Invasive alien flora and fauna in South Africa: expertise and bibliography by Charles F. Musil & Ian A.W. Macdonald Pretoria 2007 SANBI Biodiversity Series The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) was established on 1 September 2004 through the signing into force of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (NEMBA) No. 10 of 2004 by President Thabo Mbeki. The Act expands the mandate of the former National Botanical Institute to include responsibilities relating to the full diversity of South Africa’s fauna and flora, and builds on the internationally respected programmes in conservation, research, education and visitor services developed by the National Botanical Institute and its predecessors over the past century. The vision of SANBI is to be the leading institution in biodiversity science in Africa, facilitating conservation, sustainable use of living resources, and human wellbeing. SANBI’s mission is to promote the sustainable use, conservation, appreciation and enjoyment of the exceptionally rich biodiversity of South Africa, for the benefit of all people. SANBI Biodiversity Series publishes occasional reports on projects, technologies, workshops, symposia and other activities initiated by or executed in partnership with SANBI. Technical editor: Gerrit Germishuizen and Emsie du Plessis Design & layout: Daleen Maree Cover design: Sandra Turck The authors: C.F. Musil—Senior Specialist Scientist, Global Change & Biodiversity Program, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont, 7735 ([email protected]) I.A.W. Macdonald—Extraordinary Professor, Sustainability Institute, School of Public Management and Planning, Stellenbosch University ([email protected]) How to cite this publication MUSIL, C.F. & MACDONALD, I.A.W. 2007. Invasive alien flora and fauna in South Africa: expertise and bibliography. SANBI Biodiversity Series 6. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. ISBN: 978-1-919976-35-8 © Published by: South African National Biodiversity Institute. Obtainable from: SANBI Bookshop, Private Bag X101, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa. Tel.: +27 12 843-5000. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.sanbi.org. Printed by Afriscot Printers, Unit 7, Block A, Scientia Technopark, Meiring Naudé Road, Brummeria, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa. contents Foreword vii Acknowledgements viii 1. Introduction 1 2. Definitions and geographical coverage 1 3. Procedures applied in expertise audit 2 4. Procedures applied in literature audit 2 5. Analysis of expertise register 3 5.1 Selection criteria 3 5.2 Gender, credentials and training institutions 3 5.3 Institutional and geographical deployment 4 5.4 Categories of speciality 6 5.4.1 Region, ecosystem and biome 6 5.4.2 Management, control and research 8 5.4.3 Life form and taxonomic groups 9 6. Analysis of bibliography 11 6.1 Scale and rate of publications 11 6.2 Categories of articles 12 6.2.1 Management, control and research 12 6.2.2 Ecosystem, biome and habitat 13 6.2.3 Life form and taxonomic groups 14 7. Register of expertise 17 8. Bibliography 43 8.1 Alien Aquatic Plants 43 8.1.1 A-Aquatic Plants—Ecology 43 8.1.2 A-Aquatic Plants—Identification 43 8.1.3 A-Aquatic Plants—Impact 44 8.1.4 A-Aquatic Plants—Introduction 44 8.1.5 A-Aquatic Plants—Invasion 44 8.1.6 A-Aquatic Plants—Management 45 8.2 Alien Herbaceous Plants 51 8.2.1 A-Herbaceous Plants—Ecology 51 8.2.2 A-Herbaceous Plants—Identification 51 8.2.3 A-Herbaceous Plants—Impact 52 8.2.4 A-Herbaceous Plants—Introduction 52 iii 8.2.5 A-Herbaceous Plants—Invasion 52 8.2.6 A-Herbaceous Plants—Management 52 8.3 Alien Succulent Plants 53 8.3.1 A-Succulent Plants—Ecology 53 8.3.2 A-Succulent Plants—Identification 54 8.3.3 A-Succulent Plants—Impact 54 8.3.4 A-Succulent Plants—Introduction 55 8.3.5 A-Succulent Plants—Invasion 55 8.3.6 A-Succulent Plants—Management 55 8.4 Alien Woody Plants 62 8.4.1 A-Woody Plants—Ecology 62 8.4.2 A-Woody Plants—Identification 66 8.4.3 A-Woody Plants—Impact 69 8.4.4 A-Woody Plants—Introduction 73 8.4.5 A-Woody Plants—Invasion 73 8.4.6 A-Woody Plants—Management 77 8.5 Alien Plants—Nonspecific Life Form 97 8.5.1 A-Plants—NSLF—Ecology 97 8.5.2 A-Plants—NSLF—Identification 97 8.5.3 A-Plants—NSLF—Impact 99 8.5.4 A-Plants—NSLF—Introduction 100 8.5.5 A-Plants—NSLF—Invasion 100 8.5.6 A-Plants—NSLF—Management 103 8.6 Alien Plant Pathogens 111 8.6.1 A-Plant Pathogens—Ecology 111 8.6.2 A-Plant Pathogens—Identification 111 8.6.3 A-Plant Pathogens—Impact 111 8.6.4 A-Plant Pathogens—Introduction 111 8.6.5 A-Plant Pathogens—Invasion 112 8.6.6 A-Plant Pathogens—Management 112 8.7 Alien Biota—Nonspecific Life Form 112 8.7.1 A-Biota—NSLF—Ecology 112 8.7.2 A-Biota—NSLF—Identification 113 8.7.3 A-Biota—NSLF—Impact 113 8.7.4 A-Biota—NSLF—Introduction 113 8.7.5 A-Biota—NSLF—Invasion 114 8.7.6 A-Biota—NSLF—Management 115 iv 8.8 Alien Invertebrates 118 8.8.1 A-Invertebrates—Ecology 118 8.8.2 A-Invertebrates—Identification 118 8.8.3 A-Invertebrates—Impact 120 8.8.4 A-Invertebrates—Introduction 121 8.8.5 A-Invertebrates—Invasion 122 8.8.6 A-Invertebrates—Management 123 8.9 Alien Fish 124 8.9.1 A-Fish—Ecology 124 8.9.2 A-Fish—Identification 128 8.9.3 A-Fish—Impact 130 8.9.4 A-Fish—Introduction 132 8.9.5 A-Fish—Invasion 138 8.9.6 A-Fish—Management 138 8.10 Alien Birds 145 8.10.1 A-Birds—Ecology 145 8.10.2 A-Birds—Identification 149 8.10.3 A-Birds—Impact 153 8.10.4 A-Birds—Introduction 154 8.10.5 A-Birds—Invasion 156 8.10.6 A-Birds—Management 164 8.11 Alien Amphibians–Reptiles–Mammals 165 8.11.1 A-Amphibians–Reptiles–Mammals—Ecology 165 8.11.2 A-Amphibians–Reptiles–Mammals—Identification 166 8.11.3 A-Amphibians–Reptiles–Mammals—Impact 166 8.11.4 A-Amphibians–Reptiles–Mammals—Introduction 166 8.11.5 A-Amphibians–Reptiles–Mammals—Invasion 166 8.11.6 A-Amphibians–Reptiles–Mammals—Management 166 8.12 Alien animals—Nonspecific Life Form 167 8.12.1 A-Animals—NSLF—Ecology 167 8.12.2 A-Animals—NSLF—Identification 167 8.12.3 A-Animals—NSLF—Impact 167 8.12.4 A-Animals—NSLF—Introduction 167 8.12.5 A-Animals—NSLF—Invasion 168 8.12.6 A-Animals—NSLF—Management 168 9. References cited 168 v List of tables Table 1.—Institutional deployment of experts during audit 5 Table 2.—Geographical deployment of experts during audit 6 Table 3.—Numbers of experts who cite proficiency in different ecosystems, biomes and habitats relevant to alien invasive organisms 7 Table 4.—Numbers of experts who cite capability in different management, control and research topics and themes on alien invasive organisms 8 Table 5.—Numbers of experts who cite competency in different life forms of alien invasive organisms 10 Table 6.—Numbers of experts who cite knowledge of different genera of alien invasive organisms 10 Table 7.—Numbers of articles in bibliography referring to various categories of utilisation and management of alien invasive organisms 13 Table 8.—Numbers of articles in bibliography referring to various biomes and habitats of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems infested by alien invasive organisms 14 Table 9.—Numbers of articles in bibliography referring to various components of natural and transformed ecosystems, native flora and fauna and interspecific interactions impacted on by invasive alien organisms 14 Table 10.—Numbers of articles in the bibliography referring to different life forms of invasive alien organisms 15 Table 11.—Number of articles in bibliography referring to most frequently cited genera in different life forms of alien invasive organisms 16 List of figures Figure 1.—Numbers of qualified experts on alien invasive organisms produced every 5 years since 1960 3 Figure 2.—Numbers of publications on alien invasive organisms appearing annually since 1858 11 Figure 3.—Fifteen most common general topics referred to in the bibliography 12 Appendices Appendix 1.—Example of questionnaire soliciting IAS expert personal details and opinions 170 Appendix 2.—Keywords to life forms, administrative and research topics applied in the bibliography with the number of articles relating to each presented in parenthesis 172 Appendix 3.—Keywords to taxonomic groups applied in the bibliography with numbers of related articles relating to each presented in parenthesis 174 vi foreword he Global Strategy on Invasive Alien Species prepared by the Global Invasive Species Programme Thighlighted ten elements that need to be addressed in our efforts to reduce the global impact of invasive species. Building of both research and management capacity are two of these elements. This inventory is an excellent baseline from which to begin addressing the development of capacity in both these areas within South Africa. South Africa is regarded as an African if not a world leader in the management of established invasive species. Programmes such as Working for Water have won numerous accolades for its approach to dealing with the threat of invasive woody plants and job creation. Currently, bio-control in South Africa is well resourced and produces excellent work and numerous scientific publications. Needless to say many of the experts and much of the scientific literature in South Africa is focused on these two areas. The inventory highlights the lack of expertise in the following: ● Prevention of the introduction of new invasive species.