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GSA Bulletin: New Tertiary Stratigraphy for the Florida Keys

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GSA Bulletin: New Tertiary Stratigraphy for the Florida Keys New Tertiary stratigraphy for the Florida Keys and southern peninsula of Florida Kevin J. Cunningham University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Donald F. McNeill Division of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Miami, Florida 33149 Laura A. Guertin } Paul F. Ciesielski University of Florida, Department of Geology, Gainesville, Florida 32611 Thomas M. Scott Florida Geological Survey, 903 West Tennessee Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32304 Laurent de Verteuil Petrotrin, Geological Services Laboratory, Pointe-a-Pierre, Trinidad, West Indies ABSTRACT Formation prograded toward the southern edge of the Florida Plat- form and downlapped onto the regional unconformity at the top of the Seven lithologic formations, ranging in age from Oligocene to Arcadia. Shallow-marine Pleistocene limestones (Key Largo and Pleistocene, were recently penetrated by core holes in southernmost Miami Limestones), deposited during tropical to subtropical condi- Florida. From bottom to top, they are the early Oligocene Suwannee tions, drape over accretionary successions of the Long Key and Stock Limestone; late-early Oligocene-to-Miocene Arcadia Formation, basal Island Formations. Hawthorn Group; late Miocene Peace River Formation, upper Hawthorn Group; newly proposed late Miocene-to-Pliocene Long Key INTRODUCTION and Stock Island Formations; and Pleistocene Key Largo and Miami Limestones. The rocks of the Suwannee Limestone form a third-order Quaternary rocks (Pleistocene Key Largo Limestone and Miami Lime- sequence. Although the entire thickness was not penetrated, 96 m of stone) and sediments of the Florida Keys include some of the best studied Suwannee core from one well contains at least 50 vertically stacked, and most well-known carbonate deposits in the world (e.g., Ginsburg, 1956; exposure-capped limestone cycles, presumably related to rapid eustatic Stanley, 1966; Hoffmeister and Multer, 1968; Enos and Perkins, 1977; fluctuations while experiencing tropical to subtropical conditions. The Harrison and Coniglio, 1985; Lidz et al., 1991; Shinn et al., 1989; Ludwig Arcadia Formation is a composite sequence containing four high- et al., 1996). Due to a scarcity of cores, however, the pre-Quaternary geol- frequency sequences composed of multiple vertically stacked carbon- ogy of the Florida Keys has received only sparse scientific inquiry; one con- ate cycles. Most cycles do not show evidence of subaerial exposure and tinuously recovered deep core (290 meters below sea level) on Key Largo were deposited under more temperate conditions, relative to the (Johnson, 1986). In 1993, the University of Miami and Florida Geological Suwannee Limestone. The Arcadia Formation in southernmost Florida Survey (FGS) initiated the South Florida Drilling Project (SFDP). Two prin- is bounded by regional unconformities representing third-order se- cipal goals of the SFDP are to develop (1) a detailed lithostratigraphic, se- quence boundaries. Post-Arcadia transgression produced a major quence stratigraphic, and chronostratigraphic framework for the Oligocene- backstepping of sediment accumulation above the upper sequence to-Pliocene section beneath southernmost Florida; and (2) a high-resolution, boundary of the Arcadia Formation. The Peace River Formation, com- relative sea-level history for this section. The SFDP has collected 15 marine posed of diatomaceous mudstones, has been identified only beneath the seismic profiles seaward of the Florida Keys (Warzeski et al., 1996) and has Florida peninsula and is not present beneath the Florida Keys. Deposi- drilled three deep continuous core holes in the Keys (Stock Island, Long tion occurred during marine transgressive to high-stand conditions Key, and Carysfort Marina Cores; Fig. 1) and one on the southern peninsula and a local phosphatization event (recorded in northeast Florida). The of Florida (Everglades Core; Fig. 1). Early results of the SFDP were dis- transgression is possibly related to a global rise in sea level, which cussed by Warzeski et al. (1996). They integrated seismic profiles and litho- resulted in upwelling of relatively cooler, relatively nutrient-rich water stratigraphic data from the three new core holes in the Keys. Their study masses onto the Florida Platform. produced a preliminary lithostratigraphy and seismic stratigraphy for Neo- It is proposed that the absence of Peace River sediments beneath the gene mixed siliciclastics and carbonates sandwiched between Miocene and Keys is due to sediment bypass of the upper surface of the Arcadia, a Pleistocene carbonates. They also interpreted the depositional environments result of sediment sweeping by an ancestral Florida current. During of the mixed siliciclastics and carbonates, source and transport routes of the late Miocene to Pliocene time in the Florida Keys, siliciclastics of the siliciclastics, and the role of the siliciclastics in creating a foundation for Long Key Formation and fine-grained carbonates of the Stock Island much of the present shelf margin of the Florida Keys. Herein, the focus is on lithostratigraphic results and interpretations from *e-mail: [email protected] the SFDP for Oligocene-to-Pliocene carbonates and siliciclastics under- Data Repository item 9806 contains additional material related to this article. GSA Bulletin; February 1998; v. 110; no. 2; p. 231–258; 18 figures; 5 tables. 231 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/110/2/231/3382991/i0016-7606-110-2-231.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 CUNNINGHAM ET AL. LEE PALM CO. HENDRY BEACH CO. CO. BROWARD CO. 26° COLLIER CO. FLORIDA W-12050 DADE CO. MIAMI TERRACE MIAMI Soldier UM-FGS Key Figure 1. Location of princi- Everglades (W-17273) pal cores used in this study, from the Florida Keys and South Florida peninsula. Inset map Elliott Key shows the location of the type MONROE CO. UM-FGS core (W-12050) for the Arcadia Carysfort Marina Florida (W-17157) and Peace River Formations 25° Big Pine Bay (Fig. 2). Key UM-FGS Key Long Key Largo (W-17156) UM-FGS FKAA, Stock Island OW-1 Indian (W-17086) Key -2020 mm "Buck" Long Key Key Key Vaca -20 m Key -180 m West Stock POURTALES TERRACE Island 0 km 100 STRAITS OF FLORIDA-180 m-20 m 82° 81° 80° lying southernmost Florida. These findings comprise a synthesis of a new records will be possible (e.g., Haq et al., 1988; Eberli and Ginsburg, 1989; detailed lithostratigraphy and preliminary sequence stratigraphy and bio- Hodell et al., 1994; Miller et al., 1996; Cunningham et al., 1997). These stratigraphy (palynomorphs, silicoflagellates, diatoms, and planktonic and comparisons will allow for determining the control or controls on relative benthic foraminifers). The pool of new information presented herein creates sea-level changes recorded in the late Neogene stratigraphic record of a bridge to forthcoming results and interpretations of parallel sequence southernmost Florida. stratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, and relative sea-level history. Results of the SFDP have also temporally bracketed a late Miocene Although this study only encompasses the Oligocene-to-Pliocene strati- upwelling event that has the potential to constrain phosphatization events of graphic record, Oligocene and Miocene carbonates have the best potential major economic significance in central Florida (Riggs, 1979; Riggs, 1984). for resolving a high-frequency sea-level record. This is because latest Mapping of latest Miocene-to-Pliocene mixed siliciclastics and carbonates Miocene-to-Pliocene shelf-margin mixed siliciclastics and carbonates con- beneath the Florida Keys and southern peninsular Florida has produced the tain only a low-frequency sea-level record. In contrast, Oligocene-to- first detailed architectural framework for these deposits. Miocene platform and ramp carbonates contain a higher frequency sea-level record. New results indicate a hierarchical vertical stacking of carbonate METHODS depositional sequences and high-frequency cycles within the Oligocene and Miocene stratigraphic record, which are the result of numerous relative sea- Five principal cores (974 m in cumulative length) are used in this study. level fluctuations. The record from southernmost Florida provides a Four were drilled by the FGS and one by the Florida Keys Aqueduct unique opportunity to resolve an Oligocene and Miocene relative sea-level Authority (FKAA). The core holes are located in the Florida Keys on Stock history at a much higher resolution than has been achieved by records from Island, in Marathon on Key Vaca, on Long Key, on Key Largo (Carysfort other margins (e.g., Eberli and Ginsburg, 1989; Miller et al., 1996). This Marina), and on the mainland of southern Florida in the Everglades high-resolution, integrated stratigraphic framework presented here is in the National Park (Fig. 1). The combined distance between these core holes is process of being anchored to a precise chronology by planktonic approximately 200 km, with distances between cores ranging between 33 foraminiferal dating, strontium-isotope chemostratigraphy, and magneto- and 72 km. Each core was described using a binocular microscope to deter- stratigraphy. After tying the local, southernmost Florida record of relative mine the vertical pattern of microfacies, sedimentary structures, and depo- sea level to a precise temporal framework, comparisons to other global sitional sequence boundaries, and to assess the regional-scale variability of 232 Geological Society of America Bulletin, February 1998 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/110/2/231/3382991/i0016-7606-110-2-231.pdf
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