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Agriculture and Industry in Roman Wales

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Agriculture and Industry in Roman Wales Rural Settlement in Roman Britain Project Agriculture and industry in Roman Wales Dr Martyn Allen University of Reading Modern topsoil acidity values in Wales and the UK Zooarchaeological evidence • 45 sites with animal bone • Only 12 sites with more than 100 identified specimens • The majority of sites are located on the south-east coast The exploitation of major domesticates: Relative frequencies of cattle, sheep/goat and pig bones on sites with over 100 identified specimens cattle sheep/goat pig 100.0 80.0 60.0 %NISP 40.0 20.0 0.0 70.0 Chronological patterns in 60.0 50.0 animal bone assemblages 40.0 cattle %NISP 30.0 sheep/goat 20.0 pig 10.0 0.0 Prestatyn LIA (1st C BC-mid ER (1st-2nd C AD) LR (3rd-4th C AD) 1st C AD) 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 cattle Coygan Camp sheep/goat %NISP 30.0 20.0 pig 10.0 0.0 LIA (1st C BC-mid 1st C AD) LR (3rd-4th C) 70.0 60.0 50.0 Cowbridge 40.0 cattle sheep/goat %NISP 30.0 20.0 pig 10.0 0.0 ER (1st-2nd C AD) LR (3rd-4th C) Proportions of horse bones from faunal assemblages across Wales 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 %NISP horse bones horse %NISP 2.0 1.0 0.0 • Considerable variation in proportions of horse bones present at different sites • Horses primarily used for riding—no evidence for donkeys or mules • Horse may have been consumed at some sites—partial skeletons found at Nash and Church Farm, Caldicot Sites with horse items and transport equipment 20 15 10 No. sites No. 5 0 harness fittings hipposandal riding bit /terret rings /horseshoe 8 7 6 5 4 No. sites No. 3 2 1 0 farm villa vicus roadside hillfort other settlement The exploitation of other animals: Presence/absence of other species on late Iron Age/Roman sites in Wales 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 % sites present sites % 20.0 10.0 0.0 Field systems Rumney Great Wharf (Allen and Fulford 1986) Field systems Church Farm, Caldicot (Corney 2009) Field systems Nash, Gwent Levels (Meddens and Beasley 2001) Field systems Caerau I and Caerau II (St. J O'Neill 1936) Presence and distribution of agricultural tools no. sites no. items 25 20 15 10 5 0 scythe sickle/pruning plough spade/hoe rake hook/billhook equipment http://www.iadb.co.uk/romans/main.php?P=5 http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/90261 Archaeobotanical evidence • 38 sites with plant assemblages, mostly the south-east and the north-west • Little intra-regional variation in the types of crops grown • Free-threshing wheat well represented; rye more common in Gwynedd and Clwyd-Powys; small number of samples Glamorgan-Gwent (n=11) Gwynedd (n=13) Dyfed (n=7) Clwyd-Powys (n=7) 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 % assemblages present % assemblages 0.0 Evidence for crop-processing and storage Collfryn, Llansantffraid Deuddwr (Britnell 1989) • Multi-ditch hilltop enclosure • Numerous roundhouses and storage structures • Domestic activity is more limited in the Roman period, but storage continues to be common • Romano-British botanical sample included large quantities of bread wheat, smaller quantities of oats, rye, flax and emmer wheat • A high frequency of cereal grains is indicative of the final stages of crop- processing Evidence for crop-processing and storage Cefn Du, Gaerwen (Cuttler et al. 2012) • Late Iron Age/early Roman farm with stone roundhouses and workshop • A rectangular, nine-post structure (Structure 4), is thought to have been a granary • Four botanical samples represent a mixture of crop-processing stages • Spelt, bread wheat and hulled barley all present • The occurrence of perennial weeds is suggestive of ard ploughing. Sites with corndryers: evidence for status? Glasfryn, Tremadoc (Kenney 2006; Breese and Anwyl 1909) Sites with corndryers: evidence for status? Cwmbrwyn (Ward 1907) Sites with corndryers: evidence for status? Plas Coch, Wrexham (Jones 2011) Evidence for food-processing: sites with querns and millstones 14.0 12.0 site 10.0 8.0 . querns per querns. 6.0 4.0 Average no Average 2.0 0.0 villa (n=5) farm (n=35) hillfort (n=5) vicus/roadside settlement (n=9) • Vici and roadside settlements produce around 3 times as many quernstones as other rural settlements • High numbers of querns recovered from Usk (Burrium) (76), Caldicot (40), Cowbridge (17), Coygan Camp (16), Bush Farm (14) and Breiddin Hillfort (11) • No agricultural mills known from Roman Wales, but millstones recovered from Usk, Whitton Lodge and Prestatyn Evidence for textile-production spindlewhorls loomweights needles 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 average no. artefacts site per artefacts no. average 2.0 1.0 0.0 farm (n=35) villa (n=6) vicus/roadside hillfort (n=9) settlement (n=5) • Spindlewhorls most common artefact associated with textile-production • Textile equipment is more common in some areas where other types of find tend to be rare—e.g. Dyfed • Spindlewhorls are most common on hillfort sites—largely due to high number from Braich y Dinas, Penmaenmawr Mineral extraction, quarrying Anglesey copper mining (RIB) and ceramic production • Evidence for limestone quarrying in the south-east • Clay extraction seen at Holt, associated with tile, brick and pottery production • Iron smelting sites predominantly in the south of the region • Lead/silver mining and smelting sites in the north-east (Prestatyn, Pentre Farm, and Ffrith), on the west coast (Llangynfelyn), and in the south (Lower Machen and Goldsland Woods) • Gold mining at Dolaucothi-Pumsaint The role of the military in the mineral extraction industry Dolaucothi-Pumsaint (Burnham and Burnham 2004) • Gold-mining complex in a valley on the south-west edge of the Cambrian mountains • Auxiliary fort established mid-AD70s, reduced in size c.AD100 (stone- defended fortlet) before abandonment in the AD120s • Extensive vicus settlement to the south of the fort, including a bathhouse, continues in use until the mid-2ndC AD • 3rdC AD pottery from the gold mines suggest further use; plus late Roman timber building constructed within the fort (civilian use?) Future priorities • Environmental data remain limited and geographically-restricted • The recovery of significant animal bone assemblages is a priority for a better a understanding of: • animal husbandry regimes • butchery practices • the dietary contribution of meat and dairy • the importance of secondary products for craft manufacture (e.g. bone, leather, horn) • Similarly, the recovery of a greater sample of mineralised plant remains is urgently required to further investigate land-use, agricultural developments and the economic relationships between different sites • Surveys of metal ore-rich areas would be productive, particularly where known industrial sites are few (e.g. Ceredigion) .
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