C. Parker Nathaniel Al Carpenter General Foreman (Fuel Operations) Leader Seaman Lucas Scott Rupert G. Lindsay Joseph C. Stair Motor Launch Operator Truck Driver Carpenter Claude E. Burgess Conrad A. Williams Edwards Charles Time and Leave Clerk Mobile Equipment Mechanic Motor Launch Operator Alfred L. Springer (Organizational) Reginald H. Lloyd Towing Locomotive A. Parkins Painter John A. Bowen der (High Pressure) Jocelyn DeCosta Time and Leave Clerl ordan Supply Clerk Vincent D. Ridge endant Richard Stephens B. Foreman-Marine Woodwork Oiler (Floating Plant) Drvdocking HEALTH BUREAU Ralph Curies lony Kenneth A. Brathwaite Master-in Charge, Ti X-Ray F"ilm Developer Eugene E. Hamlin, Jr. rown Eathon G. D. Bruce Supervisory Admeasui Handling Equipment Nursing Assistant (Psychiatry) Juan Magan Repairman Linehandler Reynolds M. Dixon George T. Fitzgerald School Bus Driver ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES Chief Engineer, Towboat Pablo Brown DIVISION Angel M. Sanchez School Bus Driver Lionel D. Best Boatman (Locks) Albert Elliott Leader, Duplicating Machine Operator Lackland A. Manning Chauffeur

Harold I. Perantie Oiler (Floating Plant) Georee Layne Office Services Manager Aubrey R. Sealey Chauffeur Chief, Administrative Services Division Motor Launch Operator Alexander Melbourne OFFICE OF THE COMPTROLLER Casimiro Palacios Chauffeur Oiler /Floating Plant) Ignacio M. Grant John Montanye Erirk H. Henry Truck Driver Systems Accountant Motor Launch Operator Rodolfo Z. Wilson Elmer Nordstrom J. Bvon A. Morcan Chauffeur Rates Anal)'st L'nehan'^ler 'Deckhand) Theodore A. Lewis Hugh W. Cassibry Manifold Operator Dominco Rodrieuez Liquid Fuels Valve Rates Analyst Manuel Muiioz R. Seaman (Launch) J. Ira N. C. Read (Painter (Coach) Virpilio Sanchez Accounting Technician Fauslino Garrido Truck Driver Laborer (Heavy) PERSONNEL BUREAU Joseph E. Best Fred L. Rayboum Robert D. Kelly Hookman (Heavy) Crane General Foreman, Automotive Employee Relations Clerk Marcelino F. Goumet Equipment Repair MARINE BUREAU Crane Hookman (Heavy) Cleophus A. Parris Winston E. DaCosta Charles R. Klumpp Motor Vehicle Dispatcher Motor Launch Operator Towing Locomotive Operator (Locks) Louis B. McGoff Agustin C. Gibbs Pablo Ceballos Supervisory Cargo Checking Assistant Leader Seaman Carpenter Gomett H. Hartley Laureano Torres Kasper G. Alleyne Supervisory Clerk Helper, Lock Operator Boilermaker (Maintenance) (See p. 30)

The Panama Canal Review 15 ^-!^>

^

A RADAR image of the Canal Zone shows the Pacific entrance to the Canal at far right. RADAR IMAGERY THE ma?ma;

By Jean Bailey The mosaic corrected alignment of FOR YEARS, the constant cloud cover major river valleys, and depicted the and smoke haze over parts of Panama coastline, one river and a peninsula with and Colombia have defeated aerial greater accuracv. are MOUNTAINS photographers trying to get the photo Further investigation disclosed that coverage necessary for modern topo- some information on vegetation tvpes, discovered, rivers graphic maps. water supply, geology, and other natu- Now, a new technique. Side Looking ral resources data could be interpreted and coastlines realigned, Airborne Radar (SLAR), is being used from the new product. through the efforts of the U.S. Armv In- Radar imagery is a record of the and natural resources are ter American Geodetic Survev (JAGS). interaction of electromagnetic waves This SLAR process results transmitted to earth and received in indentified by the new in what ap- pears to be an aerial photograph, but nonuniform radar return. The natural actually is radar surfaces of the terrain break up the technique of Side Looking imagerv. The eternallv cloud-covered swamp- radar scan of overlapping strips. The lands and mountains moisture content of soil and plant life, Airborne Radar—or SLAR of Darien Province in the Republic of Panama were se- the degree of vegetation and its surface lected as the site of the first radar map- contour all afi^ect the radar return. for short. Its results turn ping effort in Latin America. Earlv Electro Beams in 1967, Westinghouse Electric Corp!, into radar imagery. SLAR To map in detail. Side Looking Air- working with lAGS, the U.S. Arm\' borne Radar scans in overlapping strips. Topographic Command, and the In- can see through clouds and A converter aboard the airplane changes stitute Geografico Nacional "Tommv the radar signals into electro beams, Guardia" of Panama, obtained a radar pinpoint geographic sites which flash across a displa\' cathode-rav mosaic of this important area, which tube. A special camera records each line is adjacent to one of the proposed sites never before recorded. on moving film to produce an image for a new sea level canal. which resembles a photograph. Although the preparation and ground- Bodies of water are verv "photogenic" work took much longer, the actual liv- on Side Looking Radar. Thev are well ing time on this project was onlv 6 davs. defined, "no return" areas due to their The end result showed some significant smooth horizontal surfaces. Water re- errors in earlier maps. flects the radar beam smoothly while Off 90 Degrees banks and swampv vegetation cause

For instance, it was found that a the beam to rebound and produce a short mountain range had been mis- sharp edge. alined about 90° and, in two locations, As in all mapping operations, me- mountains hitherto unrecorded now chanically obtained data must be related could be plotted. to known locations on the earth's sur-

16 November 1969 *»J'^ '.'^j:f>''. y^^^t

r^i^^^^' ^ -Pa ^==«3f=:„ '^Sk^

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face. Aluminum radar reflectors, each one consisting of a cluster of four corner reflectors measuring 55 feet on a side and 3.9 feet high, were used to posi- tion the aircraft. Each reflector of each cluster gave coverage of 60° in the azi- muth plane and from 15° to 75° in the elevation plane. During the work on the Darien, lAGS was responsible for clearing and erect- ing these reflectors on existing geodetic control stations located throughout the area. This involved clearing the jungle growth around each station to provide line of sight visibility to the aircraft. Where trees were taller than 25 feet, a circular area of 360 feet in diameter had to be cleared around each reflector. THE SUN shines uii Gamboa, but clouds cover Caillard Cut and Gatun Lake. Fog and clouds are common during much of the rainy season and prevent aerial photography. By Cayuco Manv of the stations could onlv be reached on foot after travehng the waterwa\s b\' ca\uco. Wherever pos- sible, helicopters from the lAGS Avia- tion Element were used to haul the reflectors and personnel. As a direct result of the success of the Darien radar mosaic, Westinghouse was asked to undertake making radar mosaics of the other "gap" areas in the Panama photo coverage plus Pacific coastal area of Colombia. This has now been completed with most of the prac- tical groundwork being performed b\- members of the Instituto Geografico f UZJ Nacional "Tommy Guardia" of Panama and the Instituto Geografico "Agustin Codazzi" of Colombia. At last, after \ears of tr^•ing to over- come the obstacle of continuous cloud cover, mapmakers have a new tool which literally cuts through the fog.

Mrs. Jean Bailey is the technical information officer for the Army A MOSAIC is put together by Jose M. Saenz, left, director of the National Geographical Inter American Geodetic Survey. Institute of Panama, and George Richardson, lAGS project engineer.

The Panama Canal Review 17 CANAL COMMERCIAL TRAtTIC BY NATIONALITY OF VESSELS going south, every weekend during the PRINCIPAL COMMODITIES SHIPPED THROUGH THE CANAL entire year. These vessels stop at Balboa (All cargo figures in long tons) on each trip. Pacific to Atlantic

Largest In World First Quarter, Fiscal Year France, the largest passenger ship The Commodity 5-Yr. Avg. 1970 1969 in the world in active service, will arrive 1961-65 at Cristobal February 3 on a Caribbean Ores, various 1,214,546 1,231,354 282,514 starts in New York. Ap- cruise which Boards and planks 748,327 806,677 N.A. pro.ximately 1,500 passengers will be Sugar 735,529 741,682 693,908 making the cruise aboard this magnifi- Iron and steel plates, sheets 689,053 820,697 N.A. cent ship. On March 2, the Renaissance, and coils Petroleum and products 534,979 150,126 490,599 another French liner, is due to call at Iron and steel manufactures, 300 pas- Cristobal with approximately miscellaneous 371,343 315,711 N.A. sengers on a Caribbean cruise. The Re- Metals, various 369,575 329,865 274,741 naissance will stop at the San Bias Is- Bananas 303,068 296,801 274,753 Food in refrigeration lands for a visit. (excluding bananas) 291,200 274,150 196,404 two largest passenger liners, Italy's Fishmeal 288,192 414,055 N.A. the Michelangelo and the Rafaello of Pulpwood 278,237 282,618 130,271 the Italian Lines, both of 45,000 tons, Plywood and veneers 260,527 208,441 N.A. 242,136 86,530 N.A. will be coming to the Isthmus. The Petroleum coke Salt 233,872 65,351 N.A. Michelangelo is due to arrive at Cris- Iron and steel wire, bars, and rods. 174,657 146,094 N.A. Caribbean cruise tobal February 7, on a All others 2,989,886 2,658,063 5,000,241 originating at New York. The Raffaello, Total- 9,725,127 8,828,215 7,343,431 on a similar voyage, will arrive at Cris- tobal April 2 and plans to stop at the San Bias Islands for several hours. She Atlantic to Pacific will be the largest passenger liner ever First Quarter, Fiscal Year to stop at the islands. Commodity 5-Yr. Avg. 1970 1969 First Time 1961-65 Italian Lines' Leonardo Da Vinci of Coal and coke 4,837,780 3,544,096 1,521,383 33,000 tons will transit the Canal for Petroleum and products 3,826,069 4,199,180 2,848,139 first March 8, southbound, on the time Com 1,199,726 736,428 299,197 a Caribbean cruise and Pacific voyage. Phosphates 963,716 1,225,062 497,992 She will return to the Isthmus March Metal, scrap 932,041 704,733 812,008 653,914 556,250 N.A. 30 and berth at Balboa and transit Sorghum Soybeans 548,990 486,988 279,937 the Canal the following day, continu- Ores, various 517,309 397,495 70,671 through the Caribbean on her re- ing Sugar 506,271 262,432 367,986 48,694 turn to New York, where all Italian Metal, iron 258,322 373,884 28,632 ciniise ships begin and end their trips Rice 238,662 149,353 227,763 161,048 161,332 this season. Chemicals, unclassified Paper and paper products 225,808 227,5.36 108,532 Andrews & Co. has announced that Fertilizers, unclassified 163,660 123,103 103,381 is to the Empress of Canada scheduled Autos, trucks, accessories, and parts_ 155,868 141,227 72,861 make two stops at Cristobal this season All others 2,846,387 3,117,337 2,205,883 as part of its winter cruise. The Empress Total 18,102,286 16,406,152 9,426.628 will dock at Cristobal on February 24 and again on March 19. TRANSITS - COMMERCIAL AND U.S. GOVERNMENT Shota Rusfaveli, a Russian liner, is CANAL due at Cristobal December 3 and Feb- ruary 9, on cruises organized by an English company. Aranda of the Shaw Saville Lines is coming to Balboa November 25 and will transit the Canal the following day and continue on her regular voyage from Australia to the United Kingdom. The Southern Cross, also of Shaw Saville, will make the same voyage and arrive at Balboa November 26. Other cruise ships, represented locally bv Pacific Ford, S.A., are the Stella Oceanis, which will dock at Cristobal on Decembei' 30, and depart on a Car- ibbean Cruise 28 hours later. On Jan uary 20, 1970, and on February 10, this

(See p. 29) Culinary Capers

By Fannie P. Hernandez The culinar\' habits of Panama have of sweet sausages cooked in Malaga THAXKSGIVIXG, the day we give been shaped bv the fruits, vegetables, wine, pejibaye— the red or yellow fruit thanks for the man\' blessings of the and herbs native to the country, the that grows in clusters on a palm tree— past year, is just around the corner. In abundance of fish, and local animals or the favorite of favorities, seviche, many homes preparations already have and fowl. fish "cooked" in lime juice and hot pep- per- begun for this event which is the "eat- The even, tropical temperature pers. There may be a roast turkey or ingest" dav of the \ear. Whenever there mits a large number of fruits and vege- arroz con polio, tamales steamed in are U.S. citizens, housewives are bus\' tables to be available throughout the tender banana leaves, baked plantain, with plans for family reunions, lavish vear in Panama markets and at stalls mashed yucca and a dessert of "glory dinners, and rejoicing with friends and along the roadside in the Interior. Meat soup" or "flan." relatives. and fowl are plentiful all year. The turkey—traditional symbol of the DouTi through the years, Panama Sweet Sausages feast— is in the freezer. Pumpkin and has developed its own "cuisine" replete pies with delicious dishes that are appetizing mincemeat have been baked. Cup- Here is the recipe for the sweet and distinct. Seasoning is the secret in boards overflow with fruits and nuts, sausages in wine, which are reallv little Panama's kitchens just as it has been cranberry sauce, jars of pickles, relishes meatballs with a taste that's different. and olives, small white onions for cream- since primitive cooks added a bit of this ing, and other trimmings. All await and that to enhance the flavor or tex- 1 lb. lean pork 1 tsp. salt the expert hand of the hostess for the ture of the daily nourishment. Two 1 clove garlic % Up. nutmeg yearly ritual. flavoring agents work near miracles 2 small onions 'A tsp. cinnamon 1 Malaga wine S cups brown The adventurous cook or hostess who in Panama cookerv, the "recao verde" cup 'm allspice sugar is not too timid to draw on another and achiote. tsp. cultural heritage for culinary inspira- % tip. black pepper 2 cloves Epicurean Pleasure tion ma)- enjoy preparing a Thanks- % cup water 1 stick cinnamon giving dinner Panama stvle. The ob- The mere aroma of "recao verde," 1 small bunch toothpicks parsley servance of this happy dav is as good which fills the air with a sweet pungent as any to learn of native favorites and bouquet, lifts ordinar\' food into the Grind the p>ork with the garlic, food features of the locale. realm of epicurean pleasure. "Recao onions, sprig of parsle\-, and powdered Adapting some of the native foods verde" is a combination of herbs— sweet condiments and one tablespoon of wine. of Panama to the Thanksgiving menu basil, culantro, parslev, and thvme, Mix well and let stand for 2 hours. which North Americans have preserved chopped onion, tomatoes, green pepper, Take a le\el teaspoon of the mixture since Colonial times may be a challenge, and crushed garlic cooked in a little and roll into balls the size of a marble. and fun. oil or butter. It makes the difference In a heav\- frsing pan place the water, Many Nations when added to sauces, stews, meats, stick of cinnamon, cloves, and brown Panama's cooking has been influenced fish, fowl and vegetables. sugar. When this boils, drop in the over the centuries bv the people of Achiote, the brownish-red seeds meatballs and add the wine. Cook many nations. The Spanish settlers, the found in the market and cooked in a slowlv, stirring often until the meat- Negro slaves, the French, Italians, spoonful of lard, adds the magic of balls have absorbed the liquid and are Chinese, Hindu, and since Canal con- color and mild flavor much like that dark brown. Remove and insert tooth- struction da\s, the Yankees, have left on imparted by paprika and saffron. picks. Spear a little parsle)' through the the Isthmus vestiges of their cultures A menu for a special holiday dinner toothpick first to give it that gourmet and their kitchens. in Panama mav include hors d'oeuvres touch.

20 November 1969 :

Here is one guaranteed to add zip and toes, onion, garlic, oregano, green pep- 1 tsp. soy sauce even a little "fire" to your holiday pers, salt, and pepper. Add a small can 1 tsp. Worcestershire sauce of tomato paste and a little water. Cook repast. 1 tsp. vinegar slowh- until the meat is tender. salt and pepper to taste \\'hile this is cooking, wash 1 pound Mix all the ingredients and place Seviche of crushed grain corn and boil until soft. in refrigerator for about 4 hours. Then Drain and grind it to make a dough. cook over medium heat until the meat Cut up 2 pounds of corbina into bite Add }i pound lard to the com dough is tender. When cool put through size pieces. Put the fish in a glass bowl and knead well. Pour a little of the a meat grinder and add: and cover with a dressing made of sauce from the stew in the dough and lime juice, ¥2 teaspoon sugar, a dash of stir until the dough is soft and manage- 1 cup raisins Worcestershire sauce, salt, and pepper able. Add salt to taste. Put a portion 12 olives to taste. Add two medium onions, sliced of the dough on a piece of banana leaf 4 hard cooked eggs, chopped ver\- thin (a potato peeler works just which has been dipped in boiling water 2 tbsp. capers fine as it shaves the onion) and 4 or 5 to tenderize it. (First grease the leaf and 2 tbsp. juice little, \ellow hot peppers without the where the dough is to be placed). Spread from capers verv thin. Mix all to- seeds, slivered the dough, put pieces of meat, olives, Mix well and stuff turkey and roast gether, cover the bowl and let stand in capers, pickles, prunes and a little sauce according to usual method. refrigerator overnight. Stir and taste. on the dough. Co\er with more com Add more salt if necessary, or more mi,xture. Wrap the tamales as you would peppers if it isn't hot enough. Or re- a package, tving with string to make ; Dessert : move bits of pepper if it is too hot! sure the\' are sealed. Place in boiling

Serve with saltines. salted water and cook for 32 hour. To bring the Thanksgiving feast to Panama, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, a grand finale, here is the recipe for each claim seviche as their very owti. "Sopa de Gloria" which is not a soup Plantain No matter where the first seviche was at all but a delicious cake with custard concocted, it is by far the most pop- sauce and rum or port wine. ular "bite size" food in Panama. Any One of the most important contribu- white fish or seafood will do to make tions to Isthmian cookery is the plantain, 2, 8-inch sponge cakes seviche and there are many versions the big banana-like vegetable in season 1 quart water for this gastronomic delight. all vear. This versatile vegetable should making 1 large can condensed milk alwas'S be cooked whether green or ripe. 1 large can evaporated milk It is used in soups, stews, fried, mashed 3 eggs, separated Bocas or baked. For a delicious treat serve baked plantain in place of candied 2 tbsp. corn starch

To prepare the "bocas" (as hors sweet potatoes with \our Thanksgiving 1 tsp. vanilla d'oeuvres are called in Panama) of peji- dinner. Plantains mav be baked in the 'a lb. sugar bave, boil them in salted water for half skin or peeled. Here is a recipe for the a cup rum or 1/3 cup port an hour and peel. Cut in half, discard peeled method: a tsp. almond extract the pit and fill the cavity with mayon- Remove the skin from 2 or 3 ripe naise or butter. The nutt\- flavored fruit plantains, depending on the number of 3 sticks cinnamon which is available from September to dinner guests. Partly split through the a pinch of salt December, has the meaty taste of sweet center lengthwise and remove the dark Put the water, milk, sugar salt, corn potatoes or chestnuts and a slight flavor vein. Fill with pieces of butter and starch and cinnamon stick in pan and of peanuts. It is especially good as a brown sugar. Pour a cup of sherr\' o\er cook over low heat for 10 minutes. snack with cold drinks. the plantains and bake for I hour at Beat egg yolks in cup and add 2 tbsp. 350 degrees. If liquid should evaporate water. Remove milk mixture from fire before the plantains are soft, add a Tamales and add egg yolks, stirring well. Add little water. vanilla and let cool. Cut sponge cake Tamales are made of rice or corn into squares and place in a pyrex dish. and are a typical dish of Mexico, Cen- Turkey When mixture is cool, add rum or wine tral America, Panama, Colombia, Vene- and cover pieces thoroughly. Make a zuela, and the Caribbean area. Each A turkev will grace a Panamanian meringue with the egg whites and % lb. country has its own version of the tamale dinner table only on the most special sugar. Cover cake with meringue and and may call it by another name. They occasions such as Christmas and New place in hot oven for 2 or 3 minutes to are a little time consuming to prepare, Year's. For a culinary adventure and a brown slightly. Serve cold. but the end result is well worth thp tastv treat, try this Panamanian-style (Illustrations by Carlos Mendez) effort. Small tamales are served as dressing for the Thanksgiving turkev. hors d'oeuvres at Panamanian cocktail The following recipe should be suflB- parties and sometimes at teas. cient to stuff a 14 pound bird. To prepare Panamanian tamales, 232 lbs. fresh lean pork, cut in pieces which are made of com, first make a 1 chopped onion good stew with 1 pound of pork and 1 chopped tomato 132 pounds of chicken. Cut the meat into chunks and add the ingredients of 1 tsp. oregano "recao verde" such as chopped toma- culantro, a few leaves

The Panama Canal Review 21 COPA = PROGRESS

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"COPA, COMPA5IIA PANAME5:A de COPA opened the sk\'wa\s to Pan- Aviacion, announces the departure of ama's progress. its flight to David, Panama." Operating from Albrook for the next The announcement over the loud- 5 months, pending the opening of To- speakers in the terminal building of MECHANIC works on COPA plane at cumen Airport to commercial aviation. Tocumen International Airport in Pan- Tocumen International Airport. Most COPA flew the northwest route to Da- ama Cit\' on August 15, 1947, sig- maintenance work is done at night. vid, near the boundary' with Costa Rica. naled the first official flight bv Panama's It was a vital route, for at that time first scheduled domestic airline. Signif- there was no modem highway linking icantly the start of COPA's operations Panama Cit\- with the capital of coincided with the 34th anniversarv of the country's the opening of the Panama Canal. Over richest province of Chiriqui. the >ears, both the waterway' and the Travel by automobile to David took airline have been active ingredients in 10 difficult hours. Panama's progress. Isolated A few months prior to COPA's first official flight, on March 11, 1947, the COPA shortened the trip to VA hours loudspeakers in the Civil Air Terminal and quickly built up a large business. at Albrook Air Force Base, in the Canal It later extended its flights to Changui- Zone, had carried a historic announce- nola and Bocas del Toro, on the western ment: "COPA, Compania Panamefia de Atlantic coast. Even today, the island Aviacion, announces the departure of its capital of Bocas del Toro Province, iso flight number 1, to Tocumen, Panama." lated from the rest of the countrv and Dedication with access by sea a dangerous one, gets most of its supplies by air. Aboard the airline's DC-3 were the COPA's cargo manifests President of Panama, Enrique A. Jime- reflect the air- line's importance for nez, and other high officials on their these regions. High grade poultry, refrigerators, way to participate in the dedication of stoves, tele- vision sets, watches, blood Panama's first truly international air plasma, and the mail are some of the port. It was also the first time that an man\- goods flown aircraft bearing COPA's emblem-now daily from Panama to David. A much widely known throughout the countr\ wider varietx—even cement sacks— and famiilar also in airports in Central goes to Changuinola and Bocas America, Colombia, and the Caribbean del Toro. area—flew across Isthmian skies. On their return flights to the national That Albrook-Tocumen flight b\- capital COPA's aircraft bring flowers

22 November 1969 and vegetables from Panama's high- RIGHT: Passengers receive help in plan- lands along with medical samples used ning their trips at Copa's busy ofiBce in bv the Gorgas Memorial Institute for Panama City. its research into tropical disease. COPA flies regularly to Managua, BELOW: Captain Hermes Carrizo, general Nicaragua; San Jose, Costa Rica; Kings- manager of Copa. ton, Jamaica; and Barranquilla, Colom- bia. But whenever there is need, it flies to other parts of the continent. It has hauled pedigreed horses from Chile to Panama and dressed beef from Panama to N'enezuela. COPA began operations with Douglas DC-.3 airplanes. Today, its fleet in- cludes two radar-equipped A\'RO-748 jet-props with Rolls Royce turbines which are among the most modern air- craft of their tvpe. Negotiations are underwa\' now with the Hawker Siddely factory in England for the purchase of a third 52-seat A\'RO, at a cost of $1.5 million. The rest of the fleet is made up of one 44-seat CONVAIR-340 and three DC-3's. One reason for COPA's popularity with Isthmian air travelers is that it flies on schedule. Businessmen have Panamanians. Starting next year they'll no trouble keeping appointments when the airline has carried more than 5 mil- train in Florida." they fly COPA. But above all, the air- lion pounds of cargo. By the end of But it is COPA's safety record that line's outstanding safety record is one 1970, it expects to have an all AVRO- makes Carrizo proudest. "This is a of its distinguishing credits. It has never 748 jet-prop fleet and in the near future credit to the skill of our pilots and had a major accident, a record that Captain Carrizo expects to see jets on the continuous maintenance program has been made possible by painstaking all COPA routes. carried out by our ground personnel. maintenance of its aircraft. Stewardesses Everv night, all our aircraft are checked The Stock to assure perfect mechanical conditions He speaks with pride of the training 76 percent for the following day." Of the stock of COPA, provided for flight personnel. "Our pi- COPA's maintenance hanger at Tocu- is owned bv Panamanians, the balance lots start their training in Panama. Then of 24 percent by Pan American World nien International Airport is indeed a thev are sent to England, Curacao and at night. bright lights, Airwavs. All its personnel— from pilots bus\- place Under other places to specialize in fl\ing oui technicians work fever- to porters—are Panamanians. The pres- mechanics and aircraft. We are extremeh' proud of ishh on the silvery planes to keep them ident is Dr. Mariano Oteiza. their skill. So far we have trained our fl\ ing safelv carrying a message of pro- "We are a group of men dedicated stewardesses locallv, all of whom are gress on "the cordial wings of COPA." to a single purpose and responding to a single responsibilitv; the growth of the compan\' to serve the growth of FLIGHT completed, members of Copa crew head for home. Left to right: Capt, Panama," says Capt. Hermes Carrizo, Isauro Carrizo, pilot; Nilka Recuero, and Estela Villarreal, stewardesses; and co-pilot general manager of COPA. "We're all Rogelio Ponce.

one team with but one job—to make '1 COPA, which is 'proudly Panamanian', bigger, and to carry on 'COPA's cordial wings' a message of friendship and a projection of the culture and capability of Panamanians to the sister nations it serves." In his remarks. Captain Carrizo stressed both of COPA's slogans. A former COPA pilot now tied down to an executive's chair. Captain Carrizo speaks with enthusiasm of the airline's achievements. In 9 months this year, COPA has flown the same number of passengers—

84,000-that it carried during its first 15 \ears of operation. At the present rate, by December 31, COPA will have trans- ported 110,000 passengers in a single vear. From January to September 1969,

Thk Panama Canal Review 23 By Tomas A. Cupas in 1959 in Caracas, Venezuela, because PANAMA 1970 of elections. THE BIGGEST sports festival ever The second was held held in the Republic of Panama—the in Havana. After the fourth XI Central American and Caribbean regional Olympics in Panama Git)- in 1938, there was a 4-year Games—will bring to the Isthmus an es- break because of World War II. timated 3,000 athletes from 20 Western The fifth event was hosted by Barranquilla, Hemisphere nations next year. Colombia, in 1946; the sixth, bv Gua- An invasion of 15,000 to 20,000 temala in 1950; the seventh, bv Mexico sports fans is expected from Central City in 1954; the eighth by Caracas America, the Caribbean, and Mexico. in 1959, the ninth bv Kingston, Jamaica, To cope with this unprecedented influx, in 1962, and the' 10th bv San Juan, authorities are conducting a housing Puerto Rico, in 1966. survey to determine how manv private Puerto Rico collected the largest num- residences will be available to accom- ber of medals in the 1966 games. modate visitors. The home team garnered 28 gold, 28 silver, February 28 to March 14, 1970, are and 29 bronze medals—a total of 85— the dates for the games, which started to edge Mexico by 3. The latter, 44 years ago. how- ever, won 39 gold prizes and Cuba 34. It will be the second time that Panama Panama is well along its hosts the Central American and Car- in prepara- tions for the regional ibbean Olympics. The fourth Olvm- sports festival. The area adjacent to the Presidente pic games, held here in February Remon race track, some 8 miles from 1938, brought 1,325 athletes from 10 downtown on the countries. Juan Diaz highwav, is the site of the main installations under construc- Will Send Athletes tion. There is a new 20,000-seat Olym- Participating this time will be the pic stadium for soccer and track and Bahamas, Barbados, Colombia, Costa field events; an indoor Olvmpic gym- Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, nasium for basketball which will seat the Netherlands West Indies, El Salva- 10,000 spectators; and an Olvmpic pool dor, Guatemala, Guavana, Haiti, Ja- for swimming and diving events which maica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, will accommodate 3,000 spectators. Trinidad, Tobago, Venezuela, the Virgin Near Tocumen Islands, and of course, Panama. A pistol range and bicycle race track The largest delegations—400 athletes are under construction near for all 14 sports—are expected from Tocumen Cuba, Colombia, Mexico and Panama. International Airport. The old Olympic stadium, one block Venezuela is sending 360 men and off National Avenue women to compete in 13 sports events. (Automobile Row), which built The Central American and Caribbean was for the 1938 games, is being reconditioned Games date back to 1926 when the for baseball and its capacity is being increased for first of these competitions was held in 13,000 spectators. Mexico City after official approval from the International Olvmpic Committee. The Olympic pool on Justo Arose- Only three countries—Cuba, Guate- mena Avenue will be used for water polo in 1970. events mala, and Mexico—took part in the first Boxing will be held event, then called the Central American in La Macarena bull ring, in suburban Games. Caribbean was added to the San Francisco de la Caleta, and at the national official designation in 1935, when the gymnasium on "A" Avenue, opposite third Olympic event was held in San National Guard headquarters. Salvador. Fencing events will be held at the old Union Club; judo, weight lifting Earthquake and wrestling at the Colegio Javier g\'m- Scheduled every 4 years, the games nasium, on Via Espaiia; gvmnastics, at have been held onlv twice in off-vears the Colegio La Salle gymnasium in El —in 1935 in San Salvador because of Cangrejo; volleyball, at the Colegio San an earthquake the previous year, and Agustin, on Balboa Boulevard at Paitilla. OLYMPIC GAMES COME TO PANAMA

24 November 1969 Ceremonies Opening and closing ceremonies are scheduled in the new 01)-mpic stadium the afternoon of February 28 and the evening of March 14, respectively. All athletes will be housed in the Central American \'illa, which will be ^^^ * located in the Paitilla school complex ?*,." ^'^ti^yf*^ that includes the city's three largest high schools. The dates for the games occur during Panama's dry season VIST* GCKERAL school vacation. A large center will operate in the Justo Arosemena Institute, also in Pai- tilla, and will be provided with com- munications facilities for quick coverage of the competitions bv the hundreds of newspapermen expected for the games Including the cost of construction, Panama is spending $13 million for the Central American and Caribbean Games. Coaches have been brought under contract from the United States,

Japan, ItaK , Chile, Mexico, and other countries to train Panamanian athletes. Held under the supervision of the Central American and Caribbean Sports Organization (ODECABE), composed of the Olympic committees of the area countries, the Central American and Caribbean Sports Games pursue the Ohmpic ideal of fostering friendship among nations. Panama is concentrating its efforts to maintain the reputation it earned back in 1938 as a fine host for the Central American Ohmpics.

TOP; An arcliiled's drawing of the new Olympic gymnasium which will have the capacity to scat about 10,000 spectators.

CENTER: The gymnasium under construc- tion. Cables will support the ceiling from a cylinder in the center of the building.

BOTTOM: Inauguration and closing cere- monies of the games and various athletic events will be held at the Olympic Stadium which will accommodate 20,000 sports fans. Biggest Sports Spectacle In History of the Republic The Panama Canal Review 25 Students register at Florida State University

in the Canal Zone. The school is accredited to grant the 4-year bachelor degree.

Miss Gloria Bosquez, left, office manager, and Mrs. Hald^e De Espino, secretary, check student's records. mmnmBmsm^

V-:v->i*

Dr. Horace Loftin, assistant professor of biology at Florida Slate University, Canul Zone Branch, looks over a 'y topographical map of Panama.

26 November 1969 WHEN LOUIS Morano graduated from Dr. Corin arrived on the Isthmus in make tremendous progress toward a Buffalo's Canisius High School in 1943, the summer of 1968, shortl\- after the degree. "The militar\' man can achieve a black-robed Jesuit priest handed him Southern Association of Colleges and up to 2 vears of college work during a a diploma and advised him to go out Schools had approved conversion of normal tour, and the civilian can easily and learn more about the world. For the F.S.U. Canal Zone undergraduate get his bachelor's. some students, this meant a college program into a full\-accredited, degree- "Our 4-quarter calendar svstem and education. But for others— including granting branch. Since that conversion, the diverse course offering permits a almost Morano— it meant service in the enrollment at the school has sharph prospective student to begin at Armed Forces of the United States, then increased. anv time," he adds. Tuition at F.S.U. is $18 per quarter- engaged in World War II. Fallen Behind hour, or $54 for the typical course. Following the armistice, Morano "We\e grown so fast since I got here Militarx- students receive 75 percent joined the foreign service, in which he a year ago," says Corin, "that not onK tuition assistance, and for approved later served at man\' American embas have we failed to keep up, but we've courses the Panama Canal Compan\' sies around the world. But he wanted fallen behind." pavs the full cost for its personnel— if more than a job—he wanted an educa- The statement is misleading. For thev achieve a "C" grade or better. tion. although Corin may lament unread So he began his college work in 19.56. novels, lagging social obligations, and Improvement exten- through a Universitv of Maryland the ever-shrinking hour, his school is "Our goal here is to make the student sion program in Athens. Greece. He progressing fast, and the growing enroll- a better person and citizen. Secondlv, continued his studies for 2 \ears, until ment—now 1,000 strong—proves it. we strive to effect occupational im- he was transferred to another post, and Florida State Universitv was estab- provement. But, if we fail in the first his studies lapsed until 1967. Then, an lished in the Canal Zone in 19.57 on then we fall short as an institution of assignment to Panama allowed him to the invitation of the U.S. Arm\ Forces higher learning." said Corin. resume his education at Florida State Southern Command (USARSO) when Florida State Universit\-Canal Zone Universitv's Canal Zone Branch. Louisiana State Universit\' closed its currentlv offers the bachelor's degree in

No Football Team, Fraternities or

Snack Bar, But FSU Fills the Bill

By Jay Anthony Kerans

Last August, Louis Morano walked extension program here. It was done five areas: social science, inter-American a to the front of an F.S.U. classroom in primarih- to provide undergraduate studies, English, Spanish, and com- business program. A ter- its main building at Albrook Air Force education for U.S. militar\ personnel. bined English Base, turned in an examination, and But from the first, there was a significant minal program in law enforcement and qualified for a bachelor's degree in civilian enrollment, now accounting corrections is also available and has social sciences. It was his last class. He for almost half of the total student drawn wide response from ci\'il and graduated several weeks later. population. This has enhanced the pro- militar\ police. gram and made possible a wider range Applicants must complete an applica- At The Embassy of courses. tion for admission and have an academic "For me, it was a real opportunity," F.S.U. was chosen hv USARSO be- interview with an F.S.LT. counselor. Morano says. "I tell the other emplovees cause the school originated the "Boot- Transcripts of high school and college here at the embass\' that the opportu- are also necessary. College en- " strap" concept of continuing higher work nit\' is there—take it! education for militar\' personnel in 1949 trance examinations mav be deferred Morano is now one of 12 individuals at T\ndall (Fla.) Air Force Base. up to one full quarter to facilitate uho have received their college degrees immediate enrollment. from Florida State Universitv-Canal Mission Each academic quarter at Florida Zone, the onlv school in the Zone Bruce Blevins, education director for State Universitv runs for 10 weeks, and accredited to grant the 4-\ear bachelor's USARSO, explains the school's mission: the student may take up to 18 hours degree. It has no football team, frater- "We work directh' with Florida State per quarter. There are 5 full-time and nities or snack bar, and it operates from L^niversitv-Canal Zone on the curricu- 20 part-time instructors currentl)' teach- World War II buildings, but it performs lum, shaping it to meet the demands of ing a total of 33 courses at the main its assigned function—education. the military and other students." Pacific campus in Building 808 at Al- The resident director of Florida State Blevins provides an example of the brook Air Force Base, plus 10 courses University-Canal Zone is 41-\ear-old school's responsiveness: "We developed at the smaller Atlantic campus in Theodore S. Corin, educated at the weekend classes, enabling a man to take Building 32 at Fort Davis. University of Miami and the parent up to 9 hours bv attending Friday All F.S.U. teachers must hold at least F.S.U. campus in Tallahassee, Fla.. night and all da\' Saturdaw" a master's degree in their fields. where he received his doctorate. Corin sa\s the average student can (See p. 28)

The Panama Canal Review 27 (Continued from p. 27) program in law enforcement and cor- 196.5, administered bv the Institute for rections. the Formation and Utilization of Human Tropical Studies "I'm taking courses for promotional Resources (IFARHU), an agenc\' of the A tvpical full-time member of the reasons," Gilbert explains bluntlv. Panama Government. Florida State also F.S.U.' staff is biologist Dr. Edv\in "Right now, I'm in m\ fourth. What has been linked with Panama \ia a Tyson. Tyson has a full course load you take has got to be useful to the de- faculty exchange program with the and also assists fellow biologist Dr. partment. I've had courses in race rela- University of Panama. Horace Loftin in operating the Florida tions, minority groups, criminal and Students at Florida State have access State University Center for Tropical delinquent behavior, and now, juvenile to nearly all the libraries of the Canal Studies. delinquency." Zone, with more than 300,000 books "We operate three field stations in So far, 70 Canal Zone policemen on hand. In addition, F.S.U. maintains the interior," says Tyson. "These sta- have taken courses at F.S.U., which is a special "core collection" of 4,500 vol- tions can accommodate a total of per- 16 26 percent of the total uniformed force. umes at the Fort Cla\'ton Librar\', sons at one time." F.S.U. has extended Of these, 17 have earned the Certificate purchased by USARSO to support the its administrative logistical and support in Law Enforcement and Corrections. curriculum offerings at the school. to nearly 100 researchers since the One, Detective Jack L. Gregory, also The Albrook Air Force Base campus center was in 1961. founded earned his bachelor of science degree, contains 10 classrooms and a small audi- Tyson went to a filing cabinet and graduating with honors. torium. In addition, there are two lang- took out several letters. One was from uage laboratories Lacked Training accommodating 48 Korea, another from Vanderbilt Univer- students. On the Atlantic side at Fort The curriculum for police officers sity, and a third from an order of Cath- Davis, there are three classrooms and first began in 1964, when a Canal Zone olic priests— all wanting to send men to one language laboratory. policeman, enrolled in regular courses, Panama for research. advised Florida State that manv of the Opportunity The assistance the Universitv offers Canal Zone police lacked academic This then, is Florida State University- in this regard can be verv practical. training. His question was, could the Canal Zone, providing the soldier, the "A fellow wanted to come here to stud\' school do anything to meet this need? ci\il servant, and the citizen of Panama the horsehair plant," says Tyson. "We The main Tallahassee campus was an opportunity' for a college degree. saved him a lot of troulsle—told him it already offering both terminal certifica- Dr. Slater, makes this observation: wasn't to be found in Panama. tion and criminolog\' degrees. This pro- "I see the development of a universitv Bird Habits gram was expanded to the Canal Zone much like that of a human being. There Tyson shares office space with Loftin, with immediate success. are crises, traumas and growing pains. another full-time teacher and director Until F.S.U. began offering these "I don't know what crisis stage we're of the Center for Tropical Studies. courses, all Canal Zone policemen in right now," he confesses, "but we Loftin has received several grants for chosen to receive additional training are maturing." his research in Panama, dealing with were sent to the States. And the one dozen graduates of Flo- the migratory habits of birds. Canal Zone Police Chief Gaddis Wall rida State University-Canal Zone, re- Other full-time teachers include Dr. is enthusiastic about the Florida State cipients of the first bachelor's degrees Eneida Avila, professor of sociology' program. "The education of our police ever granted in the Canal Zone, will and Spanish; Richard Koster, professor has definitely improved," he savs. agree to that. of English and humanities; and Dr. In addition to its civilian and military Helen Delpar, professor of histor\-. students from the Canal Zone, F.S.U. Jay Anthony Kerans is a former Assisting the full-time staff are the has a Panamanian enrollment compris- broadcaster in St. Louis, Mo. He is University's adjunct professors, men ing 8 percent of the total student bodv. now in the Canal Zone serving as an and women emplo\ed as specialists in Exchange enlisted man with the Army, and has another job, Program whose background and attended Florida State University's A program of scholarships for Pan- education qualify them for teaching. Canal Zone Branch. amanian students was established in Typical of this group is Dr. Victor Slater, chief of ps\chiatr\- at Gorgas Hospital, who teaches criminolog\- and Dr. Theodore S. Corin, director and professor of higher education at Florida Stale human behavior. University, Canal Zone Branch, is shown at his desk on the Albrook Air Force Base campus. Dr. Slater came to the Isthmus 3 year's ago, following 7 years at the University of Miami's Jackson Memo- rial Hospital, where he became skilled in forensic psychiatry, which deals with criminals and the law. His Field He speaks of his teaching in earnest: "It's very gratifying," he says. "In ad- dition, I think it's good for the po- liceman, the housewife, ever\bod\' to become more acquainted with this field of mental health."

One of Slater's students is John Gil- bert, a Canal Zone police sergeant with

17 years on the force. Gilbert is par- ticipating in the F.S.U. accreditation SHIPPING New Fishing Trawler for personnel. Each vessel has the ca- pacity to process and take to market industn' has THE U.S. MARITIME 2 million pounds of fish on a single a tyjie fishing trawler come up with new voyage. And before leaving the ship, to compete with foreign flag designed each pound is washed, filleted, skinned, fishing vessels. The ship, named Sea- inspected, frozen, packed, wrapped, and freeze Pacific, transited the Canal south- freezer stored. bound in October on her way to the Pacific fishing grounds. Her builders call Foreign Flag Carriers her the world's most modem and effi- cient factory stem trawler to enter open THE XUMBER OF U.S.-owned ocean- competition with foreign maritime na- going foreign-flag merchant vessels, most tions which have dominated the world's of them regular customers of the Pan- fishing industr)'. ama Canal, has substantially increased

The Seafreeze Pacific is onlv 295 feet in the past year. long, but she packs a lot of "firsts" in The U.S. Maritime Administration her 1,593 gross tons. With a 50 percent said the tonnage of this tvpe ship as construction differential subsidy pro- vided by the U.S. Department of the PANAMA CANAL TRAFFIC Interior under the Fishing Fleet Im- STATISTICS FOR FIRST 3 MONTHS provement Act, the new pioneer trawler OF FISCAL YEAR 1970 was built by the Maryland Shipbuild- TRANSITS (Oceangoing Vessels) ing and Drydock Co. in Baltimore, the 1970 1969 first U.S. shipyard to produce this class Commercial 3,456 3,346 of vessel. sister ship, the Seafreeze A U.S. Government 374 381 Atlantic, will soon go into service. Free 26 19 The ships were designed to make Total maximum use of the sea's fish resources. 3,856 3,746 • Inedible or trash fish and waste from the TOLLS cleaning process are converted to fish Commercial $23,800,362 $21,932,175 meal. Valuable fish oils are extracted U.S. Government 2,075,254 2,426,073 on board. Refrigerated holds maintain Total $25,875,616 824,358,248 —20° packaged fish at Farenheit in the CARGO" finest reefers the refrigeration industr\' Commercial 27,828,948 25,234,367 has produced. U.S. Government 1,400,274 2,312,423 Equipped for both bottom and mid- Free 34,753 38,041 water trawling, these sturdy ships can fish under all weather conditions, short Total 29,263,975 27,584,831 of hurricane. Stabilizing systems lessen • Includes tolls on all vessels, oceangoing and se\ere rolling to provide greater com- small. fort and more stable working conditions ®° Cargo Bgures are in long ton*?.

1,200 N U M 1,100 B

1,000 R

900 F

800 T R A 700 N S 600 I T 500 Edgar Beckford Arnold L. Brown Anniversaries Machine Operator Pipelayer Gordon O. Small James H. L. Thomas

(Continued from p. 15) Oiler (Floating Plant) Pipelayer Hopeton W. Simms Louis H. Charles SUPPLY AND COMMUNITY Messenger General Foreman Painter SERVICE BUREAU Augustus C. George Rudolph A. Richards Leader Seaman Launch Dispatcher Cecil G. Springer Charles Kurmer Henry Bradfleld Leader Cook Supervisory Construction Engineer Supply Clerk Winston S. Johnson Kazimierz Bazan Javan E. Smith Furniture Repairman (Maintenance) Senior Operator (Generating Station) Supply Clerk Orton Harding Damley Griffith John L. Joshua Laborer (Heavy) Oiler (Floating Plant) Surveying Aid Benito Ortiz James Morgan Harold G. Walkes Laborer (Heavy) Asphalt or Concrete Mixing Plant Clerk-T\pist Horace D. Cooper Operator Cariyle S. Babb Sales Store Clerk David Tait Clerk Eduardo C. King Maintenanceman George Varsier Accounting Clerk Carol A. Scott Clerk (Water Meters) Dudley Knight Automotive Equipment Operator Goldbum P. Maynard Truck Driver Natiel S. Douglas Clerk Jos^ Grant Carpenter Extractor and Tumblerman CIVIL AFFAIRS BUREAU Hilario L. Campo Fitz H. Grant Thomas Richards Accounts Maintenance Clerk In\entory Management Specialist Swimming Pool Operator Ignacio Betancourt Henry H. Lee, Jr. Curtis B. Darden Carpenter Accounting Assistant Supervisor\- Customs Inspector Hugh A. Fletcher Horace A. Nurse D. A. Waddell, Jr. Painter Supply Clerk (Typing) Police Private Rafael Vald^s Alfred A. Bamett Edward S. Greaves Care Leader Cook Swimming Pool Operator Jo^ Severiano Tiofil Joseph B. Clemmons, Jr. Garbage Collector Administrative Officer Ted O. Gill Assistant Director, Civil Affairs Bureau Guard Joseph N. French Felton L. Gill Recreation Assistant Guard Guillermo Benn HEALTH BUREAU Warehouseman Margarito Murillo William H. Marshall Decontaminating Equipment Operator Powe^l^tem Dispatcher Raymond G. Bush Food Ser\'ice Worker Luke Snavely Lyle M. Daniel J. Supervising Safety Inspector Meat Cutter Supcr\'isorv Civil Engineer Lesep L. Barrett Nathaniel Litvin Clarence C. Bailey Medical Aid— Ambulances Baker Mechanical Engineer (Utilities) Jose Ortega R. Eulalio Joseph Bailey Arias Pharmacy Assistant Leader Laborer (Cleaner) Laborer (Heavy) Victor Knight Samuel C. Squires Joseph M. Lavalas Clinic Clerk Water Supervisory Sales Store Checker Tender (Floating Plant) Enid H. Henry Edwin N. Ferryman Cruise Season Sales Store Checker Motor Launch Operator Cuthbert C. Butcher Clifford E. Cox (Continued from p. 29) Supply Clerk Seaman American Lines, will transit the Canal Henry M. Catherwood Phillip H. King January 29 and depart the following Guard Truck Driver day for the Pacific on an around the ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION Kenneth Haughton world voyage. Rigger BUREAU The Sagafjord, of the Norwegian Robert R. McCoy American Lines, which stopped at Cris- Stephen H. Roach Chief, Power Plant ( Steam and Gas tobal November 3 on a round South Saw Filer Turbines) America cruise, will return January 12 Benjamin Waterman J. Ellis B. Alleyne and transit the Canal on her world Mobile Equipment Mechanic Maintenanceman (Dock) cruise. While on the world cruise, the (Organizational) Fernando Robinson Sagafjord will return to the Isthmus on George M. Clarke Carpenter Carpenter March 28 and again April 3, while on Harris W. Hardy Cleveland J. Trowers her around South America cruise. Roofer Carpenter The Carlo C, Federico C, and Italia F. C. Treleaven Jose Mendez C, of the Costa Armatori Lines, will be Paint and Varnish Maker Joiner making regular stops at Cristobal and Martin L. McNaughton Walter G. Nicholls Balboa during their Caribbean cruises Helper Electrician Plumber (Maintenance) from December until May 1970. ^

30 November 1969 HISTORIC MOMENTS

The U.S.S. Mississippi, shown in the east chamber of Pedro Miguel Locks on July 26, 1919, was one of 33 vessels of the U.S. Pacific Fleet of the U.S. Navy which went through the Canal 50 years ago on their way from the Atlantic, where they had served in the war zone, to their stations in the Pacific. The Mississippi and her sister dreadnaught, the U.S.S. New Mexico, were the largest ships ever to pass through the Canal or visit this part of the world at that time. They were 624 feet long and had beams of 97 feet 4'/2 inches with a displace- ment of 32.000 tons. The Mississippi had a draft at the time of her transit of 32 feet, 8 inches. Before that, the largest ship to pass through the Canal was the merchantman Minnesota with 622 feet in length. The transit of the Pacific Fleet was the largest operation taken on by the Canal to that date. The transit was handled smoothly and without mishap or delay in 2 days. The destroyers were handled in'groups with a Canal pilot in charge of three destroyers. In the passage through the locks, sL\ of these 310-foot vessels were placed in one chamber together in ranks of three each, lashed together. Other ships were handled individually with a Canal pilot on each.

in million were pulled tinuing recovery from the economic 25 ^earJ c4g.o 1944. Nearly 21 out mostly by hand. recession in the United States; the eco- IN THE FALL of 1944, apprehension nomic growth of Japan; an unusually was growing among Canal Zone res- heav\' flow of residual oil shipped from By order of Governor J. C. Mehaffey, idents as U.S. military leaders forecast the United States' west coast to the east 56 persons were deported from the Ca- the shift of emphasis to the Pacific coast; and unusually large shipments nal Zone during the fiscal year. Twenty- theater of World War IL The collapse of barle\' and other grain to Europe seven were convicts who had served of Germany seemed eminent. from the west coast of the United States sentences in the penitentiary and 29 One Arm\' general called for increased and Canada. were persons whose continued resi- alert on the part of Isthmian residents o o o dence was regarded as undesirable. and said "the enemy would take an\ o o « Modernization and improvement of risk involved in order to knock out anx- operating conditions of the Canal were installation in this area which would There were 764 traffic accidents re- moving forward at a fast rate. The impair the operation of the Canal." ported during the year, or an average power conversion program for locks of 64 a month. These accidents resulted o * o machinery was just completed. Bids in the deaths of 13 persons and injuries In fiscal year 1944 there were .5,130 to 355 others. were being made for a lighting system oceangoing transits of the Canal in- for Gaillard Cut and the locks, and a cluding commercial, U.S. Government performance contiact had been signed and free transit ships. iO y^earA c4g,o (There were for the design and installation of a 14,602 oceangoing vessels that transited IN THE FALL of 1959, Panama Canal modern traffic-control sxstem. in fiscal 1969). Work was proceeding on the complete SCO emploNces were talking about the all- time record-breaking traffic through the renovation of the Tivoli's first floor pub- It was estimated that more than 37 Canal during the fiscal year. The rec- lic rooms including the lobb\', service million hyacinth plants were destroxed ords set were attributed to the con- desk and merchandise section.

The Panama Canal Review 31

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