Love Ain't Got No Color?
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Sayaka Osanami Törngren LOVE AIN'T GOT NO COLOR? – Attitude toward interracial marriage in Sweden Föreliggande doktorsavhandling har producerats inom ramen för forskning och forskarutbildning vid REMESO, Institutionen för Samhälls- och Välfärdsstudier, Linköpings universitet. Samtidigt är den en produkt av forskningen vid IMER/MIM, Malmö högskola och det nära samarbetet mellan REMESO och IMER/MIM. Den publiceras i Linköping Studies in Arts and Science. Vid filosofiska fakulteten vid Linköpings universitet bedrivs forskning och ges forskarutbildning med utgångspunkt från breda problemområden. Forskningen är organiserad i mångvetenskapliga forskningsmiljöer och forskarutbildningen huvudsakligen i forskarskolor. Denna doktorsavhand- ling kommer från REMESO vid Institutionen för Samhälls- och Välfärdsstudier, Linköping Studies in Arts and Science No. 533, 2011. Vid IMER, Internationell Migration och Etniska Relationer, vid Malmö högskola bedrivs flervetenskaplig forskning utifrån ett antal breda huvudtema inom äm- nesområdet. IMER ger tillsammans med MIM, Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare, ut avhandlingsserien Malmö Studies in International Migration and Ethnic Relations. Denna avhandling är No 10 i avhandlingsserien. Distribueras av: REMESO, Institutionen för Samhälls- och Välfärsstudier, ISV Linköpings universitet, Norrköping SE-60174 Norrköping Sweden Internationell Migration och Etniska Relationer, IMER och Malmö Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare, MIM Malmö Högskola SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden ISSN 1652-3997 (Malmö) ISSN 0282-9800 (Linköping) ISBN 978-91-7104-097-8 (Malmö) ISBN 978-91-7393-117-5 (Linköping) Copyright © 2011 Författaren, REMESO, ISV, Linköpings universitet och IMER/MIM, Malmö högskola. Tryck och sättning: Prinfo Grafiskt Center, Malmö 2011 Malmö Studies in International Migration and Ethnic Relations No 10, 2011 Linköping Studies in Arts and Science No 533, 2011 Sayaka Osanami Törngren LOVE AIN'T GOT NO COLOR? – Attitude toward interracial marriage in Sweden IMER/MIM/Malmö högskola Migration och Etnicitet/REMESO/Linköpings universitet A b s tract This dissertation focuses on the geographical area of Malmö, the third largest city in Sweden, and examines the majority society’s opinions and attitudes toward interracial dating, marriage and childbearing. The disser- tation is driven by two theoretical frames: the theory of race as ideas con- structed through the perception of visible differences and the theory of prejudice and stereotypes. Mixed methods have been chosen as a means of exploring people’s attitudes toward interracial relationships. Quantitative data was collected by means of an attitude survey and the qualitative data was collected by means of follow-up interviews with some of the respond- ents who participated in the survey. Through quantitative and qualitative inquiries, the pattern of attitudes and the correlation of attitudes and indi- viduals’ social characteristics, as well as the underlying ideas and thoughts, can be explored. This study intends to achieve an understanding of people’s expressed ideas and attitudes, rather than the changes and de- velopment of individual attitudes and feelings. The study shows that although their attitudes vary depending on the different groups in question, the majority of the respondents and inter- viewees could imagine getting involved in interrelationships and would not react negatively if a family member got involved in such a relation- ship. The quantitative results address the importance of intimate contacts, in other words having friends of diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds, in having more positive attitudes toward interracial dating, marriage and childbearing. Age, gender, education and the place of upbringing also af- fects people’s attitudes. The qualitative inquiry probes the reasoning be- hind the survey results and points to the complicated relations between individual attitudes and the sense of group position. The interviewees’ words depict colorblind ways of talking about attitudes toward interra- cial marriage and different groups. Ideas of race emerge in this colorblind reasoning and the role of visible difference is highlighted both through the quantitative and qualitative inquiries. Keywords: interracial marriage, attitudes, race, Contact Hypothesis, group position, prejudice and stereotypes, colorblindness, perception of difference, mixed methods C ontent s AbstracT . .5 Acknowledgements . .11 ProloguE . .13 Introduction . .15 Why study attitudes toward interracial relationships? . .16 How marriage as a topic is discussed in a European and Swedish context . 19 The aim and research questions . 21 The concept of dating and marriage . 22. Relevant studies on intermarriage in Sweden . .23 Statistics on intermarriage . 23. Quantitative inquiries on attitudes toward intermarriage . 26. Qualitative inquiries on intermarriage . 26. Fear of miscegenation in Swedish history . 29. If you have seen Malmö, you have seen the world – Contextualizing Malmö within Sweden . 32 Disposition . .35 Theoretical Orientation . .37 Conception of difference . .37 Perception of difference . 42. Conception of race as the perception of visible difference . 43 Race in Swedish history . 51. Race in contemporary Sweden . 54. Colorblind Sweden . 58. Why race? . 64. Theory of stereotypes and prejudice . 66 Allport’s theory of prejudice and Contact Hypothesis . 69. Blumer’s theory of group position and perceived threat . 70. Stereotypes and prejudice among the Swedish public . 73. Summarizing the theoretical orientation . .75 MethOdologIcal Orientation . .77 Mixed methods . 77 Pragmatism . 81. Attitudes . .83 Examining attitudes by means of a survey . 85. Examining attitudes through interviews . 87. Operationalizing the conception of race . .88 My position and my research subject . 92 Race of interviewer effect . 93. One need to be Caesar in order to understand Caesar? . 96. Part 1: Mapping people’S attitudes toward interracial relationships . .99 Data . 99 Missing cases . 101. Respondents . 104. Data analysis . 106 Important background variables . 107 Interracial contact within different social settings . .109 Attitudes toward interracial relationships . .113 General attitudes toward different groups . .114 Important background information: Attitudes toward immigration and immigrants . 114 Perceived size of the groups and attitudes toward immigrants in Malmö . 114 Subtle and implicit prejudice . 116. Feeling or speaking like a Swede and the role of skin color . 118. Summary of the background information on attitudes toward immigration and immigrants . 120. Results . .121 Attitudes toward interrelationships among the respondents of white European background . 121. Attitudes toward interracial relationships among the respondents of non-European background . 128. Comparing attitudes toward interracial marriage among the respondents of white European and non-European background . 131. Correlation between background variables and attitudes toward interracial relationships . 134. Comments from the respondents . 142. Discussion of the results . 143 Perception of difference and group position . 143. The idea of individual choice . 147. Attitudes toward interracial relationships and immigrant groups . 148. The role of age, education and gender . 149. The importance of friendship and the limitation of non-intimate contact . 151 Summary . .154 Part 2: Exploring people’S attitudes toward interracial relationships . 157 The interviewees . 157 Interview questions . 160 Language difficulties and translation . .162 My position and my interpretation . 164 Relevant qualitative studies on attitudes toward interracial marriage . 164 Empirical material and analysis . .167 What is mixed marriage? – Perception of differences . 169. 8 “It would not be easy to have a relationship with two different cultures” – Differences as a “problem” . 174. “I would be more worried if someone took home a person who has some kind of drug abuse problem” – Legitimizing the “problem” . 179. “It’s not surprising, it’s about culture” – Explaining colorblind attitudes . 181 “You can be quite positive towards red-haired people but you don’t necessarily want to get married to them” – The idea of culture and visible differences . 187. “You can marry whoever you want” – the idea of individual choice . 192. “It has to do with Swedish gender equality standards” – Racialization of the idea of gender equality . 196. “I don’t know…” –Difficulties in talking about visible differences . 202. “I’m not racist but…” – The dilemma of individual choice . 206. Contact Hypothesis and group position from the qualitative view . 208. Race of interviewer effect in interviews . 210. Summary . .216 The perception of difference . 216. Talking colorblind – Focusing on and disregarding differences . 220. Talking about visible differences . 224. The role of contact and group position . 226. Things that were never discussed . 228. Part 3: Beyond attitudes toward interracial relationships . .229 A brief summary of the key findings on attitudes toward interracial relationships . .230 Findings from the quantitative inquiry . 230. Findings from the qualitative inquiry . 231. Readdressing the quantitative and the qualitative results . .231 Perception of social and religious differences – Defining us and them in a colorblind manner . 232. Naturalizing and rationalizing through liberal values . 237. Master position of visible differences . 240. Interracial contact and group position – Understanding prejudice,