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Predicting Phosphatic Soil Distribution in Alachua County, Florida

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Predicting Phosphatic Soil Distribution in Alachua County, Florida PREDICTING PHOSPHATIC SOIL DISTRIBUTION IN ALACHUA COUNTY, FLORIDA By RAVINDRA RAMNARINE A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIRE MENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2003 Copyright 2003 by Ravindra Ramnarine To my brothers, Rishi and Shiva ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Willie G. Harris, who provided guidance and support both in my academic and personal life. Dr. Harris was always enthusiastic in providing advice and assistance throughout the project; and was instrumental in its timely completion. I also thank my supervisory committee members for their expertise in different aspects of the project: Dr. Sabine Grunwald (GIS), Dr. Vimala Nair (total P analysis), and Dr. Kenneth Portier (statistical analysis). I thank Dr. Stanley Latimer for assistance in GIS operations; and transferring of GIS data to the GPS unit. A major part of the project involved GIS and I thank Larry “Rex” Ellis, Tait Chirenje, and Mike Tischler, who helped me overcome various GIS hurdles. The field sampling would not have been possible without the assistance of Mr. Keith Hollien, whose knowledge of the roads and tolerance of some “bad weather” were deeply appreciated. Also, I thank Keith Hollien and Natalie Rodriguez for assistance with the mineralogical analyses. Many of my professors and colleagues assisted in the project; some providing advice and others, a helping hand. They include Dr. Randall Brown, Dr. Mary Collins, Dr. Michael Binford, and Ms. Myrlène Chrysostome. I would also like to thank the landowners and park rangers who gave us permission for field sampling. Many thanks also go to my friends and family for their encouragement and support throughout my study. Finally, this research was supported in part by a grant from the USDA – Initiative for Future Agriculture and Food Systems (IFAFS). iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................1 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................6 Description of the Study Region...................................................................................6 Geology .................................................................................................................6 Topography and Physiography............................................................................12 Hydrology............................................................................................................14 Soils .....................................................................................................................17 Previous Studies on Phosphatic Soils.........................................................................19 Overview of Soil-Landscape Modeling......................................................................21 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS ...............................................................................24 Geospatial Data Collection and Analysis ...................................................................24 Selection of Sampling Sites........................................................................................39 Field Soil Sampling ....................................................................................................42 Laboratory Analysis for Total Phosphorus and Nodule Mineralogy..........................44 Statistical Analysis of Data Obtained from Sampling Regions..................................46 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.................................................................................47 Site and Soil Observations..........................................................................................47 Comparison of Total Phosphorus in the Scarp, Plain and Nonphosphatic Regions...49 Phosphate Distribution as Related to Soil, Geologic and Topographic Attributes.....57 Soils .....................................................................................................................57 Geology ...............................................................................................................59 Topography..........................................................................................................60 Final Phosphatic Soils Map ........................................................................................62 v 5 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................65 APPENDIX A PROCEDURES USED FOR OBTAINING GEOGRAPHIC DATA........................67 B CREATING A DEM FOR ALACHUA COUNTY ...................................................69 LIST OF REFERENCES...................................................................................................70 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .............................................................................................75 vi LIST OF TABLES Table page 2-1. Geologic units found in Alachua County ..................................................................13 2-2. Extent of soil orders in Alachua County. ..................................................................18 3-1. Data layers, sources and extent..................................................................................26 3-2. Classification of soil map units into obligate and facultative....................................35 4-1. Field observations at sites in the scarp region. ..........................................................48 4-2. Field observations at sites in the plain region............................................................48 4-3. Field observations at sites in the nonphosphatic region. ...........................................49 4-4. Comparison of total P values with soil and geologic map units for the upper and lower sampling depths for the scarp region. ............................................................51 4-5. Comparison of total P values with soil and geologic map units for the upper and lower sampling depths for the plain region..............................................................52 4-6. Comparison of total P values with soil and geologic map units for the upper and lower sampling depths for the nonphosphatic region...............................................53 4-7. Topographic attributes of sample sites in the scarp, plain and nonphosphatic regions. .....................................................................................................................61 4-8. Estimated percentage and acreage of “phosphatic soils” based on data from this study. ........................................................................................................................63 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 1-1. Soil/landscape/geologic model used to predict phosphatic soil distribution in Alachua County, Florida. ...........................................................................................5 2-1. Location of Alachua County, Florida..........................................................................7 2-2. Major roads and cities in Alachua County ..................................................................8 2-3. Geology and hydrology of Alachua County..............................................................13 2-4. Map showing elevations in Alachua County.............................................................14 2-5. Map showing slope gradients in Alachua County.....................................................15 2-6. Physiographic divisions in Alachua County..............................................................16 2-7. Distribution of soil orders in Alachua County...........................................................18 3-1. Steps in delineating a portion of the scarp hypothesized to be an area of high probability of phosphatic soils occurrence...............................................................30 3-2. Steps in delineating a portion of the plateau, hypothesized to be an area of low probability of phosphatic soils occurrence...............................................................33 3-3. The general distribution of obligate and facultative map units .................................38 3-4. Predicted phosphatic soils map for Alachua County.................................................40 3-5. Elevation below 30.5 m that was delineated as the plain area. .................................41 3-6. Location of sampling sites in Alachua County..........................................................45 4-1. Total P concentrations for upper and lower depths for the three regions before log transformation ..........................................................................................................54 4-2. Total P concentrations for upper and lower depths for the three regions after log transformation ..........................................................................................................55
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