DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter One: the Origins of the Great Transformation (1879-1900)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter One: the Origins of the Great Transformation (1879-1900) THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA Constructing the People’s Home: The Political and Economic Origins and Early Development of the “Swedish Model” (1879-1976) A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of the Department of Politics School of Arts and Sciences Of The Catholic University of America In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree Doctor of Philosophy © Copyright All Rights Reserved By Josiah R. Baker Washington, DC 2011 Constructing the People’s Home: The Political and Economic Origins and Early Development of the “Swedish Model” (1879-1976) Josiah R. Baker Director: James P. O’Leary, Ph.D. When Marquis Childs published his book The Middle Way in 1936, he laid the foundation that inspired the quest for an efficient welfare state. The Folkhemmet, or “people’s home,” initiated by the Social Democrats symbolized the “Swedish Way” and resulted in a generous, redistributive welfare state system. By the early 1970s, experts marveled at Sweden’s performance because the Swedish model managed to produce the second-wealthiest economy as measured by per capita GDP with virtually no cyclical unemployment. This dissertation demonstrates that capitalist and pre-industrial cultural forces dominated Swedish economic policy development throughout the years that the Social Democrats constructed Folkhemmet. The Swedish economy operated as a variety of capitalism that infused unique traditional cultural characteristics into a “feudal capitalism.” The system was far more market-oriented, deregulated, and free from direct government ownership or control than most assumed then or now. A process of negotiation and reason, mixed with pragmatism and recognition of valuing opportunity over principles, drove Swedish modernization. Eventually, the entire society became commoditized through gender equalization efforts, resulting in greater individualism and an increased breakdown of informal communal or collective functions. Gradually, the nature of individual initiative and incentive within capitalism undermined Folkhemmet’s goals and aspirations. Modernization dismembered traditional Swedish households and values as the economy experienced increasingly higher taxes and long-term industrial decline. Post-industrial jobs financed by government taxes eventually choked the supply of foreign direct investment, as well as domestic capital investment levels. When the private sector ceased to produce enough jobs to fund the highly taxed system, Folkhemmet experienced a crisis. The creation of public sector jobs intended mainly to push more women into the workforce resulted in numerous inefficiencies and financial problems. High taxation accelerated the decomposition of traditional civic relations. Moral hazards taxed honesty and eroded the common trust that had enabled the formation of this unique method of economic policymaking. What Childs initially communicated was a process of policy development dictated by gradualism and moderation, not a political system that could be transplanted across the globe. Thus, his “middle way of politics” should have been phrased the “moderate way of policy making.” This dissertation by Josiah R. Baker fulfills the dissertation requirement for the doctoral degree in Politics approved by James P. O’Leary, Ph.D., as Director, and by John Kromkowski, Ph.D., and Claes G. Ryn, Ph.D., as Readers. ______________________________ James P. O’Leary, Ph.D., Director ______________________________ John Kromkowski, Ph.D., Reader ______________________________ Claes G. Ryn, Ph.D., Reader ii Acknowledgements I would like to show appreciation to the following: Ulf Sandstrom, Esq., Dr. Robert A. Baker, III, Dr. Håkan Wickholm, Dr. James P. O’Leary, Dr. Claes G. Ryn, Dr. John Kromkowski, , the Swedish Club of Sarasota, the Swedish-American Chamber of Commerce of Florida, Maj. Yngve Bergstrom of the Riksdag, Ulf Nilson, the Swedish Riksdag, Eva and Bengt Ebbeson, Allan Mattsson, Kjell Berglund, Tuve Barnabo, Leif and Anneli Hallstrom, Marc Hackel, Pearson Publishing Corporation, the Washington Times, Dr. Stephen Baskerville, Dr. Benjamin Arah, Sarah Ulmet, the Swedish Embassy in Washington, the Uppsala International Summer School, Claire Brantley and Kim Brugger of Pearson Education, Anders Edwardsson, Ed Truncellito, Esq., Dr. Stanley Brunn, Lt. Col. Philip Ware, Sr., Jeramie Maxwell, Peter Brown (Orlando Sentinel), Dr. Djehane Hosni, Marita Valentine, The Catholic University of America Politics Department, Dr. Hanna Marks, Dr. Stergos Kaldouis, the Office of International Studies at the University of Central Florida, Dr. Matilda Harris, Shawn Lessard, Maritha Wickholm, Jessica Warden, Hans Lindblad at the Swedish Ministry of Finance, and Annika, Mikael, and Fredrik Sandstrom. iii Table of Contents Introduction 1 The “Middle Way” and FDR 1 Promoting the “Swedish Way” 4 Historical Methodology 10 Introducing Folkhemmet 12 Background 19 A Unique Small Country 21 The Need for Trygghet 23 A Burgeoning Bureaucracy 29 Chapter One: The Origins of the Great Transformation (1879-1900) 40 The Industrial Revolution in Sweden 47 The Agrarian Revolution 48 Tenacious Traditions 50 Early Industrialization 52 Regulation, Deregulation, and Adjustment 53 Population Explosion 57 Demographic Stages and Development 61 Emergence of Capitalism 66 The Social Democratic Party’s Origins 74 The Sundsvall Strike 76 Swedish Industrialization 83 Political Parties: Emergence of Democracy 84 Swedish Social Democratic Party Program of 1897 88 Lagom: A Cultural Source of Moderation 98 Social Democratic Origins 99 Chapter 2: 1900-1920, the Progressive/Reform Movements 112 The 1917 Third Reform of Parliament 112 A Tradition of Trade 114 The Decline of Christianity in Sweden 116 The Stockholm School of Economics 125 The Folket Hus 129 Chapter 3: 1921-1932, Liberal-Social Democratic Alliance/Adaptation 133 Reaction to the Soviet Revolution 134 Branting’s Legacy: Expanding the Political Base to Include Women and Political Moderates 137 Economic Transformation after World War I 138 Social Cohesion and a Disconnect with the Soviets and Communists 142 Not Quite a Majority 146 Cassel’s Warning of Monetary Disaster 148 Hansson Assumes the Party Leadership 149 Chapter 4: 1932-1940, Changing Gears: Moderation and Consensus under International Duress 154 Rise of the Social Democrats 157 iv Pursuing Moderation in a Turbulent Climate 162 International Pressures 164 Governing with a Plurality 166 Macroeconomic Policy in the 1930s 169 The Pact of Saltsjöbaden, “The Basic Agreement” 174 The Swedish Model 181 The Unique Policymaking Process 181 Swedish Bureaucratic Culture 184 Chapter 5: The War Years: 1939-1945 200 Historical Neutrality 208 Neutrality’s Legacy 212 Post-war Neutrality 220 Chapter 6: 1946-1959, Postwar Coalition of Moderation 226 Entering the Golden Age 230 The Gradually Increased Role of Government in the Economy 233 Prime Minister Tage Erlander (1946-1969) 241 Chapter 7: 1960-1970, the Build-up 256 Public Sector Expansion 256 Workers Demanding More 256 Bureaucracy Moves from Macro to Micromanagement 266 Ethnic Homogeneity 278 Social Engineering 279 Swedish Capitalism 290 The Lack of “Creative Destruction” in the Swedish Economy 293 Chapter 8: After 1970 296 Welfare Capitalism 302 The Laffer Curve 317 The Myth of Extremely Low Unemployment 322 Corruption 323 Olof Palme 325 Global Transformations 330 English as a Tool for Success 334 Chapter 9: A Model in Crisis 338 Tax Reform and Family 339 Recession 344 Cooperation Means Less Risk and More Equality 351 Economic Policies and Issues 354 Chapter 10: Folkhemmet Crumbles 357 The Corporate Welfare State 361 How Folkhemmet “Worked” 371 American Influence 376 Independence and Security 378 Conclusion 379 Appendices 387 Bibliography 395 v List of Tables Table 1: Swedish Urban Growth in the 19th Century 85 Table 2: Major Dates and Developments of the SAP 89 Table 3: Growth of SAP in the Early Years 93 List 1: Jantelagen 97 Table 4: Swedish Migration Trends between 1856 and 1930 103 Table 5: Percentage of Population Living in Urban Areas, by Year 140 Table 6: Percentage of Population Engaged in Farming and Agriculture, by Year 141 Table 7: Percentage of Population Employed by Industry and Crafts, by Year 142 Table 8: Number of Workers Employed in Industry, Mining, and Crafts, by Year 143 Table 9: Shipments from Narvik, Norway (thousands of tons of ore) 217 Table 10: Shipments from Lulea, Sweden (thousands of tons of ore) 217 Table 11: Distribution of Iron Ore Shipments among Scandinavian Ports 219 Table 12: Iron Ore Supplies: Late 1944 to Early 1945 220 Chart 1: Swedish Government Spending from 1860 to 1990, Percentage of GNP 236 Table 13: Type of Employment of Swedish Workers, by Percentage of Workforce, 1870-1949 244 Table 14: Total Expenditures as a Percentage of Gross National Income 251 Table 15: Unemployment Rates in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, by Percentage of Labor Force, 1951-1990 263 Table 16: Government Spending in Sweden, by Percentage of GDP, 1950-1981 268 Table 17: Total Taxation in Several Nations as a Percentage of GNP in 1969 274 Table 18: Expansion of the Role of Government in Scandinavia, 1960-1980 275 Table 19: Growth Rate of Per Capita GDP in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden vis-à-vis Western European Average by Percentage 279 Table 20: Annual Percentage Increase in Productivity in the Private Sector for Scandinavian Countries, Compared to OECD Average, 1960-1979 287 Table 21: Swedish Tax Rates, 1950-1970, as a Percentage of GNP 292 Table 22: Public Sector Expenditure in Scandinavia, as a Percentage
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Den Socialdemokratiska Memoaren Som Retorisk Genre: Exemplen Palm, Erlander Och Persson
    ”Från mörkret stiga vi mot ljuset” Den socialdemokratiska memoaren som retorisk genre: exemplen Palm, Erlander och Persson “From Darkness We Rise Towards the Light” The Social Democratic Memoir as a Rhetoric Genre: the Examples of Palm, Erlander and Persson Magnus Gustafson Masteruppsats i litteraturvetenskap Termin: HT 2014/2015 Kurs: LV 2311 Nivå: Master Handledare: Christer Ekholm Abstract Master’s Thesis in Comparative Literature Title: ”From Darkness We Rise Towards the Light” The Social Democratic Memoir as a Rhetoric Genre: the Examples of Palm, Erlander and Persson Author: Magnus Gustafson Academic Term and Year: Autumn 2014/2015 Department: Literature, History of Ideas and Religion Supervisor: Christer Ekholm Examiner: Dag Hedman Keywords: Political Memoirs, Rhetorical Reading, August Palm, Tage Erlander, Göran Persson Although Social Democratic Memoirs comprise an extensive material, these texts have not attracted any systematic analysis as a distinct and yet varied form of textual genre. The focus in this MA-paper is the Swedish Social Democratic Memoir as a rhetoric genre. The main primary material is memoirs of the pioneer August Palm (1849–1922), the father of the nation Tage Erlander (1901–1985) and the political leader Göran Persson (1949–), published 1905, 1972–82 and 2007, respectively. The general aim is to find out what is the driving power of the memoirs and, more specifically, to shed light on the images of the party history and the history of the welfare state. The method is a comparative analysis of these texts. The overarching rhetoric of Social Democratic Memoirs relate to a general ideological theme corresponding to the progression from darkness to light.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dark Unknown History
    Ds 2014:8 The Dark Unknown History White Paper on Abuses and Rights Violations Against Roma in the 20th Century Ds 2014:8 The Dark Unknown History White Paper on Abuses and Rights Violations Against Roma in the 20th Century 2 Swedish Government Official Reports (SOU) and Ministry Publications Series (Ds) can be purchased from Fritzes' customer service. Fritzes Offentliga Publikationer are responsible for distributing copies of Swedish Government Official Reports (SOU) and Ministry publications series (Ds) for referral purposes when commissioned to do so by the Government Offices' Office for Administrative Affairs. Address for orders: Fritzes customer service 106 47 Stockholm Fax orders to: +46 (0)8-598 191 91 Order by phone: +46 (0)8-598 191 90 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.fritzes.se Svara på remiss – hur och varför. [Respond to a proposal referred for consideration – how and why.] Prime Minister's Office (SB PM 2003:2, revised 02/05/2009) – A small booklet that makes it easier for those who have to respond to a proposal referred for consideration. The booklet is free and can be downloaded or ordered from http://www.regeringen.se/ (only available in Swedish) Cover: Blomquist Annonsbyrå AB. Printed by Elanders Sverige AB Stockholm 2015 ISBN 978-91-38-24266-7 ISSN 0284-6012 3 Preface In March 2014, the then Minister for Integration Erik Ullenhag presented a White Paper entitled ‘The Dark Unknown History’. It describes an important part of Swedish history that had previously been little known. The White Paper has been very well received. Both Roma people and the majority population have shown great interest in it, as have public bodies, central government agencies and local authorities.
    [Show full text]
  • Gradualism": the Labour Party and Industry, 1918-1931
    ORE Open Research Exeter TITLE The industrial meaning of "gradualism": the Labour party and industry, 1918-1931 AUTHORS Thorpe, Andrew JOURNAL Journal of British Studies DEPOSITED IN ORE 03 March 2008 This version available at http://hdl.handle.net/10036/19512 COPYRIGHT AND REUSE Open Research Exeter makes this work available in accordance with publisher policies. A NOTE ON VERSIONS The version presented here may differ from the published version. If citing, you are advised to consult the published version for pagination, volume/issue and date of publication The Industrial Meaning of "Gradualism": The Labour Party and Industry, 1918-1931 Andrew Thorpe The Journal of British Studies, Vol. 35, No. 1. (Jan., 1996), pp. 84-113. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-9371%28199601%2935%3A1%3C84%3ATIMO%22T%3E2.0.CO%3B2-4 The Journal of British Studies is currently published by The University of Chicago Press. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/ucpress.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission.
    [Show full text]
  • Riddarhuset I Ett Europeiskt Perspektiv
    A RTE ET M ARTE : Riddarhuset i ett europeiskt perspektiv Ibland kan det vara nyttigt att fundera över sådant som ter sig som självklart. För svenska ätte - medlemmar är det självklart att det finns ett pampigt Riddarhus i Stockholm, för så har det varit sedan 1600-talet. Lika självklart är att det finns ett stort kapital fördelat på drygt 300 stiftelser och fonder. I det självklara ingår också att det finns ett kansli som kan hantera cirka 2 000 stipendie- och under stöds ansökningar om året, som kan producera Adelskalendern vart tredje år, och inte minst vik - tigt, att ha tillgång till en genealogisk verksamhet som kan föra våra stamtavlor, så vi vet vem som är vem. Ett arkiv, med handlingar från 1500-talet och framåt, som vi har i vårt Riddarhus, är väl också självklart? Ett arkiv, som inte har behövt byta adress under alla dessa år. Det kan vi tacka rikskanslern Axel Oxenstierna för, som sålde tomten i Gamla stan till Ridderskapet och adeln år 1641. För många av våra europeiska motsvarigheter är inget av ovanstående självklart. Ett eget palats till - hör ovanligheterna, ett större kapital lyser med sin frånvaro, ett eget kansli med en genealogisk verk - samhet kan många bara drömma om och ett arkiv skulle vara helt fantastiskt att ha tillgång till. Då skulle det vara lättare att veta vem som är vem. Många vet kanske inte när och hur den familj man till - hör blivit adlad eller av vilken monark. Vem som är vem är en mycket stor fråga för den europeiska noblessen. Man vet inte vilka doku - ment som är äkta, eftersom det är svårt att få fram arkivuppgifter.
    [Show full text]
  • Figure 4: Male and Female Nobel (And Economics) Laureates, by Subject, 1901–2014 (Change Since 2008)
    Figure 4: Male and female Nobel (and economics) laureates, by subject, 1901–2014 (change since 2008) 1 Economics 74 Women 16 Men Peace 87 13 Literature 98 3.5 Chemistry 164 1.5 Physics 196 11 Medicine 196 0 50 100 150 200 Notes: Marie Curie is split between physics and chemistry (0.5/0.5); John Bardeen (Physics twice) and Fred Sanger (Chemistry twice) are counted only once. After this graph was rst published in 2009 ve women were prize winners in just one year. Source: http://nobelprize.org/index.html Specically: http://stats.areppim.com/stats/stats_nobel_sexxcat.htm Increase in the number of prizes awarded in 2009-2014 compared to 1901-2008 (%): Medicine Physics Chemistry Literature Peace Economics Total Change, men 7% 9% 10% 4% 4% 19% 8% Change, women 38% 0% 40% 18% 33% Innite 31% Women awarded a Nobel prize 1901–2014: Physics Peace Literature 1903 – Marie Curie 1905 – Bertha von Suttner 1909 – Selma Lagerlöf 1963 – Maria Goeppert-Mayer 1931 – Jane Addams 1926 – Grazia Deledda Chemistry 1946 – Emily Greene 1928 – Sigrid Undset 1911 – Marie Curie Balch 1938 – Pearl Buck 1935 – Irène Joliot-Curie 1976 – Mairead Corrigan 1945 – Gabriela Mistral 1964 – Dorothy Crowfoot 1976 – Betty Williams 1966 – Nelly Sachs Hodgkin 1979 – Mother Teresa 1991 – Nadine Gordimer 1982 – Alva Myrdal 1993 – Toni Morrison Physiology or Medicine 1991 – Aung San Suu Kyi 1996 – Wislawa Szymborska 1947 – Gerty Cori 1992 – Rigoberta Menchú 2004 – Elfriede Jelinek 1977 – Rosalyn Yalow Tum 2007 – Doris Lessing 1983 – Barbara McClintock 1997 – Jody Williams 2013 – Alice Munro 1986 – Rita Levi-Montalcini 2003 – Shirin Ebadi 1988 – Gertrude B Elion 2004 – Wangari Maathai Prizes awarded to women 1995 – Christiane Nüsslein- 2011 – Ellen Johnson in 2009 Volhard Sirleaf Elizabeth Blackburn – Medicine 2004 – Linda B Buck 2011 – Leymah Gbowee Carol Greider – Medicine 2008 – Françoise Barré- 2011 – Tawakel Karman Ada Yonath – Chemistry Sinoussi 2014 – Malala Yousafzai Herta Müller – Literature 2014 – May-Britt Moser Elinor Ostrom – Economics.
    [Show full text]
  • Twenty-Four Conservative-Liberal Thinkers Part I Hannes H
    Hannes H. Gissurarson Twenty-Four Conservative-Liberal Thinkers Part I Hannes H. Gissurarson Twenty-Four Conservative-Liberal Thinkers Part I New Direction MMXX CONTENTS Hannes H. Gissurarson is Professor of Politics at the University of Iceland and Director of Research at RNH, the Icelandic Research Centre for Innovation and Economic Growth. The author of several books in Icelandic, English and Swedish, he has been on the governing boards of the Central Bank of Iceland and the Mont Pelerin Society and a Visiting Scholar at Stanford, UCLA, LUISS, George Mason and other universities. He holds a D.Phil. in Politics from Oxford University and a B.A. and an M.A. in History and Philosophy from the University of Iceland. Introduction 7 Snorri Sturluson (1179–1241) 13 St. Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) 35 John Locke (1632–1704) 57 David Hume (1711–1776) 83 Adam Smith (1723–1790) 103 Edmund Burke (1729–1797) 129 Founded by Margaret Thatcher in 2009 as the intellectual Anders Chydenius (1729–1803) 163 hub of European Conservatism, New Direction has established academic networks across Europe and research Benjamin Constant (1767–1830) 185 partnerships throughout the world. Frédéric Bastiat (1801–1850) 215 Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859) 243 Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) 281 New Direction is registered in Belgium as a not-for-profit organisation and is partly funded by the European Parliament. Registered Office: Rue du Trône, 4, 1000 Brussels, Belgium President: Tomasz Poręba MEP Executive Director: Witold de Chevilly Lord Acton (1834–1902) 313 The European Parliament and New Direction assume no responsibility for the opinions expressed in this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • From Democratic Socialism and Rational Planning To
    NORDIC COUNTRIES IN FINNISH PERSPECTIVE FROM DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM AND RATIONAL PLANNING TO POSTMODERN IDENTITY POLITICS AND MARKET-ORIENTATION Ideological Development of the Social Democrats in Sweden and Finland in the Late 20th Century Sami Outinen D.Soc.Sc., University of Helsinki Democratic socialism and planning of term goal was a “socialist society” and “equality the economy between people”, which would be achieved by This article will deconstruct the ideological de- seeking the support of the majority of citizens. velopment of the Swedish Social Democratic Finland’s Social Democrats also favoured the ex- Party SAP (officially, “the Social Democratic pansion of public services, state companies and Workers’ Party of Sweden”) and the Social cooperatives, “democratic economic planning Democratic Party of Finland SDP. This will […] including the effective regulation of capital be done by analysing their own alternative movements” and “the societal control of com- scopes of action in relation to the concepts mercial banks and insurance companies”.1 The of major ideologies and economic theories SAP committed similarly in 1975 at its Party such as socialism, capitalism, economic plan- Conference to long-term planning of the econ- ning, market economy, postmodernism and omy (planmässig hushållning). It positioned Keynesianism as well as researching how Nor- itself as the representative of democratic social- dic social democrats redefined their conven- ism between communist planned economy and tional ideological meanings. capitalism.2 Accordingly, one of the motives for The SDP stressed at the Party Conference in stressing democratic socialism by the SDP was 1975 that democratic socialism was the basis to win the support of the radicalised post-war of its programmatic identity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nobel Peace Prize
    TITLE: Learning From Peace Makers OVERVIEW: Students examine The Dalai Lama as a Nobel Laureate and compare / contrast his contributions to the world with the contributions of other Nobel Laureates. SUBJECT AREA / GRADE LEVEL: Civics and Government 7 / 12 STATE CONTENT STANDARDS / BENCHMARKS: -Identify, research, and clarify an event, issue, problem or phenomenon of significance to society. -Gather, use, and evaluate researched information to support analysis and conclusions. OBJECTIVES: The student will demonstrate the ability to... -know and understand The Dalai Lama as an advocate for peace. -research and report the contributions of others who are recognized as advocates for peace, such as those attending the Peace Conference in Portland: Aldolfo Perez Esquivel, Robert Musil, William Schulz, Betty Williams, and Helen Caldicott. -compare and contrast the contributions of several Nobel Laureates with The Dalai Lama. MATERIALS: -Copies of biographical statements of The Dalai Lama. -List of Nobel Peace Prize winners. -Copy of The Dalai Lama's acceptance speech for the Nobel Peace Prize. -Bulletin board for display. PRESENTATION STEPS: 1) Students read one of the brief biographies of The Dalai Lama, including his Five Point Plan for Peace in Tibet, and his acceptance speech for receiving the Nobel Prize for Peace. 2) Follow with a class discussion regarding the biography and / or the text of the acceptance speech. 3) Distribute and examine the list of Nobel Peace Prize winners. 4) Individually, or in cooperative groups, select one of the Nobel Laureates (give special consideration to those coming to the Portland Peace Conference). Research and prepare to report to the class who the person was and why he / she / they won the Nobel Prize.
    [Show full text]
  • Choosing Futures: Alva Myrdal and the Construction of Swedish Futures Studies, 1967–1972Ã
    IRSH 51 (2006), pp. 277–295 DOI: 10.1017/S0020859006002458 # 2006 Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis Choosing Futures: Alva Myrdal and the Construction of Swedish Futures Studies, 1967–1972à Jenny Andersson Summary: This article discusses the Swedish discourse on futures studies in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It focuses on the futures discourse of the group appointed by the Prime Minister, Olof Palme, in 1967 under the chairmanship of Alva Myrdal. The Swedish futures discourse focused on futures studies as a democratic means of reform in defence of the Swedish model and ‘‘Swedish’’ values of solidarity and equality, in opposition to an international futurology dominated by the Cold War and dystopic narratives of global disaster. The article suggests that the creation of Swedish futures studies, culminating in a Swedish institute for futures studies, can be seen as a highpoint of postwar planning and the Swedish belief in the possibility of constructing a particularly Swedish future from a particularly Swedish past. INTRODUCTION In 1971, the Swedish Prime Minister and leader of the Social Democratic Party (Socialdemokratiska arbetareparti, SAP), Olof Palme, appointed a group chaired by Alva Myrdal – feminist, social policy researcher, ambassador, minister, and eventually, in 1982, Nobel Peace Prize laureate1 – to study the future. In the early 1970s, Alva Myrdal was well-known through her work on disarmament and world peace, as well as, in the Swedish political context, her radical equality programme for the SAP in 1969. The equality programme was an ambitious attempt to relate social democratic ideology to the critique of the late 1960s and to rethink the à This article was first presented to the conference Alva Myrdal’s Questions to Our Time, Uppsala, 6–8 March 2002, and subsequently published in Swedish as ‘‘Alvas framtider’’, in Christina Florin and Torbjo¨ rn Lundqvist (eds), Historia – en va¨g till framtiden? Perspektiv pa˚ det fo¨rflutnas roll i framtidsstudier (Stockholm, 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    Iconographisk Post • Nordisk tidskrift för bildtolkning Nordic Review of Iconography Nr 3/4, 2020. issn 2323-5586. pp. 157–205. Iconographisk Post Fred Andersson Nordisk tidskrift för bildtolkning Ph.D. in Art History, Adjunct prof. (Docent), Senior lecturer, Art History & Visual Nordic Review of Iconography studies, Åbo Akademi University, Finland. Email: [email protected] Nr 3/4, 2020 Iconography of the Labour Movement. Part 2: Socialist Iconography, 1848–1952 innehåll / contents Abstract: This is Part 2 of a two-part study which aims at preliminary conclusions re- garding the iconography of the international labour movement. Earlier research in the Förord / Editorial 3 fields of social history, art history and visual rhetorics has been consulted for this pur- pose. After 1848, emerging socialist parties and labour unions depended on republican Søren Kaspersen “Quale sit intus in his” – A Note about Abbot Suger's 9 iconography for their manifestation of collective identity. The republican virtues of Bronze Doors in Saint-Denis Liberty, Equality and Fraternity remained important, but Fraternity was gradually re- placed or merged with Unity and Solidarity. In a process akin to the identification of Anders Ödman the goddess of Liberty with a more common “Marianne”, the representation of Unity Östra Sallerups kyrka i Frosta härad, Skåne: 27 and manual work in socialist iconography became focused on images of individual kolonisation och kulturella kontakter male or female workers. In earlier prints and illustrations, these representations have Ragnhild M. Bø strong affinities with how the concept of labour was personified in official monuments Miracle, Moral and Memory: Situating the Miracles 53 of the same period.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Identities and National Borders
    CULTURAL IDENTITIES AND NATIONAL BORDERS Edited by Mats Andrén Thomas Lindqvist Ingmar Söhrman Katharina Vajta 1 CULTURAL IDENTITIES AND NATIONAL BORDERS Proceedings from the CERGU conference held at the Faculty of Arts. Göteborg University 7-8 June 2007 Eds. Mats Andrén Thomas Linqvist Ingmar Söhrman Katharina Vajta 2 CONTENTS Contributers Opening Addresses Introduction 1. Where, when and what is a language? Ingmar Söhrman 2. Identity as a Cognitive Code: the Northern Irish Paradigm Ailbhe O’Corrain 3. Language and Identity in Modern Spain: Square Pegs in Round Holes? Miquel Strubell 4. Struggling over Luxembourgish Identity Fernand Fehlen 5. Language Landscapes and Static Geographies in the Baltic Sea Area Thomas Lundén 6. The Idea of Europa will be Fullfilled by Muslim Turkey Klas Grinell 7. National identity and the ethnographic museum The Musée du Quai Branly Project: a French answer to multiculturalism? Maud Guichard-Marneuor 8. Främlingsidentitet och mytbildning av den utländske författaren [English summary: Mythmaking of the Foreign Author and a Reflection on the Identity as a Stranger: The Case of the Swedish Author Stig Dagerman in France and Italy] Karin Dahl 9. Den glokale kommissarien: Kurt Wallander på film och TV [English summary: Kurt Wallander on film and TV] Daniel Brodén 10. Staden, staten och medborgarskapet [English summary: Studying “undocumented immigrants” in the city with Lefebvre’s spatial triad as a point of departure] Helena Holgersson 3 11. Digging for Legitimacy: Archeology, Identity and National Projects in Great Britain, Germany and Sweden Per Cornell, Ulf Borelius & Anders Ekelund 12. Recasting Swedish Historical Identity Erik Örjan Emilsson 4 Contributers Mats Andrén is professor in The History of Ideas and Science at Göteborg University from 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • MONT PELERIN SOCIETY by Eamonn Butler Based on a History of the Mont Pelerin Society by Max Hartwell
    A SHORT HISTORY OF THE MONT PELERIN SOCIETY By Eamonn Butler Based on A History of the Mont Pelerin Society by Max Hartwell INTRODUCTION In 1995 the Liberty Fund published A History of the Mont Pelerin Society, written by the Oxford historian (and past President of the Society), Professor Max Hartwell. The book is comprehensive, but is now difficult to obtain; and much has happened since 1995. So the Board of the Society asked me to précis the History and bring it up to date, giving members and prospective members a short guide to the history and ethos of the Society and to some of the key individuals and events that have shaped it. The Society and I are very grateful to the family of our friend Max Hartwell for their permission to borrow very heavily from his work. WHAT IS THE MONT PELERIN SOCIETY? Hartwell opens his History by saying that the Mont Pelerin Society is “not well known” and has “no demonstrably proven role in world affairs.” Many of its individual members, by contrast have indeed been well known and influential. Some have become senior government ministers (such as Sir Geoffrey Howe of the United Kingdom, Antonio Martino of Italy, Ruth Richardson of New Zealand, and George Shultz of the United States) or senior officials (e.g. former Federal Reserve Chairman Arthur Burns). A few have even become presidents or prime ministers (among them Ludwig Erhard of Germany, Luigi Einaudi of Italy, Mart Laar of Estonia, Ranil Wickremasinghe of Sri Lanka and Václav Klaus of the Czech Republic).
    [Show full text]