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Uvic Thesis Template Ubiquitous Mulomedici: The social, economic, and agronomic significance of the veterinarian to the Roman world by Lindsey Nicole Elizabeth Brill B.A, Queen‟s University, 2009 B.Sc., Queen‟s University, 2008 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Greek and Roman Studies Lindsey Nicole Elizabeth Brill, 2011 University of Victoria. All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Ubiquitous Mulomedici: The social, economic, and agronomic significance of the veterinarian to the Roman world by Lindsey Nicole Elizabeth Brill B.A., Queen‟s University, 2009 B.Sc., Queen‟s University, 2008 Supervisory Committee Dr. J. Geoffrey Kron, (Department of Greek and Roman Studies) Supervisor Dr. John P. Oleson, (Department of Greek and Roman Studies) Departmental Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. J. Geoffrey Kron (Department of Greek and Roman Studies) Supervisor Dr. John P. Oleson (Department of Greek and Roman Studies) Departmental Member Animals were integral to the ancient world. Quadrupeds, particularly the horse, were vital to the Roman world for the military, the circus, and the cursus publicus. Livestock, especially oxen and sheep, were deeply ingrained in this agrarian culture both as a work animal and as a food source. Due to the nature of their duties, these animals suffered injuries and illnesses. In order to combat these ailments, the Romans employed animal doctors known as mulomedici, veterinarii, or ἱππηαηξνί. Until recently, scholarship for the Roman veterinarian has focused on philology and medicine. The veterinarian, however, is a part of Roman society and thus requires study within context. The veterinary treatises – Hippiatrica, the works of Vegetius and Pelagonius, and the Mulomedicina Chironis – and archaeological evidence attest to the animal doctor as a profession and further indicate that the veterinarian was socially, economically, and agriculturally significant to the Roman world. iv Table of Contents Supervisory Committee ...................................................................................................... ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. vi Abbreviations .................................................................................................................... vii Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Limitations ...................................................................................................................... 6 Sophistication of Ancient Veterinary Medicine .............................................................. 8 Terminology .................................................................................................................. 11 Chapter 1: Animal Doctors in the Military ....................................................................... 14 Introduction................................................................................................................... 14 Horses in the Military ................................................................................................... 17 Cavalry Tactics and Resulting Injuries ......................................................................... 34 Evidence of Veterinarians ............................................................................................. 36 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 66 Chapter 2: Animal Doctors in the Cursus Publicus .......................................................... 68 Introduction................................................................................................................... 68 A Brief Overview of the Cursus Publicus ...................................................................... 69 Numbers and Logistics .................................................................................................. 81 Evidence of Mulomedici in the Cursus Publicus .......................................................... 90 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 101 Chapter 3: Animal Doctors in the Circus ........................................................................ 103 Introduction................................................................................................................. 103 Organization of the Circus.......................................................................................... 104 The Horses .................................................................................................................. 115 Injuries ........................................................................................................................ 119 The Veterinarian in the Circus ................................................................................... 126 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 133 Chapter 4: The Private Veterinarian ............................................................................... 135 Introduction................................................................................................................. 135 The Animals and Animal Husbandry .......................................................................... 137 Literary Evidence ........................................................................................................ 147 The Veterinarian in Society ........................................................................................ 175 Evidence for Veterinarians ......................................................................................... 177 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 185 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 187 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 192 Appendix A: Timeline of Agriculturalists, Veterinary Authors and Veterinarians ........ 208 Appendix B: Some Common Livestock Diseases .......................................................... 210 Appendix C: Some Greek and Latin Veterinary Terms .................................................. 216 v List of Tables Table 1: Summary of the Cavalrymen and Horses in the Roman Military ..................... 21 Table 2: Summary of Horses throughout Roman History ................................................ 23 Table 3: Weight Limits for the Cursus Publicus .............................................................. 79 Table 4: Greek Veterinary Terminology ......................................................................... 216 Table 5: Latin Veterinary Terminology .......................................................................... 219 vi Acknowledgments I am most fortunate in my supervisor Dr. Geoffrey Kron, to whom I extend my heartfelt gratitude. Without his guidance, support, and inspiration, my small idea would never have bloomed into a thesis. His endless enthusiasm encouraged me throughout the long process, and prompted me to explore avenues of research I had not previously considered. His comprehensive knowledge and expertise were indispensable in my research and writing. I express my sincere appreciation to Dr. Kron for the hours spent reading numerous drafts and revisions, and his insightful comments and critiques. Many thanks are due to Dr. John P. Oleson for the hours he dedicated to reading through my drafts as incoherent as they could be at times and for his invaluable comments and suggestions. I would like to recognize also two of the faculty at Queen‟s University: Dr. Bernard Kavanagh for inspiring me to enter into Classical studies and Dr. George Bevan for enlightening me about the existence of the Hippiatrica, which prompted me to explore Roman veterinary medicine. I extend my sincerest appreciation to my fellow graduate students Jessica Romney, Katie Ongaro, and Kristen Koester; their support, friendship, and encouragement were invaluable. I especially thank Jessica for her willingness to look over various drafts. To my friend Anna Melnik I give warm thanks for your understanding, empathy, and friendship. I am grateful to Sam and Shiloh for providing inspiration when it was lacking. Lastly, I thank the Department of Greek and Roman Studies and University of Victoria for providing the opportunity to learn from so many brilliant scholars. vii Abbreviations Authors not listed below follow the abbreviations as set out by the Oxford Classical Dictionary. Vegetius Ars Vet. Ars Veterinaria
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