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Sweden and the U.S.S.R This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ The dynamics of British policy towards Sweden, 1942-1945. Montgomery, Vernon Robert Cliff The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 09. Oct. 2021 THE DYNAMICS OF BRITISH POLICY TOWARDS SWEDEN, 1942-1945 Vernon Robert Cliff Montgomery Ph.D. War Studies King's College, London 1985 ABSTRACT "The Dynamics of British policy towards Sweden, 1942-1945" Much has been written about Sweden's place in British strategy during the first nine months of World War II but insufficient attention has been given to what transpired between Britain and Sweden during subsequent stages of the war. The extant literature about Anglo-Swedish rela- tions during World War II is limited to published American diplomatic papers, isolated references in British official histories devoted to broader subjects, or Swedish works which lack sufficient insight into British attitudes. These earlier publications raise, but do not consider in detail, significant questions concerning British interests in Sweden, Britain's attitude towards American economic warfare strategy, and Britain's declin- ing influence as a great power. The present work, which draws heavily from unpublished British and American official records as well as relevant secondary sources, is a comprehensive examination of the political, economic and military dimensions of British policy towards Sweden between 1942 and 1945. It deals with such issues as London's declining interest in economic warfare during the last years of the war, British attitudes towards Sweden's possible inter- vention in the war, and Anglo-American competition for influence over Swedish military and civil aviation. This thesis assesses the extent to which wartime concerns such as intelligence activities and long-term commercial interests influenced Britain's outlook toward Sweden. It also considers whether this outlook reflected British perceptions of the transforming world order in which an economically weak Britain would be confronted with a commercially aggressive United States and a powerful expansionist Soviet Union after the war. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE TITLE PAGE 1 ABSTRACT 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 CHAPTER ONE ANGLO-SWEDISH RELATIONS BEFORE PEARL HARBOR 6 BACKGROUND 16 ASCENDANCE AND ECLIPSE OF ECONOMIC WARFARE, 1939-1940 18 LEGACY OF WESIERUBUNG: ANGLO-SWEDISH RELATIONS 1940-1942 32 SUMMARY 59 CHAPTER TWO THE ASCENDANCE OF WASHINGTON AND ECONOMIC WARFARE IN ALLIED POLICY 1942-1944 63 IMPACT OF PEARL HARBOR 66 OIL FOR SWEDEN, 1942 73 THE 1943 WAR TRADE AGREEMENT 97 SUMMARY 121 CHAPTER THREE GRAND STRATEGY, SPITFIRES, DECEPTIONS, AND SWEDEN 1941-1944 123 SWEDEN IN BRITISH STRATEGY 1941-1943 123 GREAT BRITAIN AND THE SWEDISH AIR FORCE 1941-1943 127 MOSCOW AND TEHERAN: BASES IN SWEDEN? 148 DECEPTIONS AND BALL BEARINGS 157 SUMMARY 165 3 PAGE CHAPTER FOUR WARTIME REALITIES AND POSTWAR VISIONS 168 "BULL-HEADED" AMERICANS 169 COMMERCE: WARTIME ARRPNGEMENTS, POSTWAR DIVIDENDS 175 NORDIC BLOC OR WESTERN BLOC? 198 SWEDEN AND THE U.S.S.R. 221 SUMMARY 228 CHAPTER FIVE THE POLITICS OF ECONOMIC WARFARE, APRIL 1944 - JANUARY 1945 231 THE BALL BEARING IMBROGLIO, APRIL - JUNE 1944 232 "MAXIMUM EFFORT", JULY - SEPTEMBER 1944 260 THE SATURNUS SAGA 280 S UM1'1ARY 290 CHAPTER SIX AVIATION, SWEDEN AND THE COMMON FRONT JUNE 1944 - MAY 1945 294 DECEPTIONS, INTERNEES, ATTACHS AND SUSPICIONS, APRIL - JULY 1944 297 SWEDEN AND AMERICA: THE POLITICS OF INTERNMENT, JUNE - NOVEMBER 1944 305 WASHINGTON AND STOCKHOLM: NEW HORIZONS IN COMMERCIAL AVIATION 327 BRITAIN AND POSTWAR AVIATION 333 FAIT ACCOMPLI: MUSTANGS FOR SWEDEN, NOVEMBER 1944 - MAY 1945 343 4 PAGE CHAPTER SEVEN SWEDEN AND THE WAR, SEPTEMBER 1944-MAY 1945: CONTEMPTIBLE NEUTRAL OR OPPORTUNISTIC LIBERATOR? 362 SEPTEMBER 1944: RUMOURS AND SUPPOSITIONS 363 NORWAY'S DILEMMA 382 TO ARMS OR ARBITRATION 388 CHAPTER EIGHT EPILOGUE 410 BRITAIN, SWEDEN AND RUSSIA - A POSTWAR REALIGNMENT 426 CHAPTER NINE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 444 BIBLIOGRAPHY 469 APPENDIX I MAP: SWEDEN AND THE WAR 484 APPENDIX II MAP: SWEDISH TRADE AND COMMUNICATIONS DURING WORLD WAR II 485 5 CHAPTER ONE ANGLO-SWEDISH RELATIONS BEFORE PEARL HARBOR Britain's relationship with Sweden between 1942 and 1945 is one of the least understood areas of British war- time diolomacy. Most published English language sources have dealt exclusively with iron ore and the various schemes advanced by Churchill and others between September 1939 and June 1940 to curtail this trade. 1 Little atten- tion has been given to what transpired between Britain and Sweden after the Anglo-French expedition was withdrawn from Narvik in June 1940. The only detailed examination, from a British perspective, of any aspect of Anglo-Swedish relations 2 is found in two chapters of Medlicott's official 1Thomas Munch-Petersen, The Strategy of Phoney War: Britain, Sweden and the Iron Oreuestion 1939-1940 (Stockholm: Militärhistoriska Förlaget, 1981). Nevakivi Jukka, The Appeal that was Never Made: The Allies, Scandinavia and the Finnish Winter War 1939-1940 (London: C. Hurst & Company, 1976). David Dilks, "Great Britain arid Scandinavia in the Phoney War," Scandinavian Journal of History, 2: 1-2 (1977). R.A.C. Parker, "Britain, France and Scandinavia 1939-40," History 61: 203 (1976). Sir Liewelyn Woodward, British Foreign Policy in the Second World War, Vol. I (Londn: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1970) T.K. Derry, The Campaign in Norway (London: H.M.S.O., 1952). W.N. Medlicott, The Economic Blockade, Vol. I (London: H.M.S.O. and Longman's, 1952). 2There are a few popular works, dealing mainly with such clandestine British activities in Sweden as blockade running, which shall be cited later in this thesis. 6 7 history of the Ministry of Economic Warfare. 3 Many mono- graphs, official histories, and memoirs relating to Sweden's relations with the Great Powers throughout the war have been published in Sweden. Most of these works explain how Stockholm adjusted foreign and commercial policies when Fr o. confronted with countervailing pressuresAall belligerent Great Powers, neighbouring states such as Finland and Norway, and domestic opinion. 4 Accordingly, British diplomacy is treated as just one of several factors which the Swedish government had to consider, and Swedish authors often give it less attention than German intimidation tactics when they discuss the years which followed the collapse of Norway. Swedish works provide little insight into the formulation of British policy, although some mention is made of undercurrents in British opinion as perceived by Swedish diplomats.5 3W.N. Medlicott, The Economic Blockade, Vol. II (London: H.M. S .0. and Longman' s, 1959). 4 W.M. Carigren, Svensk utrikespolitik 1939-1945, (Stockholm: Al]inna Förlaget, for the Royal Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1973; contains details about domestic politics which were largely cut out of the condensed English edition, Swedish Foreign Policy during the Second World War (translated by Arthur Spencer), (London: Ernest Benn, 1977). Gunnar Hägglöf, Svensk krigshandelspolitik under andi'ra iärldskriget (Stockholm: Norstedts, 1958). Martin Fritz, German Steel and Swedish Iron Ore 1939-1945, Publication of the Institute of Economic History of Gothenburg University, 29, Kungsbacka (Gothenburg, 1974). 5 Erik Boheman, P vakt. Kabinettssekreterare under andra vr1dskriget (Stockholm: Norstedts, 1964). Gunh!ar Hagglof, Samtida vittne 1940-1945 (Stockholm: Norstedts, 1972). 8 British diplomacy towards Sweden during the later years of the war is generally discussed within the context of the Allies' campaign to reduce and eventually terminate Swedish-German trade. On the basis of the extant litera- ture of Anglo-Swedish relations, it might appear that the cessation of Swedish exports to Germany was the sole object of British policy towards Sweden between 1939 and 1945. Both Medlicott and the Swedish works acknowledge that the United States gradually came to dominate Allied policy towards Sweden between 1942 and 1945, and that the diplo- matic "shock tactics" 6 employed to compel Sweden to impose an embargo against Germany in 1944 were largely American inspired. It is generally conceded that London disapproved of these methods, but British reservations are often attributed to concern over the impracticality of the methods rather than to fundamental doubts about the desir- ability or necessity of rupturing Swedish-German trade. Medlicott cites "manifestations of a genuine duality of outlook and tempo which were never completely reconciled" in the respective British and U.S. approaches to economic warfare, but adds that the "process of adjustment was carried out with goodwill on both sides; no one lost sight of the common goal."7 However, many secondary sources also indicate that London's reservations towards U.S. proposals for terminat- ing Swedish-German trade stemmed from more than just a 6 Carlgren, op. cit., p. 200. 7W.N.
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