DOCSLIB.ORG

Naturally Occurring Arsenic in the Miocene Hawthorn Group, Southwestern Florida: Potential Implication for Phosphate Mining

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Naturally Occurring Arsenic in the Miocene Hawthorn Group, Southwestern Florida: Potential Implication for Phosphate Mining Applied Geochemistry Applied Geochemistry 22 (2007) 953–973 www.elsevier.com/locate/apgeochem Naturally occurring arsenic in the Miocene Hawthorn Group, southwestern Florida: Potential implication for phosphate mining Olesya Lazareva, Thomas Pichler * Department of Geology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA Received 20 February 2006; accepted 11 December 2006 Editorial handling by R. Fuge Available online 20 February 2007 Abstract To understand the mineralogical association, concentration, and distribution of arsenic (As) in the Hawthorn Group, the chemical and mineralogical composition of 362 samples that were collected from 16 cores in southwestern Florida were examined in detail. In the study area, the Hawthorn Group consisted primarily of a basal carbonate unit (the Arcadia For- mation) and an upper siliciclastic unit (The Peace River Formation). The Peace River Formation contains appreciable amounts of phosphate and is currently being exploited for phosphate ore. Samples were taken from cores of each forma- tion at intervals of 7.5 m. In addition, to the interval samples, sections likely to have high As concentrations, such as zones with pyrite crystals, hydrous ferric oxides, green clays, and organic material, were collected and analyzed. Bulk As concen- trations were determined by hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS) after digestion with aqua regia (3:1 HCl and HNO3). The elements Fe, Al, Si, Mg, Ca, S, and P were measured on the same solutions by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The identification of discrete minerals was aided by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and chemical compositions within the sample matrix and in individual minerals were obtained by electron-probe microanalysis (EMPA). This detailed mineralogical and geochemical study demonstrated that: (1) As in the Hawthorn Group varied from for- mation to formation and was mostly concentrated in trace minerals, such as pyrite; (2) average As concentrations signif- icantly changed from 8.8 mg/kg (r = 8.6 mg/kg) in the Peace River Formation to 3.0 mg/kg (r = 3.7 mg/kg) in the Tampa Member of the Arcadia Formation. Arsenic concentrations for all Hawthorn samples varied from 0.1 to 69.0 mg/kg; (3) pyrite, with one exception, occurred as framboids and was unevenly distributed throughout the Hawthorn Group; (4) pyr- ite framboids were located inside a francolite (carbonate fluorapatite) matrix with As concentrations as high as 3730 mg/kg and as a trace mineral in the sediment matrix concentrations varying from <1 to 8260 mg/kg; (5) hydrous ferric oxides (HFO) contained As concentrations as high as 540 mg/kg; (6) francolite, organic material, and clays contained substan- tially less As than pyrite; (7) thus, the release of As from pyrite could pose a potential problem for the phosphate industry. Ó 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 813 974 0321; fax: +1 813 974 2654. E-mail address: [email protected] (T. Pichler). 0883-2927/$ - see front matter Ó 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.12.021 954 O. Lazareva, T. Pichler / Applied Geochemistry 22 (2007) 953–973 1. Introduction study. Because P and As are chemically closely related, they often co-occur in nature (Shields, Southwestern Florida hosts several large phos- 2002). In addition, the highly open crystal structure phate mines that exploit the Oligocene- to Miocene- of carbonate fluorapatite (francolite) shows a ten- aged Hawthorn Group sediments (Blakey, 1973). dency to accumulate such elements as As, Mo, Se, Currently, Florida supplies about one-quarter of Y, Zn and the Rare Earth Elements (REE) during the world’s and three-quarters of the United States diagenesis (Shields, 2002). This may pose problems domestic phosphate needs (Hodges et al., 2001). for phosphate mining, such as (1) high As values in Arsenic concentrations of up to 54.1 mg/kg were the phosphate-bearing rock has a negative effect on recently reported for samples from the Oligocene- ore processing (benefication) and the quality of the aged Suwannee Limestone in Florida (Price and final product; and (2) mine-induced changes in Pichler, 2006). The Suwannee Limestone directly ground water physico-chemical conditions may underlies the Hawthorn Group, which triggered this cause the release of As present in the subsurface, Fig. 1. Map of the research area including the Regional Observation Monitor Well Program (ROMP) locations, numbers, and names of the 16 cores that were sampled. Note: the sample labels correspond to drill ‘well number’ – ‘sample depth’. O. Lazareva, T. Pichler / Applied Geochemistry 22 (2007) 953–973 955 causing increased values in public and private supply between Tampa and Port Charlotte (Fig. 1). Here wells relative to existing drinking water standards. the hydrogeological framework can be subdivided The potential for this scenario was clearly demon- into 3 discrete units, the Floridan Aquifer System strated by release of high-As water from Coronet (FAS), the Intermediate Aquifer System (IAS) or Industries processing plant in Plant City, Hillsbor- Intermediate Confining Unit, and the Surficial ough County, where levels were in excess of Aquifer System (SAS) (Fig. 2)(Miller, 1986). 100 lg/L (Hammett, 2002). The new Maximum The Miocene Hawthorn Group is the strati- Contaminant Level (MCL) for As in drinking water, graphic unit that contains the Intermediate aquifer established by the U. S. Environmental Protection system. It is subdivided into a lower section compris- Agency (US EPA) in 2001 and which took effect on ing the undifferentiated Arcadia Formation, Tampa January 23, 2006, is 10 lg/L (Walsh, 2001). More- and Nocatee Members of the Arcadia Formation over, there have been several occurrences of swine (Fig. 2) and the upper section of the Peace River For- fatalities due to As contaminated phosphate feed mation (Scott, 1988, 1990). The Arcadia Formation supplements (El Bahri and Romdane, 1991). unconformably overlies the Oligocene Suwannee Limestone. Its maximum thickness within the study 1.1. Geology and hydrogeology of the study area area is approximately 183 m (600 ft) in the Okeecho- bee Basin (Scott, 1988). Throughout the research The research area is located in the Southwest area the undifferentiated Arcadia Formation is prin- Florida Water Management District (SWFWMD) cipally composed of variable amount of siliciclastics Fig. 2. Lithostratigraphic and hydrogeologic units of the study area (Modified from Miller, 1986). 956 O. Lazareva, T. Pichler / Applied Geochemistry 22 (2007) 953–973 such as quartz sands, greenish gray clays, chert and concentration (following chemical analyses), francolite within a carbonate matrix (Scott, 1990). approximately 60 samples were selected for further The lithology of the Tampa Member of the Arcadia study. Polished thin sections were made for those Formation varies from yellow-gray marine wacke- samples and they were examined using a polarizing stone to packestone containing variable amounts of microscope with reflected and transmitted light. dolostone, clay, quartz sand and minor occurrences To determine bulk chemical composition samples of francolite (Wingard et al., 1993; Scott, 1988). were powdered (homogenized) in an agate mortar. The Nocatee Member forms the base of the Arcadia To avoid cross-contamination, the mortar and pes- Formation (Fig. 2) in the much of the southern por- tle were cleaned with pure silica sand and deionised tion of SWFWMD. Scott (1988) reported that the water between samples. A dilute HNO3 solution was Nocatee Member contains the highest amount of used after powdering soft greenish clays. Approxi- siliciclastic material found within the entire Arcadia mately 0.5 ± 0.001 g of powdered sample was Formation. weighed into a digestion vessel and 10 mL of a 3:1 The Peace River Formation, currently being mixture of HCl and HNO3 was added. The diges- exploited for the phosphate ore, unconformably tion vessel was immediately capped with a reflux overlies the Arcadia Formation (Fig. 2) and, within cup to trap any arsine gas. The sample was heated the study area, reaches a maximum thickness of 46– to a temperature of 95 °C for 30 min. After diges- 61 m (150–200 ft) in the Okeechobee Basin (Scott, tion, the solution was cooled, diluted to 50 mL 1990). In the study area, the Peace River Formation (5:1) with DI water, centrifuged for 15 min to consists of greenish gray sandy clays, and carbon- remove non-soluble particles, and filtered. ates with variable amounts of francolite, sand and Calcium, Fe, Mg, Mn, S, P, Si and Al were gravel (Green et al., 1995). The carbonates are com- determined on a Perkin Elmer Optima 2000 DV prised of interbedded limestones, dolostones, and a inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spec- siliciclastic component dominates the Peace River trometer (ICP-OES). Bulk As concentrations were Formation (Scott, 1988). measured by hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry using a PSA 10.055 Millenium Excali- 2. Methods bur instrument (HG-AFS) at the Center for Water Analysis, University of South Florida. The accuracy A combination of petrographic and geochemical and precision of the measurements and acid digestion techniques was used to evaluate the abundance and was verified by analysis of the JGS JLs-1 reference mineralogical association of As in 362 samples from material and sample duplicates, which indicated a 16 Hawthorn Group cores in proximity to current precision of better than 5%. Reagent-acid blanks and future phosphate mining. The cores were origi- were tested and showed no detectable As. Back- nally collected as part of the Regional Observation ground signal drift was consistently less than 1%. Monitor Well Program (ROMP) by SWFWMD, Based on the bulk concentrations, samples with and stored at the Florida Geological Survey high As levels were selected for a more focused min- (FGS) in Tallahassee. Each core was sampled at eralogical analysis using a Hitachi S-3500N scan- an even spacing of approximately 7.5 m to ensure ning electron microscope (SEM) at the College of representation of the entire Hawthorn interval.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Exhibit Specimen List FLORIDA SUBMERGED the Cretaceous, Paleocene, and Eocene (145 to 34 Million Years Ago) PARADISE ISLAND
    Exhibit Specimen List FLORIDA SUBMERGED The Cretaceous, Paleocene, and Eocene (145 to 34 million years ago) FLORIDA FORMATIONS Avon Park Formation, Dolostone from Eocene time; Citrus County, Florida; with echinoid sand dollar fossil (Periarchus lyelli); specimen from Florida Geological Survey Avon Park Formation, Limestone from Eocene time; Citrus County, Florida; with organic layers containing seagrass remains from formation in shallow marine environment; specimen from Florida Geological Survey Ocala Limestone (Upper), Limestone from Eocene time; Jackson County, Florida; with foraminifera; specimen from Florida Geological Survey Ocala Limestone (Lower), Limestone from Eocene time; Citrus County, Florida; specimens from Tanner Collection OTHER Anhydrite, Evaporite from early Cenozoic time; Unknown location, Florida; from subsurface core, showing evaporite sequence, older than Avon Park Formation; specimen from Florida Geological Survey FOSSILS Tethyan Gastropod Fossil, (Velates floridanus); In Ocala Limestone from Eocene time; Barge Canal spoil island, Levy County, Florida; specimen from Tanner Collection Echinoid Sea Biscuit Fossils, (Eupatagus antillarum); In Ocala Limestone from Eocene time; Barge Canal spoil island, Levy County, Florida; specimens from Tanner Collection Echinoid Sea Biscuit Fossils, (Eupatagus antillarum); In Ocala Limestone from Eocene time; Mouth of Withlacoochee River, Levy County, Florida; specimens from John Sacha Collection PARADISE ISLAND The Oligocene (34 to 23 million years ago) FLORIDA FORMATIONS Suwannee
    [Show full text]
  • Soil Survey of Pinellas County, Florida
    United States In cooperation with Department of the University of Florida, Agriculture Institute of Food and Soil Survey of Agricultural Sciences, Natural Agricultural Experiment Pinellas County, Resources Stations, and Soil and Conservation Water Science Service Department; the Florida Florida Department of Agricultural and Consumer Services; and the Pinellas County Board of Commissioners i How To Use This Soil Survey Detailed Soil Maps The detailed soil maps can be useful in planning the use and management of small areas. To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the Index to Map Sheets. Note the number of the map sheet and turn to that sheet. Locate your area of interest on the map sheet. Note the map unit symbols that are in that area. Turn to the Contents, which lists the map units by symbol and name and shows the page where each map unit is described. The Contents shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed soil map unit. Also see the Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs. ii This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 2002. Soil names and descriptions were approved in 2003. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 2003.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Machairodont from the Palmetto Fauna (Early Pliocene) of Florida, with Comments on the Origin of the Smilodontini (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae)
    A New Machairodont from the Palmetto Fauna (Early Pliocene) of Florida, with Comments on the Origin of the Smilodontini (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) Steven C. Wallace1*, Richard C. Hulbert Jr.2 1 Department of Geosciences, Don Sundquist Center of Excellence in Paleontology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America, 2 Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America Abstract South-central Florida’s latest Hemphillian Palmetto Fauna includes two machairodontine felids, the lion-sized Machairodus coloradensis and a smaller, jaguar-sized species, initially referred to Megantereon hesperus based on a single, relatively incomplete mandible. This made the latter the oldest record of Megantereon, suggesting a New World origin of the genus. Subsequent workers variously accepted or rejected this identification and biogeographic scenario. Fortunately, new material, which preserves previously unknown characters, is now known for the smaller taxon. The most parsimonious results of a phylogenetic analysis using 37 cranio-mandibular characters from 13 taxa place it in the Smilodontini, like the original study; however, as the sister-taxon to Megantereon and Smilodon. Accordingly, we formally describe Rhizosmilodon fiteae gen. et sp. nov. Rhizosmilodon, Megantereon, and Smilodon ( = Smilodontini) share synapomorphies relative to their sister-taxon Machairodontini: serrations smaller and restricted to canines; offset of P3 with P4 and p4 with m1; complete verticalization of mandibular symphysis; m1 shortened and robust with widest point anterior to notch; and extreme posterior ‘‘lean’’ to p3/p4. Rhizosmilodon has small anterior and posterior accessory cusps on p4, a relatively large lower canine, and small, non-procumbent lower incisors; all more primitive states than in Megantereon and Smilodon.
    [Show full text]
  • Honeymoon Island Beach Nourishment Field Trip, 2015, 37 P
    Honeymoon Island Beach Nourishment Field Trip Southeastern Geological Society Guidebook No. 64 June 12-13, 2015 A Field Guide to Honeymoon Island Beach Nourishment Southeastern Geological Society Guidebook No. 64 Field Trip June 12-13, 2015 2015 SEGS OFFICERS President – Greg Mudd Vice President – Bryan Carrick Secretary – Samantha Andrews Treasurer – Harley Means Past President - John Herbert Guidebook Compiled and Edited by: Bryan Carrick, P.G., 2015 Published by: THE SOUTHEASTERN GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY P.O. Box 1636 Tallahassee, Florida 32302 Southeastern Geological Society Guidebook No. 64 June 12-13, 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS by: Bryan Carrick, P.G. …............................................................................................... 2 HONEYMOON ISLAND BEACH RESTORATION PROJECT by: Brett D. Moore, P.E., Humiston & Moore Engineers .................................................. 3 ROSS/OSSI (ROSSI): A COASTAL MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR OFFSHORE SAND SOURCES by:Jennifer L. Coor1, Candace Beauvais2, Jase D. Ousley3................................................ 9 SEDIMENT ENGINEERING THRU DREDGING AND WITH NATURE (SETDWN) – FATE OF FINES IN THE DREDGING AND PLACEMENT PROCESS by:Coraggio K. Maglio1, Jase D. Ousley2, Jennifer L.Coor3.…..…………......................16 MODERN AND HISTORICAL MORPHODYNAMICS OF THE JOHN’S PASS - BLIND PASS DUAL-INLET SYSTEM, PINELLAS COUNTY, FLORIDA by: Mark H. Horwitz, University of South Florida........................................................... 23 INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY
    [Show full text]
  • Miocene Paleontology and Stratigraphy of the Suwannee River Basin of North Florida and South Georgia
    MIOCENE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF THE SUWANNEE RIVER BASIN OF NORTH FLORIDA AND SOUTH GEORGIA SOUTHEASTERN GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Guidebook Number 30 October 7, 1989 MIOCENE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF THE SUWANNEE RIVER BASIN OF NORTH FLORIDA AND SOUTH GEORGIA Compiled and edit e d by GARY S . MORGAN GUIDEBOOK NUMBER 30 A Guidebook for the Annual Field Trip of the Southeastern Geological Society October 7, 1989 Published by the Southeastern Geological Society P. 0 . Box 1634 Tallahassee, Florida 32303 TABLE OF CONTENTS Map of field trip area ...... ... ................................... 1 Road log . ....................................... ..... ..... ... .... 2 Preface . .................. ....................................... 4 The lithostratigraphy of the sediments exposed along the Suwannee River in the vicinity of White Springs by Thomas M. scott ........................................... 6 Fossil invertebrates from the banks of the Suwannee River at White Springs, Florida by Roger W. Portell ...... ......................... ......... 14 Miocene vertebrate faunas from the Suwannee River Basin of North Florida and South Georgia by Gary s. Morgan .................................. ........ 2 6 Fossil sirenians from the Suwannee River, Florida and Georgia by Daryl P. Damning . .................................... .... 54 1 HAMIL TON CO. MAP OF FIELD TRIP AREA 2 ROAD LOG Total Mileage from Reference Points Mileage Last Point 0.0 0.0 Begin at Holiday Inn, Lake City, intersection of I-75 and US 90. 7.3 7.3 Pass under I-10. 12 . 6 5.3 Turn right (east) on SR 136. 15.8 3 . 2 SR 136 Bridge over Suwannee River. 16.0 0.2 Turn left (west) on us 41. 19 . 5 3 . 5 Turn right (northeast) on CR 137. 23.1 3.6 On right-main office of Occidental Chemical Corporation.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogeology and Analysis of Aquifer Characteristics in West-Central Pinellas County, Florida
    Hydrogeology and Analysis of Aquifer Characteristics in West-Central Pinellas County, Florida By James C. Broska and Holly L. Barnette U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99–185 Prepared in cooperation with PINELLAS COUNTY Tallahassee, Florida 1999 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Charles G. Groat, Director The use of firm, trade, and brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. For additional information Copies of this report can be write to: purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information Services Suite 3015 Box 25286 227 North Bronough St. Denver, CO 80225 Tallahassee, FL 32301 888-ASK-USGS CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose and Scope ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Description of the Study Area..................................................................................................................... 2 Hydrogeologic Framework .................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • State of Florida Department Of
    STATE OF FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Herschel T. Vinyard Jr., Secretary REGULATORY PROGRAMS Jeff Littlejohn, Deputy Secretary FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Jonathan D. Arthur, State Geologist and Director OPEN-FILE REPORT 98 Text to accompany geologic map of the USGS Tarpon Springs 30 x 60 minute quadrangle, central Florida By Richard C. Green, William L. Evans, III, Christopher P. Williams, Clinton Kromhout and Seth W. Bassett 2012 ISSN (1058-1391) This geologic map was funded in part by the USGS National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program under assistance award number G11AC20418 in Federal fiscal year 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 Methods........................................................................................................................................... 2 Previous Work ................................................................................................................................ 5 GEOLOGIC SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 5 Structure ........................................................................................................................................ 10 Geomorphology ...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Predicting Phosphatic Soil Distribution in Alachua County, Florida
    PREDICTING PHOSPHATIC SOIL DISTRIBUTION IN ALACHUA COUNTY, FLORIDA By RAVINDRA RAMNARINE A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIRE MENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2003 Copyright 2003 by Ravindra Ramnarine To my brothers, Rishi and Shiva ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Willie G. Harris, who provided guidance and support both in my academic and personal life. Dr. Harris was always enthusiastic in providing advice and assistance throughout the project; and was instrumental in its timely completion. I also thank my supervisory committee members for their expertise in different aspects of the project: Dr. Sabine Grunwald (GIS), Dr. Vimala Nair (total P analysis), and Dr. Kenneth Portier (statistical analysis). I thank Dr. Stanley Latimer for assistance in GIS operations; and transferring of GIS data to the GPS unit. A major part of the project involved GIS and I thank Larry “Rex” Ellis, Tait Chirenje, and Mike Tischler, who helped me overcome various GIS hurdles. The field sampling would not have been possible without the assistance of Mr. Keith Hollien, whose knowledge of the roads and tolerance of some “bad weather” were deeply appreciated. Also, I thank Keith Hollien and Natalie Rodriguez for assistance with the mineralogical analyses. Many of my professors and colleagues assisted in the project; some providing advice and others, a helping hand. They include Dr. Randall Brown, Dr. Mary Collins, Dr. Michael Binford, and Ms. Myrlène Chrysostome. I would also like to thank the landowners and park rangers who gave us permission for field sampling.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida Geological
    Geologic Map of the State of Florida - Southern Peninsula by Thomas M. Scott, P. G. #99, Kenneth M. Campbell, Frank R. Rupert, Jonathan D. Arthur, Thomas M. Missimer, Jacqueline M. Lloyd, J. William Yon, and Joel G. Duncan Qh Quaternary TQsu Tc Qh Thp Thpb Holocene Qh Qu Qh Holocene sedimennts Qu TQsu Tha TQuc Qu Pleistocene/Holocene Qa Qbd Qal Alluvium Qu Qu Qbd Beach ridge and dune Thp Qu TQd Qh Qu Undifferentiated sediments TQsu Pleistocene Qh Qa Anastasia Formation TQsu Qu TQsu Qk Key Largo Limestone Qh Qm Miami Limestone Qtr Trail Ridge sands Qa Tertiary/Quaternary Tt Pliocene/Pleistocene TQsu Shelly sediments of Qu Plio-Pleistocene age TQsu TQu Undifferentiated sediments Qh TQsu TQd Dunes TQuc Reworked Cypresshead sediments Tertiary Pliocene Tt Tc Cypresshead Formation Qm Tci Citronelle Formaation Tmc Miccosukee Formmation Tic Intracoastal Formmation Tt Tamiami Formation Tjb Jackson Bluff Formation Qh Miocene/Pliocene Tt Thcc Hawthorn Group, Coosawhatchie Formation, Charlton Member Thp Hawthorn Group, Peace River Formation Qm Thpb Hawthorn Group, Peace River Formation, Bone Valley Member Miocene Trm Residuum on Miocene sediments Tab Alum Bluff Group Qh Qk Hawthorn Group Th Qh Thc Hawthorn Group, Coosawhatchie Formation Ths Hawthorn Group, Statenville Formation Tht Hawthorn Group, Torreya Formation Tch Chatahoochee FFormation Qk Tsmk St. Marks Formaation Oligocene/Miocene Tha Hawthorn Group, Arcadia Formation That Hawthorn Group, Arcadia Formation, Tampa Member Qk Oligocene Qm Qm Tro Residuum on Oligocene sediments Ts Suwannee Limesttone Suwannee Limesttone - Marianna Limestone undifferentiated Tsm David B. Struhs, Secretary Eocene Tre Residuum on Eocene sediments To Ocala Limestone Tap Avon Park Formation 20 0 20 40 60 80 Miles 20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometerrs Scale 1:750,000 1:750 000 Walter Schmidt Albers Conic Equal-Area Projection State Geologist and Chief SOFIA - http://sofia.usgs.gov.
    [Show full text]
  • STATE of FLORIDA DEPARTMENT of ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Virginia B
    ) -- - )' STATE OF FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Virginia B. Wetherell, Secretary DIVISION OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND TECHNICAL SERVICES Nevin G. Smith, Director FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Walter Schmidt, State Geologist and Chief OPEN FILE REPORT 62 CORE DRILLING AND ANALYSIS: CITY OF SARASOTA, DOWNTOWN WELL FIELD (revised) by K.M. Campbell, P.G. 192, T.M. Scott and R.C. Green FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Tallahassee, Florida 1995 ISSN 1058-1391 -- - Core Drilling and Analysis: City of Sarasota, Downtown Well Field by K.M. Campbell, P.G. 192, T.M. Scott, P.G. 99 and R.C. Green 1994 Introduction The Florida Geological Survey (FGSL in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the city of Sarasota, drilled and analyzed a deep core hole located at the Sarasota Downtown Well Field (SDWF). The investigation focused on the Neogene and Paleogene lithostratigraphy and the Floridan aquifer system. The corehole was drilled into the top of the Middle Eocene Avon Park Formation and terminated at a total depth of 1101 feet below land surface (bls). The core obtained in this study is cataloged as well W·16999 and is stored in the FGS core repository. Funding was provided by the Florida Geological Survey and the 'city of Sarasota. The SDWF draws water from both the intermediate and Floridan aquifer systems. The intermediate aquifer system and confining units consist of Neogene and Paleogene Hawthorn Group sediments. The Floridan aquifer system is composed of latest Paleogene sediments of the Hawthorn Group, and Paleogene sediments of the Suwannee and Ocala Limestones and the Avon Park Formation.
    [Show full text]
  • Detailed Geochemical and Mineralogical Analyses of Naturally Occurring Arsenic in the Hawthorn Group Olesya Lazareva University of South Florida
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 11-2-2004 Detailed Geochemical and Mineralogical Analyses of Naturally Occurring Arsenic in the Hawthorn Group Olesya Lazareva University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Lazareva, Olesya, "Detailed Geochemical and Mineralogical Analyses of Naturally Occurring Arsenic in the Hawthorn Group" (2004). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1126 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Detailed Geochemical and Mineralogical Analyses of Naturally Occurring Arsenic in the Hawthorn Group by Olesya Lazareva A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Geology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Thomas Pichler, Ph.D. Thomas Scott, Ph.D. Jonathan Arthur, Ph.D Peter Harries, Ph.D. Date of Approval: November 2, 2004 Keywords: phosphate, mining, pyrite, aquifer, trace metal, florida © Copyright 2004, Olesya Lazareva ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to gratefully acknowledge the help, support and encouragement of my advisor Dr. Thomas Pichler, who presented me with this wonderful opportunity, and assisted me with developing the research topic and with completing and revising the paper. His contribution to my development as a geochemist cannot be underestimated. I am extremely thankful for his endless effort to provide invaluable assistance and inspired ideas.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstructing Equid Mobility in Miocene Florida Using Strontium
    Reconstructing Equid Mobility in Miocene Florida Using Strontium Isotopes A thesis submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Geology McMicken College of Arts and Sciences By: Jenelle Wallace B.S. State University of New York Geneseo Advisory Committee: Brooke Crowley, Ph.D. - Committee Chair Josh Miller, Ph.D. Aaron Diefendorf, Ph.D. i ABSTRACT Despite extensive research on the evolutionary history and ecology of horses, we know surprisingly little about the mobility of now-extinct species. We used strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) in tooth enamel to reconstruct mobility patterns of horses from two Miocene fossil sites in northern Florida, USA: Thomas Farm (ca. 18 Ma) and Love Bone Bed (ca. 9.5 to 9 Ma). Gomphotheres and tapirs from Love Bone Bed were also included to represent dedicated browsers. Based on modern mobility patterns of extant taxa, we expected that small-bodied or browsing taxa would have 87Sr/86Sr similar to that of local limestone, indicating a relatively sedentary lifestyle. Large-bodied and grazing taxa should have higher and more variable 87Sr/86Sr, reflecting a higher degree of mobility across differing geologies. Surprisingly, the majority of taxa at both sites have higher 87Sr/86Sr than expected for underlying Eocene bedrock, and instead are similar to contemporary Late Oligocene to mid-Miocene seawater. There are several potential scenarios to explain this, one of which seems most plausible. Most individuals may have foraged close to the coast, where vegetation would have been heavily influenced by marine-derived strontium via sea spray.
    [Show full text]